vegetable gardening and season extension · see: managing garden soil fertility on uvm ag testing...
TRANSCRIPT
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Vegetable Gardening
and Season Extension
Vern Grubinger
www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry
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Overview
• Introduction
• Soil Health: fertilizers, cover crops, compost
• Pest Management: insects, diseases, weeds
• Season Extension: transplants, mulch, covers
• Resources
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my gardens: intensive vs. extensive
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working with what I have
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at the office: youth agriculture project
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…and cover crop demonstrations
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in the field: commercial growers
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soil health is a key to success
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Chemical
Physical Biological
Soil Health
Three Aspects of Soil Health
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Standard soil tests measure ‘chemical health’
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Soil biology is important but mostly invisible
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Soil physical condition is important
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permanent beds – on compact or thin soils
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many benefits and many sources of OM:
manure, compost, cover crops, residues
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organic matter: living, dead, or very dead
fuel for soil microbes and their benefits
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compost – if a little is good, is a lot better?
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Cover crops make sense in the garden, too.
Winter rye is reliable but can be hard to kill.
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Oats are easy; sow Aug - Sept
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October 31, 2010
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buckwheat is a good summer cover crop
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grow legume cover crops for Nitrogen
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Canada field pea – spring crop
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not enough nitrogen (N)
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not enough phosphorus (P)
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not enough potassium (K)
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not enough magnesium
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Common Organic Fertilizers
• N: dried blood, Chilean nitrate*,
seed meals (alfalfa, soy, peanut)
• P: rock phos., bone meal, bone char
• K: potassium sulfate, sul-po-mag,
greensand, wood ash
• Ca: lime, gypsum
• Mg: lime, sul-po-mag, epsom salts
• Blends: pelletized poultry manure, etc.
• Micros: borax, chelates, sulfates
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Compost ~ 1-1-1 (plus micros)
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50# bag has 2 lb N, 1.5 lb P &K
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soy meal 7-1-2
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no P or K
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Conventional N fertilizers
Ammonium nitrate 33-0-0
Urea 45-0-0
Ammonium sulfate 21-0-0
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‘Sul-Po-Mag’
0-0-22 + 11% Mg
• mined mineral, source of K and Mg
• If no Mg is needed, use potassium sulfate
• epsom salts for Mg if K, lime not needed
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soil health
questions?
See: Managing Garden Soil Fertility on UVM Ag Testing Lab home page
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pest management
• insects
• diseases
• weeds
• wildlife
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IPM
• Prevention (based on lifecycle)
• Monitor / scout for pest
• Apply least toxic control (or not…)
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pest prevention
• crop rotation
• sanitation / exclusion
• cultural practices
• tolerant / resistant crops or varieties
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crop rotation by families primarily
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garden rotation – over time, not just space
2009
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2010
from perennial to annual crops;
from some families of crops to others
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plus cover crops in strips over winter
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prompt clean-up shortens rotation cycle
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pest-specific scouting and monitoring
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CPB
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TPB
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PLH ‘hopperburn’
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crucifer flea beatle
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green peach aphids
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purchased beneficial insects
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beneficial insects are abundant
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insect control strategies
• exclude with a barrier
• trap with lure or crop
• confuse
• deter / kill (insecticide)
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row covers
flea beetle, etc.
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straw mulch
for potato beetle
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kaolin clay
for cuke beetle
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‘zea-later’ (Johnny’s)
for corn ear worm
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Take a break
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Weeds: perennials
(quackgrass)
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Weeds: annuals
(hairy galinsoga)
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weed control strategies
• suppress with a barrier
• hoe or cultivate
• deny resources
• kill with flame or herbicide
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mulches affect weeds, temperature moisture
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drip irrigation has many advantages
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even old time tools have been improved
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diseases
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sun scald (abiotic disease)
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blossom end rot
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viruses
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root disease
Phytophthora
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leaf disease
powdery mildew
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post harvest disease
Rhizoctonia
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late blight
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disease control strategies
• avoid environments that promote
• avoid susceptible hosts
• deter / kill with fungicide / bactericide
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mulches minimize soil splash
stake & prune for air movement
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raised beds – on heavy soils
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remove dead canes & inoculum
promote good air flow
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wildlife control strategies
• deterrents/repellents: hair, dogs, soap
• exclusion: fencing, netting
• trapping or killing
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problem ID = detective work
• symptoms? holes, spots, wilt, etc.
(close examination / low magnification)
• distribution on plant and in field
• soil conditions OK?
• environmental event?
• roots healthy?
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season extension
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why season extension?
• extend ‘frost-free’ growing period
• speed up plant growth
• protect from weather = improve quality
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season extension techniques
• greenhouse
• high tunnel
• low tunnel
• cold frame
• row cover
• plastic mulch
• transplants
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season extension in a greenhouse
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high tunnels
low tunnels
caterpillar tunnels
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row covers: promote growth, exclude pests
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floating row cover
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winter growing
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cold frames
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‘hot’ frames
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many types of plastic mulch
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“IRT” mulch: between clear and black
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black plastic warms soil by contact
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transplants ‘extend’ the season
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many other benefits of transplants
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www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry