vce physics study design: course planning for units 1 and 2 a powerpoint prepared by dan o’keeffe,...

VCE Physics Study Design:VCE Physics Study Design:Course Planning for Units 1 and 2Course Planning for Units 1 and 2

A PowerPoint prepared by A PowerPoint prepared by

Dan O’Keeffe, Dan O’Keeffe,

[email protected]@bigpond.com

Course Planning for Units 1 and 2Course Planning for Units 1 and 2

Unit 1, then Unit 2Unit 1, then Unit 2

Sequence of Areas of StudySequence of Areas of Study

For each Area of Study:For each Area of Study:– New conceptsNew concepts– Some Practical ActivitiesSome Practical Activities– Possible Assessment TasksPossible Assessment Tasks

Unit 1: Sequence of Areas of StudyUnit 1: Sequence of Areas of Study

Almost any sequence could be argued for.Almost any sequence could be argued for.

Time: Time: Weeks per AoS is also an issue. Need to Weeks per AoS is also an issue. Need to decide on balance.decide on balance.

Titles of Areas of Study:Titles of Areas of Study: You need to decide on what you will call You need to decide on what you will call

the Areas of Study in your course the Areas of Study in your course documents and teaching: ‘How can documents and teaching: ‘How can thermal effects be explained?’ or thermal effects be explained?’ or ‘Thermodynamics’ or ‘Climate Change’.‘Thermodynamics’ or ‘Climate Change’.

Thermodynamics: New ConceptsThermodynamics: New Concepts

Zeroth law of ThermodynamicsZeroth law of Thermodynamics Internal EnergyInternal Energy First Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics Thermal Radiation: Thermal Radiation:

– Wien and Stefan & BoltzmannWien and Stefan & Boltzmann

Energy FlowEnergy Flow

Zeroth Law of ThermodynamicsZeroth Law of Thermodynamics• A late addition to physics, for completenessA late addition to physics, for completeness• A definition of temperature.A definition of temperature.• ““All heat is of the same kind”All heat is of the same kind”

Internal EnergyInternal Energy

You are heating a substance, what happens to its You are heating a substance, what happens to its atoms and molecules?atoms and molecules?Gas:Gas:

Monatomic: NeMonatomic: Ne

Diatomic: ODiatomic: O22

Multi atom: HMulti atom: H22OO

Liquid:Liquid:Solid:Solid:Atoms and molecules have different types of energy.Atoms and molecules have different types of energy.Only Only translationaltranslational kinetic energy relates to Temp. kinetic energy relates to Temp.

Internal energy Internal energy

First Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy is conserved, Energy is conserved, • but done quantitatively and best with a gas examplebut done quantitatively and best with a gas example• Three terms:Three terms:

• Energy can be added Energy can be added toto a a systemsystem, Q, Q• Work can be done Work can be done byby a a systemsystem, W, W• Internal energy can change as a result, Internal energy can change as a result, UU

U = Q – WU = Q – WOnly simple calculations.Only simple calculations.

Energy Transfer by RadiationEnergy Transfer by Radiation

Radiation and Greenhouse EffectRadiation and Greenhouse EffectA significant section with many new physics concepts:A significant section with many new physics concepts:

• SpectrumSpectrumTemperature meansTemperature meansatoms jiggleatoms jiggleelectrons jiggleelectrons jiggle accelerating chargesaccelerating charges electromagnetic radiationelectromagnetic radiation

• Freq, wavelength Freq, wavelength • Energy, powerEnergy, power Increasing frequency

Decreasing wavelength

Increasing energy

Energy Transfer by RadiationEnergy Transfer by Radiation

Radiation and Greenhouse EffectRadiation and Greenhouse Effect• Increased temperature meansIncreased temperature means

atoms jiggle fasteratoms jiggle fasterelectrons jiggle fasterelectrons jiggle fasterhigher frequency radiationhigher frequency radiationhigher energyhigher energy

Thermal RadiationThermal Radiation

Wien’s Law: Wien’s Law: How does the wavelength of maximum intensity vary How does the wavelength of maximum intensity vary with temperature?with temperature?

maxT = constant

Thermal RadiationThermal RadiationStefan-Boltzmann Law: Stefan-Boltzmann Law: How does total energy emitted How does total energy emitted

vary with temperature?vary with temperature?Consider Area under the graph: Consider Area under the graph: PowerPower ∝ ∝ TT44..

What determines the Earth’s surface temperature?What determines the Earth’s surface temperature?

