Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Iowa State University Capstones, Theses andDissertations

1956

Vapor pressure of thulium metal and some of itsalloysRichard James BartonIowa State College

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Recommended CitationBarton, Richard James, "Vapor pressure of thulium metal and some of its alloys " (1956). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13200.https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13200

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Signature was redacted for privacy.

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Ill rTiOl/JCTIOfl* » 1

H I S f O I l T M i s M E ? f M ) S S » t • • • • • • • • » • • * • * • * S

filuGM* *• 4. 26

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tsi iiit«»l6«s |4©4ifi cation* • .i, » %0

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n f f u s i o a ' v e s n e l s # . * » . * » . • * « # 4 0 Effusion vessel holfier«*«»»*»#»»««•*•...*••*«• -'I-J Tharp.iocouples# 4 J P u r w , c 0 # » . i f - V l f a c u ' o a e < } i i l p s © } i t » • ¥ + A u K i X l l a r y a q u l p s o a t . 4 4

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fargat Oo»il#nwtioa 46

AppB.mtus*.* 48

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Pro«#clu»» 58

fapor nr«p»iire iei©F»liiatlQti«••«•.«»«••»• ».»»<••• 62

It'iCiiljT'l AHB IjI lOU^'/CC'*

taper |'r©ssttr« SeteKalaatlon®##,*65

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T I m l t u i i * # . 6 6

fe-rget e o a d @ a s s . t i o s s © i i f l e - R t i 6 6

thulium* «•••*•»•«•* €>6 A l l o y s » y 6

C a a s i » • * # 8 2

Orjstal. StrttotMrsa aa4 tottlee Sonstsnta*####.###*#**##.. 68

0alettlat®4 C|w»ntltles#.# *,*» . 92

Morm.1 boiltng point aM ^apor preasar#*#**•••••»•

Heats of ».»*•**• 92

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Goasicleraiioii ©f Estop's* #.• *,*##..»•* »*••*»•«#•«***»*•.».«•••• 100

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tMfBmjGmm

ften -m akmAml TieMfolat tli® rare ©arihft are th« fifteen ©leaents,

laatiaaiM tlapottgJj Itttetiua, atosil© aiisifefrs 57 tis-oagh 71# 1Sii®lr tjradi-

tlctwil plmmmnt as a fP*«f ia tl* fofitioa o? the sljctfe |>®rtod is

iadiefttif® of eloa® el»ial0a| •isAlarlty to eaeli otliei*» Bt#

@l0mntm atsmaiium mrd yttrim &«•© fr&qmntty iaoluied i». tMs gsfouf

beeatts© of tlt#tr chesateal stsdlsrity to tli« mm earth tmail^ aai •ar®

oftUB fo«M ass©0ia.t©il tfitJj tl'wa la mtare.

Si@ ©jdstem® &t th& 'srar© wirtli croup wa® fiirat 3r@eognig@4 la. th®

laittr part of tlx® ©lgiite#ntli ®#at«rfi komvm, it was not uetil th®

b#gimiBg of ill© preeent mtAnvj tlmt tfee last of tfa® mtureliy oasurring

•#l«©Bt0 mB id#ailf4ei ftii4 laoXated. la .r#aso»W,y pur© t&vti* Sleaant

6l, |JroB»tMura^ has 1mm oalj as a proiuot from

.Buele&r rsactioB# Ra€ pmb&hlj not oeetir fmtarallf (1)»

F) o :3i'Mioiiott8 iassA upm tli© mrXy periftii© chart only on® rar®

@artt eimssnt me a^sei®d«- Sins© mm tlas om rare eartli was .f©uM

til® total t8»3l>er of «l«s0»ts in tMs e»rl@s r«»in©d unlcBo%m •until

was able to- sboir from X-r&y spesira. ti«t »le»»ts ©xtst

between Mriuia md he.frdum» lte<i®rii tttesal© tlicory bss. establisliei tl»

reason, for the oaeiirrem® of 'the .r«yr© «sRrthg aaid their slosa qMiAcaI

8i,rsilttrity« ©leoents of the periadie tafel# ar® teilt tip by fllltftg

a and p ©rbtt&ls witii @l@ctroa@ slteri»t©ly until fil&mnt 21, acandlais,

i@ rmto!w(h S&ifi.BBing nith ssaiadlum tlia west ten el@:s®nts,

ealled traasitioa ®l©ti«tts, are ferasi by tl» of tlw ^4 orMtals#

a® r«sini»g six el©m«it« timt ©efipl@t» th« oarkh period are fexEJsi %•

2

filling th© %|» orbite.Xis» A sisiilsr soqueno© oocurs for th® fifth pei-lod#

Mt0T th© s orbital in the sixth pwlod the pietur© is csor®

eo^lex to tb® smll Bn^r^ Hff&rem^ between th® 4f tod 5^ orMtalg.

El«0trorw are added to ihes® lm«l@ ia an irregular iiwaieri iiotfevert

th® first dltetroa goes i»t® a i ©rliltfti to for® lanthaaiai*' Tim eo»,s©att*

tiw addition of th© next fourt««n ©iectrona forms the rest of tli® rare

earth ®l«aents# Rroa tlm interpretation of th© spectra of tii® gasocws

fetoBSf it is kB0m that lanthftmUBj gad©ll«i«ra and lutetiwa# dtt« to th©

stRlsllaatlon of a Jd sl®«stroa sa Imlf-fHiea mA fiH©d %f

mhl0V&l0 h&v© tla« eleotron eonfigaratlott 4f^ 5^^ 6b^ where n ia 0, 7

and 14 respecttfely (2)# It ia pdstttlated that terbium also has tlils

typ® of confli?^ir*tioa tdih a equal to #tgfat» However# for the other

rare tarths whom sp««tra h&m b#en Interpreted# It Mb bom found that

tlm ©Idotron ha© slilft«<i from the Int# a 4f orMtali It Is postulated

that this also oeeurs in the rest of the rare earths*

In moBt rar© ©artk <Joiapoundfl| ©speclaXly whea %dratedj,- threo

«l©«tro.ns are involved ia teaming as4 th® population of ttio 4f sublevel

does not exhibit th# Irre^laritiss show th© gaseous atoms 1*it ratlier

Increases uniformly across th© series# fkm t&ndemy of ions to reach

the g»re stabl# Gonfiguratlcts of •&» ©apty^^ lialf-filled or filled 4f

orbital ia the reason other vRl#n.o«» are observei in the rare earth

®l©!i»nts# Of the abnorml mlmGrn&p 06**$ Pr"*^, lu*® &ni

fh'^^0 only appears to b© stable In aqueous soMtion# B» tetrs-

mlent atat® of pras@odyM.ua aai terbiaa has boon %»ll establish©! only

ift th0 oxidm md although ta@ siiwalent state of samriiiaj, europiua and

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©xpestei frcsi. th© 'eloe# p&«k«4 h»*goiittl es-f»rtgmms% »'mm. %• »st of

tills Is ti» seri«« l«r®0*®r» all of tk@ mt9 mttiii

tlmt l».v® «los@ peiefc®! Iiemfe'ftfel styuotttr©® shew e/a ratle# leas

thaii i!Xf®8ted fmm. i4®iil olos# psftk#d .strustwrss. &© strmtmrnB

of awrofitta aad ss»« attyihitad to- th»' ateonml ml®:s©®8 show

tfees® Qf stker saetalli® profartls® aiaaHiag •arlatioiiS', on® of

ti» i^«t strilslsg of tfe®s« l« tmmi. In tlm i&rg® ani Irreisilar differ-

••©Boetf l« irelatility of th© 17»S)*

for studying* tesilrig ami dmA^piug aildf tiiesrias# amim of

©leiBsnis sueli as th# o.'Mm.lip &.lk&lim mivthf o©fj>©r faiiiily or gproiip

eight elmmnts bmm hmn freqti^ntlf «5a:f)loyed bm-mim of s.lMl8.ritles Itt

their aetftllie prepsyties# Bowttwf tine® smmr&l of tlwlr propertlss

mrf el«lta,n#©ttsly fvm. om ^MmtA to anoiUiei* i»- ©ftch of th®s© S8ri©»»

nay eorrelation tise proyeftl®® &f tli# pure iaetals ant of tlie

•alloys i« Alfflealt aad -not ©iitirely nM-klmrmt^vy* The- rar® eartli

stouW l» mpmt&llf valttabl# l» &llmf Btuilma, sinm it is soaprised of

a Iftfg© mater &f «les»»t# lisviag rsle.t©d crystal strueturea ®ni

outer ©l.®e-tront«' eoaflgiratioii ftsd 9lno« It el-scfw® a graiual variation In.

metalll® radii* Goit^lei# solid. Isetweea ©X®a»rxt# of Ilk©

erjst®! type «ithia ths sQ.ri«s Mimii ^ @x|>«>ct®4 %d.tfc«>ut asy ©oapllea-

tio-HS iStte to ;int©.rMjts.i.ll0 wttMtt the smm series.

*&« elfesaleal s.p;|>reae.li to the sttidjr- of ..ellc^ys h&B gm^mlly iamlmd

til© us® of tii#rs».l a«alj0ist »ts:llo r i ilo ©xasilnatloK# X-raf-

tlo.» and otli®!- phy-slcal aeasureaoatc t« ii®t#rs>i..a® th& pr#s@Bc« ari€

to r&:tum of tb® p'm»@ tr&Bsltloiis ussd itt e©n»trueting

5

plms® diai^raiiss# As tlie predietlott ©f alloy pr©|>®i'ii«8 t^eoms s»r®

tiiiely eapleydi# imtmA of testing r&tiAmslj choS'^n alloys# tli# a«®4

good tfe©riao4yn8.r4o datft' '»ill liier®a«#* ' Of th« tkmwo^:ymM.& pr©p®rtlM•,,^

It is tho frm rnner^ tlmt Ig ©f w#t latftrest Ib iystsasf wti©y® mm

ttan oae phas® Is fr##«at tetwtise tl» pMse or ptesea wMeij.

M.ve t}» lowest ftm assrgl#® «M»r tbs giwn oesditioBS will to atafel©.

iimtmetf ft 0m rz'i:io& Is mst. readily immtih&i. hy Vm eh®Bi.eal

aetlTitl®® of the ms^^nmts* I® tit© ©q^iiUbriua pl»s® diai^rftss of

ft gwat sUttfs IiaT# teea ist@rM.ae4j, |po4 aetiirity data aro evailalsl©

fer oaly a ItsAtM mmber ©f airstwn® Aetirttles ean. !»• deter-

lalaeii frosi fra«®ing point, •<iigti*lkitl©ai ®l©ctr0£»tife fore® or

pTBsmrm iate ©ft alloys

fo ©steblisli til# wmof pr®ssttr®«*t@sp^erature rslatioaaMp of a aetal

or att alloy two ttasi hn iet0ralB.©4« tii« alssolut® v&ia© of

tiie T&por frmsum &t w, Bdniimm of ea« polst sni the t@E|j«mt\iir# de-

P'@}acl©nea« froia the lfttt©r it# hsat «f •WB.porlmtim of sitfeliBatio«,

i0p&BdlBg upm tl» mndetmMi pim»@ prmmnt, mn 'fe® tmmi an4 If •eufft-

ei«3t aMltienal ie.ts. eire gmllabl® th» m'maivm mmrg^ o»« ©walaatad.

S10 aoheslT® ©B®r^ is defined rb tfe# im mwrgy ljet%i©®R th#

itorml solid asd, a hjr-inethetie*! gae ©f its stoss «t aljsalut# goro

lowsver, it ta •Mmui.m, mrm mmmn to gLr& th® essr©' at room

tcEi^eratur® (1%)» Saas t© ealeulat© eobeslf® eaere', tlie I»s.t of sitli-

lliaatleo* sleag witli tli® lieat oasaolty aiigi hmt& of traitaitloa,;

laiist be lit th# oas# ef tM rar® #a,rtli« s«ffl®i©at iatft a.r® Ji©t

amilafel© at the present tiia© t© mrrmt tii© hmt of sisbliimtlon to Po«

t©sj>©mt«re« ffowawr# a 'better eolieslve energy mn b# fmifii by eetliKtiRg

th©s® eorrc®tio:a terss tiaa it la jet »«agibl© to e&lo«late fjro® solii

•state theory* tolng ef prae.tl.eal mtallargl»l vftln®,' th#

abdoiut# -ralue of th» m|}©r prdsBmrs i& mvf iissf^4l for tbe clster- iisa-

tloa of RattTlti®® In

For <i®t©,r!2lnitig th® vftpor prmmjtmM of th« rare eaftlis, a low

|5r©6si.tre m&iimi. is pr^fsrrM 'mmnm tbsf only low volatility

at fessQimbly high. t«m|s©Kitttr©«* Ife® KtmAmn ©fftialoR teelmiqu® Is %he

l3©-«t ®0'tal)lls.h©t isrotafely tli® r»st witeiy ©f th® low prftssur®

i5»tl«>50 {13} • '&» rsiioaettf® ttmsr siodifixation of this sstliod tilth

its rssultiag aeeiiraey aM largo fm&mim rmnsp trnkm tii4§ a very

useful itohnlttt# for tti® lB¥e»tig«tloa of th® mpor |?r@sf«r®s sf iMiierifti

liftvisg Mgli teiliag peiats i,l

tetll r#s#ntlf tim m\m «artlj »te.ls l-mve lse#B littl® studied

priwirily tte® %»• tfe© l&eic $.f pwr# saierial#* With the ©f

larg© ags0tmt0 ©f pare rare ©artt, salts a® a reswit o-f rc®«nt .i©n ©xelmng#

s«|j&rst4oa tec-j.;iii|ue.8# yr^etdure# !«» fe'sn dsvelQp©4 t© pyo'dmee i.l»

©atftla in rolptiifslf hlgk isurttf# fltfc tiw amlls.blliti' of l&rg®

aEttamts <jf ttttdlss !»*«• I»#n ©ii sttefe pmmrtiBB m i3#lti.ng

l»oiiits, sllotrofj*, aai ia®.g»tl6 properties!' « li#gi,wsl»g Ms

b®#» rad® oa tli» <i©t®riilH8.tloft, ©f thi®i,r v«or prsssar@».»

