vegetables in agroforestry systems

vegetables + development www.avrdc.org

07-2007 XYZ

www.avrdc.orgDevelopment Through Vegetable Research

Can Vegetables Be More Productive

Under Tree-Based Systems?

AVRDC-WVC Thursday Seminar, 12 June 2008

Manuel C. Palada, Ph.D.Crop & Ecosystem Management Specialist

Photo by Mandy Lin


07-2007 XYZ


Outline• Overview of the SANREM CRSP Vegetable

Agroforestry Project (VAF)• Early studies on VAF• Tree-vegetable crop interface/interactions• Performance of AVRDC-WVC vegetable

varieties under VAF• Other results from the Philippines, Indonesia

and Vietnam• Summary• VAF TMPEGS Team


07-2007 XYZ


Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetable Production in Southeast Asian Watersheds (2005-2009)

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM(SANREM CRSP)


07-2007 XYZ


Strong Partnership

UPLBUPLBNCA&T

UC Berkeley

De La Salle

Don Bosco


07-2007 XYZ


AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center

Greg Luther Flordeliza FaustinoLiwayway Engle

Manny Palada Mubarik Ali

AVRDC – WVCSANREM Team


07-2007 XYZ


Problem Statement

Communities in many forest and vegetable producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and water resources degradation


07-2007 XYZ


NghiaNghia TrungTrung, , BudangBudang District, District, Binh Binh PhuocPhuoc Province VietnamProvince Vietnam

May 11, 2006

VEGETABLE AGROFORESTRY PROJECT SITES


07-2007 XYZ


NanggungNanggung, Indonesia, IndonesiaMay 3, 2006



07-2007 XYZ


LantapanLantapan, Philippines, PhilippinesMay 24, 2008



07-2007 XYZ


Binh Phouc Province

VIETNAM

VAF: Cacao, cashew, coffee, bananas, timber trees, vegetables


07-2007 XYZ


IndonesiaNanggung Sub-DistrictNear Jakarta


07-2007 XYZ


VAF: Bananas, vegetables, mix trees

Indonesia


07-2007 XYZ


Lantapan, BukidnonIsland of Mindanao

Philippines

VAF: alley cropping, vegetables, bananas, timber trees


07-2007 XYZ


Problem Statement

Communities in many forest and vegetable producing watersheds in Southeast Asia are suffering from poverty, and forest, soil and water resources degradation


07-2007 XYZ


Response

TMPEGSTMPEGS““TeaMPEGSTeaMPEGS””


07-2007 XYZ


SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGS


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGSStands for our TeaM’s

Philosophy

Vegetable Agroforestry Systems in Southeast Asian Watersheds


07-2007 XYZ


PEGS• A peg is a pin

forming a projection that may be used as a support

TMPEGS Philosophy:TMPEGS Philosophy:““We are We are ‘‘PEGSPEGS’’ supporting small scale supporting small scale farmers both farmers both womenwomen and menand men””


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGS

echnology‘complementarity’


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGS

arketing‘value chain’


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGS

olicy‘incentives’


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGS

nvironmentalnvironmental &&conomicconomic--social impactsocial impact

‘‘it worksit works’’


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGS

ender ‘equity’


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGS

caling-up‘contagiousness’


07-2007 XYZ


Scaling-up

Vegetables

Trees

Complementary agroforestry systems

Technology

Marketing

GenderPolicy Stakeholders mainly Small Scale

Farmers both Women and Men

Predominant flowFeedback flow

Baseline studies

Conceptual Framework

Environmental and Socio-Economic

Impacts


07-2007 XYZ


Overall hypothesisOverall hypothesis

In intensive vegetable In intensive vegetable production system in the production system in the uplands, monoculture uplands, monoculture systems are not systems are not sustainable, but sustainable, but integrating trees is integrating trees is feasible and offers better feasible and offers better prospects.prospects.


07-2007 XYZ


Alley Cropping

Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) systems is inevitably the most Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) systems is inevitably the most appropriate technology for the uplands to enhance the productiviappropriate technology for the uplands to enhance the productivity, ty, profitability and protective functions of vegetable production sprofitability and protective functions of vegetable production system in ystem in a sustainable manner, while reducing production risks and a sustainable manner, while reducing production risks and environmental hazards of vegetable production system. environmental hazards of vegetable production system.


