vbts report

8/3/2019 VBTS Report

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BANASTHALI UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Electronics & CommunicationsFor the partial fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in

Electronics & Communications

PROJECT REPORT

GPS BASED VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEM

Submitted by:

Neha Agarwal (6045) Guided by

Niharika Rajoriya (6048) C.M.S. Negi

Pooja Chauhan (6050)Poonam Rathore (6051)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity with much pleasure to thank all the people who have

helped us through the course of our journey towards this project.

We sincerely thank our teacher, Dr. Ritu Vijay, for giving us such a wonderful

opportunity to showcase our knowledge that we have gained over the entire

curriculum.

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our teacher,

mentor and supervisor, Mr. CMS Negi, for his guidance, help and motivation.

We are also thankful to our technical guide Mr. Vipan Sharma, who helped us

a lot during the course of our project. We are also grateful to our technician,

Mr. Asutosh Pareek for his help and support in making this project come true.

Neha Agarwal

Niharika Rajoriya

Pooja Chauhan

Poonam Rathore


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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Neha Agarwal, Niharika Rajoriya, Pooja Chauhan andPoonam Rathore of B.Tech (EC) 3rd year from BANASTHALI UNIVERSITY has

done the project work entitled GPS BASED VEHICLE TRCKING SYSTEM as a

part of the fulfillment of their degree. The project embodies the original work

done by them during their 6th semester.

Date: April 29, 2011

Mr. CMS Negi H.O.D

Faculty, Dept. of Electronics Dept. of Electronics

Banasthali University Banasthali University


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TABLE OF CONTENT

1. ABSTRACT2. INTRODUCTION3. BLOCK DIAGRAM4. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

a. INTEGRATED CIRCUITSi. AT89S52

ii. Max232b. CONNECTOR RS232c. LCD DISPLAYd. RESISTORSe. CAPACITORSf. GSM MODEM

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM6. CIRCUIT OPERATION7. SOURCE CODE8. BREADBOARD RUNNING9. PCB DESIGNING10. RESULT11.FUTURE SCOPE12.BIBLIOGRAPHY


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ABSTRACT

Of all the applications of GPS (Global Positioning System), vehicle tracking andnavigational systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the

common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles

are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by many

names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System, Vehicle Tracking and

Information System, Mobile Asset Management System, these systems offer

an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of

vehicles.

GPS is used in vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems

enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of

the driver where, as navigation system helps the driver to reach the

destination. Vehicle Tracking Systems combine a number of well-developed

technologies. Irrespective of the technology being used, VTS consist of three

subsystems:

In-vehicle unit (IVU), Base station and Communication link.

The project uses two main underlying concepts. These are GPS (Global

Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The

main application of this system in this context is tracking the vehicle to which

the GPS is connected, giving the information about its position whenever

required and for the security of each person traveling by the vehicle. This is

done with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS module attached to the

vehicle which needs to be tracked. The GPS antenna present in the GPSmodule receives the information from the GPS satellite in NMEA (National

Marine Electronics Association) format and thus it reveals the position

information. This information got from the GPS antenna has to be sent to the

Base station wherein it is decoded. For this we use GSM module which has an

antenna too. Thus we have at the Base station, the complete data about the

vehicle.


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INTRODUCTION

In this Project it is proposed to design an embedded system which is used fortracking and positioning of any vehicle by using Global Positioning System

(GPS) and Global system for mobile communication (GSM).

In this project AT89S52 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various

hardware peripherals. Embedded C is used for programming the application

software to the microcontroller. The current design is an embedded

application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the

status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an AT89S52 microcontroller is

interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is usedto send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote

place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and

longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many

parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and

displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end

from where the position of the vehicle is demanded.

The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and

GPS Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communicationbetween the modems and the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for

converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232 voltage levels.

When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system

automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the

vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude.

Major constituents of the GPS based tracking are

1. GPS Tracking Device: The Device Fits into the vehicle and captures the GPS

location information.