Bii® tliesla i0 prtsariiy ©©fteen d with tii© aoatinaatioa tiits

vapor t)T^emr® wofk %• ttslng a r&dloftetiir® trmmr t©«toiqa» ©ad it#

©xtenalsB t& alley sfstrnm# 'S»' activity #f tlmliiisa, ia tii»

tlmlltts alloys m liy th# feti» of ti» pai-Mel pressure ©f tiwliitia

th© elloy t6 -fel-i# msjor pregaire -©f pur® thalitai at th® ®e»

7

j^eratttre is tsJgsa •».& a iaeagaj-e of th® Ide&llty of the solid selatioaa*

Bds tiwolvss th# ftssitssptloR timt ths gas pImse Is Idsal* wMcis. Id

pTotebly wliii at t}» tc -orata**#® and loit '^rmsuTen @neotjmt#r©4*

iimm ©onsiderc-tioa im« 1»«n jlvaa to- i!» Intejyml li©®.t of solutio-n.'

tttrlng til# vmpar prmmtm ©» allofa, tlalr

erystal ©truetiires ani bulk dsfisltits »®p® ii«</®B-tigat®4 t© tlete.r3slno tl'i®

tyf® of .straeiiire prmmit i» «aoli ©iloj auA t© d^tap-iritt© if this eor-

l"ole.'v€ss with, til® eimafteg in irGlaitlity of tk® tlBilluis atoci# It was

Aesii'able to im %fh»tl»r tli# aeoclyi-jlu» stra©ture #o«l€ M @misid0m4

aa a si-teekirsg fault ani ooasesittent'lif s©«l4 mrgp gratlttally into- the-

tlMli«a sirtteture, a £p©i clo-s# ps#lc#i h^mgo-iml s-tructur# «*©@pt for

ftn aRoiBclowe &/& er yj»th&r timy mrs tw© cltistlnet str-uetare-s

that wottli b0' aeps»te4 % & tm pbmm region*-

s

fiisfoBi Mm mmmB

ll-ill© tin© first Qf til® t&m 0m%'m ©leseBt© wm 4iscoirsir««l 1b tit®

part <sf tl» mmsrAetm. i%un&mAB ti m» set ttstll 1 tbat lomnddr

(17) waa a%l® te pr©par@ «® ©f t&@a# e«rlasta tot men with a

&t 'pr®p«riBg thmm laetala thsr# w#re relatiwly fmt stiicttes on

thetr properties primTlly due- t© tl» dlfrieulty Is 8«pftr«.t:liig tl»

©l®ia®rit© asd 1» Imndiing tli« s©tal»* S» iatwdst tn .fr-aatlo«atiott

»tj»ds of e^-arati-ng *ar« earths &n4 i,n tim p%s-lsai prop-erti©® of tk©-

indivlAu&l yare ©artlie w&s jiei.glil0»4 a gr«Q.t deal by th# d«v<iiopmetti of

Kwdern atosdo thm&ry rniA- tlm laiiiftt# pl&ee o-eoupied by tlw rm& ©artli

p^'Otip in th0 iwtioila tftlile. amll f^uantities #f mr of th® rar© earths

wef® obtaiasd m pur© saltsf aad m fUte sstals, §.ni mm

•&f tba prapmtl00 of tlie- attelf fts-. ©ryatal ata\t,et«i«»8 ( 6 ) and. the

feryd*gnetl-e a&tar© ©f gsdoiiiiiaa (IS) w^rts, dstenalned# et:he-r pliysiea.!

propertios r#c|i:Jlrla«; speciallsod tsoteiiques or r-etetlrsi^ larg® ft.£»u»t0

of laetsl for th«tr sttiiy- 9«m aot mmtTa.mif siich m •mpor prss"

su-rea, er showed Mstiaet 4isi.|::;:r©«ss«t asQiig tli® vaMes rdportsd by

mri©U8 work®i% as in tfee ca®© ef tti® aisin-ta-* With ti'ie c!welop»

S0at of loa -©xehaag® tdohaiqusii (19,#20) ib® pari:fl@.ati.o» ©f rat*© #-artbfi

in Itr e faantitltg t»6.a-iai feasilil® sni ifitfa t!» amillttllti- of larg#

aj:Q©uata o.f pur® rare «rtii- se.It§ tli« aj&cs-s-giiry .ra@tfclla-rgl.0al tee!iHii|is-#s

w®-r© p-erfeetei te pr-©pare very -ptir© laetmls* S» lff;borato.ri©-s at lotte

Stfite College liaY» l«e-n aeio-Bg tto- for®a»st .ia toth -©f tlies® resent

dev©lops©iits»

Bw- first of tl» laetliod® or^.lojr-ed ta. this laso.raterj for t}»

prefer&tion of earili metalu ms ths laoiBb Tedttcttdn tseliulqu® (7)

whtsh. liwolirM tti# rwiiow ^%mm tfa# mm earth Imltiii ani ©alsitw

Rsi was If « te«stsr feaettoB to at'teitt tuffieiftatly

high to ftiee tli© ssetml ftid slag# Tats v»s followed %/

TOSJimis rseastl^g ia an lutoe.tloa trntrrnm 1» r^tmm fciy ®xe©ss ealeiusa*

tht® mthoA ma e;> djilj' t©. %li© Immv s®ltir.g laetal# at

liightir tflajiperatttres titer® wfts t6a#i4er4l»la >*e&st4ea l)®t*e©» th® awtela'

ftat th® r&ir&ci^ry o-xii® iis©4 to ^otitala tit® feaetion. ^Btnlua ms

foaad to b« a •Bor# aati»faetsry &mihlm isat#rlml « It wiie attack#®

very Utile by »lt«« rar« 0imth 'Bift uta ©f ti-i# pott Meat

»tlii©d (t'l)# wlier© tl'i© reaetftwt® i#«#« in mn i»duetl«a

al'l®^e,t®4 til# tt#»i e? & 'kw-stor «t *4# it to pir@f&r® il»

Miilw salting •zrnt&lnm flewavsr# for tii# thr#® »«%als »sstt*iua, «wF«p-

Itas aad ytter biiitt. m eoaiAnp i n #f ©ftrtli

r©4a©te.at wsa foiiM, tImt t#cfwl4 serv» 6» m pfop&mtlm

method for t^ia.u llitle tlw« have imm r#ferts C6j>2g) timi tls@0» setftls

Imm b0®n pr®p&r«i tJ» reitieiiea of ttmlr Mlliss wltli ao aettTO

saelj as teriam #,?• potusstais# thm rsastl-ioi i« not la geaeral us© a'ni

in tfiis imMv&tmg dii »ot yetli tat|«fwt©ry products ta msaim fGm-

Jh« liigii Toiatillty «f these nsoti&is :!»» mM it po«tll)l« i© pr®|ssr©

ihta % mmmm. aiatillattoa froa » islxtero of tlielr oxli»8 with lantha-

a«a or ®J.se!t »tml (25) • fiits xmVmi. lias l>®@s mib-aS'q.uo'atlf t " t 6 to

all ef til# tmrm mlmtile mm ©artli s»t«.Xii giring as is^rof#»:nt ia

'ttielr pwitj#

"flm purity ©f ia *@rf ©rltleal teeawm 'mmy of th«ir physioal

properiies er© a5{tr®£«ly si«siisitiir# to lurffluriiies* tliie ia 9af©ei&lly

true for ray© ©artli aetola aa laiioatsi ^r the work of At«m (7) aafi

Cenrdfton (^4) lAo hy ttftiag purer aetela oijtaiBsi ssltiag aM trasBi-

tlc»» t$s|}©ratures fialt® dirfcr^nt tmm tlio«e prmi&mlj reported#

frae® ariaiast® ©? iiaptti'lties Mm hmm aliown to h®- resfo»sibl« f©r g©i»

of tlis ftllotrople fsms reposTte-d for »Qiie »tals# siioli as ©Alcitua (25) •

fliis la qiiite possfilslf the reason f&r mim of th® imcertainty eeaeera-

iag th@ fltraetaras ©f the rai»» tartli nistals (26). fits abiltty of

i:^arltlea to stabligo tk» rastal ta a foreign, orfstal structure ean bo

miimin.lly tr&uMm&m Inm^ alley w0i?lc* I» Wfor »reS'Sur« work imarl'-

%im milQh ar® amm vol.fttil© thea tb©.' tese isetal e&s leafi t© fuit®

'0tr&nmm re.a«lt«. ©lis Is partiewlitrly tke ®.as© »fe«a tit® aesairey^ats

mm imirn at lo* pressurest is-a la th# Imdsea aetliofi, wher® th# mtmll

aaoiwt of laatertal ©ff®ra little posslfcllli;^ for tk© taparity

to fe@ r«aov©'tl du3r;lni5 th® B®a®ure»«its» lowowf# %h& rft4l6Acti¥® »l»'

tfieatlois of tlie In«d®TO i@e}«ii,qa.© is s#s«lil-r# ©aiy to rasiloaetiTi®

conteiaiBmtes whle-h ar© mtm ®asilf ieteftei#

& larg® Hajabat of tls# tmp&T pvmimtm studies has boe-n 4t6©ussed in

set^rsl ©xoellarit Tsvtm aytieles* B» a»at eoi^ltt©, tbougk sonewlmt

owtdated 1.® tl«t of I# I. Idllay , la wMeli ft.li of thfl vafor frmmm

work o» both el«»at& «M millennia it eritically rsTtewei ttp td th&

y®a,r 1955* Si® wpor prssair® stwiie® o:f eertttin. «i«®s©s of raateriala

ii®Y0 lio©a reridwei 1h ae^^rsl sor® artiel®# (14,28,,29#50j51)#

Bitebkirn ajsd Glliao«r (56)» in sa ©owriug amterlal® Mfiiig

»no8,toE4.e f^pora> 'gim & vmy goei iismmsion of the various v®,f©i?

|jr®smre a^tlwds tMt,t Imm b©®n #s|sloy®tl* *&m Mmimn a®tl'»4

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«r® aot nmjor faetors is the statis siethods#

iwetaar® mcsthod® wer® 'd«®lop«4 before lew pr®®@tir0 aathods

prlimrlljr Isecatis© of the lack ot *ac*am ttelmlqusa aaeesearsr for

low prsssur® ra&t o » Ittgli pre#sttre atatie ,ii#thods ara th® 330eoiarjoa-

ly tt@®d of til® wp'or prsswr® ia®tlw4s.» 'Bmm ©saentlally i«noss#t3rie

jasthodsi 0i%hm dlr®ot, where ilia sistal or alloy is t!»

