vegetable subsector report by hvr

Vegetable Subsector Study Submitted to CGSIRD Conducted by HVR

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VEGETABLE SUBSECTOR STUDY IN CHHATTISGARH

Conducted by

Health Vision and Research

GA 97, 1527 Rajdanga Main Road

Kolkata- 700 107, India Webpage: www.hvr.org.in

Email: [email protected] Ph: +91 33 32009035

Fax: +91 33 2443 1980

For

Chhattisgarh State Institute of Rural Development


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. 5

IIII BACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................... 15

II..II PROFILE OF THE STATE-A BIRD’S EYE VIEW .............................................................................. 15

II..IIII LITERATURE REVIEW FINDINGS ............................................................................................... 18

II..IIIIII CHATTISGARH ......................................................................................................................... 19

II..IIVV SCOPE OF THE WORK ............................................................................................................... 21

II..II OBJECTIVE OF WORK ................................................................................................................... 22

IIIIIIII METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 23

IIII..II STUDY DESIGN .......................................................................................................................... 23

IIII..IIII SAMPLING ............................................................................................................................... 24

IIII..IIIIII RESPONDENTS ....................................................................................................................... 24

IIII..IIVV COLLECTION OF DATA ........................................................................................................... 24

IIII..VV CHALLENGES ........................................................................................................................... 25

IIII..VVII INFORMED CONSENT & CONFIDENTIALITY ............................................................................ 25

IIIIIIIIIIII FINDINGSFINDINGSFINDINGSFINDINGS ................................................................................................................................. 26

IIIIII..II UNDERSTANDING THE VEGETABLE SECTOR OF THE STATE ................................................... 26

IIIIII..IIII ECONOMICS OF SCALE .......................................................................................................... 41

IVIVIVIV VALUE CHAIN SUB SECTVALUE CHAIN SUB SECTVALUE CHAIN SUB SECTVALUE CHAIN SUB SECTOR MAPOR MAPOR MAPOR MAP.................................................................................. 46

IIVV..II BACK WARD AND FORWARD LINKAGES ................................................................................... 46

IIVV..IIII ACTORS .................................................................................................................................. 51

IIVV..IIIIII VALUE ADDITION .................................................................................................................. 51

VVVV SERVICE MARKETSERVICE MARKETSERVICE MARKETSERVICE MARKET .................................................................................................................. 53

VV..II PRE-CULTIVATION SERVICES .................................................................................................... 53

VV..IIII CULTIVATION SERVICES .......................................................................................................... 54

VV..IIIIII POST-HARVESTING SERVICES ................................................................................................ 55

VIVIVIVI GENDER AND THE SUB SGENDER AND THE SUB SGENDER AND THE SUB SGENDER AND THE SUB SECTORECTORECTORECTOR .................................................................................... 56


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VIIVIIVIIVII SUB SECTOR CONSTRAINSUB SECTOR CONSTRAINSUB SECTOR CONSTRAINSUB SECTOR CONSTRAINTS ANALYSISTS ANALYSISTS ANALYSISTS ANALYSIS ..................................................................... 56

VIIIVIIIVIIIVIII COMPETITIVE ANALYSISCOMPETITIVE ANALYSISCOMPETITIVE ANALYSISCOMPETITIVE ANALYSIS ................................................................................................ 62

IXIXIXIX GOOD PRACTICEGOOD PRACTICEGOOD PRACTICEGOOD PRACTICE ................................................................................................................. 63

IIXX..II TECHNOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 63

IIXX..IIII WADI FARMING ...................................................................................................................... 64

IIXX..IIIIII MARKET ............................................................................................................................... 64

IIXX..IIVV ORGANIC FARMING ............................................................................................................... 64

XXXX POLICY FRAMEWORK:POLICY FRAMEWORK:POLICY FRAMEWORK:POLICY FRAMEWORK: ........................................................................................................ 65

PRI, SHG, GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT ROLES, SCHEMES, PPP, NGO ............. 65

XX..II NO POLICY, SCHEME MENTIONS OF VEGETABLE PRODUCTION SEPARATELY ........................... 66

XX..IIII ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT, PANCHAYAT RAJ INSTITUTION: ........................................... 66

XX..IIIIII SELF HELP GROUP .................................................................................................................. 67

XIXIXIXI SWOT ANALYSISSWOT ANALYSISSWOT ANALYSISSWOT ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................... 68

XIIXIIXIIXII CONCLUSION AND RECOMCONCLUSION AND RECOMCONCLUSION AND RECOMCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSMENDATIONSMENDATIONSMENDATIONS .............................................................. 71

XXIIII..II INTEGRATED PRODUCTION MODEL FOR SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS .......................... 71

XXIIII..IIII INTEGRATED MARKET MODEL FOR STRUCTURING MARKET ............................................... 73

XXIIII..IIIIII OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 74

XIIIXIIIXIIIXIII ANNEXUREANNEXUREANNEXUREANNEXURE ......................................................................................................................... 77


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TABLES AND FIGURES:TABLES AND FIGURES:TABLES AND FIGURES:TABLES AND FIGURES:

Table 1: Land Usage Pattern in Chattisgarh _________________________________________________ 21 Table 2: Topographical distribution of the state _____________________________________________ 26 Table 3: Land holding pattern ______________________________________________________________ 30 Table 4: Season wise preference of vegetables in different terrain ______________________________________ 40 Table 5: Cost Benefit ration of four most preferred vegetables _________________________________________ 41 Table 6: Cost break up of Cauliflower Cultivation on a acre of land ____________________________________ 42 Table 7: Cost break up of Tomato Cultivation on a acre of land ________________________________________ 42 Table 8: Constraints Analysis ___________________________________________________________________ 61

Figure 1: Trend in Area and Production of vegetables in India.................................................................................. 19 Figure 2: Share of land topography ............................................................................................................................ 27 Figure 3: Soil Type and its Characteristics ................................................................................................................. 28 Figure 4: A vegetable farm, Raigarh ........................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 5: Relation between yield and Irrigation ......................................................................................................... 33 Figure 6: Irrigation source and area coverage ........................................................................................................... 34 Figure 7: Trend in Vegetable cultivation for the last 5 years ...................................................................................... 37 Figure 8: Change in vegetables produced in last five years ........................................................................................ 38 Figure 9: Participatory preference matrix in progress; Magarlodh, Dhamtari .......................................................... 41 Figure 10: FGD in progress with, Coaliari, Dhamtari ............................................................................................... 46 Figure 11: Subsector map ........................................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 12: Diagrammatic view of different layers of value edition ............................................................................. 52 Figure 13: Integrated Market model ........................................................................................................................... 74

References:

1. Annual Agriculture Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Government of India

2. Annual Agriculture Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Government of Chattisgarh

3. Annual Agriculture Statistics, Department of Horticulture, Government of Chattisgarh

4. Annual Action Plan report, Department of Horticulture, Government of Chattisgarh

5. Annual Action Plan 2005-06, Department of Horticulture, Government of Chattisgarh



8. NABARD SIP, 2010-2011, Chattisgarh

9. National Horticulture Mission Guideline, Ministry of Agriculture Department of

Agriculture and Co-operation, Government of India

10. State of Forest Report, 2005 Government of India


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A. A. A. A. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

India is the fruit and vegetable basket of the world. Vegetable grown in India in about 6

million hectares and forms 3% of the total cropped area in India. Potato is most widely

grown vegetable crop in the country with a share of 25.7 per cent. Tomato occupies second

position amongst the vegetable crops in terms of production. Andhra Pradesh is the largest

grower of tomato with a production of 2.05 MT. Egg plant occupies the third position

amongst vegetable crops. India’s export of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable has increased Rs.

2437.12 Crores in 2007-08. Abundant investment opportunities are there in expanding the

export market. Chhattisgarh stand 15th among all states of India in vegetable cultivation for

the year 2008-09. Export opportunities have boosted vegetable production in Chattisgarh

state for the last few years. Vegetable businesses in Chattisgarh state have gone lucrative

as international markets have opened up to the yield. Chattisgarh is known as the rice bowl

of the country and most of the area is under paddy cultivation. Farmers of Chattisgarh

cultivate paddy in their fields where year round irrigation is available.

The goal of the study is to identify intervention strategy for developing and helping small

and medium-sized agribusiness enterprises such that they could solve common operational

and management problems and compete more successfully in the global economy. The

proposed intervention strategy is based on the understanding of the systems of raw

material procurement, production system, scope for value addition, logistics and

infrastructure, scope for marketing of products, etc., while defining the geographical limits

of each sub-sector to address local needs. CGSIRD desired to hire a resource organisation

for providing consultancy services for this purpose.

The main objectives of the study are-

• Map and analyze the process of production

• Compare and contrast the existing process of production with bigger players

• Identify Best Practices, Quality Control Protocols, and Certification Processes

• Conduct inflow-outflow analysis and assess the potential for marketing.

• Identify domestic and international trends, issues and opportunities

• Propose a marketing strategy for a five year period.


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• Identify legal hurdles, if any that inhibit effective performance of the subsector.

• Suggest models of Public, Private and community partnership that can be replicated in

various regions and identify role of community, Panchayat and private entrepreneurs

therein and also suggest necessary changes in policy & legal framework, if any.

• Identify the extent of market led, state led and civil society led coordination failures in

each subsector.

• Suggest intervention strategy

Methodology

To conduct the study a stratified sampling of districts was done based on the agro-climatic

topography of the state to select 7 districts spread over the State of Chattisgarh. The

sample was taken mostly from districts where vegetable cultivation is high. The districts

selected were Raipur, Raigarh, Bilaspur, Dhamtari, Kanker, Bastar and Ambikapur.

Respondents were all key players in the vegetable market. Farmers of different agro-

climatic zones and different land holdings, market, Panchayat, Administrative units and NGO

were selected to cover every aspect of the value chain.

A. Findings of study

1. Land, Soil, Rainfall and Season

Land of Chhattisgarh can be divided into three agro-ecological regions on the basis of its

topography- the Northern Hills, the Central Plains and the Bastar Plateau. The northern

districts come into the Satpura range while the Central portion is the plain of River

Mahanadi and its tributaries and the South again rises to form the plateau region. From the

point of view of agriculture, the landform of the state can be broadly divided into the

uplands covering about 25.54 per cent of the state, the midlands covering about 34.98 per

cent of the state and the low land covering about 39.48 per cent of the state. There are

different soil types supporting vegetable cultivation in the state. Rainfall in the state is

moderate with often irregularities in rainfall distribution. Due to irregularity in rainfall

vegetable cultivation is primarily depending on irrigation in the state. In last five years State

Government with support from Central government has concentrated in the State Water

Policy and constructing various major, medium, minor water schemes.


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The agricultural season of the state are mainly two- The Kharif or the monsoon season

where cultivation depends on rain, the Rabi season or the winter crop which depends on

irrigation. In this two season farmers try and space their cultivation to make triple crop from

their land. Based on cultivation periods three seasons can be found- monsoon, winter and

summer.

Vegetable cultivation of the state depends mostly on irrigated water resource. Net cropped

area under irrigation in the state as off March 2009 is 26%, 13.34 lakh hectare. Vegetable

production in districts like Sarguja Bilaspur, Durg , Jagdalpur, Koriya are high but irrigation

coverage hasn’t been the best.

2. Labour, Capital and Irrigation

Labour is abundantly available in Chattisgarh at low cost, but in recent years the state is

facing shortage of agriculture labour due to Government job and food security scheme

under NREGS and BPL rationing. It is a good trend in vegetables cultivation in Chhattisgarh

that women are used more in vegetable cultivation but it is a concern as the rates are

exploitative.

Capital is mostly individual for farmers. Formal sources of credit availability are very less. As

observed individual farmers either use their savings or take credit from input markets, like

purchase seeds, fertiliser, and pesticides on credit from dealers and repay them after

harvest. This is highly exploitative as the interest of credit is hidden within the price of the

input. Marginal and small farmers are facing this as they do not have access to formal

credits. In the state there are 12 District Cooperative Agriculture banks in addition to state

cooperative Banks and State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank. Ground

level credit flow shows agriculture sector has a credit flow of 51.09% in year 2008-09.

(NABARD PIP 2010-11). Farmers are accessing loans from cooperatives for vegetables but

the percent is very low and is less than half of all farmers. There are 1395 farmers club in

the state for acting as platform to organise farmers and negotiate with formal system of

farming.

The State has five river basins- Ganga, Brahamani, Narmada, mahanadi and Godavari.


area under irrigation in the state as off March 2009 is 26%, 13.34 lakh hectare. Canal

irrigation covers close to 70% land while bore well serves 20%of irrigated land. Irrigation


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coverage has a wide variability with best in Raipur district at 22% irrigated land and least in

Narayanpur with almost no irrigation system.

3. Market-input and output

Vegetable does not have a regulated input or output market. Input for vegetable like seeds,

fertilisers, pesticides, and even machineries are mostly purchased from open market.

Technology has swiped in Chhattisgarh district but only to big farmers.

4. Economics- production, productivity and profitability

Vegetable cultivation in the state has grown in the last five years but productivity is

stagnating out in last two years. Mostly grown vegetables in the state are Tomato, Potato,

Egg plant, Ladies finger. Farmers on their trial and error basis and based on profitability has

changed the vegetables cultivated. A clear change in vegetables production is observed in

the State. Even new vegetables have started to be grown like beans, arbi, radish and green

leafy vegetables. As noted these vegetables are mostly grown by marginal and small

farmers, which show that marginal and small farmers are coming up into vegetable

cultivation.

Preference matrix of farmers and the production of vegetables reflect a close similarity. Six

most preferred vegetables for cultivation across farmers of different land holding and

topography are-

1. Cabbage and cauliflower

2. Bitter gourd

3. Tomato

4. Egg plant

5. Cow pea

6. Local chilli

Cost benefit analysis of top four vegetables according to preference shows more than

double benefit/profitability in production with out much technology input. This shows the

profitability of production of these vegetables can be further increased by improved

technology and package of practice.

5. Value Chain


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The chain of forward and backward linkage transforms the product and makes it usable for

final consumer. The value chain of vegetable below has been categorised into three

segments- input, production process and market. The vegetable market in the state shows

similar picture so it has been put into one frame work. As seen post production there is no

much value addition taking place for vegetables as of today. it is getting used up

domestically in village, block or district markets. During peak season at times it goes out to

the neighbouring states.

6. Input market-

a. Seed fertiliser, pesticides, labour and finance- In production of vegetable the

backward linkage is associated with the procurement of inputs- seeds, fertilisers,

pesticides, labour, capital, water, etc. usually as practiced by most cultivators is that

they procure seed, fertiliser and pesticide inputs from village dealer who in turn

procures from whole sellers within the block, districts or state. Labour has no formal

market and labour is available within the village. Labour wages are fixed on the basis

of demand and supply but still big farmers have a much higher control on prices.

Labour working in the farms of big farmers has a much exploitative rates. Finance

again has different forms- formal or informal sources. Individuals use their own

savings or take credit from banks, cooperatives, farmers club at interest rate of 6-

8% p.a. Informal sources of credit like borrowing from village money lenders or

credits from shops interest rate is high and ranges over 36% p.a.

b. Production of vegetables

Production and transformation of the seed involves the process of land preparation,

seed treatment, seedling preparation and sowing, spraying fertilisers, pesticides and

weeding at regular intervals. After harvest its processing, sorting, packaging and

marketing it to the different markets- village market, block mandi, district mandi or

exporting to outer states. Farmers get 8-10% less payment from the selling price.