2. GPS tracking Server: The tracking server has dual responsibility. One is

receiving data from theGPS tracking unitand securely storing it, and other of

serving this information on demand to the user. It is the intelligence, power

and configuration of GPS tracking server that culminates into usability and

feature support.


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BLOCK DIAGRAM

COMPONENTS:

A. GPS MODEMB. GSM MODEMC. MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52D. LDC DISPLAY


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COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

A. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (ICS)i. AT89S52

Microcontroller is a microprocessor designed specifically for control

applications, and is equipped with ROM, RAM and facilities I / O on a single

chip. AT89S52 is one of the family MCS-51/52 equipped with an internal 8

Kbyte Flash EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory), which

allows memory to be reprogrammed. It is a low-power, high-performance

CMOS 8-bit Microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-systemprogrammable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-

density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus try-

standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the

program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional

nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-

system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a

powerful Microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective

solution to many embedded control applications

Microcontroller Features:

A CPU (Central Processing Unit) 8 Bit 256 bytes of RAM (Random Access Memory)


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Four-port I/O, which each consist of eight bits

the internal oscillator and timing circuits.

Two timer / counters 16 bits

Five interrupt lines (two fruits and three external interrupt internal

interruptions). A serial port with full duplex UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver

Transmitter).

Able to conduct the process of multiplication, division, and Boolean.

8 KB EPROM for program memory

Maximum speed execution of instructions per cycle is 0.5 s at 24 MHz clock

frequency.

CPU (Central Processing Unit): This section serves to control the entireoperation on the microcontroller. This unit is divided into two parts, the

control unit, or CU (Control Unit) and the arithmetic and logic unit or ALU

(Arithmetic Logic Unit) The main function of control unit is to take instructions

from memory (fetch) and then translate the composition of these instructions

into a simple collection of work processes (decode), and implement instruction

sequence in accordance with the steps that have been determined the

program (execute). Arithmetic and logic unit is the part that deals with

arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, and logical data manipulation

operations such as AND, OR, and comparison.

Part Input / Output (I / O): This section serves as a communication tool with a

single chip device outside the system. Consistent with the name, I / O devices

can receive and provide data to / from a single chip. There are two kinds of

device I / O is used, i.e., devices for serial connection UART (Universal

Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) and device for so-called parallel

relationship with the PIO (Parallel Input Output).Both types of I / O has been

available in a single chip AT89S52.

Software: Single flakes MCS-51 family has a special programming language that

is not understood by other types of single flakes. This programming language

known by the name of the assembler language instruction has 256 devices.

However, this can be done with microcontroller programming using C

language. With the C language, microcontroller programming has become

easier, because the C language format will be automatically converted into

assembler language with a hex file format.


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Pin Configuration: AT89S52 microcontroller has 40 pins with a single 5 Volt

power supply

ii. MAX 232The MAX232 is an integrated circuit that converts signals from an RS-232 serial

port to signals suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The

MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS

signals.

The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single

+ 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it

useful for implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any

voltages outside the 0 V to + 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to

be made more complicated just for driving the RS-232 in this case.

The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as 25 V), to

standard 5 V TTL levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a

typical hysteresis of 0.5 V. When a MAX232 IC receives a TTL level to convert, itchanges a TTL Logic 0 to between +3 and +15 V, and changes TTL Logic 1 to
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic


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between -3 to -15 V, and vice versa for converting from RS232 to TTL. This can

be confusing when you realize that the RS232 Data Transmission voltages at a

certain logic state are opposite from the RS232 Control Line voltages at the

same logic state.

Pin Configuration: MAX232 microcontroller has 16 pins with a single 5 Volt

power supply

B. CONNECTOR RS232The RS232 standard describes a communication method where information is

sent bit by bit on a physical channel. The information must be broken up in

data words. The length of a data word is variable. On PC's a length

between 5 and 8 bits can be selected. This length is the net to informationlength of each word. For proper transfer additional bits are added for

synchronization and error checking purposes. It is important, that the

transmitter and receiver use the same number of bits. Otherwise, the data

word may be misinterpreted, or not recognized at all.