fltil4 (5^1 )> oi* iadlreeti «iaflsyi,ag, smiling liaBOHe-tera is®*

teniseopea (57»5©) « siefel® gages 09)• Of th® iBdlrect fflethoia, tho@©

using attlixn isotoniiseop^Q ©r slelcl« gmges &p'pm.r to b® mwt popular*

of the relat4T#ly 'hi^ t«iip©rat«.r®s ii.esi®4 to ©btain ili® d#-

sir©! mpev |»y#ssuf® th© lilijli pr^ssiape s®tlsods are llirdtefi to th© mrm

•roiatile Mtel® m«h a# aeroiiry CjS)#- 3SiiW|. eadiaium (%) and their

alloj*e (4li,%2)»

fh® detercsiBatlea ©f ths' paint at mdmmi. pr#s3«r® Is a

iilgh pr^s-sur® atatie sistiwd. (%5) tliat nay resiilt In umm less of TOlatil©

3*.t«FiRl from the aygtesb tli© boiling fotfit is dat©risla©A either bf

i»&8»rt»g tlie teiif>#rEtttr« of tfa® aetal wimn aurfme ftgltatloa begias

(¥0 ©r Ijy iw&ffiiriag tli® tssperatiar^ of tlie mnAmtBltig mpor (45)» la

til® first ©as©, wliers tli^ pf#®auir» smet b@ Sd.^ ©smigh to amuse feubblittg,

tii®r© ®*i,st® «. of th« setsl t© wlill® la tli« later

east, til® Ympor pr®esar® mst Is® 'li h ©nettfl* t©' lamr® rapid transfer

of }»®t to tlis i®a|i«sre.tur© mmusiia^ ®l®isettt«

fwo r»thods whleb &fply onlf to alloys «ir# te.iieii. oa th© vapor

@quillbration tli® ell^y tl*i awr® eeji^joasnt at a tQufjeyatttr®

lo'wer tli#K tlmt #f tit® alloj# !» tli® i»opi#stio Bstksji tha

15

la sepamt© ia mn ©mcustei tttto along

witli tii® Yolatil# ceajpo»©at* #>ft©r tli« tato i« placet In a fttrmc# so

th&t til# eorapoaent 1® ©.t -fcii# dodlest part of ti» tuba# tti«

8jst®B is alloifsi to ©quilibrat® asd Ih® eoi»osltion of tli© reaultiag

alloys then doter;:ln®d#. la tit# dsw p&int laethod (48,|.49) th® alloy i®

in ®o e-raetmtdi feite witli a fuarts wimlo* In tli© eoldesi part of

tlM tubsi. sflKiow tesp«rAt«rs ia liatll smt&l aropl®te will

neither foro. nor In botli ©f tfees© jsetfeode the low prmmr®

littii Is tl«teriia.ifiei bj how long s purled of tlw esa fee allowed foif the

s|fst«a to O0s» to- «fuilibrl«a#

4 tMrA sfflthoi (5Q»51)# i#ii«8lly wsst at h±§3. -^rmmurm, I0

la®dd a|j-0tt 'tb® atjsofptisa of a mmmnm li.m of the latoitii® &fmtm %

Vm. np&r* fh& smipl® is plae-eA ia ft e-os^'MTiamnt eo«ii®ei@i. t© aa

optl'ft&l cell eoatat'BiBg pamll®! qmrt^ vioiows* Sm mmuat of light

ftfe-eorted r^lati-r® to tl*i al>s©r'i©i %• the pur& &Qmp&m-A at th® Bmm

t®i^eratur# is laeasurti and Urn mtifltj isterasinid froE th® rstio of

tb® Its- mmgn i-s lljait#4 by tb« miniimm aaomt

©f tt%s©.rptl©tt tJat e«ji b® s»a-s«©i aai mAseriJtioH co^fficieat of the

vspor •mlmnlmu fiii# w«ali 1w *» afcs#lwi# if the ®fcs©3p^tl©ii.

«©efflolent wepa k»wii| Mt aiae© tb» •pfaffttiiiS mst g&mmllf te« eali*

brat®.i with the oure eomprnm^j^ onl .rel&tiw wpor pressuraa @&a 'b®

©•fetaliiei# In general tM® »tho4 ««& o«Xy fc® afpli»d to th® ®©r® vola-

til® wt@ri6.ls ifii©r« saf^icleai TOpep ©att««attatleas ©aa !j® ofetaln®d#

'Sm M# ftmrnr® transport -mtimiM %m&lm ®it}»r flow o-r

mi® ®f ©irap0ratloa ssa-sureittnts#. gas flo* or iraa«fl-ratio»

(52) i»a b@©» ms©i ftr«^@atly f« laetalg* Back diffttsloa aM th© Imck

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amas tlux., Imelm im&mving th» mmltlng tmqm when & ^®&a i« either

isfsiag^-t on a mm (?'+) ©r wliea It l«aws as &ffusion w0Bml hming; tw©

oriflo®8 0.rmagfii m a mupM {"3):* fflesenteB ©f Um Isoaa Asf&nAn

ttfott ifcte first powr of iM B»l®«lar wetgiit •aiii tlis fresstti*®,

Willi© tha- m.m fte 4ep®-a3s upon tks vapor pysftsay© aswi tfe® g^aars

root of th# «>leealtt*» »®ight» ©«« if Imth tiM s&»9 fhm e.M th®

^.a^n-taa wer® la&aswrad it 'WoaW po«#tU» td t&« wpor

pr©0s«fs aM the avefag#. Bucjlwulay wttglii of tin© tapor sp0ei®e» I»

*n|- eases tfiis womld 1m suffleiAsat t© tk© ehosisal foi-isttla

of ttie mpm species (7^)* 9p to mm tli®®# two .iMthoi,g l*w mt glwa

^ery aoMi-at® remltn*

Of til© tftrieas miitimtiam ei tli® Inatsea smtimA thos® utilisjlng

t«rg©t# hnm th® ' that titt mei. to 6p«a»4 only mm for

An «atlr# ef §inm a Imss naaber of tafgets &mt b®.

iteyed la ill® tfstm esA ©XfoaM »*»• fit a tia«» fM,0.p*©atly

aaasber of %im& il«' sy8t« wst !» @¥ft6«ftt©i| aai %• m&m ot a

slmtier or 'kf snitalsl® target aanip'ttlAtleis th® ©^jcpo-giir® tl» &m. !«»

aseuyatelf tlMt ftlle'fiRtittg ttie ii®efts«ity of salclitg & rather

uncertain mrrr-ati for tls« asswiat ©f mterlal mllmtmi dM,ring tli#

perio4 in trhleh tli® i» toing «lmag®4i Ths mst faastioti*

abl# faatttra of this »tho4 i® tii© Im^k of lca«wl®dg@ emmrtilng, thm

©oRdensatloa soe:ffiel@Bt oa tli® target* If tfe© 0sii^«asa,tlo.» •oeHefflelost

io«s not ©futti oi» this esm :fr®^«itiy d^teetei ^ th# py®a©3©# of

refleoteii i»t®ri«i.l at plaee® whmm tk# airsct mn not reseh or by

.earvrnture ta the log f v« l/f plot la a iirft-etlda opposit© tlmt eatasod

by tia# o'hftng® itt fe«at of taporlaatloft. iowe^er,. it wowli fe« ieelrafel#

to esi&blish thai th® ooaddtts&tiom ee@ffieient ©(pal® oae for ill®

©«aAe:nsatl<jn ©oaiiti^ns# Ax^ ©rmrs im to gfteseiriasi factors in tls®

©oHimtor systeia ©an, b© ©s'sentlally elijaimted, by Gap«ftil deslgii of tb©

In those oases where m mlMhle raiidaetlw isotop® is avail-

altl© this listhO'd Is eyetromls^ mffim&leus w©i?fe siltli both

iifuld# ftttd solids la tfe® wBp&r •prmmm r0glm wall below that ob*

talsed ly ai^ otiser sstho^#

Slw® tl» vapor prmaare of elltei? hue 'te«a aeesured dxtettsivelf

•oirer « large pr«.siitti'Q wag® 1by a mmimr of i3ri¥©:stigatore. It was ohos«a

as a stasdwd is test tim a^pmrmtue m0d in tiiia mrk* Won fartenbej-f

(77)» »ho sas til© first to aeas-ure tlie vapor frtssiir# of silver, used th©

gas settaraiiott mtbM at fr©8mif©» aWttt I X 10*^ be to J iia of %• ©f

the several serias of mm0arm&mi» « silv-ef ia th® Mg^ pressure •region

th& work of J* neehBr (78)# »iw s»a-»iiTs4 empomtion rat®®, appear® to.

fee tk# mst satiaf«Cfto'ryi tits results of &r0«»w<jo4 (79) sM Bwff and

lergdslil (80) am qmsti&mahl^ beeauea they es^loyod poroua erueilsl#®.

iomS't tougmlr.# and lfeoica;r (81), *!»• mt@ tl» first to do low pre s sere

WQrkf jseasiifotf: tk@ ret© of evasoratiea of giolteo silver from & hot

iungBtmi filRis#at» Siey obtalnM 1« results wltii, silver as wltfe th®

otiier •elsisents th©y by thla lasthot. Harteck (57)# wfefi was tiio

first to a|j'5ly tlw @f;fus4ott ii^tiwi ia istsralnia^; tli® vapor pressure of

eilwBTt lm@t rnmlta tlie.B saore reeant wsrlcers* possl'bly b«<-

«a«se he used tm larg® an ©rlfle« oi? too M||t a .retiiwal preasur# in

til# sjsteKo*. lie did B.ot fubllsli sufflQl.snt iftta t& iateralM

tli® esMse ©f 'his error®# but It i# also lnt«resti»g te aot© that Ms

work ©» •fii# TEfop pressiir© of gold aIm& rmul't&d ia lo« fRlu#s» Fyom a

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Rlloy and sl&g b® mitetily insTiissilil®* Slstrikitlon rasthO'ds are .eppH-

e&bl© Ofer a ®f t«a|3©rater©a ftn,4 esufioaittotts and therefore &r&

a»re wmtal than llc|uii«g e«rT®s»

El#etroK»tiTe f©rc® m^miirmmnts (92) ar© widely need i« deteraia®

aetlTities la allov systeas, tat glw tl« aeii-ri-ty^ of oaly th# mnt

©l@©trep.0sftl¥® eeia|ioa®at of tim ©lloj* For felnfiry simtmiB this i@ not

a. s«ri'OUs lirrjitiitloH &s ilia eetl^lty- of ti» otiier ecjapoBent can 1» eal*

0aisit©<i froffi the Ql.'bls»»13uiieia fe'tuatiejfi* As polated o«t hi^ Waguar (11)

tiiis oalotil&tioa 1# POFTSIBI^ FW I»r© OQBIJISX systass tat Is

S0'fi^lissat0d and data t&V a ima%er of secondary 8yst®ai8,

i®sid«s iMs iisadvantEi;®,# a r®¥erei%l# mil Is required to cl@t«rEd.ii« the

aetlTitids. At tli® litgh t^aperatuf© for diffusion ia tho elloy

to counterftst th® &urtme depletlois ©siissd %• tb© r#a0tlon|f e ftised

salt ©leetrolyt©. Is g#a®raUy «@ei, tlws it -difficult to flM

«uita.bl« re-rersifei® oells# fbll« thl« aeibosl is beset »ith B®ir©ral

cllfflcttltiea It i® wtiely uswl asi ofta gi*® good a#tiirlty deta o^csr m

range ©f teEoursteres and e©«|s-©.sltioft0*

©1® •mmr -pr^Bsum astliod (95) ©f' i©t#yEil:Hisg aoti^ltles I'S. vdrj

stn* itforwari a«4 m&t likely te srror* &e aetliflt^ of e

In tlie mpor i# tlie saa® m timt %n tte alloy and Is 'usually

deflfisd at th« rati# of th® partial ptmmm of tl» volatll® 00-i^>ofi.ent

mmr tb# alloy to th® ©^uilibrtua -rftpor pressur© oirer ttie pttr® ©o^ortent

at the same tsmperfttt^re* Tim as® of pfrnMutm lH?©l¥®s an Idoal p'^.a

Essioaptlen wiiloh is probaMy TOili mi the lilgh teaperatttre® ©mouaterecl,

-tspseially 1» a low |jy®s®ur# mtiioi* I» the deteradBatlon of ectl¥lti0«

fron th© vapor pressure of alloys ateescs of folyatoaie i*}i«-eal@e la

t'm 'wapor pMs® «si Is© j i or a ©orrtoii.oii md© if tliey are preseat.

Per ii»si ailojf gyst©as oaly o.i» m^0mnt Imi m appreeialsle vepor

pr««8itr@ ift the rang© ift¥#0tlg«t#d aai therefore th« aotivlty

oi only os» oossoiwiit is 0ljtelis«4 fro» imp&r prdssur® 4ctta* Far & blwry

all©5' a fllfebs-aj'aem intoi-ratlon will ©-gtalAlsli the setlvity of t,ii® other

®0»|S'0ae:Kt» la tho&m a&ms wl?»r# tm sr aor© oo»©ii»iits ar® velatil# tliif

Qixa plies® Enst'!» mmXfz®i bseaus® ike at&ftdardi m-pQV prmsuro jaetiiode

gl« only the total yreesar®*; la &ll<oj Btuii&e lioa»iea@ity of tli#

ssKfl© anat Is® in#irt4 m& my s3rat©B».ti® elmaj^ in ©oMpositioa mst to

aegllgibl® ©r ©orreeted ?©!•*• Simm 4iff#reat •^rajsor pressaro laeiliods

aai «i?®a dli'fsi'eat ©x-jj-eriBieiital artiloa^ai my git© mther <ll¥®Tg@nt

resiilti -itt® to mrprmimhln gyst®imti« ®i»r©r0f It I0 slmlv&hl® 'to Mas-

uir« tl» TOpo-r pressure of 'be'tti tli# all©3rs a»d tiie p«r® O0i^oB©Bt with

tl'i@ sae® itfparatws s© tlmt these sjfstesatie ©rror® trill tend to eeas®!

eaeh stl»r &a4 tiwrdbj greatly reAiee tli© ©rro-irs tlmt wottid oth^wise

fa# Introiueei int® asti^ity e-aleuleiieits* llii« Is eap©csl&lly tr«® fm

m&.smemn%» la the low pmBsmst r tm

In ill® pmt tli© Kmimn ©fftttloa teclmfue, which wouli ap^ecjr to

'b# rwirf ias©j?al la alley atMAl#St lias foi»i4 little applleatloa in alloy

studies ijrefeably l»oaas« of tlift uijd;®elrabl© offset tl» large- veriatiaB#

ia wpor pwssurfi!# reported by varlsus laTeetlga'ters woulfi htw&

eeti;¥lty ealsalatloas. fle^rswr, as tiie result of infiroTOd te-ci-mi«|?ies#

tliis wtiiod ims psstsentlj hmom mm Mlsieij'' eiapioyed ia ftlloy so-Kk.