Price of product varies on the quality, processed products and demand supply. Prices

of vegetables go down below production cost during peak season.

c. Marketing


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Vegetables produced within state are consumed within the state. During off seasons

vegetables are imported to the state to meet State demand. This creation of market

channel or forward linkage has been solely based on market demand and supply.

There is government storage facility or processing unit in the state. No defined and

prominent food processing sector is present on the vegetable sector in Chhattisgarh.

7. Actors in Value Chain

a. Retail seller of seeds, fertilisers and pesticides or the village dealers:

Farmers purchase inputs from dealers. They form the backward linkage chain.

b. Middle men: they are the persons who sell produce for the farmers in the block

market or district market and take a commission from farmers on their sell. They

help in bridging the distance from remote villages where vegetables are produced to

the whole sell market. From block market again there’s a layer of middle man to

district to link the block and district level.

c. Whole seller in out put market: purchase bulk vegetables in block or district

markets and sell it to retailers or whole sellers of the other districts or states of

India.

d. Value Addition

Value addition in vegetable cultivation as per present practice happens at the down stream

end of the value chain. Value addition occurs post harvest with the grading, sorting of

different qualities of vegetables based on size, compactness, dressed (leaves, stem pruned),

etc. different prices are set for different varieties of same vegetables. Price of different

grades of same vegetable varies from Rs5-10 per kilogram. Retail price of vegetables are

more than double on average than the selling price of producers.

8. Sub-Sector Constraints

Despite these encouragements the market is experiencing typical constraints of a growing

and immature market. The subsector shows the following syndromes:

a. Increased price of major raw materials

b. Severe price competition with imported product

c. Limited value addition


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d. Supply and price variation due to seasonality of the product

e. Poor productivity and profitability of the farmers

f. Lack of information on market demand

g. Strong market regime

9. Competitive Analysis

Vegetable cultivation is growing in size and so is competition within the market. In some of

the districts where vegetable cultivation has grown and many small and marginal farmers

have joined in the sector, farmers feels with new entry of potential entrants there is a threat

as price of vegetables will go down. The local market is already saturated so there during

peak season of vegetables so unless new scope for export to other districts, states are

created there will be sever competition with new entry of producers. There is a huge gap

between local demand and production so vegetables have to be imported in to the state

from neighbouring state. Change in cropping pattern like paddy followed by paddy can be

replaced with paddy-vegetable where irrigation is available. Farmers have to be motivated

for a shift towards vegetable cultivation for profit earning. In Chattisgarh vegetable

cultivation is still an unorganised sector with traditional practice. Competition depends on

mainly three factors:

1. Threat of entry from potential entrants.

2. Intensity of rivalry among existing competitors

3. Pressure from substitute products

10. Policy Framework

National Agriculture Policy, National Horticulture Mission (NHM) has been formulated along

with State level horticulture policy to enhance and promote agriculture/ vegetable

cultivation within the country and the State. National Agriculture policy, National

Horticulture Mission and Chhattisgarh State government policy all aim at the growth of

Agriculture sector through an integrated approach. But there are gaps in knowledge and

information at all levels starting from Horticulture Department, Panchayat and community.

Role of Panchayat, SHG has been minimum so far in planning, implementation of different

schemes.


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B. Recommendations

The analyses found substantial scope for expanding the market of vegetables in

Chhattisgarh. Vegetable cultivation in Chattisgarh has a great potential and is a growing

subsector in terms of development of value addition and market expansion. Huge

interventions at different levels from capacity building of community to service providers,

from creating enabling environment for vegetable cultivation to developing infrastructure to

better technology transfer and improved marketing. This type of model will reduce

irrigation cost and hence production cost. River beds can be leased out to farmers

individually or in group to increase land under cultivation as well generate revenue for local

government. Few major recommendations based on the analysis is highlighted below.

As recommendation it is suggested to adopt-

1. Integrated production model for small and marginal farmers

Year round vegetable cultivation has to be encouraged among small and marginal farmers.

They will be able to employ labour in their farms which will also lead to more work for the

villagers. To maximize economies of scale farmers have to be brought together in cluster for

purchasing of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds), machineries, and usage of

machineries and production. For efficient formation and functioning of clusters initial support

and supervision for a period of two – three vegetable cycles is required, off season

cultivation of vegetables is a must under proper guidance of technical experts. Components

of integrated production model:

a. Form area based cluster of farmers on pilot basis where vegetable cultivation is on

high and low already, there are fallow lands available and promote vegetable

cultivation through these clusters. Identify fallow land from land revenue

department, Panchayat. Ensure macro-community irrigation system or micro

irrigation system to each farmer.

b. Plan crop in the catchment area depending on the distance of the land from water

source.

c. Select vegetables like tomato, creeper plants, spice crops, tuberous crops for

cropping in the cluster areas, which have high exportable value and longevity.


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d. Improved high yielding variety of crops should be promoted by department through

clusters

e. Training of farmers on improved cultivation practices. Transferring package of

practice for those crops

2. Integrated market model for structuring market

Agriculture has to be viewed as business over and above subsistence. In the world of open

trade, fast paced life processed and packaged food has increased demand in market and

prospects of export. Trade policies have to be reviewed so that private companies come into

the market with contract farming and increase production and profitability.

1. Building up integrated market model in three zones of Chattisgarh like it has been

done in West Bengal.

2. Use existing cold storages for different category of vegetables short period, medium

and long in each zone

Along with the two models other recommendations for improvement of vegetable sector

are-

a. Enhancing area (private and vested land) under vegetable cultivation through

increasing irrigation facility. Hilly undulated area of Northern hills, places with no

irrigation facilities like Narayanpur, Bijapur, Dantewada have to be slowly brought

under cultivation with increased irrigation and land management like 5 percent,

trench, model at individual level. This type of model will reduce irrigation cost and

hence production cost. This type of model can be taken up for small and marginal

farmers and also in tribal belts.

b. River bed cultivation along dried up river can be initiated in a legal frame work. River

beds can be leased out to farmers individually or in group to increase land under

cultivation as well generate revenue for local government.


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c. Krishi Unnayan samiti (KUS) will be responsible for planning of agriculture and

horticulture development plan for the village. KUS will support cluster of farmers in

marketing of products

d. Capacity building of grower in farm business planning, costing and pricing

e. Capacity building of farmers on package of practices for better management of

crops.

f. Capacity building of clusters in management of group procurement, cultivation,

marketing, finance management, etc for efficient functioning of cluster

g. Forming farmer’s field school at ground level and creating Master trainers from

within the community to give practical on field training to farmers on better

management of crops.

h. Capacity building of Panchayat to make participatory action plans.

i. Capacity building of Panchayat members on knowledge of government schemes, its

beneficiaries and benefits.


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IIII BACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUNDBACKGROUND

II..ii Profile of the state-A bird’s eye view

Chhattisgarh State lies between 170 96' to 240 5' North Latitude and 800 45' to 840.20'

East Longitude The state borders Madhya Pradesh on the northwest, Maharashtra on the

west, Andhra Pradesh on the south, Orissa on the east, Jharkhand on the northeast and

Uttar Pradesh on the north. There are 18 districts in the State. The entire State comes

under Agro-climatic Zone-VII (Eastern Plateau and Hills Region) which is sub divided into

three sub agro-climatic zones namely, the Chhattisgarh Plains (11 districts), the Northern

Hills of Chhattisgarh (2 districts) and the Bastar Plateau (5 districts). The entire State

comes under Agro-climatic Zone-VII (Eastern Plateau and Hills Region) which is sub divided

into three sub agro-climatic zones namely, the Chhattisgarh Plains (11 districts), the

Northern Hills of Chhattisgarh (2 districts) and the Bastar Plateau (5 districts). Average

rainfall is 1234 mm and heavy downpour takes place between July and August.

Language: The Chhattisgarhi language, a dialect of eastern Hindi, is a predominant

language in the state, recognized along with Hindi as the official language of the state. a

total of 93 dialects or languages are spoken in the state.

River: The Mahanadi is the chief river of the state. Other main rivers are Hasdo (a tributary

of Mahanadi), Rihand, Indravati, Jonk and Arpa. It is situated in the east of Madhya

Pradesh.

Art & Craft: Chhttigarh is home to several culturally rich tribal societies and unique

communities. Their long and close association with nature has culminated in a craft heritage

that is inspiring in all its elements. Bastar’s dhokhrawork is certainly the most famous

handicraft from this state and its fame has long reached the international stage. The

wrought iron work, wood work, bamboo furniture, terracota pieces, painting and tattoo

works are some of the other famous work of art. These products are known for their unique

quality of rawness that adds to the rustic quality of the products. The state is also known for

its crisp, paper-like Kosa silk that is used for sarees and dress materials.

Tribals: The major tribes of Chhattisgarh region include the Gond, Oraon, Kanwar, Munda,

Kamar, Halbaa, Bharia, Bhumiar, Baiga, Pahari Korba, Abhuj Maria, Bison Horn Maria,

Muria, Bhatra and Dhurvaa tribes. The tribes of Chhattisgarh are known for their unique and


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distinctive tribal culture and each tribal group has its own distinct culture and enjoys its own

unique traditional living styles. They differ from each other in their costume, eating habits,

customs, traditions and even worship different form of god and goddess.

Connectivity: The State is well connected by road and rail network. NH-6 & NH-200 and

Mumbai - Howrah Railway line pass through the State. Only 4 districts are not connected by

rail. There is one airport at Raipur connecting to all major cities of the country. The State is

land locked.

Demographic Profile: The total population of the State as per 2001 census is 208.30 lakh.

Around 79.92% of the population resides in rural areas. The percentage of rural population

is above 90% in Bastar, Kanker, Dantewada and Raigarh districts, the tribal dominated

districts of the State. Chhattisgarh is a tribal dominated State with tribal population

accounting for 31.80%.The State has a literacy of 64.66% (2001 Census) which is

marginally lower than the national average of 64.80%. The literacy percentage for men was

higher at 77.38% as against 51.85% for women. Chhattisgarh is among the least populated

States of the country with a population density at 154 (national average of 331).

Economic Profile: Chhattisgarh has abundant mineral resources. The presence of vast

deposits of coal, iron ore, lime stone, diamond, etc. has made the State a favourite

destination for flow of investments. The State accounts for production of about 40% of total

cement production in the country. There are over 175 large and medium industrial units in

the State which include the Bhilai Steel Plant in Durg district,Steel & Power Plant of

O.P.Jindal group at Raigarh and other units spread over different districts . The major crops

grown in the State are cereals (Paddy, Kado-Kutki, Maize, Wheat), pulses (Gram, Tiwra)

and oilseeds (Ramtil, linseed, mustard and groundnut). Food grains including pulses account

for 84.60% of the area sown in the State.Chhattisgarh produced 50.92 lakh metric tonnes

of paddy during 2006-07, while pulses production was 3.92 lakh metric tonnes and oilseeds,

2.83 lakh metric tonnes. The productivity of paddy at 1425 Kg/ha is lower than the national

average of 1940 Kg/ha.

Banking Profile: The banking sector in the State comprises the Commercial Banks (CBs,

35 in number), the Regional Rural Banks (RRBs, 3 in number) and the Cooperative Banks.

The Cooperatives are divided into Short Term Cooperative Credit Structure (STCCS) and

Long Term Cooperative Credit Structure (LTCCS). The STCCS has a three-tier structure, i.e.


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the State Cooperative Bank (SCB) at the apex(5 Branches), the District Central Cooperative

Banks (DCCBs, 6 in number) at the district level and the Primary Agriculture Cooperative

Credit Societies (PACS) and Large Adivasi Multi Purpose Societies (LAMPS) at the primary

level (1333 units). The LTCCS has a 2-tier structure comprising the State Co-operative

Agriculture and Rural Development Bank (SCARDB) at the Apex level and the District

Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development Banks (DCARDBs, 12 in number). In

addition, there are 04 Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs). National Bank for Agriculture and

Rural Development (NABARD) is functioning in the State since 16 July 2001.The Reserve

Bank of India (RBI) has opened its Office at Raipur with effect from 02 January 2007 with

two departments viz. Rural Planning and Credit Department (RPCD) and Urban Banking

Department (UBD). State Bank of India (SBI) is acting as the Convener of State Level

Bankers’ Committee (SLBC). SBI is also the Lead Bank in 11 districts while Dena Bank and

Central Bank of India have Lead Bank responsibility in 5 and 2 districts respectively. The

Commercial Banks together have a network of 704 branches. 03 Regional Rural Banks,

whose area of operation covers the entire state, have a total of 421 branches. The STCCS

(CGSCB and 6 DCCBs) has a network of 198 branches while the LTCCS (CGSCARDB and 12

DCARDBs) has a network of 83 branches. The total number of bank branches stood at 1416

in the State as on 31 March 2008. The average population per branch is about 14748.The

CD ratio has mostly remained around 60% in the State.

Tribal Situation in Chhattisgarh

The tribal population of India constitutes around 8% of total population distributed over

94,000 tribal villages. Tribals are mainly concentrated in Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,

Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Jharkhand, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, West Bengal, North-

Eastern States and North-Western Himalayan States. In the State of Chhattisgarh, the

scheduled tribes, with a population of over 57.10 lakh, constitute 31.80 percent of the

State’s population (2001 Census). Almost 98.1% of this population lives in the rural areas.

Chhattisgarh is one of the States in the country having the highest percentage of population

from the Scheduled Tribes. The Gonds at 55.1 % form the largest proportion within the

tribal population. They are distributed almost equally, in urban and rural areas. The Oraons

the Kawars, the Halbis, the Bharias or Bhumiars, the Bhattras and the Napesias also form a

substantial portion of the tribal population. Thirty other Scheduled Tribes have small

population residing in various pockets across Chhattisgarh. The Gonds are concentrated in

the hilly parts of Southern Chhattisgarh but are also spread across most districts, whereas


18

the Baigas, Bharias, Korwas and Napesias occupy only specific pockets. The Bhattras,

Kolams and Rasjas largely live in Bastar and the Kamars in Raipur. The Halba tribe inhabit

parts of Bastar, Raipur and Rajnandgaon and the Oraons live in Surguja and Raigarh

districts. Out of 20308 villages in Chhattisgarh, 9500 villages have more than 50% tribal

population. Of these 9500 villages, 5915 have 75% or more tribal while 1262 villages are

100% tribal populated. Some of the differentiating characteristics of tribal in Chhattisgarh

are elaborated below. The district-wise break up of tribal population in the State is given in

Annexure I.

II..iiii Literature review findings

India is the fruit and vegetable basket of the world. India being a home of wide variety of

fruits and vegetables holds a unique position in production figures among other countries.