Light reflected from EarthAverage Value

100 watts per square metre

Light from the SunLight from the SunAverage ValueAverage Value

340 watts 340 watts per square metreper square metre


Light from the Sun heats the Earth…Light from the Sun heats the Earth…

Average Value 240 watts per square

metre

Average Value240 watts

per square metre


How hot must the Earth be to radiate 240 W/mHow hot must the Earth be to radiate 240 W/m22 ? ?


metre

-18 °C


-18 °C

Actual average surface

temperature

33 °CGreenhouse

EffectTemperature for radiation

balance

+15 °C


The Earth’s surface is The Earth’s surface is 33 °C 33 °C warmer warmer than it would be if it had no atmospherethan it would be if it had no atmosphere

So So howhow does the atmosphere does the atmosphere

warm the Earth’s surface?warm the Earth’s surface?


Nitrogen (NNitrogen (N22),), Oxygen (OOxygen (O22)) & & Argon (Ar) Argon (Ar) • More than 99% of the atmosphere More than 99% of the atmosphere

• These molecules have These molecules have oneone or or twotwo atoms atoms

• They block some They block some ultra-violetultra-violet light, but light, but

• Allow Allow infra-redinfra-red and and visiblevisible radiation through. radiation through.


With an atmosphere of With an atmosphere of Nitrogen Nitrogen OxygenOxygen & & Argon, Argon, what would what would

be the surface temperature?be the surface temperature?

-18 °C


metre

Average Value240 watts

per square metre


Greenhouse warming is caused by Greenhouse warming is caused by

Water (HWater (H22O)O)

Carbon Dioxide (COCarbon Dioxide (CO22))


What is special about What is special about HH22O and COO and CO22??

• Their molecules have Their molecules have threethree atoms, atoms,

• Their Their natural frequenciesnatural frequencies of vibration are in the of vibration are in the infra-red,infra-red,

• They are the earth’s blanket for reflecting certain They are the earth’s blanket for reflecting certain infra-redinfra-red frequencies back down to earth. frequencies back down to earth.

Infra RedUltra Violet Visible

Infrared Radiation absorbed by Water and COInfrared Radiation absorbed by Water and CO22


Greenhouse Warming

33 °CH2O

CO2

+15oC

–18oC

Global Energy Flows (W/mGlobal Energy Flows (W/m22))

Practical ActivitiesPractical Activities• Introductory activities Introductory activities on phenomena to stimulate on phenomena to stimulate

curiosity and generate students’ questionscuriosity and generate students’ questions• ExperimentsExperiments

Heat capacity: Heat capacity: i) mixing liquids, i) mixing liquids, ii) adding heated block to waterii) adding heated block to wateriii) heat capacity of thermosiii) heat capacity of thermosiv) microwave oven exptiv) microwave oven expt

11stst Law: Law: Calorimeter prac (link to elec)Calorimeter prac (link to elec)Latent Heat:Latent Heat: i) Add ice to hot wateri) Add ice to hot waterMechanical Equivalent of heatMechanical Equivalent of heat

Practical ActivitiesPractical Activities• Experiments ctdExperiments ctd

Absolute Zero from Volume vs TempAbsolute Zero from Volume vs TempRadiation:Radiation: i) Spectra of hot objects, i) Spectra of hot objects,

ii) Stefan-Boltzmann Exptii) Stefan-Boltzmann Expt

• Investigation: Investigation: Keeping it Hot – design, build & testKeeping it Hot – design, build & test

* Discount craft supplies* Discount craft supplies* Reverse Art Truck* Reverse Art Truck

• Spreadsheet: Investigation of a Climate modelSpreadsheet: Investigation of a Climate model

Assessment TasksAssessment Tasks

Written response to a selection of context questions

Exploration of an issue related to thermodynamics

Assessment TasksAssessment Tasks

Issue related to thermodynamics Apply thermodynamic principles to investigate at least one

issue related to the environmental impacts of human activity with reference to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

Consider: * other topics such as solar thermal power,

geo-engineering, blog related discussion ....

* integrating the task into the work program.

* a team approach with a group presentation.

* how much resourcing do you supply.

* how much guidance and structure.

ElectricityElectricity

Extra ContentExtra Content Voltage dividersVoltage dividers Specific reference to thermistors, LDRs, LEDsSpecific reference to thermistors, LDRs, LEDs Energy transfer with reference to transducersEnergy transfer with reference to transducers Specific reference to Residual Current DevicesSpecific reference to Residual Current Devices

So, basically the same, with slightly extra So, basically the same, with slightly extra content, which many currently do.content, which many currently do.

What is Matter?What is Matter?