Sine# tl'ie -eaaple# u-s®d in this aetiio4 ar® suite siaall..

24

surfao® depletleii mA ooBpositlea eliaag®- mf bo 'mrimB llEaitattotts*

fliis is eapect®Hy tm© larg® asdwats of saapl® latist oe r©i?sov#i for

chsslcal mmlimls ©r t© <i®t®3Pi4n« itff cl»ng® In welgiiti lat th« tmeh

p*aat®r 8©asitiyity provii&i. 1^ th@ um of a rftdloaetiT® tr®.©®r should

allevlat© this oonditlos#

Reeentij Hall 'has aeas«r«d the ¥®,|}or pTesmr© of goii and tli®

partial pressttr® of gold mm eopf«r-f®li Rll©ys using tlie mdloaetlv©

tr&mf liKjdififtatioa of th® ®ff^:4gioa teslmiQue# toeaus® a yadioaetlv#

traeer was used lie was able 'to <i©t@«i4»e the partial .presa-ure of gold

In til® ijreseiMse ©f a liicher pr®»fmr@ o-f sopperj, and tlaa® i®t®rsinei

tii® aoti^lty of gol'd* Si# gold-copper syst«ia !m4 t«@n previowsly

studied 'Ijy tli# elsatrowtiw fore© 2»th«>d (94#-95) which gay® •odpg.er

activities* Wlilie th© gold aai tl» o&uuer activity daiA as ©btuA&ed by

til# tw© different aet'nods &r© ewapattblst the iifferened in i^'S^eratttre

rsigtoas ©splojed and tfe© lack oi' iottrasl eonsistaBcy i« th® ©l©etroa<s-

tiiv© fore® data prer^at a quaBtltatlv® eheuk between tte two isiethois#

Si® first dirset eheek the wpor pressure sad th© ©IsotroiisotiTO

fotm laetliods naa £»de 'hf feOalw# Seliad#l and Birahaimll (p6) «ii©

oos^ared lltarature V0,lum (9%t97#98) ©f silver, adtlvities ia goW-

silver alloys «® ,det®rain@«i 0l©©tr€>»tive for©® •ia®asur®B®at8 witt

the mliim they obtaiatsi by aeiag ©. radioactiT® tracer la tli© tsrgat

fijodifleation of the ImdseB is'stl»ii# 'Timlv ietersiination of th© partial

prassure of 8ll*'©r ov©r gol^-ail-rsr *ll©ys ws.® d&ne la th& seistt appera-

tua ais'used earlier tor Wfisr yressiirs of silver (57). Th® mtlrity

data, obtfliH®# by ta©s® two metliosg agr©© t© witiiin tlie ©xperljaei-stal

85

error*

la ® *, i ly »i@f la tli® ieteMiaailoa of sili&m aati-ritles

la lyoH. hf m MBtrihutiem trnttmif *i»rs a silv^t'-sliieofe e.H©y mm

miuilihmMi h'iik. m ireti-sllleoa altoft Sels^ilel# 0#r|?> mid Mr&immll

i9Q) oMftisiM gilti-er aetiviti#® t» th© liqaid sllir«5i'-*siileoB If

til# Itm-imn mpor fressup® IfhiM tiiiis alley syst#®, sliow® m large

solifl tisslsclttlltyi - tewte'Sf tmimi isais©lMiiiy apparently dmg

mt carry over into tl» lltuii pbssa m tl»y only m $mll aositif®

4©vls.tl.oa frea iieality ttrnt i&cmmei sitli a,a iftefeas© i» ieiaperature.

Mori® i<i*ar4s mii. Downisg i99) aai IM»artis ttai Brodshy

(loo) fafiir# us«d th« effiislstt %!©• stii% tl* e«ffef-ail'Ter ®tt«I

cor er- slu sysiterst* -fh® «f.ftise4. fapor *faa e'oml^nsoi ott & sold flrigsr

in ©r4©r t© deter!rii» the gaa oteae eoiap'ssltiott chmsie&l analysis

sine© in both .e&se® only th© fmper pr@simr» %mB iatsrs ;inad» flw

aoti^ty of til® sili»r eoa#ttttt@rit ia tfi« Tap&r was detaridned Ijoih trom

tii® ©x^sriiwatal r&p&r |-/r©sgur® aaA frm tli# actlTlties of tlie mjo;?

by- a StBts-Oiham. latajj-atteal i» general tli®y agreed t©

tli« srfatinieiital err®r» Sli« ®«p;9®r a©tivitl®« Siwards s.»d

gredsiiy O'biaiasd agree well witfe those roperted Grienl (lOl)

la a memt ©l#etro»ioiiw fore'® ateiy of t!i® eop;p®r-»gold syst®®,!. |1»y

4o i»t I o ^ to aa esrlt^r raport %• Ifell (5^^') the e©tivltle® of goli

la this gj'stjdaf tat ©^iislderiHg the {itff®r®nee in tesporRtarc rcf^ion®

lnv«stlgat«4 thsir rosult-s agr@s rsEsoaa'dly i?ell with those- af ifell

0xe®pt at low goli ®0»e»Btrati»Bs vh»rm their mlum& for ti» actiirlti©®

of gold d«©r@es@ mte .raplily#.

.2

Hiere iHia b®®n little wowk •J'efertsd on alloys irn'olvlag rB.r0

•etttMig an4 ill# m-iorltf of ti»B» studlts ims involved liAseh rflatel ©r

liFfsr# a©tB.ls» lavestigatieas iitfolylng tl» 3!'irgt four far® ©exths

haw shows tliffit their ^ctiireaws in ppeiranting high tesperatur©

ere®p la mgnesim alloys l»«r@6se» iflth tli® iaer©sse im atosde mab©r

(102). Q^rivm Mb l»-@n found (W5) to b@ @ff©etl"v0 In nodulisisg iron*

In the past the extra esst of separating tii© rare s&rtiw Ima laadd it

eeoTteiiiioal to aid them as lalsels. tu6i,&l;| kowwer, as the eost of sefierai-

ing rare Mrtlis hs.s b©®n rs«iue©4 jr» is ft dtstiiiet a-dirantage in add­

ing 8dr).arate4 rar# earths to ftlloys*.

Sier© la m infor».ti on. ia tte lit©ri%ttiro about mtirltlm i«

alloy syf3t®i3s within the rare enrtli series eM oBly/f®rj little le

reported on other properties of tliese systeflui. In a paper on th©

laatlmrwsa-oerius ®ystsra| fo r 1 mi Hose reported and f

pimses with soisfjlet® solltl saluMllty is ©aeh. Beeaus© of'th© Imk of

•detftlls pr©ssat®4 1ft the pa|i»r<, th® large aseunt of is t!»

laatliamia iS7% Xaatlmiwsaj irm) as^ tl» reportesd rooa

tesipei'atwr0 atabl® Iwmgoiml fern f&r mrtim timir ©oaelii-slosis slimil#

b@ oIiacI:sd«

A prelimimmf Btuiy on tl» lmtM.mm»moiyi-aium system. If 'Biata^mn

(105) iBdioates tImt 'thia aysteia sfeowa eosijlete so Hi solubility, at

least ill tke room teapareture ©rs'stal form Details Goneerniag tli#

(s-oiid-solii tre,3i.siii©a net tletf?ruined mr were ®xp®ria®ntal deita

obtained for tli« liigls t«ssj©rattirs cr„'stal f©ria»

.tteinnison (£4) deterainsd tl» point of a®odyalua i© IJ#

1O24®0 ifith a soli«i«soli4 traasltion fslnt at 868^0* Si# rooa teiapsra-

£7

tur& erjstal gtra.Qtwe of Beod;'i!.l«!3 Ims tosa ©siabiisiisi as

fi 'Xagoml wltli A «• a«is abatit doiibl© t}»t ©KpeetM £tam id#&l elose

pa«klBg| the liifjh t®ia|s«rstii:r# forS' is set kxmm*

Hi® crystal sir«stur# of thulium s»t.el le Im o *il eios© paelced

{6} witli a e/a ratio of 1*57C (^)» Editing point is unJ-iiwa fettt

frosi mtallttpgieai. o^Rprntimm Is beliefei to b# ia-tli® neighhorliooii of

1600' 0'| -m solid-scjlld irpnui'nrmMi^xis it .yet Mm reisortei*

2s

moet

In tl-» Imdsen of deteriainiBg mper pr®»3uy« the

©xperl»ntally s®as-ar®d -ifiaBtiti®#;# teiE^ieratiire (toy^)# tia@ it)

sad th@ of mterlal (S) laust be ral-ated to tli® wpor

pressiure Isy a siiitabl® theory, la tii# target eoadeassstloK laodlfleatioa

of this Eietiied certain gTOEstriesl fftotore mat be eoa^idersd la ai<iiti,on

to til© fts»«it of m.tm±9.l eoll©ct©4 te- det®»An© the quantity of mieri®!

@f.£\i.s®d froa tii« -s-ess®!. tim relattonstiif tjetveea these quantities and

tli© impm presaur® ms first ievimi by Inudssa (I5) fciweti©

theory of gaa®s bb^ IS giir« in ai:^ stanii&rd text ©» kin®tle theory

gas#s (10^,107)* % itssimlftg that ti» raoleaules ar« psrfe-ctly elastic,

n6»-int©raetiii.g ^pberos ef fixed fitaiseteir la r«pi4 random ssetion with

th® lnt@rtao|@eular dis-tanfi!08 lsj*f0 t© tit# BJol®««lar iiaseter,

h@ ms ®.bl® t© salettliAt©,# with th© aid of edrtaln ©iaplif^iitg tmd mth-

©Eatical assurafjtlo'ns, th© ¥@l©eitf distrltetloa, ti» number of asleoale®

striking uait area ia 'usit tlae and i;lie pressur# tiiese weiili cr€SBt©» If

a vapor is eonfitiei 111 a box \fitk e. iiaill hols in am wall# th© abator

&f mlmules striking 'uiiit a.r©a la unit tlci® mm b© oxperlisentally i©-

t«rEdn0d from the .rat© of m@mp@ of tlm ttildoules tnte a vmmm* If the

hole is simll ei*iQU|^i relative t© tti« sart&m area of tl» s© that

©Y&poratiott froa tlie mrtum e-md tlm ©M03 from 'etjilisioiis saa mintain

til® raaaber of vapor .Eiolecttles and tite velocity •iistrltiui.lcufi at the value®

ti»y ifould iia¥e teen wit.hout tli» hole# th«a the prassiirs a©a0iir«4 ts iim

tajaer pressure# t%0 hols wst als® b® ©nouijii relative t© the mmn

trm path to prevent .iBt@rriol®eul®.r eolllsloiis frsm ocoiirriag In or Jast

ouisld® tis® If ss® eollisloas ©smir# a oloui. form h»r® wliieli

aet® m a tmnAQm soaresj, tiaas 0p©lliag th® w®ll c!«fia©i ajjleett*

lar 'b©*® a»©4#i In tii« feigli. 'Vaoi m r^giott ©«t0i4# the orlfios#

well tofiasi |j««3 la tb® hi i I«OUHIS raf oa i« as tl» eaast

p&tiii of tfce »leffttl®s ftf® a«-«4®d. t» ealeulats the .geoa trieal

of ill® ooileetor It 4® ftl» w»d«d to pmrnnt imleoular oolli-

sio»s witMn tl«f beam il*t w&uM cause biiels soattoriag of tiwi

tiivLB redud® tlis efi istoa mi, therein lo?f«r tJi® ftpijarest v&pm pre»»

mr## Sitt eelcalatloa of tl» r.tjniilfir <lep®riS®iie# e.f ili« Was iatonsitf

la Isasei up^n a »tls»tl«ally tMn rlx'ice ani ftay t.hiolm#ss reaalts lia

a r®4«etlott of ©spcsoi&lljF at an loa mm tfe© pteis© ©f «i@

orifle#»