India grows the largest number of vegetables from temperate to humid tropics and from

sea-level to snowline. India is second largest vegetable producer of world next to China with

an annual production of 87.53 million tonnes from 5.86 million hectares having a share of

14.4 per cent to the world production. Vegetable grown in India in about 6 million hectares

forms 3% of the total cropped area in India. Adoption of high yielding cultivars and FI

hybrids and suitable production technologies has largely contributed for higher production

and productivity in recent years. Per capita consumption has also increased from 95 gram

to 175 gram per day although the vegetable requirement is 300g/day/person as

recommended by dietician. More than 40 kinds of vegetables belonging to different groups,

namely cucurbits, cole crops, solanaceous, root and leafy vegetables are grown in different

agro-climatic situations of the country. Except a few, namely brinjal (egg plant), colocasia,

cucumber, ridge gourd, sponge gourd, pointed gourd etc., most of the other vegetables

have been introduced from abroad. Potato is most widely grown vegetable crop in the

country with a share of 25.7 per cent. Uttar Pradesh is the leading potato growing state in

the country with a production of 9.53 million tonnes followed by West Bengal and Bihar.

Tomato occupies second position amongst the vegetable crops in terms of production. The

total production of tomato in the country in 1998-99 was 8.27 MT from an area of 0.46 M.

ha. Andhra Pradesh is the largest grower of tomato with a production of 2.05 MT. Egg plant

occupies the third position amongst vegetable crops. The production of Egg plant in the year

1998-99 was 7.88 MT from an area 0.49 M.ha. West Bengal is the largest producer of Egg

plant followed by Maharashtra and Bihar. Cabbage is the fourth most widely grown


19

vegetable crop of our country. India is the leading country producing Cabbage. West Bengal

produces 1.84 MT and is the largest grower of the cabbage. The other important vegetable

crops grown in the country are onion, chillies, peas, beans, okra, cabbage, cauliflower,

pumpkin, bottle gourd, cucumber, watermelon, palak, methi, carrot and radish.

India’s exports of Fresh Fruit and Vegetable has increased Rs. 2437.12 Crores in 2007-08

which is including the products like Fresh Onion, Walnut, Fresh Mangos, Fresh Grapes and

other fresh fruits & vegetables. Over 90% of India’s exports in fresh products go to West

Asia and East European markets. However, it needs to augment its food and processing

industry at a mega scale, according to an agriculture consultant. Abundant investment

opportunities are there in expanding the export market. An increasing acceptance of new

products with market development efforts has been witnessed lately given the fact that

there is a good international demand for certain fruits and vegetable products.

Figure 1: Trend in Area and Production of vegetables in India

Source: Agriculture Department, GoI

II..iiiiii Chattisgarh

Chhattisgarh stand 15th among all states of India in vegetable cultivation for the year 2008-

09. Export opportunities have boosted vegetable production in Chattisgarh state for the last


20

RAKESH SAHU, A VEGETABLE CULTIVATOR SAYING: "It is very true that

in the absence of exporting opportunities, the overproduction was to the

extent that we had to feed those (vegetables) to animals to finish our

reserves. But for the last three years, ever since export has started,

cultivation has become profitable."

Story number: ANI20091205007, Source: ANI

few years. Vegetable businesses in Chattisgarh state have gone lucrative as international

markets have opened up to the yield. Present area under horticultural crops in Chattisgarh

is 1.25 lakh ha (Horticulture Department, Government of Chattisgarh).

Farmers of Chattisgarh cultivate paddy in their fields where year round irrigation is

available. In case of second crop after paddy, majority of farmers prefer to grow gram,

mustard, linseed, lathyrus which provide less net profit as compared to horticulture crops

i.e. vegetables, flowers, medicinal and aromatic plants. It has been observed that most of

the farmers in the state grow paddy under rain fed condition, which has risk of reduced

yield due to shortage of rainfall. Majority of the farmers are socio-economically poor

belonging to scheduled caste and scheduled tribe categories. Low productivity of rice

(around 1.5 t/ha) along with recurring drought condition leads to large-scale migration of

landless labourers and also marginal farmers. Under such circumstances, large scale

migration can be reduced and the socioeconomic conditions of the farmers and nutritional

levels of the general population can be improved only with proper development of cropping

intensity by way of promoting horticulture in the state.

Chattisgarh state is rich in diversity of biotic, abiotic as well as socio-economic condition,

which favours the cultivation of various horticultural crops like vegetables, temperate,

tropical and high elevation fruits. Though about 25% cultivated area is irrigated, it is only

protective in nature and the irrigation system is designed to protect the rice crop after the

withdrawal of monsoon rains when rice crop enters the reproductive stage. The state is

mainly mono-cropped area with rice as the only crop extensively grown in all soils and at all

elevations. Drought is one of the major constraints for improving the rice productivity

besides other biotic factors like weeds, pest and diseases etc.


21

Net land under cultivation in Chattisgarh is only 34.5 percent while area sown more than

once is only 11.8 percent of net sown area. Land use pattern below shoes the possibility of

increasing land for vegetable cultivation in the state.

Land Utilization (Year - 2002) Source: Government of Chattisgarh

1. Total Geographical Area '000 hect. 13787

2. Area under forest '000 hect. 6303

3. Land not available for cultivation '000 hect. 1013

4. Other uncultivated Land excluding fallow land '000 hect. 1189

a. Permanent Pastures and other Grazing land '000 hect. 853

b. Cultivable waste Land '000 hect. 336

5. Fallow Land '000 hect. 519

a. Fallow land other than current Fallows '000 hect. 239

b. Current Fallow Land '000 hect. 280

6. Net Area Sown '000 hect. 4763

7. Area Sown more than once '000 hect. 564

8. Gross cropped area '000 hect. 5327

9. Crop intensity Percentage 134

Table 1: Land Usage Pattern in Chattisgarh

II..iivv Scope of the work

The goal of the study is to identify intervention strategy for developing and helping small

and medium-sized agribusiness enterprises such that they could solve common operational

and management problems and compete more successfully in the global economy. The

proposed intervention strategy would be based on the understanding of the systems of raw

material procurement, production system, scope for value addition, logistics and

infrastructure, scope for marketing of products, etc., while defining the geographical limits


22

of each sub-sector to address local needs. The CGSIRD desires to hire a resource

organisation for providing consultancy services for this purpose.

Recently, CGSIRD organized livelihood orientation training for over 6,700 representatives

and officials of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) of Chhattisgarh. It helped catalyze the

willingness of PRIs to undertake the livelihood promotion process in their areas. In this

process, it was realized that PRIs are in a strategic position to strengthen/promote large

number of livelihoods for poor households, provided they are assisted in identification of

appropriate interventions. Several subsectors were identified during the field based

exercises of the livelihood orientation programs that have great scope for pro-poor

livelihood intervention through PRIs and other concerned entities in the state. Discussions

were held with several experts to finalize the subsectors for the studies. The final list of

subsectors identified for the studies includes i) Dairy; ii) Goat rearing, iii) Cashew; iv)

Vegetable cultivation; v) Lac; vi) Mahua flower & seed; vii) Bamboo; and viii) Pisciculture

II..II Objective of work

• Map and analyze the process of production

• Compare and contrast the existing process of production with bigger players

• Identify Best Practices, Quality Control Protocols, and Certification Processes

• Conduct inflow-outflow analysis and assess the potential for marketing.

• Identify domestic and international trends, issues and opportunities

• Propose a marketing strategy for a five year period.

• Identify legal hurdles, if any that inhibit effective performance of the subsector.

• Suggest models of Public, Private and community partnership that can be replicated in

various regions and identify role of community, Panchayat and private entrepreneurs

therein and also suggest necessary changes in policy & legal framework, if any.

• Identify the extent of market led, state led and civil society led coordination failures in

each subsector.

• Suggest intervention strategy


23

IIIIIIII METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY

IIII..ii Study Design

The study and its analysis will help to make the choice of the intervention strategy that the

organization can take up for promoting or supporting large number of livelihoods. The

suggestive design for sub-sector analysis is given below:

i. Preparing a preliminary subsector map –

• Identify the whole value addition process through various processes including

visits to large and small firms to understand in depth how the sub-sector

operates.

• Getting to know the sub-sector

• Interviewing the key informants

• Drawing the preliminary sub-sector map

ii. Refining understanding of each subsector:

• Validate and cross-check information gathered to determine accuracy of

information on key players, processes and different channels.

• Refining the sub-sector map

• Specifying the institutional and environment contexts

• Quantifying overlays of particular inter-sets

iii. Analyzing the subsector dynamics and leverage points

• Understand change in demand patterns, introduction of new technologies,

entry/exit of different players, etc., as any sub-sector is a dynamic entity

• Estimate demand, analyzing the trends locally, nationally and internationally,

over last few years

• Identify emerging threats

• Identify channels that enjoy the most secure prospects of growth

• Identify potential for geographical clustering and system nodes and also the

policy constraints

.

iv. Making the intervention choices


24

• Suggest choices of intervention strategies that State Government and PRIs can

have to promote or support a large number of livelihoods in the subsector.

• Revisit PRI context to determine the options, which are available to them to be

effectively taken up directly or in collaboration.

• Develop the Interventions - Competency Matrix.

IIII..iiii Sampling

For the subsector we selected sample seven districts in the state on the basis of mainly two

criteria:

1) Presence of vegetable cultivation- more or less

2) Topography being pain, plateau or hilly

On the basis of these factors, we selected nine districts for our study. They are Baster,

Kanker, Bilaspur, Raigarh, Dhamtori, Ambikapur & Raipur.

IIII..iiiiii Respondents

Respondents were all key players in the vegetable market. Farmers of different agro-

climatic zones and different land holdings, market, Panchayat, Administrative units and NGO

were selected to cover every aspect of the value chain.

Individual interviews were done with 15 farmers, 7 district market were visited and

interacted with sellers and buyers, 3 FGD were done, three NGO were consulted for the

process of data collection.

IIII..iivv Collection of data

Data were collected during the period from 15th Jan to 5th April 2010. The data collection

team consisted of one Project Coordinator, one Project Associate, one Research Associate

and one Subsector Specialist. The primary roles of the Project Coordinator & the Project

Associate were to identify all respondents from different field and make the filed visit

possible smoothly. The Subsector Specialist and the Research Associate jointly visited the

field for 15 days altogether to collect data. In-depth interview, FGD and simple Group

Discussions took place to collect data. Apart from that verification of bamboo processing

units based on certain checklist was conducted. Livelihood analysis was done using

appropriate technique. Apart from the primary data collection, secondary data were

collected using annual reports, technical reports of the department and then verification of

records available.


25

IIII..vv Challenges

The sample was taken mostly from districts where vegetable cultivation is high. Districts like

Jagdalpur; Durg was not covered through filed visit. The Subsector Specialist could not visit

each area where the research associate has gone. Therefore our study universe has some

limitations to capture the whole universe neither it was fully random based selection rather

sometimes convenient and purposive. However, samples were adequate to capture the

variations and to understand the magnitude of the problems.

IIII..vvii Informed consent & confidentiality

Respondents were informed about the purpose of the study. Because there were possibility

in difference in opinion and conflict of interest involved in providing data, the respondents

were ensured about confidentiality and privacy issues.


26

IIIIIIIIIIII FINDINGSFINDINGSFINDINGSFINDINGS

IIIIII..ii Understanding the vegetable sector of the state

IIIIII..ii..aa Land topography

Land of Chhattisgarh can be divided into three agro-ecological regions on the basis of its

topography- the Northern Hills, the Central Plains and the Bastar Plateau. The northern

districts comes into the Satpura range while the Central portion is the plain of River

Mahanadi and its tributaries and the South again raises to form the plateau region. From

the point of view of agriculture, the landform of the state can be broadly divided into the

uplands covering about 25.54 per cent of the state, the midlands covering about 34.98 per

cent of the state and the low land covering about 39.48 per cent of the state.

Table 2: Topographical distribution of the state

Topography Districts

� Northern Hills � Sarguja

� Koriya

� Jashpurnagar

� Dharamjaigarh Tehesil of Raigarh

� Bastar Plateau � Jagdalpur

� Dantewada

� Kanker partly

� Chhattisgarh Plains � Raipur

� Mahasamund

� Dhamtari

� Durg

� Janjgir

� Kanker partly

� Rajnandgaon

� Kabirdham

� Bilaspur

� Korba

� Raigarh partly


27

Figure 2: Share of land topography

About 25.32 per cent of the state comprises undulating topography interspersed with rolling

plains (3.62 per cent of the state) and hummocky landform (18.79 per cent of the state).

These three landform categories are found clustered together, and usually a landform that

has been exposed to prolonged denudation tends to exhibit these types of residual features,

namely, hummocks and rolling plains. About 6.67 per cent of the state is under ridges,

which is highly dissected. These areas are spread over the northern parts of Surguja

districts, in the southern parts of the Garyaband and Mainpur blocks in Raipur district, and

the Nagri block area of Dhamtari. About 4.11 per cent of the northern part of the state is

covered by flat-topped plateau, essentially in the southern parts of Korea and Surguja and

northern parts of Bilaspur districts. 17.91 per cent of the state comes under the flat or level

topography, which is largely found in the Chhattisgarh Basin in the central belt of the state.

These plains mainly adjoin the river valleys of Godavari, Mahanadi and Sabri rivers. Besides

these, small localized patches are found scattered all over the state, usually alongside

bigger and more perennial tributaries of the main rivers. These flat areas are highly fertile,

and sites of intensive agricultural practices. Along with these flat plains, valleys form the

intervening areas and about 17.46 per cent of the state comprises river valleys. In these

areas are also vegetables are cultivated during the dry season when the soil moisture

content is high.

The categorization of the blocks according to broad landform types shows that 21.77 per

cent of the blocks come under the category of highland areas in the north, 47.62 per cent of

Hilly Region 25.54

Plateau 34.98

Plain 39.48


28

the blocks comprise undulating to rolling topography and are situated in the southern parts

and about 30.61 per cent of the blocks are considered to be flat, or fairly low-lying areas,

with gentle undulations at places.

IIIIII..ii..bb Soil type

There are broadly four types of sol available in Chhattisgarh according to topography which

supports various types of cultivation in different seasons. The different types of soil found

are-

Figure 3: Soil Type and its Characteristics

Kanhar (clayey): A low-lying deep bluish black soil with high moisture retention capacity.

It is well suited for rabi crops, particularly wheat.

Matasi (sandy loamy): This is a yellow sandy soil, with an admixture of clay. It has

limited moisture retention capacity. Though used for paddy, it is ideal for short duration


29

maize and deep-rooted pulses. It is found in better-drained areas and at relatively higher

altitudes.

Dorsa (clay-loam): This type of soil is intermediate in terms of soil moisture retention

between kanhar and matasi. This is best described as loamy, and is a colour between brown

and yellow. This is more or less an all-purpose soil, and is suitable for paddy.

Bhata (laterite): This soil is a coarse-textured, red sandy-gravelly soil, found on upland

tops. It is deficient in minerals and other productivity enhancing nutrients, and is often

suitable only for coarse millets. It is low in humus content and is often wasteland. It is a

good locale for silvipastoral efforts.

About 60.81 per cent of the uplands have shallow soil types. The midland areas of

Chhattisgarh have fairly deep to moderate soil type, which after some treatment can be

brought under cultivation. Generally, the lowlands have heavy to deep soils, which have

high water retention capacity due to high clay content. These soils have better nutrient

value and are suitable for paddy cultivation. Such deep soil is concentrated in the central

belt of the state, which constitutes the ‘rice bowl’ of the state. The highland areas with

shallow and poor soil quality are the areas of immediate concern, as some of these areas

that also have low vegetative cover are prone to high erosion. About 9.67 per cent of the

total area of the state comes under this category.

a. Land size

In Chhattisgarh as like many others states of the country number of marginal and small

farmers are the majority. More than half of the farmers are marginal farmers with minimum

capacity and land holding less than 1 hectare. Little more than 1/4th of the farmers have

land holding more than 2 hectares of land.