07-2007 XYZ


Early Studies on Vegetable Agroforestry Systems

• International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Nigeria (1985-90)

• University of the U.S. Virgin Islands, St. Croix (1991-2001)• Center for Subtropical Agroforestry,

University of Florida (2002-2005)


Alley cropping Leucaena with leafy Chinese cabbage (Pai-tsai)Chen, Y.S., B.T. Kang and F.E. Caveness. 1989. Alley cropping vegetable crops with Leucaena in Southern Nigeria. HortScience 24(5):839-940.

No alley With alley

No alleyNo alley

With alleyWith alley

IITA, Nigeria

Alley cropping with amaranthus, celosia, tomato and okra

Treatments: Alley (+Fertilizer)Alley (-Fertilizer)No Alley (+Fertilizer)No Alley (-Fertilizer)

Leucaena hedgerows: 4 mAlley width: 4 m

Palada, M.C., B.T. Kang and S.L. Claassen. 1992. Effect of alley cropping Leucaenaleucocephala and fertilizer on yield of vegetable crops. Agroforestry Systems 19:139-147.

IITA, Nigeria

Hedgerow intercropping pigeonpea with bell pepper

Pruning hedgerows Pruning applied as mulch

Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and C.D. Collingwood. 1992. Effect of pigeonpea hedgerows on soil water and yield of intercropped pepper. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 28:517-532.

St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands

Alley cropping Moringa with medicinal plants and culinary herbs Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker, J.M. Mitchell and P.K.R. Nair. 2003. Cultivation of medicinal plants in alley cropping system with Moringa oleifera in the Virgin Islands. Pp. 60-76 In: Y.N. Clement and C.E. Seaforth (eds). Proc. 6th Int’l Workshop on Herbal Medicines for the Caribbean. Univ. of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago.


Rao, M.R., M.C. Palada and B.N. Becker. 2004. Medicinal and aromatic plants in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 61:107-122.

Palada, M.C., J.M. Mitchell, B.N. Becker and P.K.R. Nair. 2005. The integration of medicinal plants and culinary herbs in agroforestry systems for the Caribbean: A study in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Acta Hort. 676:147-153.


Hedgerow intecropping eggplant and sweet corn with Leucana, Gliricia, Moringa and Pigeonpea.

Palada, M.C., J.J. O’Donnell, S.M.A. Crossman and J.A. Kowalski. 1994. Influence offour hedgerow species on yield of sweet corn and eggplant in an alley cropping system. Agron. Abst. 1994:7.

Maize in Moringa hedgerows

Maize in Leucaena hedgerows

Hedgerow/alley plot

No hedgerow plot

Morinda hedgerows

Hot pepper

5 m

1 mRow 3

Row 4 Row 1

Row 2

Palada, M.C., B.N. Becker and J.M. Mitchell. 2004. Growth and yield of hot pepper in hedgerow intecropping with Morinda (Morinda citrifolia L.) during early establishment. Proc. Caribbean Food Crops Soc. 40:22-28.


Palada, M.C., S.M.A. Crossman and J.J. O’Donnell. 2004. Integrating high value horticultural crops into agroforestry systems in the tropics with focus on alley cropping. Proc. Symp. On Celebrating Minority Professionals in Forestry and Natural Resources Conservation. Florida A&M Univ. Tallahassee, Florida.