Data bits are sent with a predefined frequency, the baud rate. Both the

transmitter and receiver must be programmed to use the same bit frequency.

After the first bit is received, the receiver calculates at which moments the

other data bits will be received. It will check the line voltage levels at thosemoments.


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With RS232, the line voltage level can have two states. The on state is also

known as mark, the off state as space. No other line states are possible. When

the line is idle, it is kept in the mark state.

START BIT: RS232 defines an asynchronous type of communication. Thismeans, that sending of a data word can start on each moment. If starting at

each moment is possible, this can pose some problems for the receiver to

know, which is the first bit to receive. To overcome this problem, each data

word is started with an attention bit. This attention bit, also known as the start

bit, is always identified by the space line level. Because the line is in mark state

when idle, the start bit is easily recognized by the receiver.

DATA BITS: Directly following the start bit, the data bits are sent. A bit

value 1 causes the line to go in mark state, the bit value 0is represented by aspace. The least significant bit is always the first bit sent.

PARITY BIT: For error detecting purposes, it is possible to add an extra bit to

the data word automatically. The transmitter calculates the value of the bit

depending on the information sent. The receiver performs the same

calculation and checks if the actual parity bit value corresponds to the

calculated value. This is further discussed in another paragraph.

STOP BITS: Suppose that the receiver has missed the start bit because of noiseon the transmission line. It started on the first following data bit with a space

value. This causes garbled date to reach the receiver. A mechanism must be

present to resynchronize the communication. To do this, framing is introduced.

Framing means, that all the data bits and parity bit are contained in a frame of

start and stop bits. The period of time lying between the start and stop bits is a

constant defined by the baud rate and number of data and parity bits. The

start bit has always space value, the stop bit always mark value. If the receiver

detects a value other than mark when the stop bit should be present on the

line, it knows that there is a synchronization failure. This causes a framing errorcondition in the receiving UART. The device then tries to resynchronize on new

incoming bits. For resynchronizing, the receiver scans the incoming data for

valid start and stop bit pairs. This works, as long as there is enough variation in

the bit patterns of the data words. If data value zero is sent repeatedly,

resynchronization is not possible for example. The stop bit identifying the end

of a data frame can have different lengths. Actually, it is not a real bit but a

minimum period of time the line must be idle (mark state) at the end of each

word. On PC's this period can have three lengths: the time equal

to 1, 1.5 or 2 bits. 1.5 bits is only used with data words of 5 bits length
http://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_specs.html#errohttp://www.lammertbies.nl/comm/info/RS-232_specs.html#erro


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and 2 only for longer words. A stop bit length of 1 bit is possible for all data

word sizes.

Pin 1

Received Line Signal

Detector

(Data Carrier Detect)

RS232 DB9 pinout

Pin 2 Received Data

Pin 3 Transmit Data

Pin 4 Data Terminal Ready

Pin 5 Signal Ground

Pin 6 Data Set Ready

Pin 7 Request To Send

Pin 8 Clear To Send

Pin 9 Ring Indicator

C. LCD DISPLAYFEATURES:

5 x 7 dot matrix format for 2.96 x 5.56 mm characters, plus cursor line Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent) + 5V power supply 1/16 duty cycle B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED) N.V. optional for + 3V power supply Intelligent, with built-in Hitachi HD44780 compatible LCD controller and

RAM providing simple interfacing

61 x 15.8 mm viewing area Can display 224 different symbols Low power consumption (1 mA typical) Powerful command set and user-produced characters TTL and CMOS compatible Connector for standard 0.1-pitch pin headers


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Fig.: LCD Display

D.RESISTORSTheelectrical resistanceof anelectrical elementmeasures its opposition to the

passage of anelectric current. The inverse quantity is electrical conductance,

measuring how easily electricity flows along a certain path. Electrical resistance

shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical notion offriction.

TheSIunit of electrical resistance is theohm(), while electrical conductance

is measured in Siemens (S).

An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional toitsresistivityand length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area.

All materials show some resistance, except forsuperconductors, which have a

resistance of zero.