Description Number (Lakh) Percentage

Marginal (0-1 hectare) 15.22 51.31

Small (1-2 hectare) 6.24 21.04

Big (>2 hectare) 8.20 27.65


30

Total 29.66 100.00

Table 3: Land holding pattern

Source: Department of Agriculture, Government of Chhattisgarh

IIIIII..ii..cc Rainfall

Rainfall in India varies from place to place and from year to year. The country's average

annual rainfall is about 120 cm over the geographical area of 328 million hectares. In

Chattisgarh nearly 90% rainfall occurs in 4 months of the year. The normal annual rainfall in

Chattisgarh is about 1400mm.

In general the topography is plain with gentle regional slope towards North West and North

direction. The area is covered predominantly by sandy, silts, sandy loam, and clayey soils

and generally the soils of the area are fertile in nature. Chattisgarh receives fairly good

quantum of rainfall. Most of the rainfall occurs during the southeast monsoon season i.e. in

the months of July to September. The rainfall is so uneven that the annual averages have

little significance on the main crop of the state which is Paddy. In fact; every third year,

there is always a threat of drought, which is due to uneven occurrence of rainfall rather than

deficient rain.

Due to irregularity in rainfall vegetable cultivation is primarily depending on irrigation in the

state. Maximum production takes place during 6 months just after monsoon through April

when surface water is available. In last five years State Government with support from

Central government has concentrated in the State Water Policy and constructing various

major, medium, minor water schemes. This has improved the flow of water in the state and

cultivation has become more even through out the year.

IIIIII..ii..dd Crops grown

III.i.d.iIII.i.d.iIII.i.d.iIII.i.d.i Season

The agricultural season of the state are mainly two- The Kharif or the monsoon season

where cultivation depends on rain, the Rabi season or the winter crop which depends on

irrigation. In this two season farmers try and space their cultivation to make triple crop from

their land.


31

a. Monsoon season – This season starts from mid June and continues till October where they

are depended on rain water. Main crop of this period is paddy. Vegetable crops grown in the

season are mostly creeper crops (cucurbitaceous) of the gourd variety like gourd, bitter

gourd, bottle gourd, sponge gourd. Also vegetables like egg plant and ladies finger are

grown in quantity in this season. Vegetable cultivated during this season are primarily by

big farmers in their mechanised farm. Small and marginal farmers mostly cultivate their

subsistence paddy on their land in Kharif season. Ground water level of low lying regions of

plain, along the banks of the river rises during monsoon so paddy cultivation is the main

option.

Tomato cultivation gets started from late monsoon for early harvest to get higher price

catch in the market in the beginning of tomato season.

b. Winter season: This season is from middle of October to February, just after monsoon

harvest. Cultivation gets depended on irrigation. Since the moisture content of the soil is

high just after monsoon vegetable cultivation is the best during this season. All types of

vegetables cabbage, cauliflower, Chilli, Egg plant, radish, coriander, cow peas, leafy

vegetables etc are grown by farmers in Chhattisgarh. Vegetable cultivation in past few

years has increased through out Chhattisgarh. Although specifically it can not be mentioned

why there is an upward trend but certainly there has been a promotion/push for vegetable

cultivation under National Horticulture Mission.

c. Summer season: This season is from spring to summer, i.e., from February to May. This

cultivation depends completely on under ground water and irrigation system. Land with

irrigation facility is the areas where cultivation is possible. Winter crop continues in many

cases and even newly winter crops are sown.

‘Water stands out on the land. The roots of the crops will decay due to water logging in their

roots. Then paddy can be grown in the land. Paddy can be grown well in standing water.’

-Nandkumar Soankar (Farmer)

Coaliari, Dhamtari

Land holding 5 acres along river bed


32

Figure 4: A vegetable farm, Raigarh

III.i.d.iiIII.i.d.iiIII.i.d.iiIII.i.d.ii Land size

It has been observed that vegetation varies on land size. More big farmers have year round

vegetable cultivation as they have highly mechanized farming. High value crops and crops

with difficult package of practice/ on-farm management are cultivated by big farmers while

crops that can be easily managed and requires less inputs and management and skills are

cropped by marginal and small farmers. Green leafy vegetables, chilli, coriander are grown.

Interesting to note was green leafy vegetables like spinach, chech bhaji and khatta bhaji or

even to some extent coriander is associated with marginal and small farmers. As it was

observed from ground big farmers have much better knowledge on package of practice.

They are in close association with horticulture department, Krishi Vigyan Kendra and receive

training, advice and suggestions for improvement of their management

III.i.d.iiiIII.i.d.iiiIII.i.d.iiiIII.i.d.iii Irrigation

‘Onion, garlic, palang, radish, etc are small crops produced by Patels because they are produced

in 1-2 months. Patels all over Mana and Raipur are small farmers.’

-Bharat lal Sharma (Farmer)

Dhaneli gaon, Mana raipur

Land holding 7 acres along river bed


33

The State has five river basins- Ganga, Brahamani, Narmada, mahanadi and Godavari.


area under irrigation in the state as off March 2009 is 26%, 13.34 lakh hectare. Canal

irrigation covers close to 70% land while bore well serves 20%of irrigated land. Irrigation

coverage has a wide variability with best in Raipur district at 22% irrigated land and least in

Narayanpur with almost no irrigation system. From the chart below as it can be understood

there is no strict relation between Irrigation coverage and vegetable production in districts.

As it can be understood ground water is over used in many districts while under used in

many places and is not universally spread out. Vegetable production in districts like Sarguja

Bilaspur, Durg , Jagdalpur, Koriya are high but irrigation coverage hasn’t been the best.

Potential of vegetable cultivation can be further improved if irrigation is improved in these

areas specially in Sarguja.

Figure 5: Relation between yield and Irrigation

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Na

ray

an

pu

r

Da

nte

wa

ra

Bij

ap

ur

Ko

riy

a

jag

ad

alp

ur

Ko

bra

jas

hp

ur

ka

nk

er

Sa

rgu

ja

ka

bir

dh

am

Ra

iga

rh

Ra

jna

nd

ga

on

Ma

ha

sm

un

d

Dh

am

tari

Bil

as

pu

r

Ja

njg

ir

Du

rg

Ra

ipu

r

Pe

rce

nt

0

5

10

15

20

25

Pe

rce

nt

% of total Yield

% of land irrigated

Canal network is low in the state and concentrated to few districts compared to other

irrigation sources but certainly its coverage is the maximum. It can be noted from data

available as well also on field usage of micro irrigation scheme like well, bore, shallow,

dripper, sprinkler is increasing. In last four years additional area of 51680 ha has been

brought under irrigation through drilling of 1134 tube wells and 25204 ha has been covered


34

As said by one of the farmers in Raigarh-

‘In recent times we are facing huge labour

crisis. Labourers don’t wish to come for

agricultural work. Why will they come? They

are getting rice at Rs2 per kilo. It gives the

family some food security. They have job card

and gets work at higher rate than agricultural

wage. What ever they earn they use it up for

food and alcohol. They are not ready to do

hard work now. It is becoming hard for big

farmers who have to hire labour. Small

farmers who depend on their own labour can

easily do their cultivation’

under micro-irrigation system. In Chhattisgarh state exploitation of water resources so far

has been considered to be low with potential of expansion. So there is a potential of optimal

utilisation of ground water and surface water to increase agricultural production.

At the same time it must be noted that 8 blocks of the total 146 blocks in the state have

been categorized as Semi-critical due to its present level of ground water exploitation and

even it has been suggested to take cautious approach while financing ground water

structures.

Figure 6: Irrigation source and area coverage

68.5

18.9

2.3 4.20.4

35.4

51.9

12.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

Canal Bore well Well Tank

% of Area covered % of total irrigation source

III.i.d.ivIII.i.d.ivIII.i.d.ivIII.i.d.iv Labour

Although cultivation have become

mechanised still labour is required for every

process of cultivation. Chhattisgarh state is

facing shortage of labour agriculture. This is

can be said as an impact of various subsidy

schemes of State government. The rice

distribution for BPL families at Rs.2 per kilo

provided food security to the BPL families

along with availability of work under NREGS

schemes is pulling labourers towards 100


35

In the villages we surveyed hardly SHG presence

could be seen and even SHG’s were present they are

non-functional. Women participation in SHG is low

and if the SHGs have savings and credit function is

mostly dominated by their male counter parts.

Decision on loan amount, use is determined by the

male members.

days work and not towards agriculture wage where wage rate is far below. This is creating

shortage in availability of labour. It is a good trend in vegetables cultivation in Chhattisgarh

is women are used more in vegetable cultivation. Women work as daily wage labour mostly

during weeding, harvesting, cleaning and packing if it is required so. They are paid quite

less than men per day wages.

This problem was highlighted in many places and many times in different districts by

farmers.

III.i.d.vIII.i.d.vIII.i.d.vIII.i.d.v Finance*

Farmers depend mostly on individual

capital for vegetable cultivation. Formal

sources of credit availability are very

less. As observed individual farmers

either use their savings or take credit

from input markets, like purchase inputs

like seeds, fertiliser, and pesticides on

credit from dealers and repay them after

harvest. This is highly exploitative as

the interest of credit is hidden within the price of the input. Marginal and small farmers are

facing this as they do not have access to formal credits.

The banking sector in the state of Chattisgarh comprises 63 banks in total including commercial banks,

Regional rural banks and cooperative banks. The total numbers of bank branches in the state are 1500.

As on march 2009 percent of credit outflow to agricultural sector, i.e., agricultural advances from

different agencies have been just 20 percent of total advance. No secondary or primary data is available

as to what percent of these is for vegetable cultivation, but certainly it is know that most of the loan

from formal financial institutions goes for farm mechanization which is going for vegetable farms also,

then to animal husbandry, followed by water resources and land management activities. Hence it can be

understood what percent of the total agricultural loan for vegetable cultivation directly. It can be

estimated that around 30-40% of the total agricultural loan goes for vegetable cultivation.

* All banking data for this section has been referred from NABARD SIP 2010-11, Chattisgarh State


36

As observed there is less regulation on price,

quality of these products even from government

side. Expired products are sold out to ignorant and

illiterate farmers at lower costs. Marginal and

Small farmers who purchase inputs from them on

credit have no negotiation power for price and

quality.

Cooperative banks lead in giving agricultural credits to farmers, as on 31st march 2009

72.19% of agricultural advances of total advances have been given by Cooperative banks

followed by Regional Rural Banks with advances of 47.7%. Commercial banks lag far behind

in the competition with only 15.5% loan.

Even presence of informal credit delivery to the requirement is low. Till 2008-09 there are

109541 SHGs formed and of that little more than half have got credit linkage with

banks.(SIP of NABARD, 2010-11) Percent of SHG refinanced is even lower and stands less

than 15%.

There are 1395 farmers club in the state for acting as platform to organise farmers and

negotiate with formal system of farming.

The above finance situation for agricultural sector highlights, since cooperative banks are at

the door step of the farmers they have much more access to it. But since its initiation

cooperatives role in paddy and other grainsa have been more it hasn’t been visualised as

major finance source by farmers for vegetable cultivation. Even field level observation

revealed that ground level employees of cooperatives haven’t envisaged their role in

vegetable cultivation. Cooperative banks take up a role in providing finance/credit for

vegetable farming.

III.i.d.viIII.i.d.viIII.i.d.viIII.i.d.vi Market-input and output

Vegetable does not have a regulated

input or output market. Input for

vegetable like seeds, fertilisers,

pesticides, and even machineries are

mostly purchased from open market.

There are private dealers within the

villages who distribute products of

different companies.


37

III.i.d.viiIII.i.d.viiIII.i.d.viiIII.i.d.vii Technology

Technology has swiped in Chhattisgarh district but only to big farmers. Mechanisation

possibility is strongly influenced by farm size, cost of labour, irrigation facility and per unit

cost of machines and energy. Use of improved farm machinery like tractors, power tillers,

sprayers, dusters, irrigation pumps, harvesters, threshers augment cropping intensity and

improve productivity but this are beyond reach of marginal and small farmers with 0.75 to 1

ha average land holding. This does not make production profitable for them. Government of

India has increased its subsidy amount under promotion of farm mechanisation scheme.

III.i.d.viiiIII.i.d.viiiIII.i.d.viiiIII.i.d.viii Economics- production, productivity and profitability

Vegetable cultivation in the state has grown in the last five years. Production of vegetables

and area under cultivation has doubled in last five years in the state, but to note is this

productivity has decreased from the initial growth but has gone almost stable is last three

years. Chart below shows the trend of vegetable production of the state.

Figure 7: Trend in Vegetable cultivation for the last 5 years

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

2004-2005 2005-2006 200620-07 2007-2008 2008-2009

Are

a (

Hecta

re)

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

Pro

du

cti

vit

y (

MT

/Hect)

Area (in hect) Productivity (MT/Hect)

Source: Department of Horticulture. Government of Chattisgarh


38

Farmers on their trial and error basis and based on profitability has changed the vegetables

cultivated. The chart below shows a clear change in vegetables production. Production of all

types of vegetables has increased except for few like cowpea, green pea, Kaddu and

colocassia. Even new vegetables have started to be grown like beans, arbi, radish and green

leafy vegetables.

Figure 8: Change in vegetables produced in last five years

0

5

10

15

20

25

2004-05 2008-09

As we also found from the preference matrix of farmers and markets in different regions

cauliflower, cabbage, chilli, beans, are coming up as preference. As noted these vegetables


39

are mostly grown by marginal and small farmers, which show that marginal and small

farmers are coming up into vegetable cultivation.

Preference matrix of farmers and the production of vegetables reflect a close similarity.

Preference of vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower, bitter gourd, tomato, potato is reflected

with the increase in production in the last five years. These vegetables are profitable and

also get yield for longer period of time usually 3 months on average. So income generated

is more. Also it was learnt from field, these crops are more pest resistant till date so

management of these crops are easier.