Oius tlie he»te aastusptlons mm tfe&t l»sici» ih© effust-on vs^s©! t.li@

laeain fre« patli of tfe® mcl^eulm I# Ittrg# r#ietl¥® to tfe® O'rifie# dlas®-

ter# the ©mporatisii .rat# i» Imrg taoiiiJi. i«? thos® aole$'al©0

lost by e'ffimion. aad #iiottgl» 'eollisicias oeewr to mlataia a ran4om wloo*

i%- dlstrltatt©n» Cwtst4® 'tihe mas l tlw m@m fr®«' pa tit mst ho lerg©

0iiQtigla r©le.tlv® t© tiie. •oriflc# to eolllsator to prewmit

irAmxrmlmuleLr oelll@lsii« ft© t>iat patii of &mh. mn i>®

predicted#

IProa fctnetie theory It em» t«i glwsm. that the 'vieloaity dletriMtion

»f til© B3ol@ewles lm» tli# form

iai-rtw

w!i#r® ii th« pwteMllty of s ulooale Imvlag * Teloelty b«t*f«®a

u and tt+du, f aisd wd» ftM v end ••tf-j-tw* Zm e fi«l4 free Bpm&m tias' eo*

©rdimtes are all. a»d tli«r©fo^0 tb© probability will i&pemd

oalj ttpcm tlie of tl» wioetty (e) ftnii a©t th® dtrastioa* From

tli® •iefialiicftt

g« *,,«® ^

tim 4lstrltJtttl0ii #fa.ftti©a tjeesi»#

® 06® #/« «®

s« Ssf/a wltlt & being tlm ©©uatast aai m 'beiag the

•mss- of th0 ml9ml0m

f@ oaleulat# tli® -mp&r pmsmts aal tl» rate, tli® probfibll-

ity of « sml0ml0 passing tfere«f|i s givta tt»a 1» spae® wltli a tllrestioa

4®.flB©d 'by tlm 8p,l».rioal aaglea ® aM f M»t Is© istdrsiaed* By plaeiag

tM& area oa a tt»tt sflitre the e©|.#«suIq, It follotia tlmt 't'm

probability is Mimply lA© trea# s4a t A# tf, iividei, '%'th© t®tal

ar®a. ©f t&» ipiisf®, 4m

iR order t© eal#ulat© tbt mmhsx- ©f »»l©eul©s strifcing a unit ftr#a

t» lifiit tiw wh@a tiw is tmim&n # sa4 # # d6, i aad I •»• 48 esd

o and e + da, «. yirisa I® eowtra®t®4 wiiii tiiis unit Arm^ ms th# ta.»«

at an §, mnd o.f lerigtli e* It M is tb& total mraber of' fiialeeules

«ii4 f Is tlie total mlnm th«r« ^ e eos # jao'leeales Is tliig

«e pris»» Of tlsesoj § soa #• «il,| lmir« th© d«air®i gpmi mi tlm

fraetioiiK mIH te. py'of«y|f 4tr©et©a# th® anater of

•aoleo«l®» with t!i® ittirtd wlootty strikiag & ««lt ar«a is

Am ^ ^ gi» # A»; At

fo^ deteriAtte tli® total aratei' of sisleea'les strilciag ajiit ar®a,: this

51

fuaetloa aist integrmtsd mm o froa © to , f froa 0 to 2 Tf an4

© fi*©ia e to 9x'* 2,®®® sotifleatiO'R tj, « ^2, while in th®

target i«3difl.ee.tloa % is d©fin©4 %• the ©olliumtor geomtry#

'fa© rat® (v) la ©jjual t© tl»® aiislier of i»l©eules tImt

1 oulu gtriic® tb® imll 1B tlio &agwlar range# 0 ^ < ©i., in unit ilw#

swsj,

0 0

i\/^ , 8a p=^ fVl^ ^ Q

prdssar# is cisfinei at for<?© p«r unit area# Bils fore® eo»ea frora

the aoBieataa t.ra»»ferr0d to tfa® wftll i#h#n it is stmek by a ia3l@eiil0»

f&e aoa»R%ia p#r eollielon is lis e sos w!i®re # Is tfi® angle «f

ap|5ifoac.b* t©-tal ehang® ( 6 ) per u«it ilia® fer unit &r®a.

Is olsiRliiad hy lategrating

o, COS # sin $ d© dt • d e « dl^ _x_ ^

te tti®' pmsmrsg f# .

5 °rm.' •"«" <=«» .\/W

t h t t S f

f » i m* i2)

-coEtoBiag ©qaatloss 1 aM 2 ti2« r^latloa .betweeu tJa© effusion rat®

md iM prmmum is giv®a !y

? « jict

ato^ 8 r* gn-itef 'o

% e«a9-srti»g v ivofii nisleoulta/®®®/®®® vapor ®fflise4 (%)

i» a iirmticsn b@%wi®a 0 ant % Im o, t {@m), w1»b th# ©rlfl©«

ftrttt is B tlae tqmtlea f&f ttit prsssure tiweia®®

m

la iM® fieiglit l&MM twii;fte*ti©a % * '^2 m-iA thm v&nor pt&amrm

&§m.%i&m 1#

„ . iZiBa a YF * & \IW t (#•)

aftsr pwttlag tH %!!»• frop«r iwiwrital ee.as'teKts* In tha ««i*

4@nsatiott. »dlft«atioii sia S efta !» tera®- tlit

ip«atlti®si eslllaattti' 0} mi tii# orlflet t© ooUlsmtor

stance (2), glvittg

17«i454 * if \ % \ff iw " ft ViT i B® / %' • • (5)

If f la ttt h& ti» mf» frewttr© of tl* notmi isoto,|s», 0g mist

b® tl')® *©l|;ht of tiie aoKsal Ummm^ a .ranliosiiteiieai amlysis

aetu&lly wasares oai^ tl» ^siouiit sf lao^topfl pr«s©Bt*

l#0t0'|!le &msi0&Ltl-m of st&aiari aHi &t t.h« targets' stt0t b@ tli#-

mm «r tit®- dlfferen®# in eoiifsdsitlosa correfttsd fer ia order td .ii©t«f»

s4.»® til® armwt ©f »t©;i*ial, .O0iiaeRs®4 eft a target. Si® a»tho<i s»plsy®d

la this theats 'tci pmp&t& Uim staaisj-i plate# 43,4 not ®ff«et the lm»

topi# eo-E2positi©a| lw%-i«Tert/ a corsiisrstion tsf th# ©filiation for th®

mtiitslnn rate s&ows that %b% «fft«ioa rat«' l» iaverself p-rofoptioial to^

til# Sfiaai'© foot ©f tli# Isetftpi© »©ig!it. SAie# tlw eff\»,@i©a pr&e#@®

•emaes- « iaotople fV*etla*ti«a that ta a tl»€Bt»tlea ef tli®

55

h©aTi®s* iaotof© In the effused EP.terita.1.. Mhsn using th* radioactive

iaot©|}®, the asowat eoll®ete4 m 'OaleulBtei from tl'ie esountliig

rates of tin© staafert 8»pl@fl twi of tli© tergats m.@ mltlpllsd If the

faoter \ll69»9*}/to .gi'r-t the mmant sf the n&rmxl Isotop®

Ill the forsgoiag derivation er its a|jfliGatioa to a ®p@0lfio

0X|»0riB2sat$il apparatias eertalft lest© a»®«ajjtlo»g My# ^en iaaa«»».

!• fix® frm patli ( A) ig eompar©d to th© orifie®

dlaast«r (d)« Im-dsen (I5) i*® -found, timt If Yd > 10 tm®

©ffusioa will oeour|., aM r®e«»tl|f s«ted«l and Birebe*ll (6?)

have e*|>©riia0Bt&lly »&©«» this to tnt# for sllwr at valu®»

of "Va aa swill as 12#5* If* ti» m&n ttm path is ©f th® order

of th® orlfle© 4iaia®t®f, qttRsl-i^drodynaiale flow oeeura aiad tli©

r©miltlBg 0olli®l»si l«fe4 t# & gms cloud foraatioa just otttsl4@

tho orific®. Bit® lamda t® a ttooadary r&ndsm sourc® mxd eauae®

a seattering of the 'ha&tm, Kmu®v and 3t«rB (IO8) liav® show

that tlio r©4ustioB of th© b©aja lateniitf la tb® forward dlree-

tion is aegliglbl© If A > It Is tMs last eriterioft

tlmt is lE|)ortant im tli® target ©oiaiefisattoa aoilfiemtiou.

Asauiaiiig the iiai»tor of a, tiittllus atom to bs % i, th® ratio

yi bm@ always beea at lemst IS*I far the werk reported ia

thla tl'ieeis.

2. 1h tk« derimttoa tl» of if to® was aasuaei to b© in e

mtimmtiml plan®* If orifice ted hms a sliort ©anal tli®'

&.munt effussd would l-ave te©» gr#®.tly r®ia.e©i| Glausiiig (lc9)

• 1ms shenn. timt a r©iiieti©o. of 5^/$ tisuld result tf ti» l®Bgth

5%

©f til® oriflo# ®qttal®4 it# Howeveri ®ost of th# loss

la 'b#®.®, lat«ft«liy wowli mmr »t mlu®® of $ m&r ^'2 with only

A sa*ll ©httag®' i». iaten«liy at mglm wimr® B is"'approjdi»t&l|'

gsro#- I&i» to tilt B©tl:is4 ««ed in th« orifice® fo-r thi-a

wofkt It ms wmy to. 4«ters4B® their Isjigthi howm^rt

a® m paaslsdsitc ©etiimt® tli® tMekosss of tlie orifl®® plfttea

m.a use4« fm the SHKlI®gt ©rtflis® as@i th© tMeka^ss te

dlfeiaster ratio •»«.« OtOSj wliieli# weordlag t© Olftutiiig'a

ml&tima wowW le®4 %©• s rsiaetioa in totml fe®a» iattaaity .©f

«l»at (28)« fli.1.8 mmM esa««.a, mgllgtVXti redastioa la ttt®

istenslif ot the 0oll®O't®4, prntion of ti©

5« , S» ia®a« f**e© -pstli 4» tb@ hi#i viiaawa r@,giert o«t®id# tli®

@ffw.sloB *ess«l Is- long s& tfj&t all -tl» Esslo-eul®e that

Imme- ti:i» ©rifie® ttsi ar« pfoforly direct®# reatfa th« tar et#

IV© tyfts ©f Jidlll®lon@ are ©f 8lgaifioaBC®i sollialons-

t%-©®iis is tfe© l5#e* aad ©©llialoaa' b®tw®t» beam Biolerales

mnd the tmiAm.1 g&s* Wmin$ thm& ssf-erlsae-nte the reslftml

prmmvm wm mlatalMi Wlm I I IC^ ma -of Itg on all ©xp-dw-ros,

asd @*©0pt for ft fm ttx-somr&n tnmlvlng ©lloj*'® &n& for wMch

til# t«i^#3rate*'© m® a»ar %f» top of th© r&wg® mmmi, the

prmsum ma fe®-low I I 10-* ' * of Sg#

4» . 8®©.au.8« of til# aetiioi tisei .in d«taraiBiag th© msmunt

©ffused in Hw targ«t ooail#sa-ati-o-» wdlfic-RtieKi- it t»s mssismi

that all of th® gtylklitg the targets ©oudeiiaei* It

••Ji&s been stowa iltat then e-oadaasfttlon eo®ffl-el«at of

vapor iisol®Qttl@0 oa » foreign s-ubstrRte ama 1» m«ii less tliaji^ oft®

55

emn the vm&t prmsuvm ©f the Was |3*©a.tl;7 e.xoeeds th®

©qulllferlaa mpoy p-ressur® at tl» t©iBperatur®« F©r a

glwa target t®E^erature rM mterisl there is fe aialiaaa criti­

cal b®a» i«t®aalty for -wMek. «jQnd®nsation deeurs* As the •b©®m

iatettslty Inereas®® or m tim target t®i^®rat«r@ decreases tii©

oon&mm&tion metfioimt Isdreas^s antil it l}a0'0»S' &n»m Sds

'iaere&s® in -OftiwiisnsAtioH e«effioi«»t fdthi b#aa intsasit^ should

Qtmse ft ourmttire ia tlie log F v® l/f ploti m nmh oarvature

was ol>servea ®¥etj. thottf|i t&© teatt ifit«ftsit3r mrlei t®B tiiottftimd

feld* If' iaseaiplete eo»4®ftaatl©« mmrt'0&-g mtsrial r®-

flseted from tlia target weuli hftT® reashad- portloKS of ti»

apfa«tue suofet as tl» top sli© of th© oolliBsator jslat© Bot l»

tfe© direct toarfl| i» yedloaetl¥ity was fouii^ hare* • fhs abssme

of radioaotiy# mt©rlal ia tfals area. Is a good arguisftnt that

th® coiwisHsatltm C0®ffl®ieat oaa not delist# far from unity*

Slight deviatioa from uaity slgjit mt M 4@t&et©d beeaus© the

int@nBi.tj of tfce r®fl#et®i 'heaa -Bli^t fee s© weafe that It 'WouM

,aot'©soe94 th» oi'ltieel latmsity for eoadeiisatloa to mm-t

on tb® eollirfi®.to.r pints*

Olomly r#lat®d t %h» -Sib&m e..gsiffi:|jtloa is th© csno that

mm ©f th® B»leetal«s. timt leaf® 'th® orlfles l roperlj iirested

Teaeii the target ®.lther % refleetloa or hy oondeusatloa asd

fhls %h&t all 8urfao«« aboire th®

of the ©ri.fle@ simll 0ith.er 6old eaou| . to eoudonB©

all tij© arrlfittg ,iJiole®«l©s or ehali, tf other stssaas, aat as a

sirfc for the mpor* Bi® refleetloa of 8»t©rial is vsry tr©aljl0»

mrm because th© 1b®i&» iateasity «t fengl©e i»ar th,© plan® of tii»

©rifle® mf b» fe@l©w tli© eriileal lateasity needed 't® ooaisiise

til® vaijor, egp^slaHf &m tlios®. f«rts of th® apparatMs upon wliich

it rmy l>a toatei* Bather tlma tir^ to eml the &ppm&tvL»

it i« fr®qtt®fttl3r more satisfaetorf t© as# a isaterlal that will,,

^ result #f ft ch&mi&t-l reaetiottf ftst as ft sliAs for tli® mpo-r..