The resistance of an object is defined as the ratio of voltage across it to current

through it.

For a wide variety of materials and conditions, the electrical

resistance R isconstantfor a given temperature; it does not depend on the

amount of current through or the potential difference (voltage) across the

object. Such materials are called Ohmic materials. For objects made of ohmic

materials the definition of the resistance, with R being a constant for that

resistor, is known as Ohm's law.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omegahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega


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Fig.: Resistors

In the case of a nonlinear conductor (not obeying Ohm's law), this ratio can

change as current or voltage changes; the inverse slope of a chord to an IV

curve is sometimes referred to as a "chordal resistance" or "static resistance".

E. CAPACITORA capacitor(formerly known ascondenser) is a device for storing electric

charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least

two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of

electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of

insulating film.

A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair

ofconductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential

difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops

across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and

negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance,

measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to

the potential difference between them.
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Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct

current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for

smoothing the output ofpower supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune

radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes.

The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large

areas of conductor. Hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates",

referring to an early means of construction. In practice the dielectric between

the plates passes a small amount ofleakage current and also has an electric

field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and

leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

Fig.: Capacitor

F. GSM MODEMGSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play modem for direct and easy

integration with RS232, voltage range for the power supply and audio interface

make this device perfect solution for system integrators and single user.

GSM MODEM CHARACTERISTICS

Quad GSM GPRS modem ( GSM 850 /900/1800 / 1900 )

Designed for GPRS, data, fax, SMS and voice applications Fully compliant with ETSI GSM Phase 2+ specifications (Normal MS)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_resistancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_series_inductancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdown_voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leakage_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current


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License free Python interpreter with free of charge programming toolsGSM MODEM INTERFACES

RS232 through D-TYPE 9 pin connector, RJ11 for I2C, SPI and GPIO

Power supply through Molex 4 pin connector SMA antenna connector Toggle spring SIM holder Red LED Power on, Green LED status of GSM / GPRS module

GSM MODEM GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Input voltage: 5V-30V

Current: 8mA in idle mode, 150mA in communication GSM 900 @ 12V,110mA in GSM 1800 @ 12V

Temperature range: Operating -30 to +85 degree Celsius; Storage -30 to+85 degree Celsius

Overall dimensions: 80mm x 62mm x 31mm / Weight: 200g

Fig.: GSM modem


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


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CIRCUIT OPERATION

GPS pin TX is connected to microcontroller via MAX232. GSM pins TX and RX

are connected to microcontroller serial ports.

Microcontroller communicates with the help of serial communication. First it

takes the data from the GPS receiver and then sends the information to the

owner in the form of SMS with help of GSM modem.

GPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space

Segment (from Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to

microcontroller AT89S52, where these are processed and forwarded to GSM.

At the time of processing GPS receives only $GPRMC values only. From these

values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude values excluding time,altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc. E.g. LAT: 1728:2470 LOG:

7843.3089 GSM modem with a baud rate 57600.GSM is a Global system for

mobile communication in this project it acts as a SMS Receiver and SMS

sender. EEPROM is an Electrically Erasable read only memory which stores is

used to store the mobile number.

The power is supplied to components like GSM, GPS and Micro control circuitry

using a 12V DC supply from breadboard .GSM requires 12v,GPS and

microcontroller requires 5V with the help of regulators we regulate the powerbetween three components.


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SOURCE CODE

#include

#include

sfr ldata =0xA0;

sfr SBUF0= 0x90;

sfr SBUF1= 0xC1;

sfr SCONO= 0x98;

sfr SCON1= 0xC0;

sbit RIO= 0x98;

sbit RI1= 0xC0;

sbit TI1= 0xC1;

sbit rs = P0^0;

sbit rw = P0^1;

sbit en = P0^2;

char info[32];

char test[6]={"$GPGLL"};

char comma_position[10];

unsigned int check=0,i,j;

// DELAYED FUNCTION


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void delay(unsigned int msec)

{

int i,j ;

for(i=0;i


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{

ldata=value;

rs= 1;

rw=0;

e=1;

delay(1);

e=0;

return;