Photo by Mandy Lin


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGS

Technology objective:Develop economically viable and ecologically-sound vegetable-agroforestry (VAF) systems

Evolution of the AF system in Southern Philippines (Mindanao) (hedgerow intercropping)

1970-90:Pruned hedgerow

1990-2000: NVS –Natural Veg. Strips

2000- present: commercial trees

PositiveControl soil erosionProvide organic fertilizerFodder for animalNegativeLabor intensiveCompetes with crops:space, growth resources, labor, etc

PositiveVery cheap to establishControl soil erosion effectivelyNegativeNo economic benefits

?Potentials:Productivity/ProfitabilitySustainabilityDiversityEnvironmental services


07-2007 XYZ


Environmental services

Reduction of soil loss..Effect of different hedgerow types on soil loss

===============================Hedgerow systems Soil loss (Mg ha-1)-----------------------------------------------------Grasses 2.20 cForage legumes 9.80 cShrubs 5.70 cTrees 6.50 cContour cultivation 40.0 bTraditional cultivation 350.0 a

(up & down the slope)

Tolerable rate 12.0=============================================Rainfall: 3000 mm annually “The greatest immediate impact of timber hedgerow system is reducing soil loss about 55 times than traditional up and down the slope cultivation thus making soil nutrients that will become available to the food crops”.


07-2007 XYZ


Relative yield of maize over six cropping periods as influenced by different timber tree species as hedgerows spaced at 8m x 3m

Yield of control


07-2007 XYZ


Tree-Crop Interactionin

Hedgerow Intercropping


Safety-net zone

Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction in hedgerow intercropping system

+reduction of negative effects through silvicultural management

N 2 - fixation C0 2 - fixation

Yield of control (monocropping systems)

tree-crop nutrient transfer through pruning and roots and nodules turn-over.

leaching of nutrients to lower depths 0 - 100 cm depth

> 100 cm depth

uptake from safety- net zone (nutrient pumping below root zone of annual crops)

+

fertility, micro-climae, erosion control, nutrient pumping, safety-net, tree biomass and soil C stocks

=+competition: light, water nutrient=-

--

Net benefit = 2T+ (Y2-2Y1)-2Dwhere: T = value of tree products (inc above and below C stocks, N2

fixation)

Y1 = yield loss Y2 = yield gain D = value of displaced crop

D

Y1 Y1

Y2

Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction under parkland system

N 2 - fixation C0 2 - fixationScenario 1. Competition

> 100 cm depth

0 - 100 cm depth

leaching of nutrient

+

+ uptake of H20, nutrients

- Tree is competitive

-

Scenario 2. Complementary

+ +

Net benefit = T + (Y2 - D)

Schematic diagram of tree-crop interaction under boundary planting system

> 100 cm depth

0 - 100 cm depth

+ Y2

Y1

Y = T + (Y2 - Y1) - D

-


07-2007 XYZ


Vegetable Agroforestry System ResearchGoal:

Tree-vegetable integration on farm with minimal negative interaction but optimal positive interaction, thus increasing productivity, economic profitability, nutrient use efficiency and environmental services


07-2007 XYZ


Tree integration on intensive vegetable based systems with minimal negative interaction

Approaches:• Tree-vegetable

matching• Tree management• Crop management


07-2007 XYZ


Methodology

1. Assessment of existing VAF systems covering 21 farms, 2 AF systems, 6 tree species, 8 vegetables, 4 aspects. Data collected were tree parameters (stem diameter, tree height, canopy height and width), spatial performance of vegetables (height, stem diameter, crown width, biomass), spatial light transmission (fish eye photography/quantum light meter)

2. Focus group discussion with 15 VAF farmers on various ways of integrating trees on vegetable farms and their practices and experiences on tree and vegetable management addressing tree-vegetable competition and complementarity

3. Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20 indigenous, and 5 tree vegetables under tree-based system.


07-2007 XYZ


Eucalyptus- tomato interaction under boundary planting system

Tomato height

0102030405060708090

100110120130140150

0 3 6 9 12 15

Distance from the tree

heig

ht (c

m)

Competition Complementarity Neutral

Average height at neutral zone

(m)


07-2007 XYZ


White bean yield under Maesopsis eminii hedge trees

0

5

10

15

20

0 5 10 15 20

Distance from the tree

Bea

ns (g

/plt)

M. eminii hedge

Competition zone Complementarity zone Neutral zone

Three zones of tree-crop interaction in vegetable agroforestry systems

Average yield

(m)


07-2007 XYZ


Net complementarity as a simple tool in assessing appropriate tree-vegetable integration