Merk ia tlsls lafeor&tory tea showa tlM,t graplait® is *

©fflol«at t»p f&r rare ©ar'tt f®p©r» in® to %t» mm of

f«sr*ti©s ®f the r&p# ©ertli «sriiitef ftui t© • th&lr gtmt stability

ani'low mp©r pr^Bsurtta* to fr«>vii® a suitable sliic for

tlMllim ir«per» tli© effusion *e»s@l wa« plae®! In a grapMt© imM^r

Imrlng a grapMt® Hi with & 'tsifered hole ©f correct slz® la

or.d«r t© ffeject ft %mll Aefiaei b®«a that wowl4 eoTer «li«»st all

of til® ©-oole'd e-olltmtor plat#.

60 111® pr®«sttr# m&mmi la the- msor pressure ef tli© sB.t«rl&l

l}©iag studied* f t i n re<iuir®s tliat the BMiple s^lmll »t reaot

with til® ©frmsl©!! vm0&l; with t|» at»8fl5s@r« or ©dntala ai^

i®puriti®s timt *wl4 »ff««t the ©ffaslon rate* Atosna (7)

stowtt tlmt T&m emtim to aot react afttresla'tslsr ifitii taiatalwim «p

t© 1500*0* Wltli tlwliaa fta4 t!» Uullwrnfum-i^'ipAum mllefm the

•irapor preamir© mmmtemtAs sera all in th© solid regloa

and b©l0W 9^*0# tiMsi reaetloit with tb® taatalua toss#I should

be vary slight aM of segliglbl® tsiportimeo*. In v&fking %?ith

llfisld mlloys a siirfao© fila of ©xl4# or otla®i' IsfiUrlty laay aot

as a diffa»i<j» barrier and .greatly redae®' th® rat® of wapeya*

tlo» (llO)i In solid mimplm this «ff©ct waali mt M axpeetod

5?

t© l» as iisj3©rteRt»

•Qm ©ti»r factor t t &&& ImA t© a Im asptirent T«pof

fwrnmr® i.s •effasioa mil nsmturatiety fim mil mst b» s«

d©sig»e4 timt il« @«t|i©»tioa rat# l*roat the sarfa©# fm. aete.1

ie sttoli thai th® m.p^r i» at rapidly a# It ettmm oat

©f ths orlfte«:» WM*taai3, (III) im« »hmn th&t if th© &0B.te»sa»

tim e®s#fleieai of tlw irftiior m tlit Iwt p&p«at astal. is on®,

tlu&a f©r the taygsi coria^nsatloa soilfieatioa, tiie aaspl® b®M

©eo'Wfjr o 1 the regloji ia ii» tlmt, &etiia..l3.y tfe@

Mrgst# r©r a o©ad®tt»tl©a not ©i|ml, to

fMtiiaii ft relstt^Mlitp t&at related tli# ®f.{\isi©a r&t@

«t&poratto» r6t©| tahini: i»t«- mmunt tli® Ol«asi»g faster#

f^ar tlie e«H» Ills la. th© f®M of a, rathftr t5v©l¥ei

iwflalt# 3»ri©© »tii fer® Iiari fa spplF to exi>®rirt»ntal <iondltloae»

(lis) Ims sad# e©ftai» st#a.4y atat# sir,spllfieatio»«

ta appiyiag this relatieashlp te tli© cl#t©risiiKtiQa of th» de-

g<»ii|jo©tti©ii fy@3" o ©f oog^ over wii©y® °c < < l»

Sf«ise:r m.4 fetewiea Cj?) l av® abom tliat tfe.® apfarejii prisma*#

Is r®lst©i ill# tT'Si® mp0i' fr#S3t,i?« bf tl-i® reletloa

"tfiiil, iv^sT°r

wiTe« S 1® tfc« ©ffsetiw @f«poi*:ti.oa area, k tii® oriflo® area,

aal oc -th® .eesdebsetiob 4© h / M > 0 , P - # * ®pf*

md Um smilmi hmema ind®p@&4mt of o< * Swtfor® If o( is not

•&»%« il»: ma% pmeeium Is to tli®. surf mm

mm as larfje^ as praeti<ial»

5s

In alloj studies law apparsnt vapor prea-siir®s can also

result from dftfletlon of th® »» irolati.l® imteriel from ti»

8«rfae@ of tb® alloy. Smis,. It Is ofparent timt th® largest

possible sb-ssjI# aroa shouM. 'fa® attained.' Iii this work the

»ttrfao« area was Intre&sti hy mnw&vtlng th© miqilm to flllHip#

7* In, tfa« derivatioa of gqnation (j) it i«s assamed tliat the

taoleealar weight of tfee vapor laoleoules sms knrnm* For all,

metals studied It M® teea •f©«Hel tbat th® gas«oua epeci® ma

iwBoatoisle #Koeft for tli# ai ali Mtals and 63ps^p vb el©a®Bts

(JO)-.. At tli© l©w prmmrm ted M|^ t0riip«retar©s InvolTei l»

ihig work It would b© a'^@eted thai the |>are-®.ntag©g of »»r®

ooiBflex' ap#cl®s *io«l4 wry with. t©E^#rature and thereby omm

a 0u«&ttar0 ia tfe® l«»g P vs l/f ylot. As m cuyiratui^ %ms

sbiserv©*! it wfts assased timt ottly Bo.nota©ra %mr® p.reaerit*

B» It t»8 assuBsi tbttt tii@ eeuatlag ratea «®r@ a direct em^s-

ure-of thtt aiaouat of eolleatei oa tlie target# Sine# th.#

©nftrgy of tta r-e.dietioa wm reascmbly hi.gii, aai tfe® fl.lm of

deposited Ei0.t#rl«.l ©a tli« ter,:;ot8 fmy tMn$ less tlmB 2 Mgp.

f®r 0.#, eelf-absorptioR wult be ne.gllgil3l&»

9» fvo factors wM«& mrm really «xf@rii»iit»l .faetori ani y®t

satered lat@ tee tlidorj imolw&i @xp0timnt&.llj a®asiire4 iftmiti"

ties. Bie vapor pressure l.n tl» sffusioa <^©11 was that of th©

eo.i4®s.t portioB, of the oslli tlats:, it mM mmmd that th® e®ll

was at ft uwifora tsaperfttwf# by the theraoooupl®®.

Ia the oalottlatioa of tli# dollee.tloB ®.ffi»i©Boy It tfss

&&mm4 timt tiM ©oHliaator feni orlfle® areas w«r® giv©B by

59

ihei? diasetera aM we're |>ara.3.1el and coaxial* fM'S

last fastor mrisen becikas# tli® 1»am lKt«iigity fro» th® o'rlfle®

1® fi csosin® fune'ilea Wjil®l4 varlea' oaly slowly mm th® Tertleal

dir»etio«,. ,iI«5w®v©T# apparattts design r®<!ue«i any errmo du® 'to

a noa-i^arall#! or ma-waiilRl arrattg®Jii<©at»

Om of ill® iiaportant Tallies t© b® ©Ifiained fr#m mpor pvemmm data

is t&e li®ai of' subliEiat'ioa^ filiisli Is givm % tlie teEiperature depSBdsno®

of the w.pQt ff0»eur00 -fesst mlxm for th« Iieat stibliiaatlon qbm

^ obtalas'd 'bf fitting tli® ©xpertoatal data to a earv® by a least

0i|tt&res treatEitet M.ni. tl-i®» •obtaittlBg tfe® im&t of subllimtlort tram this

eurw* Si® test form, for ili® ©qumtloa relating prossiir# 8,n<i teiajjeratur®

is obtained frea tli# therBodyflaiii^ tlieory of heterogensows eqallibrltta

"S'ajt'dr aBd soll€ m giwa %y Olaasius ani Sl&p /Qron* fliay w*ro

a'bls to sliow timt

la F OS ' ^ Q

%• ii-e«atiMg tfc»^ fr©«^ «aer0- ia th® solid to that in iim mpor and by

assurdagi 'tb»' vol«» of tlw colli ms atgligibl® ms^msA to tit® mlum

&t th© mp#!'# tli® vfeper Beimved s.® an l&al gas and ZH was a o^oijstaat

over th© t«iri|>®ratttre raag© 0oB»l<l»r«€« If the Iwat «apaelty of the ®olt4

w®r© k»owB a eorfe'etloa for tl:j® 40^ twm. muM be irnM but this eorr©©-

tloa tiQuli b& witltlft til® •experiii'satRl error ofeservM i,ii t'hi^s -siorfc. fliis

0<l«atlo» is tli.@ theoretical Justtfieatisa for ti» empiric&l ©fuatioa

U g F * > § ' * B

iis©4*'

ko

ai'.-'aj.-tu:; im

T m iia3dii'l«8.tion® ©f tfe® Im4s®a B f f i m l & n m m t h o i for

d®t®rjABlng• y&por pressure «»re in tMs vmrlc* Qm of th«

methods im&lfm tli® m9 &f m ©rteraal s0ai-®io»ba.laRO® td diatoraii»

til# Idfii frea tli® #f;ftiislo.», wmB&l, Sils Kasitfleatlds us®® e very

slaplt aad l»©aus# tt is probmbly less llfcsli' t« systeaatlO'

®rror tfean iiost of t,h® r/-;di.:tc; tlons ©f tli® Inaiasfs jaaihoi.# it bs.a hmm

sidtly' us®i. The trpparatus utsd for this smtlmi tmrn te.st0<i fey uaiag

silver, wfaess vapor prtasure is fuit^ i#©ll knowni ttai m& tiam ubM for

tii® deter'islsmtioa of the mper pttrnmr^ of tlMltea# fk& nmoni mthed#

a target • eoBdeaaBtioii s«>4lficatt©a walag a radloactiv© tracer* %f0.s used

in order t® extend the rang# of Urn vapor prmmrs ;si©a8ur©ss«Rtef

•esf©dlally to Im&f mlaes aad te' 4steriair» %hm partial p,r®esur®« of

tlittlia® over aom^ Vmllvb.yr^ioi^mims alloys*

IfeAifismtiea

Fig# 1 Bhma ih® ®ppai'aiu«#, referred to bm fapor Pr@«,giip® AffAratus

I, used t© d©t®rirdae w&pov pr©gsar©s % tfa® welglst loss Boiifie&tieft*.