}

// LCD STRING SENDING FUNCTION

void lcd_string(unsigned char *str)

{

int i=0;

while(str[i]!='\0')

{

lcd_data(str[i]);

i++;

delay(10);

}

return;


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}

// SERIAL PORT 0 SETTING

void serial_data0()

{

TMOD=0x20; //MODE=2

TH1=0xfa; // 4800 BAUD

SCON=0x50; // SERIAL MODE 1 ,8- BIT DATA ,1 STOP BIT ,1 START

BIT , RECEIVING ON

TR1=1; //TIMER START

}

// SERIAL PORT 1 SETTING

void serial_data1()

{

TMOD=0x20; //MODE=2

TH1=0xfd; // 9600 BAUD

SCON=0x50; // SERIAL MODE 1 ,8- BIT DATA ,1 STOP BIT ,1 START

BIT , RECEIVING ON

TR1=1; //TIMER START

}


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// FIND THE COMMA FROM THE GPS DATA

void find_comma()

{

unsigned int i,count=0;

for(i=0;i


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if(info[check]!= test[check])

check=0;

else

check++;

}

else

check++;

RI0=0;

}

// RECEIVED DATA FUNCTION FOR GSM MODEM

void receive_data1()

{

while(RI1==0);

value= SBUF1;

RI1=0;

}

// TO DISPLAY THE NAME OF THE PLACE

void lcd_place()

{


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if(info[32]= "$GPGLL,26o24,N,75o54,E")

lcd_string("BANASTHALI");

else

lcd_string("NOT FOUND");

}

// TO DISPLAY LATITUDE OF THE PLACE

void lcd_latitude()

{

unsigned int c3=comma_position[0];

lcd_cmd(0x01); //Clear LCD display

lcd_cmd(0x84); //Move cursor to position 6 of line 1

lcd_string("LATITUDE"); //Showing latitude

lcd_cmd(0xC0); //Begining of second line

lcd_data(info[c3+1]);


lcd_data(o);






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lcd_data(0x27); //ASCII of minute sign(')



delay(250);

}

//TO DISPLAY LONGITUDE OF THA PLACE

void lcd_longitude()

{

unsigned int c5=comma_position[2];

lcd_cmd(0x01); //Clear LCD display

lcd_cmd(0x84); //Move cursor to position 4 of line 1

lcd_string("LONGITUDE"); //Showing longitude

lcd_cmd(0xC0); //Begining of second line




lcd_data(0);


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lcd_data(0x27); //ASCII of minute sign(')



delay(250);

}

void compare()

{

IE=0x00;

find_comma();

lcd_latitude();

lcd_longitude();

lcd_place();

check=0;


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IE=0x90;

void GPS()

{

serial_data0();

lcd_cmd(0x38); //2 LINE, 5X7 MATRIX

lcd_cmd(0x0e); //DISPLAY ON, CURSOR BLINKING

IE=0x90;

while(check


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{

SBUF1=*chrr;

TI1=0;

while(TI1==0);

chrr++;

}

}

// TRANSMIT A CHARECTER TO GPS MODEM

void sendchr(unsigned char ch)

{

SBUF1=ch;

TI1=0;

while(TI1==0);

}

// TO INITIALIZE GS MODEM

void GSM_ini()

{

serial_data1();

unsigned char msg[2];


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sendstr("AT");

for(i=0;i


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sendchr(0x22);

delay(10);

sendstr("AT+CMGF=1");

delay(10);

sendstr("AT+CMGS=");

sendchr(0x22);

sendstr("8058505354");

sendchr(0x22);

for(i=0;i


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for(i=0;i


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BREAD BOARD RUNNING

The circuit shown above was implemented on the bread board. The code for

the microcontroller was written on the standards of 8051 using Embedded C.

The code was compiled and simulated using Keil (ver. V).

