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1 1.  Specific pollutants Motor vehicles produce many different pollutants. The principal pollutants of concern²those that have been demonstrated to have significant effects on human, animal, plant, and environmental health and welfare²include: y Hydrocarbons: This class is made up of unburned or partially burned fuel, and is a major contributor to urban smog, as well as being toxic. They can cause liver damage and even cancer. The regulations regarding hydrocarbons vary according to the engine regulated, as well as the  jurisdiction. In some cases, "non-methane hydrocarbons" are regulated, while in other cases, "total hydrocarbons" are regulated. Technology for one application (to meet a non-methane hydrocarbon standard) may not be suitable for use in an application that has to meet a total hydrocarbon standard. Methane is not toxic, but is more difficult to break down in a catalytic converter, so in effect a "non-methane hydrocarbon" standard can be considered to be looser. Since methane is a greenhou se gas, interest is rising in how to eliminate emissions of it. y Carbon monoxide (CO): a product of incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen; overexposure may be fatal. y Nitrogen oxides (NO x ): These are generated when nitrogen in the air reacts with oxygen at the high temperature and  pressure inside the engine. NO x is a precursor to smog and acid rain. NO x is a mixture of NO and NO 2 . NO 2 destroys resistance to respiratory infection. For dogs most of the nitrogen

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