Big Bang and CosmologyBig Bang and Cosmology

Radioactivity and Nuclear forcesRadioactivity and Nuclear forces Hadrons and Leptons, Baryons Hadrons and Leptons, Baryons

and Mesons, Quarksand Mesons, Quarks Anti-matterAnti-matter

Fission and FusionFission and Fusion Binding energy and E = mcBinding energy and E = mc22

Production of lightProduction of light

Origins of atoms

Particles in the nucleusParticles in the nucleus

Energy from the atomEnergy from the atom

How to group the content?How to group the content?In what order do you want to teach it?In what order do you want to teach it?


Different approaches are possible.Different approaches are possible.

History of Science view:History of Science view: Radioactivity: decay, half life, nuclear Radioactivity: decay, half life, nuclear

transformations, decay series as well as transformations, decay series as well as and and neutrino.neutrino.

Fission and Fusion: Equations, Binding energy Fission and Fusion: Equations, Binding energy and E = mcand E = mc22..

Discovery of extra particles: anti-particles, Discovery of extra particles: anti-particles, hadrons, then mesons and baryons leading to hadrons, then mesons and baryons leading to quarks.quarks.


History of Science view ctd:History of Science view ctd: Cosmology: Big Bang theory including Cosmology: Big Bang theory including

inflation, inflation, elementary particle formation, annihilation of anti-matter and matter, commencement of nuclear fusion, cessation of fusion and the formation of atoms.

Production of light: accelerating charges, synchrotron, energy level transition

What is Matter? - ChallengesWhat is Matter? - Challenges

Most of the new stuff!, however …Most of the new stuff!, however …

It is mostly descriptive, so ….It is mostly descriptive, so ….

Treat it to your own comfort level, e.g.Treat it to your own comfort level, e.g. Cover cosmology with a 50 min Brian Cox Cover cosmology with a 50 min Brian Cox

video, orvideo, or Applets from The Particle Adventure, CERN, …Applets from The Particle Adventure, CERN, …

What is Matter? - New ConceptsWhat is Matter? - New ConceptsNuclearNuclear

Anti-matter: Anti-matter: Introduce beta plus decay with beta Introduce beta plus decay with beta minus decay.minus decay.

Neutrino:Neutrino: Introduce to explain energy discrepancy Introduce to explain energy discrepancy in beta decay.in beta decay.

Forces:Forces: Strong and weakStrong and weakMuon, etc:Muon, etc: Alpha spectra is discrete Alpha spectra is discrete internal internal

nuclear structure nuclear structure Yukawa model Yukawa model discovery of muon, then discovery of muon, then meson meson even more particles.even more particles.

Quarks et al:Quarks et al: Explains observed particlesExplains observed particles

Matter

Quarks Leptons

Mesons Baryons

Nuclei

Atoms

Hadrons

Everyday matter Exotic matter

Hadrons: Mesons and BaryonsHadrons: Mesons and Baryons

Mesons:Mesons: made of one quark and one anti-quark,made of one quark and one anti-quark,positive, negative or neutral,positive, negative or neutral,examples: Pion, K-meson, over 100examples: Pion, K-meson, over 100

Baryons:Baryons: made of three quarks,made of three quarks, +2 to -2 in charge,+2 to -2 in charge,examples: neutron, proton, Lambda, examples: neutron, proton, Lambda, Sigma, and …, about 100, …Sigma, and …, about 100, …double charmed bottom, etcdouble charmed bottom, etc

What is Matter? - New ConceptsWhat is Matter? - New ConceptsBinding Energy Curve and E = mcBinding Energy Curve and E = mc22

How quantitativeHow quantitativedo you go?do you go?

Which units?Which units?MeV, JoulesMeV, Joules

Fusion Reaction: Fusion Reaction: 22D + D + 22D = D = 44He He Calculation steps:Calculation steps:1. Mass of 1. Mass of 22D, D, 2. Mass of 2. Mass of 44He, He, 3. Mass diff, 3. Mass diff, 4. Energy release4. Energy release

Production of LightProduction of Light

electromagnetic wave by accelerating charges,, synchrotron radiation at a tangent to a circle, light from transitions between energy levels.

These topics don’t seem to link to the rest of Unit 1.These topics don’t seem to link to the rest of Unit 1.

So, how do you approach these aspects?So, how do you approach these aspects?

CosmologyCosmology

So much descriptive content …So much descriptive content …

How do you approach it?How do you approach it? Brian Cox videoBrian Cox video Images and graphsImages and graphs Story lineStory line

Big Bang Model: Expanding, intensely hot gas of elementary particles. Explains observable universe back to 1 second.