Efl^isioa feas0'|g» "fee .effusion v©s»©ls irawa tantalua eufs

5/8 in# la gad 5/8 ia» de«|j ©Bt© whi«lj wes welied as ©rli'lo#

pl&te» Saeli, orlfl®# iffts pre-iai-idi l:y iliHg a l^'/s sdl tantalus she©t

aai tl»n oollsMBg it «& tto* €C50/i M«t®riry Bri- e.sers^ pctper* fhe

iiola was brsaeh^d ^ aatng a i«agst«ii mi tlmt imd h&m. imtntmi hf

pttttiBg til® Jidt rod iato Qrystftlltii« |iotassiaa tiltrit## fli.®' jiolishiag

aai aroaeliing w©rs r®p®atc!t until a thla edgssd orifl^e® of tbe cerrect

ftg» l« fap-er PrwfflAF# A|spa»ttta I

THERMOCOUPLE

TANTALUM SUSPENSION

WIRES BAFFLES

FUSED SILICA

TUBE

TANTALUM TUBE

TANTALUM COVERED GRAPHITE CRUCIBLE

EFFUSION VESSEL

EFFUSION VESSEL HOLDER

45

®i2« ms obtaltt®i* Bi® oflfio# iisRiaeteifs w©re measttrei %rlt!i ft ffB-ets®!*

Solwiifl® O«pp®rstio» tra-r^liag s4er©«#©f® mtosts six disia-

at®r»| 'Ottly thuja# srifl0«e with fe» of ls»g. timn 1$> w©r©

reitine^ for use# Mt«jf taeli orifiet' plmt® imi fetes sfoi w#14©ii. to the

Ite'ttea. of ft flTe taatalya tlie ortflo# plat® sb4 washer

ftssessbly was welded, in etstt© h#H'ua a;t»»aph#re bj %im tetsimifw dewl-

by aa&ti# ill?)# t# tb® ria arouM th# tep. ©f ftn ©ffasioa rmml that

eo«tAi««d the 0®%!#!. By «8i»g tlis five rdl tautalwa 'm&lmr a m&tirmmB

Isafe-proof are smm *r« obtataed# After ^mMing thm ©rifl0®' pl&t®

la plae.®,-a. amU tell w&s a44©d te tii« wss®l to fReUitui®

Imadling#

Sffti.»iQii ^esaal. he^ l dr« A hoi# 5/8 inch is citaiieter eM Jast

^®©|i ®tt0UfJi to holt an #ffia«i©n wmaml ws b©r®i istQ a .eelybi®»ua %lee!c

5/4 in* in filla,®@t©r aM 5/4 ifi* Mgb. R©,l®s mvs also drilled iato the

felosfc t© hold tm t!i«r»»e«ttpl©s« felodc was liel4 ta a tetttalua holder^

wMffa alo.ug with tl» baffles, vm unsfmiiM tantalttm wir«is* Ba®

Is8tffl®8 w®r# Instftll®# i© Ji®at l^m «p th# furi*o® tub# asii wero

so 0®a»tru©t©d that th«y e^ald hp e»li«ng©i for e.f different

i!»tRla, f&tttalua,, platlmua aai geld mr« testsi, far their ability m%

m slrieg for tiie &llmr vsp©r aai fer a.«y ttoy j x^,ht h&m ©«• the

RfgafMt mpor pressure# &e tmtalm tttb© and grapblt# v©s««l shown

la the irftwiRg were adi^d for tlw thulluiii raft so timt th@ vape^r woal'4 b»

tr&|}p0i sni ther®?^ csuid not re&et «ltb tb® allLm tulse#

fhrnm^mTslms* .Hi® ft Ohroael-Alit®#! tiieraoeomyl®

ftati & fla,tlna»»piati»y,a 1r sdiwm th«s»e©'«pl#, %«y© -mUhmtmi la

woiitia agalttst Wm' frmzing points ©f sopp#y^ stiver ani tit® oopper**

sllirer ©utectlc# ®i© calibrations were converted to a differes^© ourr©

baaed on a L«©da an4 flortteup tberiaoeoupl© cowersioa t&We#

|\agnaeet fh® furiiae® oonsirsted ef K&ntlml ^fire on a two inch !•

D, Alimdam oor® 18V® lo^ng aramd wM.«h wa© placed 5 in« of Diofilit©

insulation# 'Hi® center one tMiPii of the furnac® ^ms lined with a l^/a in*

I» D» Incoml itils© to reduce teaperatui'© gradients# To retluo© heat losa®s,.

the bottom one thirsi of.th® furnaC'© war plugged with, firebrick and th©

top m^e ti-iird was llaed with a flreteiek tul>e» Between the bottom of the

fused si Ilea fttmao® tub© asd the IttGosel tubs# an external platinuiri-

platiBUffi 15^ rliodim tiMrraoewple was placed to help xaoaltor tcsaperature

drifts in the fuTtmcBt The entire turmm assembly wag iminted so timt it

could to raised and lowredn thus Insurtng rapid Iieating and .cooling rates

which greatly redtieed the ttatag error*

Yaotiua eqaioge»t« • f!i« .vaouus apparatus eonsisted of a fus^cl silica

furnace tube hairiag a Btendard taper that u&b mxed into tlie vacmisi line

with Apieaon Was W# The theriaooeuple leads entered the va&iium systoia

miir the top of tli© furnao© tube tJrirougli saall glfets eapillsxiss into

•wbldh the leads •ume wax©d« A sight glass was Jimtnted abova the furmoe

tuljo* A TOouum of loss tlmn lo-^ m was ftttain®4 with a two stage all

glass Edrouty dif-fusioa and a Welch aio-Ssal Tacma fmap* Hie baek

diffusioB. of aercupy vapor trag prevoated ty a liquid air trap*

Ma^lliary eqaioaento Gsrtaia auxllliary oquipmsnt was needed for

n®asuriag and regulotiag the teaperaturej for 'laeRsuring tha vaeum an,d

for weighing the vessels!

1* fhe te32|5-®rRtur© ims regiilated by setting tli© voltage on

the fixrnace tfith a 9a iaod@l 1226 Powerstat aad re5|,^latiRg th@

45

line volta,g® witli a Sta.bltne Typo lEJlGS, H5V 2.5 tlA

voltage rsgjalator* For laeasarisg the tettp^^ratur® a l^e-eds and

llortlmip porta.!)!® prooleion. potantioBister, modsl Q66S. 'W® usedt

fij@ atmbility of th© teispsrRtwre 'bQt*.fee» rcsatili.-.s tm.s aseer-

taia©d with ft Bristor lUmriett Q^6q Bllli\'elts«

2# th® !il|;!;l.i mem®. %'&g ta#ft,8ar®d witfi p ! 11 lor •Cold

Ctefo# Modal So# lOO-A* SIwi fore pmf pr. ssare ^was mmmtnd

on a latioml Researeli Oo*f6rs.t:loft Sierao'eoupl© 'V'g.etraia Gage#

o I using & ooRtifoi l»x ec®0tritet«tl i.E th@ lal»retory»

;>* All valghiRga were sad® g» a lifllllam Ai,nsworth aad fJoBs

seiai-giierobalftfts© vitti I'nti&mt Mrmu of staBdf3.rd calibrated

tfatihts# i'«if,'dag0 eonl'd ©e.slly a.Rd fa.;|>ldiy be dott© on tliis

balsjiee to witliin Q-$'Ql .

grooetittra

3&sml«. ttgasars.tlon» &S silver' powder used ia tlie 4et©ri:i;las,tlatt of

tile mpor prassure of ellver »a® preparsi *sj i,nt®rn&l ©leetroljmis

ooijser A oopper tul»# ®xt«ri»lly «oate4 «ith EryloR to pvmmt mij

reactieu from o©o«rriag ©a the was plaeetl into a soltition that

eorteliied 5 ®1« •of'' selatiok (jo s!g ag/si«),| 5 ®1« o* glftoial mmtlit

e^eid imd JG lal.. «f mtw* fhe solittio» wai stirred rapl-dly eaowrli t©

«fe©p off til© slXfsr erystals as ftest afe tli©f were foriuad# Bi© •f'saetioa

was stopped after five jaimtes ^ r©iao*rlng tlis e-opper tal)©* fli# «ilv«r

•o.rystRls w©r® aagli#€ t-iitli wry dilate Ifi^Oil and th@» ifith «mt©y imtil ell

e©pT>@r' end ailirer la sslutlciii %?e?© r®»*#d» Siojr wer® then i'»sb.ei

wltli absolute a,le«liol, after %rtticte \i&m air dried#

Si© ilmltu® jasittl -raouu® rddisilllod mterial prepared tm iSita

l®l»ratory lif I#» G®n« fafc«fi®14*

'fB.mr a.©!-! Tapor fr&smm rtm was start«4 by

plfieing til® a:8s«6ibl#d f#ss@l is Its helder, Inat&iliag th® proper

Mffle# ani s&xirig tit® furn&m tuim Ib plae# wlldi. Api@s©a Wax ¥. Ifbaa

th# •fteiiim la the systesi !is.4 r«aeh@4 5 X lO*^ ma ti» furm.m t-uli® was

toreiisd ©xt@aslir@l|' until tiie rlmn to mt leaat %eo®S*

IfheR til® presmi-re' €tofp©:d to beloisj 1 IL 10-® im, tli© ftirma® wis rapidly

ralse4.| requiring akxii 45 se©«si.s» %• «t®asiw toreMug ast by hming

thm pjitfrnm a.%ov©. th© 4©sii*«i temperature. It «@ possible

to rm&eh tfe® t®»2per&tar« for ©ash tun i» tiftmn t® tw®«.ty almit®* &M

still *ltttaist a ma««» ©f at l«est 5 X W-^ tm* Bi# fast heatiiiij rat©

r#dwe0"d tli® umert&intf in th« st&rtiag iis© to less than fiw islait®#

^ifeiok is only 2»0 perceBt of the s-tiortest exposure tiM (245 aia«)«

Buring «acli smii, teatf^ratiireB f#er© r®ai at tx*r®fpal«5,r liiterwl® witli

at least twenty r»a«liBgs» Bt® i»nitor@d with th# fot«n-

tio«»t®r aa4 adj«#t©i •laaiaaliy %• mBMB of a varla© mii ea ©xfeeraal posej*

resistor# % r%iily lowering, t!i« f\i#aao® (&l)©?at m-om&B), a»i

.«an8 ©f a blowsi- m t©p. ©f & ©oollng tli» of ateut tliy«e

ialRut©s was obtalBsd# SMS ® 1».2 ptsreeni uaeertelatj la stopalttg tiis®

was oMttiB®d wii4ali led te a aasdaaa m©d'rt&l»ty In tilling ef J..2 |>©ro«nt.

Sir@n thou^i th® silver sample itd B,oi piele up a <i@t«tabla mman%

of weight ia air». tl» follo^Aeg wigiilng proc!®dur» »as adopted* Sh©

Initial sesple wight wa« tafcsnt aftw ths firat h©»tln|; o-f th© sajaple*

In 0%eli suljs»q«®nt wel|4ilftg the new wight was ealeulate4 frM ti»

fr«?loa» if«lg}it and th« appro3;las,t« Vf o pressure-# For silver tia#

4?

tii« teleBC® w« at this «»<! th® aaa®!® tlien tran.«f®rr©'(i fro»,

the d®0l«eat&r t® the balancei* swing® were rmig tM rldm temtg

mlngB ag«la read ami the siaipl© rtterMi to tk® desisoator* fro® th# tw©

a®ti of 0*lBg0 th© balane® ®ea®iti¥it:^ %«• ealciilatei fetti th®. weight.

found# B&mum tasr® was a deteeiftbldj tho h aot .an appr®eiabl© might

gain In air % the tli.ullaa sajaal©*. tili© %f«igiilng pr^eedur® itaa saadiftsi to

rminm th.® lesgtli ©f tim tim sa.ap.l« we.,«t 'Otit of tli« 4#slceator* After

tise nm weight Imd tiem daloalatai tJi©, balaii-ee wm &psroxli»t©l.y set &ni

th® seasiti-vitj tt®t£TisJ.nei»' Bte fcalario® was tlwn aGcarate.ly preset, tfa®

Bmml0 transferred from the i#»iC0ator to th© tmlanoe,' swi^rsgs t«tle«n end

ti» sfteiple tmediateli' returB.ed to th# 4©fii©eator«

fe r&dmm 'th# ti.r» a»<teiieary to |jus|j imm the systea# ths si lie®.

tu'te wftf ei«an«4 i«.foj»o turn aitrl® aoii and riBS-efi ^ witfe water

and mtlmml to •d#f0iilta that apparently adsorteA larg®

mmmitB of g^-sea- vh»n to air* Eils was not fi@sessa.ry i» tli©

tlmli'om rum hmmus^ of tlw vfjry trapptng of tlio tlwlima mcp-QT

% the i^aphlt©.* After .flrjlng. the tiibe.j, the «ff«9to» vd«s©l and the

propBt Mffl® w©r# r®i»la««»i la ti» 8asip.X« h&lder ami t!i© process r@p©at®fi

at a n®«'t®aperttare#

I plot of t«.aa9r&t^tr». t'S ti»B was aade for each rwR| th© offeetlw

effusion tia» tf&a tit© laterml Mt*##*!- tli» foints wlier» th© t«iif.erat«r®

%f&a aie.fe tl-iat th# mpor pressure %m» of its m.sd.mm. VB.ln@:» Sms,.