Ve

ge

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ub

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40

Season

Plain

Plateau

Hill

Marginal

Small

Big

Marginal

Small

Big

Marginal

Small

Big

Rain

y

� Paddy

� Paddy

� Bitte

r gourd

� Cow

pea

� Sim

� Chachera

� Paddy

� Paddy

� Paddy

� Cow

pea

� Paddy

� Paddy

� G

ourd

� Cow

pea

� Paddy

� Cow

pea

� Chili

� Cow

pea

� Local chili

� Paddy

Win

ter

�

Cauliflow

er

�

Cabbage

�

Egg p

lant

�

Radis

h

�

Local chili

�

Cori

ander

�

Cauliflow

er

�

Cabbage

�

Egg p

lant

�

Radis

h

�

Local chili

�

Cori

ander

�

Cow

pea

�

Egg p

lant

�

Cauliflow

er

�

Cabbage

�

Cabbage

�

Cauliflow

er

�

Cori

ander

�

Chili

�

Cabbage

�

Cauliflow

er

�

Cori

ander

�

Chili

�

Tom

ato

�

Cabbage

�

Cauliflow

er

�

Cori

ander

�

Chili

�

Pota

to

�

Cauliflow

er

�

Cabbage

�

Cow

peas

�

Pota

to

�

Cauliflow

e

r

�

Cabbage

�

Cow

pea

�

Pota

to

�

Egg p

lant

�

Cauliflow

e

r

�

Cabbage

Sum

mer

� Cauliflow

er

� Cabbage

� Spin

ach

� Sim

� Chech b

haji,/

khatt

a b

haji

� Paddy

� G

ram

� Bitte

r G

ourd

� Cori

ander

� Chech b

haji,

khatt

a b

haji

� O

nio

n

� Paddy

� G

ram

� Bitte

r G

ourd

� Tom

ato

� Cabbage

� Cauliflow

er

� G

ourd

� H

ybri

d c

hili

� Ladie

s

finger

� Egg p

lant

� W

heat

� Cauliflow

e

r

� Cabbage

�

� O

nio

n

� Cori

ander

� G

inger

� Tom

ato

� Cabbage

� Cauliflow

e

r

�

� Cabbage

� Cauliflow

er

� Cow

pea

� Cucum

ber

� Egg p

lant

� Chili

� Paddy

� Tom

ato

� Cabbage

� Cauliflow

e

r

� Ladie

s

finger

� G

reen

peas

� Cucum

ber

� H

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chili

� Egg p

lant

Ta

ble

4:

Se

aso

n w

ise

pre

fere

nce

of

ve

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tab

les

in d

iffe

ren

t te

rra

in


41

IIIIII..iiii Economics of scale

Using participatory method a preference matrix of vegetables was formulated by farmers for

the purpose of calculating the cost benefit analysis. Six most preferred vegetables for

cultivation across farmers of different land holding and topography are-

7. Cabbage and cauliflower

8. Bitter gourd

9. Tomato

10. Egg plant

11. Cow pea

12. Local chilli

To calculate the

economics of top four

preferred vegetables,

i.e., Cabbage and

cauliflower, bitter gourd,

tomato and egg plant’s

cost benefit analysis has

been done. The cost

benefit ratios are given

below.

Figure 9: Participatory preference matrix in progress; Magarlodh, Dhamtari

Vegetable Cost-benefit ratio

Cabbage/cauliflower 1:3

Bitter gourd 1:2.7

Egg plant 1:2.5

Tomato 1:2

Table 5: Cost Benefit ration of four most preferred vegetables


42

Two tables below show the cost break up of two vegetables that are mostly preferred now.

As it can be seen, in both the cases the major portion of the cost is on seed followed by

fertiliser and labour, varying little depending on the incidence of pest manifestation. Details

of cost, production and cost benefit analysis are given in annexure.

Input Total Cost Percent

Seed 12000 65.3

Ploughing 300 1.6

Fertilizer and pesticide 2570 14.0

Labour 2960 16.1

Irrigation (electricity) 200 1.1

Transport 360 2.0

Total Cost 18390

Table 6: Cost break up of Cauliflower Cultivation on a acre of land

Input Total Cost Percent

Seed 5625 59.1

Ploughing 180 1.9

Fertilizer and pesticide 2080 21.8

Labour 1340 14.1

Irrigation 200 2.1

Transport 100 1.0

Total Cost 9525

Table 7: Cost break up of Tomato Cultivation on a acre of land

IIIIII..iiii..aa Reliability of two most exportable vegetables of the state and

its preference

Primary data from farmers as well from market highlighted tomato and hybrid chilli are the two

exported vegetables at present from the state. These two vegetables are generating huge profits to all

players in value chain. Economies (Cost benefit analysis) fro tomoto could be done as data was available

and it has been showed above. Economies for hybrid chilli could not be done. But primary information


43

shows that hybrid chilli is getting into the preference matrix of farmers quite fast because of its market

outside Chattisgarh.

Tomato production in the state has increased almost one and half times in last 5 years in the state from

293393 tons to 420363 tons last year, but at the same time productivity of tomato has increased by 1.5.

Tomato harvest period in the state is post harvest from around August-September and reaching its peak

period around October-November. During this phase tomato produced within the State almost meets

up with the domestic market demand of the state and very little amount need to be imported to the

state from neighbouring district. Import again starts to increase and during May-June every year which

is the off season in Chattisgarh. Recently tomatos produced in the state are also being exported to

neighbouring states during peak period, i.e., October-November. Individual whole sellers who have

market linkage easily operate the market.

Two types of chilli are produced in the State, local and hybrid. As learnt from farmers on ground local

chilli cultivation is fast decreasing and getting replaced by hybrid chilli. This variety has high export value

and is exported to Delhi, Rajasthan, and neighbouring states from CG.. chilli is harvested in winter during

December-January.

Demand of both tomato and Chilli are there in the state and so inflow and outflow of both the

vegetables happen in the state during off season and peak season respectively. Since both the crops are

profitable off season cultivation of these varieties have to done in a planned approached. For peak

season export better variety of hybrid tomato can be cultivated to increase production. High quality

tomato will fetch better price too. So lot is depended on value addition and planned cultivation. So cold

storage is also required with proper market channels created. An integrated market model like that of

West Bengal can be adopted here too,

IIIIII..iiii..bb Economy of Scale:

Economy of scale is a valuable concept for analyzing the competitive strength of producers

to compete in the market and make superior profit. Generally because of the large

operation, a larger producer can spread its fixed cost across greater number of units as

more are produced thus reduces the unit cost of each product. In the vegetable sector, the


44

large farmers2 show substantial economy of scale of their farm operation, which the small

producers can’t achieve as they are moving into mechanized farming. As a result the small

farmers lose competitive advantage. The large farmers can substantially reduce the costs

over a period of time with less labour cost and faster work increasing yield cropping

intensity.

IIIIII..iiii..cc Competition between big and small farmers

Vegetable cultivation is a high risk taking activity with huge investment and high return

provided all conditions are favourable. In Chattisgarh the biggest challenge for vegetable

cultivation is water. Rainfall is for four months of year but not regular. Often there are

droughts faced by the state, so vegetable cultivation depends mostly on irrigation. Small

and marginal farmers in most of the cases still do not have access to irrigation facilities.

There is no secondary information available to show with facts the difference between small,

marginal and big farmers but from the primary qualitative data collected we could draw a

line of difference between the type and trends in vegetable production.

Small and marginal farmers cultivate vegetables in post monsoon period for 6 months of the

year when they can use the stored surface rain water. While big farmers with help of

assured irrigation systems cultivate year round. Small farmers have irrigation mostly in

2 In context of Chattisgarh large farmers means with land holding of more than 5 acres, small are with land holding

of 2.5 acre to 5 acres and marginal are with less than 2.5 acres of land holding.

As pointed out by a big farmer in Raipur-

‘We use machine in every thing now- ploughing, sowing, harvesting, spreading fertilizer and pesticides.

This is one time cost, so over the years the cost of production reduces. Using machine works can be done

faster. Where we would have required 10 days to do a job with 5 labours we can do it in one day using the

machines. So isn’t that an advantage?!’


45

form of bore well and shallow while big farmers are now using sprinkler and dripper. Small

and big farmers are cultivating during peak period they earn less profit as prices go down

with huge supply in market. Small and marginal farmers are not able to catch the off season

market. It was quite interesting to note that from our study area many farmers have

received irrigation equipments like sprinkler, drip channels, and pump sets from RKVY

schemes. But it was interesting to observe these schemes are mostly benefiting to farmers

who have some social and political networks, who have information of the schemes and

assistance available under different schemes. Its worth to mention in this connection as we

found out information of schemes are percolating very less to the ground level and specially

to small and marginal farmers.

As we found from our surveys and discussion with farmers, small farmers with less financial

capacity, cultivating in small plots prefers less risky vegetables which have small gestation

period, low investment and less on-field and off-field management like green leafy

vegetables, coriander, local chilli, cowpea. Seeing the profit and market trend few small and

marginal farmers have started taking risk and cultivating cauliflower and cabbage off late.

But since they don’t have better technology and their knowledge and learning source is

limited to input dealers they run huge risk of crop failure. This was learnt from farmers

during group discussion in Dhamtari, Kanker, Raigarh, Sarguja that they bought cauliflower

seeds learning from their fellow farmers who had cultivated last year but none of the seeds

germinated and they incurred huge loss. Their investment was completely lost and they

were into heavy debts as they cultivate crops on credit. Some could manage to plant crops

again on that land or another plot available but most could not.


46

IVIVIVIV VALUE CHAIN SVALUE CHAIN SVALUE CHAIN SVALUE CHAIN SUBUBUBUB SECTOR MAPSECTOR MAPSECTOR MAPSECTOR MAP

IIVV..ii Back ward and forward linkages

The sub-sector map shows how the products flow through the system and shows the full

range of activities involved in the production of vegetables from input procurement to

produced output and marketing it. The chain of forward and backward linkage transforms

the product and makes it usable for final consumer. The value chain of vegetable below has

been categorised into three segments- input, production process and market. In the three

main segments of chain there are various actors and who play varied role in the transition

of the product before it is finally consumed. The vegetable market in the state shows

similar picture so it has been put into one frame work.

IIVV..ii..aa Input market-

a. Seed fertiliser, pesticides- In production of vegetable the backward linkage

is associated with the procurement of inputs- seeds, fertilisers, pesticides,

labour, capital, water, etc. usually as practiced by most cultivators is that

they procure seed, fertiliser and pesticide inputs from village dealer who in

turn procures from whole sellers within the block, districts or state. Price of

these inputs is fixed by the companies and is not determined by demand or

supply. Many farmers who are member of cooperatives take fertiliser from

cooperatives for paddy cultivation which they use for vegetable too.

Figure 10: FGD in progress with, Coaliari, Dhamtari

b. Labour market: Labour has

no formal market and labour is

available within the village.

Labour wages are fixed on the

basis of demand and supply

but still big farmers have a

much higher control on prices.

Labour working in the farms of


47

Women wage rates vary from Rs.30 –Rs.40 a day while wage rate of men varies from

Rs.70-Rs.80 per day.

There is no cold storage in the

state for perishable

vegetables. Perishable

vegetables can not be stored

and there is no demand for

vegetables stored in cold

storage. People want fresh

vegetables.

As observed and learned from farmers, NGO’s, line department official’s presence of

village money lenders have reduced in the rural villages of Chhattisgarh.

big farmers has a much exploitative rates.

c. Finance: It again has different forms- formal or informal sources. Individuals

use their own savings or take credit from banks, cooperatives, farmers club

at interest rate of 6-8% p.a. Informal sources of credit like borrowing from

village money lenders or credits from shops interest rate is high and ranges

over 36% p.a.

IIVV..ii..bb Production of vegetables

Production and transformation of the seed involves the

process of land preparation, seed treatment, seedling

preparation and sowing. There after it only spraying

fertilisers, pesticides and weeding at regular intervals. After

harvest its processing, sorting, packaging and marketing it to

the different markets- village market, block mandi, district

mandi or exporting to outer states. The lowest quality and

smaller qualities are taken to the village market where least

price can be quoted and demand is also low. Graded

produced are send to market through own transport like cycles, or even in public transport

like buses and autos. Cost of transport varies from Rs.10 per 30-35 kg to 20 per 30-35 kg

depending on distance of market. Depending on volume fo yield per day traders/middle men

in between send their vehicles or farmers come together to hire vehicles (minidoor, Ace

800) and send them at the block or district market depending on district. Whole sellers buy

the products and the middle men/trader in between gets 8-10% commission on sales.

Farmers get 8-10% less payment from the selling price. Price of product varies on the

quality, processed products and demand supply. More farmers are now trying to control

their production cycle so that output is early when produce is less and prices will be higher,

i.e., going for off season production. Prices of vegetables go down below production cost


48

during peak season. Farmers are forced to sell at lower prices because vegetables can not

be stored and there will be wastage.

IIVV..ii..cc Marketing:

Vegetables produced within state are consumed within the state. Recently in last three four

years produce during season are getting exported as supply in market is exceeding local

demand. Vegetables like tomato, coriander, cabbage are exported to Delhi, Maharashtra,

Orissa, and Bangalore. During off seasons vegetables are imported to the state to meet

State demand. Vegetables are brought in from Orissa, Bangalore, Maharashtra, Bengal, etc.

Although cultivation of off season vegetables have started in the state but it’s far below than

the demand so it has to be exported. This is only possible by big farmers who have

technology back up of irrigation. This creation of market channel or forward linkage has

been solely based on market demand and supply. No policy or channels has been

established yet for market by Government. There is no government storage facility or

processing unit in the state.

IV.i.c.iIV.i.c.iIV.i.c.iIV.i.c.i Cold Storage

Cold storage for vegetable produced is not in the state except one private owned near

Raipur for potatoes. There are many cold storages in the state in different districts and they

are used only for ber, mahua, i.e., non timber forest produce. The quantity of production so

far in the state in less than the demand, so fresh vegetables get marketed within a day of

harvest and hence so far there has been no need for storing the vegetables. But with

increase in production slowly need would arise in the state for a cold storage.

But it is also important to notice the market call for cold storage. Traders in market feel,

which is also true from the customers’ point of, view that customer want fresh vegetables

and not stored one. Also perishable vegetables like tomato, brinjal, ladies finger, brought

out from cold storage has to be disposed off within few hours other wise they will start

decomposing and loose its market value. Only vegetables which are not fast perishable can

only be stored.

Cold storage usage in West Bengal for vegetables is also very low and mostly for potatoes,

but in West Bengal integrated vegetable and fruit market is process of being created as


49

model projects in three zones of Bengal, North, Central and South of Bengal. Within the

integrated market model cold storage plays a significant role. The cold storage will be

categorized on period of storage of different types of vegetables and fruits like –

• Short period of 10- 20 days for products like tomato, cabbage, cauliflower etc.

• Medium storage for a period of 2 months for products like lemon, chilies, peas,

oranges, grapes, pears etc.

• Long period of 2-3 months for products like potato, carrot, pumpkin etc.

• Very Long period of 4 months for products like apple

But the cold storage units are not in isolation, value addition of products from this point

forward need to be done mainly for that problem mentioned above. Grading and packing of

the fresh vegetables to keep them fresh needs to be ensured from this point forward so

attached to the cold storage needs to be a ware house temperature maintained so that the

vegetables can be air packed for its longevity for few more days.

The model and its budget are attached in annexure.

IV.i.c.iiIV.i.c.iiIV.i.c.iiIV.i.c.ii Processing Unit

No defined and prominent food processing sector is present on the vegetable sector in

Chhattisgarh. Few tomato processing units are present in Durg district, which are

considered as small cottage industries.

‘We have all the pressures. We have to safe guard our farmers so that they don’t get price below their

cost. We purchase it from them at market price and when we realize there in no market demand for

selling them we have to immediately contact whole sellers out the state and export so that we don’t incur

maximum loss. In this process we have to incur loss many times as there is wastage. We don’t let it fall on

the farmers.’

- Whole seller

Raipur market

Ve

ge

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Fig

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: S

ub

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Blo

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an

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Loca

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We

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Dis

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an

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Cle

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Mid

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ma

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So

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f se

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Ha

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terv

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sack

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Exp

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Imp

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sta

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51

IIVV..iiii Actors

In the different forward and back ward linkage stages many actors play their role. The

different actors’ and their role are-

1. Whole seller of inputs: the whole seller has huge volume of transactions. They have

several retailers or dealers associated with them who purchase from these shops and sell it

to farmers

2. Retail seller of seeds, fertilisers and pesticides or the village dealers: Farmers

purchase inputs from dealers. They are the first contact for farmers in most cases in case of

pest manifestation and consult to get pesticides for their plants.