• Net complementarity = degree of complementarity-degree of competitiveness

• Degree of complementarity = relative yield (at complementary zone) -1 x distance of influence (0= no complementarity)

• Degree of competitiveness = 1- relative yield (at competition zone) x distance of influence (0= no competition)

• Relative yield at complementarity zone = yield at complementarity zone divided by yield at neutral zone

• Relative yield at competition zone = yield at competition zone divided by yield at neutral zone


07-2007 XYZ


Influence of timber tree species on VAF net complementarity under farmer management

(tree-vegetable matching)

-0.23

0.48

-0.30

-0.85

-1.67

Acacia mangium

Eucalyptus robusta

Eucalyptus torillana

Gmelina arborea

Maesopsis emini

Net complementarityTree species


07-2007 XYZ


Influence of vegetable crops on net complementarity under farmers management (tree-vegetable matching)

0.14

-7.54

0.98

0.44

0.57

-0.48

-1.67

-1.55

Bell pepper

Brocolli

Cabbage

Cauliflower

Chinese cabbage

Tomato

White beans

Maize

Net complementarity indexVegetables

Influence of aspects on VAF net complementarity

North (vegetable on south side) South (vegetable on north side)

East (vegetable on west side)West (vegetable on east side)

North


07-2007 XYZ


-2.09- 0.54-1.06-1.74

East (vegetable on west side)

West (vegetable on east side)

North (vegetable on south side)

South (vegetable on north side)

Net complementarity

Aspects

Influence of aspects on net complementarity under farmer’s crop management


07-2007 XYZ


Relationship between tree height (m) and net complementarity

y = 0.3034x + 12.696R2 = 0.14

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00

Net complementarity

Tree

hei

ght (

m)


07-2007 XYZ


Relationship between proportion of canopy left after pruning vs net complementarity

y = 2.0991x + 62.359R2 = 0.03

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00

Net complementarity

Prop

ortio

n of

can

opy

left

(%)


07-2007 XYZ


Relationship between tree canopy width and net complementarity

y = -14.254x + 560.37R2 = 0.08

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

(10.00) (5.00) - 5.00 10.00

Net complementarity

Can

opy

wid

th (c

m)


07-2007 XYZ


Vegetable-tree matching• Evaluation of 5 commercial, 20

indigenous (from AVRDC GRSU), and 5 tree vegetables under tree-based system involving leafy, fruit and root vegetables.

• Vegetables were planted 2 rows perpendicular to the 6-year old Eucalytus torillana tree row 25 cm from tree trunk.

• Vegetable entries were arranged in RCB design replicated 3 times.

• Vegetables were harvested spatially row by row.

• Zones of interaction were calculated in each plot.


07-2007 XYZ


Promising vegetables at competition zone (4.5 ±1.2 m from tree hedge)

Type Species Scientific name VarietyLeafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 0.80 a

Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 4721 0.53 cCabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 0.73 abChinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 0.63 b

Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 633 0.67 b

Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 0.80 aOkra Abelmoschos esculentus 0.60 bTomato Lycopersicon esculentumWVCT-1 0.73 ab

Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 5274 0.73 ab

Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2074 0.40 dTree (4) Malunggay M oringa oleifera local 0.57 bc

Chinese malunggay Sauropus androgynous local 0.80 aRoot Carrots Daucus carota local 0.80 a

In a column, means having a common letters are not significantly different by

by Tukey's test at 5% level

Adaptability index

Adaptability index = Yield at competition zone (Y1) / yield at neutral zone (Y0)Where: 1 = adapted


07-2007 XYZ


Promising vegetables at complementarity zone(from 5 – 15 (±2) m from tree hedge)

Type Species Scientific name VarietyComplementarity

indexLeafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 Taiwan 2.10

Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 6667 2.70Cabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 1.33Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 1.60

Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 633 1.50Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 1.57Okra Abelmoschos esculentus 1.57Tomato Lycopersicon esculentumWVCT-1 1.33

Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 5274 1.87Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2141 Philippines 2.27

Tree Malunggay (4) Moringa oleifera local 1.43Chinese malunggay Sauropus androgynous local 1.17Katuray Sesbania grandiflora local 3.37