Voltages applied: 12V dc

Result: LCD displayed correctly

PCB DESIGNING

STEPS INVOLVED:

1. The required circuit diagram is prepared.2. The components, their sizes etc. are listed.3. It is drafted onto a graph sheet4. All pads are placed and thin tracks finished5. It is traced on the graph sheet6. All parts including screw holes are placed with the help of knife.7. All the tracks are fixed.


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CONVERSION OF CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1.

Cutting lines, mounting lines are done2. All the components their length diameter thickness code names etc. arelisted.

3. All tracks are straight lines4. In between ICs no signal lines should be passed5. Markings of the pin number of IC on the lay out for avoiding dislocations

are made

6. The length of the conductor is kept as low as possible7. All the components, resistors, diodes etc. are placed parallel to each

other.

PCB LAYOUT:

Fig. Layout

First the board outlines and the connectors are marked on a sheet of paper

followed by sketching of the component outlines with connecting point and

conductor patterns.

The layout as viewed from the component side first, so as to avoid any

confusion is prepared. The layout is developed in the direction of signal flow as

far as possible

Among the components the larger ones are filled first and the space between

is filled with smaller ones. Components, rewiring input, output connections

came near the connectors.


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All the components are placed in such a manner that de-soldering of the

component is not is not necessary, if they have to be re placed. While

designing the conductors, the minimum spacing requirement for the final

network should be known.

TRANSFORMING THE LAYOUT TO COPPER:

The lay out made on the graph sheet should be redrawn on the copper clad

using paint or nail polish.

Fig. Etching Process

ETCHING:

The final copper pattern is formed by selective removal of the unwanted

copper which is not protected by an electric rebist.

FeCl3 solution is popularly used etching solution. FeCl3 powder is made into a

solution using water and kept in a plastic tray.

The marked copper clad is immersed in this solution for twenty or thirty

minutes. Due to the reaction solution becomes weak and it is not

recommended for further etching process.


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The etched sheet is taken out from the tray and dried out in sunlight for an

hour.

ETCHANTS:

Many factors have to be considered to choose the most suitable etchant

system for a PCB process. Some commonly used etchants are FeCl3, Cupric

chloride, Chromic acid etc.

After etching FeCl3 is washed from the board and cleaned dry. Paint is

removed using suitable from the component insertion.

Holes are drilled into appropriate position and the components are soldered

into PCB carefully

Fig. PCB Fabricated

PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION:

I. A copper clad of the required dimensions is taken.II. The circuit layout is transferred to the copper clad using cotton paper.

III. The layout area should be marked with nail polish.IV. The copper clad is put into FeCl3 solution and warmed.V. Stage by stage transformation of the copper clad occurs.

VI. The solution is warmed intermittently according to the requirement.VII. After about half hour etching is completed.


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VIII. The board is washed using soap solution to remove the remaining ofFeCl3 solution.

IX. The nail polish is scraped off and holes are drilled wherever requiredusing appropriate drill bits.

X. PCB is fabricated.

RESULT

The LCD display showed the correct information provided by the controller.

Depending on the coding-decoding done by the module, the LCD will displaythe latitudes and longitudes.

FUTURE SCOPE

The main scopes of this project are:

1. Military Application: In Military operation ,if the military people are moving

through a desert they cant identify their own position in the desert. Only the

guidance with them is the map. By using our system they can identify theirposition. In the LCD display unit it displays the latitude & longitude and by

noting this information they can clearly identify the position from the map

which they have.

2. Navigation: In Navigation same as that of military Application.

3. Geographical Survey: It is also used for geographical survey.


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GRAPH


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS by MAIZIDI,MUHAMMAD ALI; JANICE GILLISPIE MAZIDI; AND ROLIN D. MCKINLAY

2. http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com3. http://www.electroschematics.com4. http://www.radio-electronics.com5. http://www.8051projects.com
http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com/http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com/http://www.electroschematics.com/http://www.electroschematics.com/http://www.radio-electronics.com/http://www.radio-electronics.com/http://www.8051projects.com/http://www.8051projects.com/http://www.8051projects.com/http://www.radio-electronics.com/http://www.electroschematics.com/http://www.electronic-circuits-diagrams.com/

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