3. Producers: they are the farmers who cultivate vegetable directly.

4. Middle men: they are the persons who sell produce for the farmers in the block market or

district market and take a commission from farmers on their sell. They help in bridging the

distance from remote villages where vegetables are produced to the whole sell market.

From the producers to block market as identified there are usually one middle man but in

some cases there are even two- one from remote villages to village market and one from

there on to block market. From block market again there’s a layer of middle man to district

to link the block and district level.

5. Whole seller in out put market: purchase bulk vegetables in block or district markets and

sell it to retailers or whole sellers of the other districts or states of India.

IIVV..iiiiii Value addition

Value addition in vegetable cultivation as per present practice happens at the down stream

end of the value chain. Value addition occurs post harvest with the grading, sorting of

different qualities of vegetables based on size, compactness, dressed (leaves, stem pruned),

etc. different prices are set for different varieties of same vegetables. Price of different

grades of same vegetable varies from Rs5-10 per kilogram.

At present, there are a large number of intermediaries in this trade between the producer

and consumer which has resulted in a wide gap in the producer and consumer price of these

commodities which needs to be reduced to enable farmers receive remunerative prices for

their produce and boost their production and consumption in the country. Retail price of

vegetables are more than double on average than the selling price of producers. At each

transfer there a rise of price by 10-20%.

Ve

ge

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ub

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Se

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/fe

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zer

Fig

ure

12

: D

iag

ram

ma

tic

vie

w o

f d

iffe

ren

t la

ye

rs o

f v

alu

e e

dit

ion

Pro

du

ce g

oe

s to

th

e m

ark

et

un

cha

ng

ed

; o

nly

so

rte

d

ou

t a

s p

er

qu

ali

ty

5%

of

tota

l pro

du

ce

con

sum

ed

15

-20

% g

oe

s to

re

pa

y

loa

n

Inp

ut

Su

pp

lie

r

Fa

rme

r/p

rod

uct

ion

Sm

all

Tra

de

r

Blo

ck/D

istr

ict

Ma

rke

t

Exp

ort

ou

t o

f st

ate

Bu

ye

rs

ho

use

ho

ld

Ho

use

ho

ld

con

sum

pti

on

Dis

tan

ce t

o i

np

ut

sup

pli

er

sho

rt a

rou

nd

5 k

ms

Dis

tan

ce t

o m

ark

et

wil

l b

e

aro

un

d 1

0-3

0 k

ms

Dis

tan

ce t

o u

rba

n a

nd

lo

cal

ma

rke

t w

ill

be

aro

un

d 1

0 k

ms

No

sto

rag

e.

Po

st-h

arv

est

lo

sse

s d

uri

ng

ha

nd

lin

g a

nd

tra

nsp

ort

ati

on

Sa

le a

t h

om

est

ea

d/

vil

lag

e h

aa

t

Sa

les

Re

tail

er

to u

rba

n

an

d l

oca

l m

ark

et

Bu

ye

rs

ho

use

ho

ld

Fa

rm r

ep

aym

en

t


53

‘Gram Sevak comes here twice, before both the

season and takes in name for various schemes

like fertilizer distribution. But when we receive

the services it is of no use for that season, it

more than ¾ months later when its time for

harvest. Services are not timely received.

They also gave subsidized water pumps to some

of us here. They made us sign on a paper of

Rs20000 for pump set. But the pump set will be

worth Rs10000. We also go to the market and

know the prices of products. They say they can

not give us the money so that we buy it our self

and say that is what coming from office.’

- FGD finding in Magarlodh block, District

Dhamtari

VVVV SERVICE MARKETSERVICE MARKETSERVICE MARKETSERVICE MARKET

The subsector study identified a number of services used by the different producers and the

status of these services as well as related sales by the actors of the value chain. A number

of large farmers offer their facilities (tractors, sprayers, water pumps) to the small

producers in exchange of price. These services become available primarily because of the

close clustered and intense internal harmony of the producers.

The following services are provided in the following broad areas:

1. Pre-cultivation

2. Cultivation Services

3. Post Harvesting and Marketing Services

VV..ii Pre-Cultivation Services

Knowledge and Information about New Seed Varieties and their Cultivation Techniques: This

is an extremely critical area for increasing farmer’s productivity and profitability. However,

adequate services are not available. The line

department is supposedly the primary suppliers

of this knowledge. However a huge gap was

observed. The information dissemination

process about new techniques, benefits or

different horticulture schemes is not reaching

farmers. Gram Sevak, agriculture extension

officer’s role in the vegetable cultivation has

not been significant in knowledge or technology

transfer. In most cases farmers don’t receive

any service of these people, even to some

extent farmers have mentioned of not knowing

any Gram Sevak. Availability of such services

reaches only a fraction of farmer’s who are

near the urban or semi-urban areas. The

farmer’s are not satisfied with the services.


54

Also about availability of different horticulture schemes of center and state are supposed to

be disseminated in Gram Sabha meeting of Panchayat. It was found out that knowledge of

Panchayat members it is very low or dissemination is limited within the peer group of

Panchayat members.

The majority of farmers get this information through “embedded services” from the seed

traders. However the quality of information is poor and the remote farmers get very little

access to this information due to lack of knowledge by the local dealers.

Very few NGOs such as PRADAN, IBRAD, CARDS, etc. in association with NABARD are

actively working on farmers’ capacity building on farm productivity through knowledge and

information dissemination to the farmers.

VV..iiii Cultivation services

Knowledge and Information about Pesticide Dose and Pest Control: The absence of source of

appropriate knowledge and information about pest control has also been reported as one of

the critical problems faced by the farmers. Line department is supposedly the primary

supplier of this knowledge; however, due to limited resources the dissemination process is

not at all functional. The majority of the farmers get this information and is depended for

these information on embedded services, i.e., from the pesticide traders. Again the question

raises about the quality of information is poor and the remote farmers get very little access

to this information due to lack of knowledge on the part of the local dealers. It was reported

that about 20 % – 40% of the products gets completely damaged/wasted due to non-

availability of such services. Even in many cases this year there has been complete

destruction of crop in nursery due to unknown reason.

Soil Testing: The soil testing facilities were not learnt from in any of the selected district; as

a result, the farmers either use an excessive amount of fertilizer or inappropriate fertilizers.

This significantly reduces yield and productivity of the farmers.

Tractor for Cultivation: Vegetable cultivation is done by both powered equipment and

manually (animal draft power). The use of tractors is much higher in most of the areas and

particularly in terrain. Small farmers use animal draft power to cultivate because of

affordability but use of power tiller is increasing. Tractor rent is about Rs 400 per hour. The


55

price generally increases during the cultivation season due to added demand and short

supply.

Irrigation Pumps: This particular service is required by majority of marginal and small

farmers who are beyond the coverage of irrigation canals or are situated far away from

rivers or streams. Irrigation pumps are also rented on hourly basis and the rate varies.

VV..iiiiii Post-Harvesting Services

Transportation: There are small vehicles owned by middle men, villagers or farmers who

provide transportation services from rural areas to market. The cost of transportation

becomes little higher in these cases than through public transport. But as the services are

provided door step people access them.

Cold Storage: Cold storage facilities are seen as one of the critical factor in the overall

profitability of vegetable production and trading. The excess supply of vegetables during the

peak season has to be forced sold at lower prices even lower than production cost. There

are no cold storage of vegetables so that it can be stored at least even for few days so that

and when the market price increases the products can be sold at the relatively higher price


56

VIVIVIVI GENDER AND THE SUBGENDER AND THE SUBGENDER AND THE SUBGENDER AND THE SUB SSSSECTOR ECTOR ECTOR ECTOR

Role of women in whole vegetable sector was limited to labour at low and exploitative rates.

Women labour is used during production as agricultural labours involved in weeding and

harvesting. Also women can be seen in market as labourers for sorting vegetables or

packing them. Women wage rate is as low as Rs 40 per day.

Women give their labour in household vegetable production too, where they do not have

role in decision making or choice of vegetables. SHG for women also acts as credit source

but no control over the capital.

VIIVIIVIIVII SUBSUBSUBSUB SECTOR CONSTRAINTS ANALYSISSECTOR CONSTRAINTS ANALYSISSECTOR CONSTRAINTS ANALYSISSECTOR CONSTRAINTS ANALYSIS

The Constraints and Opportunities were expressed by the various actors of the Value Chain

(input suppliers, producers, traders, wholesales, retailers) Key Informants (related

government officials, NGOs, practitioners

The constraints and opportunities were categorized under the following six headings:

1. Technology/Product Development

2. Input Supply

3. Finance

4. Operating Environment/Infrastructure

5. Trade Associations

6. Policies

The following matrix shows an illustrative view of the constraints for the subsector-

Ve

ge

tab

le S

ub

sect

or

Stu

dy

S

ub

mit

ted

to

CG

SIR

D

Co

nd

uct

ed

by

HV

R

57

Constraints

Cause

Features

of

constraints

Who

is/are

affected

Potential

Interventions

Existing

Provider

of

Services

� L

ack

of

know

ledge

about

impro

ved

cultiv

ation

pra

ctices

(soil

testing,

cro

p

rota

tion,

wate

r

managem

ent,

w

eed

managem

ent,

pla

nt

spacin

g,

etc

.,)

resultin

g

in

low

pro

ductivity

and

poor

quality

th

us

makin

g

vegeta

ble

pro

duction

less

att

ractive

to

farm

ers

� L

ack o

f eff

ort

tow

ard

s

continual

develo

pm

ent

of

technolo

gy.

� L

imited

capacity

of

the

exte

nsio

n

depart

ment

� L

ack

of

serv

ice

pro

vid

ers

�

Incre

ases

cost

of

pro

duction

�

Reduces

yie

ld

� M

arg

inal

and

Sm

all

farm

ers

mostly

�

Pro

vis

ions

for

capacity

develo

pm

ent

on

impro

ved

cultiv

ation m

eth

ods

�

Serv

ice pro

vis

ions on

soil t

esting

� H

ort

iculture

depart

ment

� N

GO

� Farm

ers

’ clu

b

� L

ack

of

know

ledge of

vegeta

ble

dis

ease and

its p

rote

ction r

esults in

poor

yie

ld

and

less

pro

fit

�

Poor

know

ledge

of

input

suppliers

�

Poor

exte

nsio

n

activitie

s

�

Reduces y

ield

�

All

farm

ers

but

specia

lly

sm

all

and

marg

inal

farm

ers

�

Regula

r tr

ain

ing

and

capacity

buildin

g

of

farm

ers

on

dis

eases,

pest

contr

ols

/managem

ent

at

gro

und

level

�

Input

suppliers

�

Exte

nsio

n

work

ers

of

Hort

iculture

Ve

ge

tab

le S

ub

sect

or

Stu

dy

S

ub

mit

ted

to

CG

SIR

D

Co

nd

uct

ed

by

HV

R

58

th

rough fa

rmers

clu

b,

SH

G

depart

ment

�

Kri

shi Vig

yan

Kendra

s

�

NG

Os

� L

ack o

f availability a

nd

access

to

cultiv

ation

technolo

gy

(tra

cto

r,

irri

gation

equip

ments

,

weeder,

spra

y

machin

e,

etc

.)

incre

ases

the

renta

l

fees or

requir

es m

ore

manual

labor

thus

incre

asin

g th

e cost

of

pro

duction

and

reduces

pro

fit

of

the

pro

ducers

investm

ent

�

Requires

substa

ntial

investm

ent

�

Dem

and

and

supply

of

serv

ice

is

not

know

n

�

Incre

ases c

ost

of

pro

duction

�

Sm

all

and

marg

inal

farm

ers

�

Dis

trib

uting

pow

er

tiller,

pum

p m

achin

es,

weeders

, spra

yer

in

SH

G’s

and

Farm

er

clu

b

at

subsid

ized

rate

s

from

govern

ment

schem

es

�

Larg

e

farm

ers

� L

ack o

f availability a

nd

access

to

quality

inputs

(p

art

icula

rly

seed)

results

in

poor

yie

ld consequently per

� L

ack

of

financia

l

capacity

of

the

farm

ers

to

purc

hase

quality

seed

� I

nput

suppliers

sellin

g

� F

inancia

l lo

ss

of

farm

ers

� F

arm

ers

gett

ing

in d

ebt

� S

mall

and

marg

inal

farm

ers

� A

ware

ness to

fa

rmers

on te

sting seeds and

expiry d

ate

s

� C

ontr

ol

on

input

suppliers

by

random

� I

nput

suppliers

Ve

ge

tab

le S

ub

sect

or

Stu

dy

S

ub

mit

ted

to

CG

SIR

D

Co

nd

uct

ed

by

HV

R

59

unit

pro

duction

costs

incre

ase

dra

matically

makin

g

vegeta

ble

pro

duction

less

pro

fita

ble

expired

pesticid

es

to

farm

ers

checkin

g

of

their

pro

ducts

by

Hort

iculture

depart

ment

� L

ack

of

access

to

finance

forc

e

the

pro

ducers

to

sell th

eir

pro

ducts

in a

dvance t

o

traders

at

a

low

er

pri

ce

� L

ow

aw

are

ness

and

non

accessib

ility

of

coopera

tives

� S

HG

’s,

farm

ers

clu

b

non

functional

to

pro

vid

e

cre

dit

to

farm

ers

for

vegeta

ble

cultiv

ation

at

low

,

unexplo

itative ra

te of

inte

rest.

� R

educes

pro

fita

bility

� S

mall

and

marg

inal

farm

ers

� S

trength

enin

g

of

SH

G’s

� S

trength

enin

g

of

serv

ice

of

coopera

tives

and

reachin

g

the

gra

ss

roots

� I

nput

suppliers

� L

ocal

money

lenders

� C

oopera

tives

� L

ack

of

irri

gation

in

most

of

the cultiv

able

land

� V

ast

are

a

still

rem

ain

ing

uncultiv

ate

d

� D

ependin

g

on

rain

wate

r

� C

ost

of

pro

duction

incre

asin

g

� I

rrig

ation

resourc

es

in

centr

al

part

of

India

in low

on

the w

hole

due

to

undula

ting

terr

ain

Ve

ge

tab

le S

ub

sect

or

Stu

dy

S

ub

mit

ted

to

CG

SIR

D

Co

nd

uct

ed

by

HV

R

60

� S

mall

and

marg

inal

farm

ers

� L

ack

of

policy

for

encoura

gin

g

valu

e

additio

n of

agri

cultura

l

pro

ducts

th

rough

pro

cessin

g,

sto

rage,

etc

. re

sultin

g

in

poor

pri

vate

secto

r

investm

ent

in t

his

are

a

consequently

the

farm

ers

’ pro

fita

bility

reduces.