Root Carrots Daucus carota local 1.57

Complementarity index = Yield at complementarity (Y2) / yield at neutral zone (Y0)Where: 1= no complementarity effect


07-2007 XYZ


Net complementarity indices of selected vegetables planted perpendicular to the tree line (researcher-managed)

Net complementarity index = Y2-Y1Where: 0 = no benefit

Type Species Scientific name VarietyLeafy Amaranthus (5) Amaranthus caudatus TOT 2272 1.30 abc

Jute (4) Corchorus olitorius TOT 6667 2.40 a

Cabbage Brassica oleracea Resest crown 0.60 bc

Chinese cabbage Brassica rapa Blues 0.97 bc

Fruit Eggplant (3) Solanum melongena S00- 168 1.27 abc

Bellpepper Capsicum annuum 9950-5197 0.50 c

Okra Abelmoschos esculentus 0.97 bc

Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum WVCT-1 0.67 bc

Climbing Alugbati (3) Basella alba TOT 1578 1.13 abc

Yardlong bean (3) Vigna unguiculata TVO 2141 1.97 ab

Tree (3) Malunggay Moringa oleifera local 0.83 bc

Alikway Sauropus androgynous local 1.03 abc

Katuray Sesbania grandiflora local 3.10 a

Root Carrots Daucus carota local 0.77 bc

In a column, means having a common letters are not significantly different by Tukey's test at 5% level

Net complementarity index


07-2007 XYZ


INDONESIA•Effect of shading on yields of vegetables under mixed-tree species



07-2007 XYZ


Indonesia – mixed tree species


07-2007 XYZ


Adaptation of vegetables under different shading regimes in multi-storey agroforestry system in Indonesia.

Increase in yield over no shade

9Chili5Tomato

71Eggplant90Kangkong180Amaranth spp

Medium light(%)

Vegetables

Note: Under heavy shade (Low light: 32-174*1000 lux), the growth and yield of 10 vegetables evaluated were negatively affected. (Medium light: 43-540*1000 lux). Adapted from Manurong et al 2008. Can vegetables be productive under tree shade management in West Java?


07-2007 XYZ


VIETNAM•Shading effect on yield of vegetables•Termite Biocontrol on Cacao Seedlings: Vetiver Grass Application



07-2007 XYZ


Vietnam - Cashew


07-2007 XYZ


Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables


07-2007 XYZ


Vietnam: Cashew - Vegetables

1.1. Amaranth, Amaranth, kangkongkangkong, okra, and , okra, and bitter gourd achieved highest yield bitter gourd achieved highest yield under full sun light condition under full sun light condition

2.2. Mustard and French bean have Mustard and French bean have highest yield under medium highest yield under medium light conditionlight condition

3.3. Average yield of cashew trees Average yield of cashew trees located between two vegetable located between two vegetable rows was recorded to be 17% rows was recorded to be 17% more than average yield without more than average yield without vegetables planted.vegetables planted.


07-2007 XYZ


Biocontrol of Termite in Cacao Trees

Termite damage on cacao treeVetiver grass


07-2007 XYZ


Percent mortality in cacao seedlings due to termite damage as influenced by biocontrol methods

330Manure + Vetivergrass compost + Vetiver plants

7017Manure + Lime

700Farmer’s Practice(Chemical)

7039Manure

Site 2Mortality (%)

Site 1Mortality (%)

Treatment


07-2007 XYZ


PHILIPPINES•Vegetable variety trials •Drip irrigation•Minimum tillage – cover crop



07-2007 XYZ


Tomato Variety Trial


07-2007 XYZ


Evaluation of Indigenous Vegetables


07-2007 XYZ


Indigenous Vegetables


07-2007 XYZ


Conventional Vegetables


07-2007 XYZ


Medicinal Trees

Vegetable farmers performing evaluation of the performance of different tomato superior lines against tomato leaf curl virus under tree based system during the farmers’ field day at Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines. These tomato lines were provided by AVRDC.

AVRDC tomatoes and eggplants evaluated under tree based system were shown to vegetable farmers during farmers’ field day at Lantapan, Bukidon, Philippines.

