variability of the environmental impact of ready-mix ......variability of the environmental impact...
TRANSCRIPT
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Variability of the environmental impact of ready-mix concrete: a case study for Brazil
Fernanda Silva, Luciana Oliveira, Olga Yoshida, Vanderley John
SBE19 Graz – Sustainable Built Environment D-A-CH Conference – 11 - 14 September 2019 1
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Motivation
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Motivation
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Concrete is unlikely to be fully substituted soon….
… so we must improve its environmental performance
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Motivation
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German average concrete EPDs
Today in LCA:Average values
https://ibu-epd.com/veroeffentlichte-epds/ accessed 10.09.2019
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Motivation
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How it reallylooks like…
400 kg CO2/m3
Damineli et al. Measuring the eco-efficiency of cement use. Cement & Concrete Composites 32 (2010) 555-562
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Aim
To analyse the variability of cradle-to-gate LCA results for ready-mix concrete in Brazil, considering:• Differences among concrete plants• Variations in upstream processes – production of raw materials
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Method
• 4 concrete strength classes (fck): 25, 30, 35 and 40 MPa• Slump value: 100 mm• Impact assessment: EN 15084 - CML Baseline• Background database: ecoinvent 3.4, Allocation cut-off
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Data collection
• Concrete:• 34 plants in Brazil (3-10% of national production)• Mix design declared by strength class (fck)• Inputs for the operation of concrete plant• Raw materials supply: average BR transportation distance
• Upstream processes:• Cement: BR data (70% of national production), all cement types• Sand: BR data, 2 processes (extraction from open pit and riverbed)• Gravel: BR data, single value
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Variability sources
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variability specific values
!"#$%&
'()"#$%&
Quantity of inputs(by plant)
Impact of inputs(upstream)
minimum andmaximum values
mix design
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Variability assessment
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1st step: only variability among concrete plants(example: GWP)
!"#$%&,( = * +(,-./,(. !"#(,-./
!"#$%&,1(, = min !"#$%&,(
For each concrete plant "i" and each fck
!"#$%&,156 = max !"#$%&,(
For each fck (all plants)
cement and sand: average impact values
!"#$%&,59: = avg !"#$%&,(
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Variability assessment
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2nd step: variability among concrete plants + variability of upstream processes(example: GWP)
!"#$%&,()* = min !"#$%&,),()*
For each concrete plant "i" and each fck
!"#$%&,(/0 = max !"#$%&,),(/0
For each fck (all plants)
!"#$%&,),()* =3 4)*567,). !"#)*567 + 4%:(,). !"#%:(,()* + 4;/*<,). !"#;/*<,()*
!"#$%&,),(/0 =3 4)*567,). !"#)*567 + 4%:(,). !"#%:(,(/0 + 4;/*<,). !"#;/*<,(/0
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Results
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60%
80%
100%
120%
140%
GWP ODP POCP AP EP ADP-E ADP-F
30 MPa
Variability among concrete plants
207%• ODP, POCP, AP, EP, ADP-F:
• ± 20% relative to the average• maximum = 1,5 x minimum
• GWP:• -20% to +40% relative to the average• maximum = 1,7 x minimum
• ADP-E:• -70% to +214% rel. to the average• Driven by steel parts for maintenance
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Results
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Variability among concrete plants
140
180
220
260
300
340
380
420
25 MPA 30 MPA 35 MPA 40 MPA
kg C
O2
eq./m
³
GWP
Fck Average GWP(kg CO2eq./m³)
GWP range(kg CO2eq./m³)
25 MPa 196 11030 MPa 220 12835 MPa 248 16240 MPa 295 192
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Results
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Variability among concrete plants + upstream variability
207%
20%
60%
100%
140%
180%
220%
260%
300%
GWP ODP POCP AP EP ADP-E ADP-F
30 MPa
748%
• GWP, ODP, ADP-F: small increase
• EP: almost 4x more variable
• Variability in NOx emissions in
cement production (C.V. 65%)
• AP: 7x more variable
• Variability in NOx and SO2 emissions
in cement production (C.V. 128%)
• POCP: charcoal use in cement production
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Take home messages
1. Choosing the concrete supplier of a building matters2. Choosing the cement supplier of concrete matters3. If you do not know your supplier, you should consider the variability
(not only the average)
We need supplier-specific LCA results
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Acknowledgments
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References
German ready-mix concrete EPDs:
https://epd-online.com/EmbeddedEpdList/Download/10521
https://epd-online.com/EmbeddedEpdList/Download/10524
https://epd-online.com/EmbeddedEpdList/Download/10524
https://epd-online.com/EmbeddedEpdList/Download/10526
https://epd-online.com/EmbeddedEpdList/Download/10614
https://epd-online.com/EmbeddedEpdList/Download/10616
Images:
https://www.construtoraqueirozgalvao.com.br/project/rodoanel-trechos-oeste-e-sul/ (Mario Covas Road)
https://www.itaipu.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/noticia/em-mes-de-producao-recorde-itaipu-reabre-tres-calhas-do-vertedouro (Itaipu Dam)
https://vejasp.abril.com.br/cidades/grandes-nomes-imprensa-esportiva-homenagens-imigrantes/ (Imigrantes Tunnel)
https://www.revistahoteis.com.br/gru-airport-conquista-posicao-de-melhor-aeroporto-do-pais-em-categoria-especifica/ (Guarulhos Airport)
https://www.metrocptm.com.br/conheca-as-estacoes-mais-movimentadas-do-metro-e-da-cptm/ (Sé subway station)
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