� P

oor

repre

senta

tion

of

trade a

ssocia

tion in

policy m

akin

g

� �

Poor

policy

form

ula

ting s

tructu

re

� P

rofita

bility

is

reduced

� A

ll f

arm

ers

but

again

specia

lly

the

sm

all

and

marg

inal

farm

ers

� P

rovis

ions

for

adequate

policy

to

encoura

gin

g

valu

e

additio

n o

f agricultura

l

pro

ducts

th

rough

pro

cessin

g,

sto

rage,

� F

ew

sm

all

scale

pri

vate

ow

ners

� L

ack

of

appro

pri

ate

policy

for

suitable

agri

cultura

l cre

dit

facilitie

s to

sm

all and

marg

inal

farm

ers

fo

r

incre

asin

g

farm

pro

duction re

sultin

g in

poor

pro

ductivity

and

low

pro

fita

bility

� P

oor

policy

form

ula

ting s

tructu

re

� �

Absence of

farm

ers

’

associa

tion

part

icip

ation in

policy

makin

g

� F

arm

ers

in d

ebt

� S

mall

and

marg

inal

farm

ers

� P

rovis

ions

for

appro

pri

ate

policy fo

r

suitable

agricultura

l

cre

dit facilitie

s

� N

one

Ve

ge

tab

le S

ub

sect

or

Stu

dy

S

ub

mit

ted

to

CG

SIR

D

Co

nd

uct

ed

by

HV

R

61

� L

ack

of

adequate

,

functional

farm

ers

’

associa

tion

results

in

poor

collective

barg

ain

ing

to

safe

guard

their

inte

rest

� L

ack

of

know

ledge

and

aw

are

ness

regard

ing

the

pote

ntial benefit

� L

ow

pri

ce

of

vegeta

ble

s,

even

belo

w

cost

of

pro

duction

� S

mall

and

marg

inal

farm

ers

� G

rass

root

level

associa

tion

of

sm

all

and m

arg

inal

farm

ers

to

form

clu

ste

r or

coopera

tive

so

that

they

can

barg

ain

fo

r

their

pro

duct

in

the

open

mark

et

and

enjo

y

econom

y

of

scale

� I

ndiv

idual

farm

ers

� L

ack

of

cold

sto

rage

facilitie

s f

or

vegeta

ble

s

results

in

com

pellin

g

the

pro

ducers

to

sell

their

pro

ducts

even at

a low

er

pri

ce.

� L

ack o

f lo

cal te

chnic

al

know

ledge

� H

igh investm

ent

cost

� S

ell

at

pri

ces

belo

w c

ost

� A

ll f

arm

ers

� P

rovis

ions

for

suff

icie

nt

cold

sto

rage

facilitie

s f

or

tom

ato

es

� P

rivate

secto

r

part

icip

ation

� F

ood

pro

cessin

g

altern

ative

� P

rivate

secto

r

Ta

ble

8:

Co

nst

rain

ts A

na

lysi

s


62

VIIIVIIIVIIIVIII COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

Every enterprise competing in a subsector faces competition. Competition involves not only

rivalry among enterprises in the same trade group (producers, processors, etc.), but also

among other actors of the subsector as well. Competition in an industry depends on three

basic competitive forces:

4. Threat of entry from potential entrants.

5. Intensity of rivalry among existing competitors

6. Pressure from substitute products

The essence of formulating competitive strategy of a subsector is to relate an enterprise to

the subsector in which it competes. The collective strength of the above-mentioned forces

determines the ultimate profit potential in the subsector, i.e., long run return on invested

capital. The goal of competitive strategy is to find a position in an industry where the

enterprises can best defend itself from these forces or can influence them in its favor.

Competition in a subsector works towards bringing down the enterprises rate of return on

invested capital. The rivalry among competing sellers in the subsector is still limited as the

sub sector is growing in the state. The market is extremely price sensitive this creates not

only entry barriers but drives the competitors away. In some of the districts where

vegetable cultivation has grown and many small and marginal farmers have joined in the

sector, farmers feels with new entry of potential entrants there is a threat as price of

vegetables will go down. The local market is already saturated so there during peak season

of vegetables so unless new scope for export to other districts, states are created there will

be sever competition with new entry of producers. Big farmers still don’t feel a threat with

new entry as their market is secured due to their bargaining power. Despite a limited barrier

in some places can be observed still there is scope for new entry provided off season

cultivation is being initiated.

Rivalry among existing competitors were not felt as the market is still growing and there is

still a huge scope for growth. There is a huge gap between local demand and production so

vegetables have to be imported in to the state from neighbouring state. So depending on

each competitor’s strength they can expand. These market dynamics are extremely


63

important for designing intervention and providing the local small producers to a wider

market.

Paddy is still considered as the first choice of farmers as it provides the subsistence to the

family. Paddy cultivation is a requirement and has to be cultivated for subsistence for food

security but along with vegetable cultivation is required for cash profit earning. Change in

cropping pattern like paddy followed by paddy can be replaced with paddy-vegetable where irrigation is

available. Farmers have to be motivated for a shift towards vegetable cultivation for profit

earning. This will also help in the cause for ground water saving.

IXIXIXIX GOOD PRACTICE GOOD PRACTICE GOOD PRACTICE GOOD PRACTICE

In Chattisgarh vegetable cultivation is still an unorganised sector with traditional practice.

From field observation very few good practices came could be observed in practice. Good

practice in this report put forwards some practices followed in different parts of the country

which can be taken up in practice in the State for better production and profitability.

IIXX..ii Technology

Use of technology is increasing in farming. Improved technology results in improved yield

and higher productivity. Although use of hybrid seeds for production is now widely spread,

its proper management is not known by most. This results in high pest manifestation and

loss of vegetables. Also varied varieties of hybrid need to be introduced with proper care

and management so that off season cultivation is increased.

Use of technology in farming was observed with big farmers. They are using machineries

like dripper, sprayer, weeder, harvester as well improved seeds in farming which is

increasing their profitability.

Protected cultivation or the Green house farming practice for vegetable farming is not very

common in the state. Government is taking up pilots in different parts as part of National

Horticulture Mission


64

E-choupal concept introduced by ITC for information and technology centre through private

public partnership can be introduced within the villages of Chattisgarh to reach ground level

producers can be helpful and profitable. E-choupal is the perfect example of the use of IT as

a strategic tool for value creation and rural empowerment. The primary objective of it is to

provide farmers all information, products and services needed to increase farm productivity

and farm gate price realization and cut transaction cost. The initiative will help develop a

trade marketing and distribution super highway for farm produce of the country and benefit

lakhs of farmers, who are currently at the mercy of the intermediaries.

IIXX..iiii Wadi farming

As it was observed cultivation by farmers still is mostly traditional. There is huge knowledge

gap of technology use and scientific method of cultivation which will be technically sound,

economically viable, environmentally non-degrading, and socially acceptable. Concept of

homestead farming or Wadi cultivation can be a good model for increasing production as

well water management.

IIXX..iiiiii Market

Food processing and agro-business has to be increased. Farmers federation needs to be

promoted for price bargaining. Several NGO’s working close with poor farmers for their

livelihood enhancement has formed federation of the farmers for purchase and sell of their

products. The federation helps to increase their bargaining power and increase profitability.

IIXX..iivv Organic farming

In recent past, indiscriminate use of fertilizers, water and chemicals in vegetable crops has

threatened the environment and ecological balance. Hence, to increase production, protect

environment and soil, increase profitability, reduce residual effects of chemicals on fresh

vegetables, it is imperative to undertake research activities on vegetable production

technology including organic farming, integrated nutrient management, off season

vegetable production, integrated pest management including bio-control and residual effects


65

The objective of National Horticulture

Mission is to create concentrated pockets of

horticultural activities for different crops

under the best suitable climatic conditions

in the state to achieve higher yields and per

unit more profitability by providing all

backup facilities like post harvest and

marketing back up.

of chemicals, post harvest technology and development of export oriented varieties. Bio-

dynamic agriculture practice has to be adopted. The process of organic farming in pilot

areas has been initiated by horticulture department but its spread needs to be fast.

XXXX POLICY FRAMEWORK: POLICY FRAMEWORK: POLICY FRAMEWORK: POLICY FRAMEWORK:

PRI, SHG, Government Department roles, schemes,

PPP, NGO

In the policy frame work section we would like to highlight what the National Agricultural

Policy, GoI, Chhattisgarh State Government Policy, and Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yogna (RKYV)

and National Horticulture Mission (NHM) has been highlighting or targeting and what are the

areas of gap identified. It will also try to focus on issues that can be looked upon in future

and considered for policy intervention.

Government of India and each State

government have been taking in number of

policy measures for the development of

agriculture. National Agriculture Policy,

National Horticulture Mission (NHM) has been

formulated along with State level horticulture

policy to enhance and promote agriculture

cultivation within the country and the State.

National Agriculture policy, National Horticulture Mission and Chhattisgarh State

government policy all aim at the growth of Agriculture sector through an integrated

approach.

As per NHM guideline perspective and annual State Level Action Plan in consonance with

Mission’s goals and objectives and in close coordination with Technical Support Group, State

Agriculture Universities (SAU) and ICAR institutes and oversee its implementation has been

formulated for the first phase in Chhattisgarh with concentration on few zones and crops.


66

The policy initiatives mentions of various schemes in accordance with the Mission and

objectives. Grant in aid, subsidies, model villages, pilot initiatives are framed in accordance

with the policies.

In line with this four things that we would like to highlight from our observations are-

XX..ii Policy, scheme rarely mentions about vegetable production

separately

The different policy on agriculture mentions of integrated agriculture practice, highlighting major food

crops like paddy, wheat, coarse cereals, pulses, oilseeds etc. even these seeds are given at hundred

percent subsidy. Vegetable is supported only through nursery, irrigation and fertilizer but in very small

proportion. Not much focus for promoting vegetable production has been given in any policy, or rather

to say not much focus has been given in formulating action plans from the policy documents. Although

agricultural policies mentions of integrated approach, vegetable cultivation is by-passed.

XX..iiii Role of local government, Panchayat Raj Institution:

As per the guideline of NHM the Panchayati Raj Institutions existing in the State should be

fully involved in the implementation structure. Our observations were-

a. Still there is a gap in knowledge of Panchayat members about agricultural policies

and schemes. Even if Sarpanch of Panchayat were aware of the mission there is lack of

know how about the mission and its various benefits for the farmers.

b. Lack of information and understanding regarding various schemes at PRI and hence

farmer’s level: Knowledge about different schemes and benefits are not reaching at the

ground level. Gram Sabha meeting which is suppose to be one of the medium through

which it should be campaigned it non-functional. Attendance in Gram Sabha is less than

1/10th of the members, information about Gram Sabha meeting dates don’t reach each

household. Hence awareness on different schemes and benefits reach a selected section.

PRI is not clear of their role in dissemination of information and of schemes and leadership

in the whole process , therefore transaction of information to farmers remains question


67

Also line departments are not present regularly for information sharing in Gram Sabha.

Other means of campaign like miking, leaflet distribution is also not reaching farmers

universally.

c. Panchayat’s does not have much role in planning of the action plans. The plans are

still prepared in a top-down approach. Hence involvement and ownership of these action

plans in less.

d. There is no plan of action with the Panchayat on the use of vested land and

uncultivable land specially the river beds. River bed is widely cultivated for vegetables. In

most places it is still done without any authorization. As understood river bed still has not

been considered as land and have not come into the land revenue department. But as

noticed in Dhamtari region the river is given lease by Pancayat in group to small and

marginal farmers. This can be noted as a good practice and can be followed to bring more

area under cultivation and also generate increased ownership of Panchayat in horticulture

Mission.

XX..iiiiii Self Help group

Self Help group forms an integral part of national Horticulture mission; it is the member of

District Mission committee and also a beneficiary of different schemes. But we did not

observe functional SHG and their involvement in plan of action preparing for RKVY scheme

or where there is a scope for preparing comprehensive action plan from grass root level or

disseminating benefits of schemes. It has been rear that schemes are initiated through

SHGs. SHG’s are not receiving much benefit.

Non Government Organisations: there are few national, state and local NGO’s working in the

state for the upliftment of the under privileged. NGO’s are playing the role of intermediary

bridging the gap between the people and government machinery. They are-

a. Generating awareness on different schemes.

b. Linking community with the line department by for availing different schemes

c. NGOs are working on capacity building of government officials as well community through

training

It was good to observe coordination with Government departments and NGO, but the

coordination needs to be increased not at block level, but at State level. Horticulture

departments should use the community level reach of NGOs to much greater effect in

planning, implementation and even in monitoring of Government programs and schemes.


68

Horticulture Department: Separating Horticulture department from Agriculture has been a

recent development. State horticulture department has a vertical organogram reaching to

the ground level. But as realized ground level staffs are not regularly reaching their

community, which is leading to a huge gap in service. Also link inter sectoral linkage is

minimum. Coordination between line department and PRI is almost not noticeable

National level schemes under different development programs have been to benefit the

underprivileged. The action plans prepared for the State focus little for the underprivileged

directly. There are no plans to provide direct support for small and marginal farmers for

production, land water management. Even there are no schemes directly for the women.

No plan of action to promote agri-business. There should be encouragement for setting up

appropriate industries for packaging and transporting agricultural products both fresh and

processed. Chhattisgarh vegetable cultivation is still deficient of its own state needs so

export has not been highlighted but post harvest plan of action need to be strategize soon

so that small export market can be developed.

XIXIXIXI SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT ANALYSIS

Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) is a powerful tool used in developing

strategies for intervention. The tool provides a framework for understanding controllable

and non-controllable factors that the interventions should address for the entire value-

chain. The critical issues of the SWOT are generally categorized into the following four broad

categories:

S - What are the subsectors internal Strengths?

W - What are the subsectors internal Weaknesses?

O - What external Opportunities might move the subsector forward?

T - What external Threats might hold the subsector back?

The typical assessments of subsector’s strengths and weaknesses as well as the

opportunities and threats specific to each of the interventions consist of the following:

a. Production system and delivery of products in the value chain


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b. Quality of business service provisions

c. Competitive advantages of the value chain members

d. Market access, infrastructure, management information and financial systems

e. Policy environment

While designing the interventions, the focus is generally given on the exploitation of

strengths rather than simply addressing on the weaknesses. In other words, the

interventions are not only about addressing the constraints, but also nurturing the strength

of the subsector.

Similarly the opportunities and threats - the external trends that influence the subsector are

also analyzed. The external opportunities and threats are usually categorized into political,

economic, social, technological, demographic and legal forces. These external forces include

such circumstances as changing business trends, increased competition, changing

regulations, and so on. They can either help the subsector move forward (opportunities) or

hold the subsector back (threats) -- but opportunities that are ignored can become threats,

and threats that are dealt with appropriately can be turned into opportunities. The

noncontrollable factors are generally dealt through advocacy and networking to bring about

changes in the policy framework.

Strengths

� Diversified land topography provides year

round different variety of vegetable

production

� Large number of farmers involved in

vegetable cultivation and the number in

increasing over the years.

� High local demand of fresh vegetables

� Market for vegetable not yet saturated

� Profit from vegetable cultivation higher

than paddy

� Low cost of labor

Weaknesses

� Most of the farmers lack proper

knowledge on package of practices for

different vegetable cultivation

� Majority of farm do not have access to

technology; Poor access to improved

farming technology

� High seasonal prices variation as during

off season most vegetables are imported

to the state from other states

� No storage facilities particularly in

situation of over supply during peak

production period

� Organic farming practice is still limited in

the form of pilot.