Farmers posed at the experimental billboard after evaluating different tomato lines which are resistant to tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) during the farmers field at Claveria, Misamis Oriental, Philippines


07-2007 XYZ


Henry BinahonOutstanding Agroforestry Farmer


07-2007 XYZ


Binahon Farm Model Vegetable Agroforestry Farm


07-2007 XYZ


Drip irrigation


07-2007 XYZ


Miniumum tillage with cover crop

Perennial peanut (Arachis pintoi)


07-2007 XYZ


Taiwan

AVRDC-WVC Vegetable AgroforestryResearch Field ( Established in 2005)


07-2007 XYZ


Tropical Fruit Trees

AbiuPouteria caimito Radlk*CanistelPouteria campechiana*Star AppleChrysophyllum caimito*

Nam Pheung HoneySyzygium samarangense*Strawberry guavaPsidium littorale RaddiSurinam cherryEugenia unifloraBrasil cherryEugenia brasiliensisJackfruitArtocarpus heterophyllus*TamarindTamarindus indica*MafaiBaccaurea ramifloraBiribaRollinia mucosaBullock’s HeartAnona reticulataCommon nameSpecies


07-2007 XYZ


Pouteria camechiana - Canistel


07-2007 XYZ


Pouteria caimito - Abiu


07-2007 XYZ


Chrysophyllum caimito – Star Apple


07-2007 XYZ


Artocarpus heterophyllus – Jack Fruit


07-2007 XYZ


Tamarindus indica - Tamarind


07-2007 XYZ


Syzygium samarengense – Wax Apple


07-2007 XYZ


Sequential cropping of vegetable crops


07-2007 XYZ


Question

Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree-Based Systems?


07-2007 XYZ


Answer

Of course, the answer is YES!


07-2007 XYZ


Summary and Recommendations

1. Reduce competition between trees and vegetables (Y1) by:• - Using vegetables that have high adaptability indices, adapted

to low light environment, at competition zone (up to 4.5m from tree line)

• - Using trees which are less competitive- Employing tree root pruning and root barrier (chili yield was

significantly higher in with root barrier treatment)

Can Vegetables Be More Productive Under Tree Based Systems?

3 ways of improving economic viability of vegetable agroforestry systems

Yes!


07-2007 XYZ


2. Increase tree-vegetable complementarity (Y2)-Using vegetables with high complementarity response indices at

complementarity zone (4.6 – 15 m away from the tree line)- Employing appropriate pruning regime, leaving 40- 60% of the

tree canopy- favorable for both trees and crops- Using optimum tree lines/hedges spacing, 25-30 meters apart

and 3 meters between trees, having approximately 110- 130 trees per hectare

3. Use valuable trees (T)- Premium timber trees (indigenous species)- Adapted fruit trees (Taiwan)- Rubber trees

3 ways of improving economic viability of vegetable agroforestry systems


07-2007 XYZ


Acknowledgement

This study was funded and supported by the Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resources Management – Collaborative Research Support Program (SANREM-CRSP) under U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).


07-2007 XYZ


TMPEGS VAF Collaborators

• Agustin Mercado, Jr. - World Agroforestry entre• Caroline Duque World Agroforestry Centre• Manuel Palada – World Vegetable Centre• Liwayway Engle - World Vegetable Centre• Flordeliza Faustino - World Vegetable Centre • Gregory Luther - World Vegetable Centre • Gerhard Manurong - World Agroforestry Centre• James Roshetko - World Agroforestry Centre• Bambang Purwoko - Bogor Agricultural University • Anas Susila - Bogor Agricultural University • Try Van My - Nong Lam University, Vietnam • Manuel Reyes - North Carolina A&T State University


07-2007 XYZ


SANREM CRSP VAF TMPEGSThank you for joining us!


07-2007 XYZ


Photo by Mandy Lin

vegetables in agroforestry systems

Technology

indonesia vaf

tmpegs caling

tmpegs olicyincentives07

sanrem crsp vaf tmpegs07

southeast asia aresuffering

response tmpegs teampegs07

tmpegs ender equity07

vegetableproducing watersheds