Big Bang model: Explains Hubble constant, background radiation, proportion of H, He and Li.

Does not explain i) uniformity of universe, ii) universe before 1 sec and iii) energy density of the universe,

but inflationary model does.


Practical ActivitiesPractical Activities

Radioactivity PracsRadioactivity Pracs

Dice pracsDice pracs

What is Matter? - Assessment TasksWhat is Matter? - Assessment Tasks an annotated folio of practical activities data analysis design, building, testing and evaluation of a device an explanation of the operation of a device a proposed solution to a scientific or technological

problem a modelling activity a media response a summary report of selected practical investigations a reflective learning journal/blog related to selected

activities or in response to an issue a test comprising multiple choice and/or short answer

and/or extended response

What is Matter? - Assessment TasksWhat is Matter? - Assessment Tasks

What’s left? a media response

Evaluation of responses in an online discussion

a reflective learning journal/blog related to selected activities or in response to an issue

a test comprising multiple choice and/or short answer and/or extended response

Unit 2Unit 2

Motion Area of Study (with extra content)Motion Area of Study (with extra content)

Options ( 12 on offer)Options ( 12 on offer)

Practical Investigation ( on any of above)Practical Investigation ( on any of above)

Q’ns: Q’ns:

1.1. Do you split Motion or not?Do you split Motion or not?

2.2. Managing several options at same time?Managing several options at same time?

Unit 2 OptionsUnit 2 Options

Why you should run more than one option.Why you should run more than one option. The number of options that students do over the The number of options that students do over the

two years has dropped from 4 to 3 and now to 1.two years has dropped from 4 to 3 and now to 1.

Enrolment data indicates that since the Enrolment data indicates that since the introduction of Detailed Studies, the proportion of introduction of Detailed Studies, the proportion of Year 11 Physics students staying on to do Year 12 Year 11 Physics students staying on to do Year 12 physics has steadily increased, both boys and girls. physics has steadily increased, both boys and girls. Conclusion: Students value them. Conclusion: Students value them.

Students learn about options as well as their own.Students learn about options as well as their own.

MOTIONMOTION

Largely the same, but with extra content:Largely the same, but with extra content: TorqueTorque Rotational equilibriumRotational equilibrium

Differences: Differences: Description of Force: Force Description of Force: Force onon A A byby B B Word ‘Weight’ is not used in the study design.Word ‘Weight’ is not used in the study design.

How do you approach these changes?How do you approach these changes?

Unit 2 OptionsUnit 2 Options

Suggestions for managing more than one option:Suggestions for managing more than one option: Student learning: individual, team based or jigsaw Student learning: individual, team based or jigsaw

method, not teacher directed.method, not teacher directed. Resources are prepared for several options.Resources are prepared for several options. Each teacher decides which ones they are Each teacher decides which ones they are

comfortable offering.comfortable offering. Allow students to choose, with a minimum number Allow students to choose, with a minimum number

of students ( eg 4) required for an option to proceed.of students ( eg 4) required for an option to proceed. Teacher’s role: monitor, guide, support.Teacher’s role: monitor, guide, support. Reporting back to the whole class.Reporting back to the whole class.

Unit 2 Options: AssessmentUnit 2 Options: Assessment

Need to be consistent, but not onerous. Need to be consistent, but not onerous.

Some possibilities are:Some possibilities are: an annotated folio of practical activities

a media response

a summary report of selected practical investigations

a reflective learning journal/blog related to selected activities or in response to an issue

Unit 2 Practical InvestigationUnit 2 Practical Investigation

Now a separate Area of Study.Now a separate Area of Study. The topic a student investigates can come from The topic a student investigates can come from

Motion or any of the 12 Options.Motion or any of the 12 Options. Now more substantial, the Now more substantial, the student ‘designs and

undertakes an investigation involving two independent variables one of which should be a continuous variable. A logbook must be maintained ….’

Topics can include ‘construction and evaluation of a device’.

Unit 2 Practical InvestigationUnit 2 Practical Investigation

Requires class time for planning, design, implementation, data analysis and writing up

Plenty of topics for students to choose from. Preferable to report as:

– A log book with

– A summary in the form of an electronic poster, (e.g. a single powerpoint slide, templates are available).

Year 11 ExamYear 11 Exam

Consider:Consider: assessing the whole year, in preparation for the assessing the whole year, in preparation for the

Year 12 exam,Year 12 exam,

Including generic questions on the practical Including generic questions on the practical investigation.investigation.

vce physics study design: course planning for units 1 and 2 a powerpoint prepared by dan o’keeffe,...

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