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� No agribusiness, agri-clinic activities

have bee developed by the state for

different vegetables which would

diversify usage of different vegetables

hence demand and production

� Poor quality of input supply

� Lack of skilled people for the subsector

� Very low irrigated land, so most of

cultivable land still remains unused for

vegetable cultivation

Opportunities

� High demand in for both domestic and

export market

� High demand for processed products

such as paste, pure, ketchup, pickle etc.

� Potential to employ large number of

people

� Higher yield through adoption of improve

production technology

� New markets development

� Niche target markets

� Backward and forward businesses

development

� Volumes, production, economies of scale

Threats

� Absence of adequate trade policies

� Intense competition from neighboring

states


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XIIXIIXIIXII CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION AND CONCLUSION AND RRRRECOMMENDATIONSECOMMENDATIONSECOMMENDATIONSECOMMENDATIONS

The World Health Organization estimates that low fruit and vegetable intake contributes to

approximately 2.7 million deaths a year from chronic diseases and causes 31 percent of ischemic

heart diseases and 11 percent of strokes worldwide. So intake of fruits and vegetables are essential

for better health. Fruits and vegetables are generally perishable so they experience serious marketing

problems which can be addressed with appropriate public investments in research, infrastructure, and

institution building; and the growth in demand for fruits and vegetables in developing countries

combined with growing export demand creates new opportunities for poor farmers in the developing

world, but developing countries need assistance in adapting policies, institutions, and infrastructure to

take advantage of these trends.

Horticulture crops have a very wide range of adoptability to grow in adverse conditions and

number of horticultural crops is so large that at least few of them can be grown successfully

in all the types of agro-climatic conditions. Therefore, development of horticulture in the

state on mission mode can change the scenario of the economic condition of poor villagers.

Horticulture development can assure year-round employment to farm labourers and once

horticulture is developed, allied industry like processing, packaging and export also gain

momentum in the vicinity providing adequate employment opportunities for the educated

unemployed rural youth and has high potential to improve the socio-economic condition of

the farmers.

Vegetable cultivation in Chattisgarh has a great potential and is a growing subsector in

terms of development of value addition and market expansion. The market size has also

expanded substantially over the last couple of years. But requirement of the hour is

structuring and organising the sector, its market and increasing production. Keeping these

constraints in mind what can be suggested are-

XXIIII..ii Integrated production model for small and marginal farmers

Year round vegetable cultivation has to be encouraged among small and marginal farmers.

This will enable them to earn year round income and hence reduce poverty. They will be


72

able to employ labour in their farms which will also lead to more work for the villagesr. To

maximize economies of scale farmers have to be brought together in cluster for purchasing

of inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds), machineries, and usage of machineries. For

efficient formation and functioning of clusters initial support and supervision for a period of

two – three vegetable cycles is required, off season cultivation of vegetables is a must

under proper guidance of technical experts. The models can be initiated with the help of

Public private partnership. NGOs can work in formation of clusters and proving support of

the role, share of profit for the cluster in support of Government schemes.

Components of integrated production model:

1. Form area based cluster of farmers on pilot basis where vegetable cultivation is

on high and low already, there are fallow lands available and promote vegetable

cultivation through these clusters. The clusters will be used up for acquiring

inputs, irrigation, and production to maximize economy of scale. Bulk purchase

and sell of products would be done through these clusters.

2. Identify fallow land from land revenue department, Panchayat. These lands can

be taken up by Panchayat and given on lease to these clusters, dividing

proportion to each.

3. Ensure macro-community irrigation system or micro irrigation system to each

farmer. For community irrigation system, like digging pond integration can be

done with MGNREGS for pond construction. The size of the pond should depend

on the catchment area of the land given on lease.

4. Plan crop in the catchment area depending on the distance of the land from water

source. Like crops requiring less water can be planted away from irrigation source

and vis-a-versa. For this the planning with each farmer is essential.

5. Select vegetables like tomato, creeper plants, spice crops, tuberous crops for

cropping in the cluster areas, which have high exportable value and longevity.

6. improved high yielding variety of crops should be promoted by department

through clusters


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7. Training of farmers on improved cultivation practices. Transferring package of

practice for those crops

Similar approach has been successful in many part of West Bengal where area wise

clustering has been done for production. The costing of the model can be easily calculated

depending on the cluster area.

To adopt the cluster model skill enhancement of farmers and mobilizing the cluster plays a

crucial role. A public private partnership model with help of development organisaton can be

taken up in the initial stages of implementation and slowly rolled out to them.

XXIIII..iiii Integrated market model for structuring market

Agriculture has to be viewed as business over and above subsistence. In the world of open

trade, fast paced life processed and packaged food has increased demand in market and

prospects of export. Trade policies have to be reviewed so that private companies come into

the market with contract farming and increase production and profitability.

In West Bengal to absorb the market and huge export of vegetables to different states three

market zones are developed with improved facility and forward linkage chain to market

products. The model is such that to start with construction and operation of company will be

under the Government with their bigger share in the company and slowly as it reaches a

break even point attaining sustainability it can be transferred to the private sector.

(A pictorial representation of the model is given below). It is a complete integrated high

ended model.

Components of the model

1. Building up integrated market model in three zones of Chattisgarh like it has

been done in West Bengal.

2. Use existing cold storage for different category of vegetables short period,

medium and long in each zone


74

The model does not mean creation of facility but usage of these hence structuring and

operation has to be taken up for efficient functioning of the model. Again recommended is a

private public collaboration for operating the market, there should be public ownership in to

the model so that the profits can be shared.

Figure 13: Integrated Market model


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XXIIII..iiiiii Other recommendations

Along with the two models other recommendations for improvement of vegetable sector

are-

1. Enhancing area (private and vested land) under vegetable cultivation through increasing irrigation

facility. Along with micro-irrigation facility distribution like sprinkler and sprayer, rain water

harvesting need to be taken up. Hilly undulated area of Northern hills, places with no irrigation

facilities like Narayanpur, Bijapur, Dantewada have to be slowly brought under

cultivation with increased irrigation and land management like 5 percent, trench, model

at individual level. This type of model will reduce irrigation cost and hence production

cost. This type of model can be taken up for small and marginal farmers and also in

tribal belts.

2. River bed cultivation along dried up river can be initiated in a legal frame work. River

beds can be leased out to farmers individually or in group to increase land under

cultivation as well generate revenue for local government.

3. Formation of Krishi Unnayan Samiti in each village. Krishi Unnayan samiti (KUS) will be

responsible for planning of agriculture and horticulture development plan for the village.

This will help in more community participation and increase transparency.

a. They will link with line departments to bring in the Agriculture and

Horticulture schemes/ benefits/subsidies to their village. They will select the

beneficiaries in participatory manner.

b. KUS will have 15 members one each from Panchayat, Agriculture, horticulture

and NGO working in the area or adjoining area. Minimum of three women

members involved actively in farming have to be included in the Samiti. Other

members of the group will be common villagers representing appropriately

different sections, geographical area of the village.

c. Membership of KUS will change after every three years, unless decided by

members of KUS.

d. KUS will meet bi-monthly to discuss on the progress of work of the Samiti as

well supervise the farms in their area. Identify problems on and off the field

related to agriculture and horticulture and take in necessary action with the

concerned person of Panchayat and Line department.

e. KUS will support cluster of farmers in marketing of products


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f. KUS will perform social audit of NHM and other schemes.

4. Capacity building at different levels

a. Capacity building of grower in farm business planning, costing and pricing

b. Commercial skill orientation & technical training on quality norms, market

demand assessment is require to growers

c. Capacity building of farmers on package of practices for better management

of crops.

d. capacity building of clusters in management of group procurement,

cultivation, marketing, finance management, etc for efficient functioning of

cluster

e. Forming farmer’s field school at ground level and creating Master trainers

from within the community to give practical on field training to farmers on

better management of crops.

f. Regular training of ground level extension workers

g. Capacity building of Panchayat to make participatory action plans.

h. Capacity building of Panchayat members on knowledge of government

schemes, its beneficiaries and benefits.

i. Capacity building of KUS on functioning of KUS, social audit


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XIIIXIIIXIIIXIII ANNEXURE ANNEXURE ANNEXURE ANNEXURE

I. Detailed cost of preferred four vegetables

Village-Linjir Block-

Bhramkela District-Raigarh Farmer-

Vegetable Cauliflower Occupied land for the

vegetable 1.5 acre

Land holding 1 acre

INPUT Total unit Unit cost Total cost

Seed (Himlata) 180 gm 100 18000

Fertilizer 3854.8

Irrigation

Electricity 15 hrs 300 /month 200

Ploughing-tructor 1 hr 400 400

Labour 4440

Transport 540

Rent of land 1.5 acre 7000 10500

Total Cost 46770

OUTPUT Amount Unit price (average/kg) Total price

Total unit marketed 6000 18 110000

Village-Dhanelo Gao Block-Nimora District-Raipur

Farmer-

Bharat Lal

Sharma

Vegetable Bitter Gourd Occupied land for the

vegetable 11 acres

Land holding 7acre


Seed 2 900 1800

Fertilizer and

pesticides 8202

Irrigation 2000

Ploughing-tructor 5 400 2000

Labour 12600

Transport 7200

Broker 8 440 3520

Total Cost 45122


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Total unit marketed 4400 27.5 121000

Village-Linjir Block-Bhramkela District-Raigarh Farmer- Chakrodhar

Vegetable Tomato Occupied land for the vegetable

3 acre

Land holding 10 acre


Seed .75 kg Rs.225/10 gm packet 16875

Fertilizer 6240

Irrigation 3 200 600


Labour 4020

Transport 10 30 300

Total Cost 38885



Block-Ambikapur District-Sarguja Farmer- Hiralal Pardu

Vegetable Egg plant Occupied land for the vegetable

.5 acre

Land holding 5 acre


Seed 100gm Rs.10/10 gm packet 1000

Fertilizer 2693

Irrigation 500


Labour 2760

Transport 30 90 2700

Broker 8 45 360

Total Cost 10533




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II. List of individual interviews

Individual respondents

Sl.No Name Level District Land holding (acre)

1 Purushottam Farmer Bilaspur 0.12 (riverbed)

2 Bhikari Ram Kewat Farmer Bilaspur 1.75 (vested)

3 Bharat Khetrapal Farmer Bilaspur 25

5 Nandkumar Soankar Farmer Dhamtari 5

6 Mr. Bijendra Pandey Farmer Raigargh 1

7 Rohit Singh Farmer Raigarh 7

7 Chakrodhar Farmer Raigargh 10

8 Bharat Lal Sharma Farmer Raipur 7

9 Ramnath Kushbadh Farmer Sarguja 1

10 Mukutdhari Kourha Farmer Sarguja 2.6

11 Hiralal Pardu Farmer Sarguja 3.5

12 Subodh Halder Farmer Sarguja landless

13 Lakhan ram Dhimar Farmer Dhamtari 5

14 Sukhdip Gaur Farmer Raipur 4

15 Manish Yadav Farmer Baster 4

Input market respondent

Sl.No Name Level District

1 Hitendra Katjhari Input Dealer Dhamtari

2 Jainarayan Agrawal (nabin Seed Bhandar) Input Dealer Raipur

NGO interviewed

Sl.INo Name Level District

1 CARD NGO Dhamtari

2 IBRAD NGO Chhattisgarh

3 PRADAN NGO Chhattisgarh

Market level interaction

Administrative and officials interviewed

Sl.No Name Level District

1 Mr. Alok Katiyaar Director Horticulture Chhattisgarh

Sl.No Name Level

1 Dhamtari Market Block

2 Raipur Market District

3 Bilaspur Market District

4 Raigargh market District

5 Sarguja Market District

6 Kanker Market District

7 Bastar Market District


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2 Mr. Pradip Sharma SHDO Bilaspur

3 Mr. M.K.Gupta Garden Superintendent Bilaspur

4 Mr. S.K.Mishra ASO Raigarh

III. List of FGD participants

Sl.No Name Occupation Village District Land holding

1 Yasodha Sahu Farmer Coaliari Dhamtari 0.5

2 Urmila Sahu Farmer Coaliari Dhamtari 1

3 Bhanbhai Soankar Farmer Coaliari Dhamtari 2

4 Yogeshwar Sahhu Farmer Coaliari Dhamtari landless

5 Durga Sahu Farmer Coaliari Dhamtari landless

6 Parmila Sahu Farmer Coaliari Dhamtari landless

7 Komil Sahu Farmer Coaliari Dhamtari landless

8 Parvati Misad Farmer Coaliari Dhamtari landless

9 Kumta Sahu Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 50 decimal

10 Puranil Misud Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari landless

11 Kusun Misud Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 30 decimal

12 Nanku Misud Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 5 acre

13 Ganguram Sahu Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 50 decimal

14 Ujesh Chakrodhar Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 4 acre

15 Loknath Sahu Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 3 acre

16 Kanhaiya Nagarchi Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 2 acre

17 Rameshyart Misud Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 5 decimal

18 Dhanuram Misud Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 50 decimal

19 Umalal Misud Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 50 decimal

20 Nageswar Misudq Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 2 acre

21 Uishanu Misud Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 25 decimal

22 Manugi Misud Farmer Magadloadh Dhamtari 5 acre


81

Integrated market model


82

Farmer’s interview questionnaire

Farmer’s Name: ………………. Village:…………………

Block:………………….. District:…………………

Land holding:……………. Owned:………. Rented (leased)………, Mortgaged:……..

Topography: High/ Medium/Low Soil type: Clay/ Loamy/Sandy/Gravel/laterite

Irrigation: Pond/River/Lake/Shallow tubewell (<100ft)/Deep tubewell (>100ft)/Sub marsh able

Name of crop in each season:

Summer Rainy Winter

Crop Area

covered

Amount

harvested

Hh

consumption

Sold Crop Area

covered

Amount

harvested

Hh

consumption

Sold Crop Area

covered

Amount

harvested

Hh

consumption

Market

Purchase

Product Market/place Amount Transport Contact person

Seed

Fertilizer

Pesticide

Marketing channel and amount sold


83

Market Amount sold Mode of

transport

Commission Contact person

Middle man Crop Amount

Local

Middle man

Block

Middle man

District

Middle man

Finance:

Name of source Credit amount Interest rate

Local informal money lender

Credit from shop


84

Broker/middle man

Bank

Cooperative

Mandi market

Price:


Seed

Fertilizer

DAP

Urea

Phosphate

Pottash

Others

Irrigation

Electricity

Diesel

Insecticide

Pesticide

Fungicide

Ploughing-tructor

Labour

Nursery

Seed bed

Weeding


85

Fertilizer/Pesticide

spraying

Plucking

Harvesting

Transport

Manual

Auto

Bus

Motor cycle

Mandri car

Rent of land

Brokery

Farmers’ FGD Guideline:

1. Topography of the area 2. Average Land holding of the area 3. Climate 4. Seasons of cultivation 5. Season wise crops 6. Practice in farming: Seed, Fertilizer, Pesticides, Irrigation system, Cropping pattern, Cropping

trend, Seed treatment, Technology used, source (ploughing, sowing, harvesting) 7. Market: Chain, Demand, Supply, Import from block, district. State, Storage, Transport 8. Wage, Labour availability 9. Finance: Credit availability, Subsidy 10. Training received, gaps realized 11. Role of panchayat 12. Role of block agriculture officer

vegetable subsector report by hvr

Documents