daring th® wtara up 0ml dmn p@rio.if the a»uttt efflissi w&b 1ms Mmn

two peroent of tlie total ..ftsouat Btensei Airing tha nw. fi* teiaperatur#

was d«ter2sin@d 'hy a 'tlE» welfftt©ii a¥er«.g« over tks ©ffectiw ©ffuston

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witli kpkmm&m %imx tl rmwAm p«fl5>iag ©quipsMtnt was used as with

fapsr IPm-Bsmm i.pp«atas i*

Iff\i.9ioa ®s® «ffusl0tt f«ss5®.l {Ei fi.g» 2| la detail,. Ftg# J)

wai iaaeiiln®€ la tm fimm trm 1/2 ia» itaseter taatalm ro-ii« 'B* bottes

pertloft ©ORtalK#il tti# sASfsl® «irit|r aail wa©^ tap^rei at tits top* Tim

wpi3@r aeetlott was sad© »itii. a imtaliiog fo timi. tlte liol®' itt

th© to|j for»i an ©f tlifi * j' jle eaviiy*

a# 0riflc#i prepareA ia tl» sr» mnmr as' thsaa used is th

less -Qrifim plate i weei ia ratt II tmm i-»d« -ffott

iV®' ®il taatalttm sheet uni it® cpasitrsi witti' a -eaetaer tr*t».llng

adcroBeopt* 'flj« orifie# plat®# us©4 ia. all sttbsesuft-nt ruM w®re iMi# ©f

l/S ffltl taat©.lua Bhemt mi immse #f tli«lr simll itaisster w#?® mmmm^

with ft fattseti and tesb %ti«l 0oag>«r®"' ii0tal.lwrgleftl mlares««f# fittM

with a filar eyepi®©©# Si@ eyepi#o© was e».,llbrat«t a teiseh fs:ii!4

lioab f'tu e ial«roi»t©i' ealiteat®! la Q*1 &M &*Q1 22a ilvi.Aom» 'Eaefc

orlfio« w&n h©.li oa top of th® upper p.ertioiii of a» ©ffaalom vessel with

a 2© bAI tant&ltta msh«r •shtlo th.®y w«r@ dfot »el4®i iogetlieri th@a «

©ontlm'otts Bmm ma ¥«l<l«d a»-«M tlw tof #.dge In a st&tio Imllum ats»s-

pher©» After tfes sasapl® Mm ia it® efttl r# ttos ©ffiisioa

•vm-msBl was s#&l®A % ^j>r«sstiig th® tw«. Imlrm 'togetiwr# fhXu^ gave a Xealcj*

proof B0-S.1 ffhl&h b.M®4 ly tbm tvnimnsy ef ts..atftl« to self weld %%©»

•IteatM aMer a m-euwii#-

SffuAom tmrnsl ImMm* i©l©« tmrs trilled l«t© tii# f apisite

0fftt.siott vessel lielter (I) to holi ti»» «ffu#l<3tt vbsb&I la tli© proper

peslties.and t® hoM ti» tb.«riii«?e'0»|jl#«# fb® lt<l. ©tt th® 0.ffu.steii mm»l

!.»d a ii&l® ia it timt solliisated the laolse-aler 'beaa from

'tli« orlfls® sm tkai All tii« msmping wottM' strike the e0illi»,.t0r

ij'late .0* tsrgat* Siis p,r©veBt©4 &»y mtoa® from strikiag hot parts

of tiie gyat®s fro» tihie'Ii tliey eouli' refleeted tiM evdntwally rtaeh tl»

target and tiaas le&4 to. M|r|i reaiilta# lh« holder %f$.s fimsiilaed to Just fit

iBis til® furasiee ta'li® m.s tfe®a shrttiic to Ixelf tt smurely ia pftsitldH*

Sit® Inwred frop«r oesterlng of life® effusion vessel and r r froduaibl©

©•rlflo# to oolliamter distance*

ftierTOoowalc.a'* A Sliro»l»4l,ttia^l ilieriijoeoapl© (J) and & platimjs*

platlntis rhocltttia taerniottotipl© '.fhiefe w«r© In 1/8 is by 6 in* two

i»l& Alufisluja iimiltors mrt placed iat© tliln iifeXlei itainless st©6l

thewjoooBplt |jrst©oti0» tubs©* TmB@ w®p@ tbm pls,m4 into th® pro|>®F

iioles ia th® ^fJ^iisica ^esg®l AaQtli@r pifttiisia-pletlma

rhosiiua tlieraeooapl©# wMofc Imi b©«ifi califerated at tli© jaelting point® df

aatlisony# elaaimmf silver aai tli© «of.p«s*-«ilirsr ©utectlss, was placed i«

ft filial'^' effHtl'oa v«ss«l aB,d tli# t«« ther»e.o«ple$ oallbrated aguinst it#

Itegei holdsr tmi mmort* '©i© '©©pf r target • bolder support (X)i,

witieii rested o» tlie l-©dg© tcn-mi 'tlte tiirget li©.ld«r suirport t«l«,

®xt©ftied l»lotir th9 ejector mm sM aided itt c©©liag tlie targets#

to. th0 mxpf&rt w.a tli® targat ej-@at©r sM la tlie' m.m of mm II# tli<s

eolllmtor iL)» Fes' &ll ®iiljs#cp«t ram tfea eoilimter plat© wass attoeli-

e«i to th© target h-oMm tli) t© perciit sasief eh&itgij-jg of ife« efi\islo»

•vmuml*. Bis to,rj;9t holder «s an ali»al.i«m tafee ia tflilch tl-io tafgeta

were stsrei prlsr to us« aad iurlrif, tii© expea«res« It sas &ocufBt@ljr

posltiottsi in tJ'» holder su?>port bf t*6 ploai, tliias Qx&t&mtmtng

repro-duelbl® ertrioo to sSdlllmter di»tane@s«

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20 MIL.WASHER

ORIFICE PLATE

EFFUSION VESSEL (TOP)

EFFUSION VESSEL (BOTTOM)

F4g«.

20 MIL TANTALUM TARGET

r-.56

.1 - .750-.820 - .841 .99 0

.SNAP RING

TARGET CASSETTE

55

ficiaip lYoa f2,%;erB, r©»ri,ii.s&.i l« tmi «lri.ei at l.2O®'0| tl-wy wsr©

yasuiiffl atsrai until a»eisd*

#.:lggi0.f». fh® (1, Flgt.fif 1» ietailf Pi,|j« 5),

•wms a r&ete 0M pinlQB -deftft® that waa ©|>®rat«|; tliraigli n grefe®sd lO/jC'

st&adard taper# 'St» tmU ani piaioa feonsing ms to the heavy

eoppar target hol4»r support thrott^ the ®jeetor roA gAiiQ» ffe» ©Jeetor

foi «a» selcl®rei to tim mxi a tiep 'ooltei t© the.^ui of tl» rm.&kk

f|i0 entire. ima mmtrueis& m It e«ld'. fe® asseisbled tliroui^ tli©

®M ©f th& ffQQT &^m%m ars» '!!•» pinion w&b % a"»ineli opferat®<i

iltjpomgli tke 10/50 stasia.^,. taf«r» fMs Insured posltiv® target

in alout ,'our sooor-.us «itb fxrmfhm f&m s-eeonds required to 'retract th®

ajector rod ae!:ini. a tiMiig error &f ftteut, eight s«e©ndst %iitli ati aetwal

ttn®«rtata% of only ©a® to ttf© s^obmsie* ?SM'prislncXy# iim t«i»'ttlng df tt»

J'Oittit with Afi».aon greaa# !» •!»€ a©...4@t#8tlble oa th«

mm at « ^memm of 5 ^

Furmm* c ueim m&tml vm lioatesi an extoriml raeisttrj©#

.furim©© (?) • • fh® ftiraae© mm m« «oasi oa. & tea ineii' lon^th of IV® i»«

-St Jltorftta tobinc «itli lo» l6 1 & S lantlml wive* Tm iftotoa m

@n4 wsr® n^er4 witli lJo« 2u B •& S ^ge lanthal i-dsre#. teo«Bi

ill© mm war® pl&«.eti fear faelaeg of Dio&itt# iiisulatioit* llio transite ©»d

plates imt •& 1^/* ia# fleng:* in which lioles were Artlle# t« sontstn fowr

1/2 In# ilas,«t@ir gpid® roilt (Q)» Tm faottoB four iiidiies 0:f th©

w«r® flugged tfltli iBStilatlon tliroucb whl&i paaaei tli® t@i'f)©ra-

t«r© ©oatrciler leads#, fli# eentsr pertiott m® limd witti aa tmomt

tttb® C5V« i«* ieag iV^"® la* •©«• 1 i»* !• B») aad tlie top IV®

of til® f\irx*0» mm llB«d tiiiii a fir@tel«ls tub®* a® ftiraaee feib® was

DRIVE PINION

X 10 T.

SLOT

DLER PINION

DIA. X lOT

^ X ^ RACK

14 T

RACK AND PINION

HOUSING

EJECTOR

ROD -EJECTOR

ROD GUIDE

TARGET HOLDER SUPPORT

;• J.

iii«rteii flv® iml»# Into t|.i@ c!ir®s%ly h&imi t!» tub# was

plas^i t!» oa@ ifisti long, t®ffip#i»e.tiire a®»«lng

Uw teaper&tar® -Mmmlng (S) of the e©»t:reller i?&a a resistor

wd® #f 56 gage platim®. wl.r« (59 ea*) weuM o» lags o® ih® otttsld# of fe

fttlr of qmrts rlsigs ttet wtt# heM «p»ri thr»« piatlaa reSs* ®i@

timmf ftliout I itt». til iiaaetsr fcf stent 1 in* Mgli* loolcei lik® a

c*ge wli»a fl»lsfa©«l» Bi# ©atlrs furtmt® mmmhlf wm -ntei ©a a jack

80 it eetili be raisai afti

Sl»# tlie, mfsr |jp#sswe ts tImi whieh mrrmpmdn t© tim motemt

fowtim &f ths mttuslom m&tmlf It mrf 4«slrabl« to imte the efftieioa

vessei i» a perfectly mdfdrm t«ii|>«ra"tare regldii* 'As this eoadltioR is

h&ri. to olitala* it is v^ry'(Otitic 1 ia an #ffti8lon mVnoi tliat th® ortflea

piat# te tii® mrsaest f^rtioa ©f th« w«s#l w a» t© pr©v®at: aaterial frda

©onienslng oa it Rsd dmn'jLng the mttmtlm -area* I'ktrmvmr:^ it Is

iiis orifi©« plato tlmt Is j»st. t© 1* th® ooltest .fortiaa teoatia®

## tim beftt lost to th® mM target «i4 to tl» c©l lias tor- palate#

Sue teB:jj€,rRtu?« gradteat insli# tlie effasioa rmsml .aolder ms

detariain'Sd by itsing a four wlrt dlfftrentl&l th@ri»®©upl© wiiioli ga?© th©

t»Bf>@r€itsres relative to tia. bottom of V.o 'jsld»r at 1/2 in*> I la» aad

iV® from tb© l»tt«t«» fh® t«isf#ratAar@ gr®;d£®at was aijuste^'l^ #attiag

th» tsaperatuy® aGiitroll» at tho desired t&lm and tlwii. tli® voltages

aeress the top r*ad Ijottoa @4efd •wimiiags ©.AJ%iate4 imtil th® best posaibl#

graiieitt-frss rsgloa »a® Si« •miti wiaiilag was froa &

8<5BstftBt Toltag# ac«re«» Ifliii e«ri'fiit la o»l^ tl» upper gusxi tfiafiiwg tl»

oftiisua t.erap©.rai«r# gradient wa# obtained when the tsp and bottom of tl*9

98

of:f\i8toa fgssel war® at th® same teisfe'ra-tarei tlie toiler®tur® 1/2 In*.

ftbeve tli© or'ifl©© m&» q*2j to 0»50®0 higi»r» &® -eritieml faetor In

eontfolling tlie t©ia|5#ratur« wag tli#' o.f i}}®' g«ar4 toltsgft wMefe

iep©Ei#a «poii th® »taMli%y of ths ireltag© r@©slat<sr» for all fttiis

reported the teg^ermtair© fl-uetiiati-oa© wr® less tlie» ^ l®0*

Aa/dlliitfy muipissmt* Oertaia mxilliB.ry ^qulpimni. tms B®ed®d t©

'm&mm and eontpol tli© t®iap®rater©^ »<sa,-sur© tli© v&eaiifii riM to i© tlie

reAiosfcsii-iicsl asmjrg o-f tli© tai-geisj

1» 'fii® squlpmnt tm laea-emrlug tte teis|)0rature and for

iMftSiring th.« wieutfia wtr® tli© arm s.g thos® used with fapor

pressure appsratiis i»

8# Bi« t#iiip®ra.tar® *as eontroliesS bjf a. t®a^#rtttur« eontroller

'hJilt et th# 4ia«s dmovVmi la a report oi" tl»

Ato^jsl,® Energy OeMliisioaf fhe oatpat frott tk®

15»8A»il0f Baiitrable trsiisferiaer ms r©Aie'«4 to a sasiaiBt ef

tSo wits by ssass of' a 0-»270 f, 9A |>ower9tat» fit© |«ar4

wlndlag ms frm ta# sa» ^Qltage reguslat^r as lumi in

faper fressur® &pfm&tus 1»

5# Si® r«4loeirieftl<sal assajs were dmm hy «slng e. !4iel@af"»

0M.e&go 14oi®l 15M acmlsr set tfes .seal© Qt t©g#tli@r

vith a "frfte-arlafe lCk.2 gelger 1a.ib«- Imirlng a 1*9

w1.h4««»

bri&»eiiage

B»mle mrQ»&ya.tloa> Si® raiioastiv® tfauliiat was frep&rtd ac««?riing

t© til# rsfcstioai

^Us (n, 6 )

% fiae -teraliigt' ef ^dietHled tiialliiiB# 1#:95 ga., trmcllatsi at

th® QaJc Ritf,g@ latioml Iiaterats#|^ tor elglit howrs ifitJ* a aetttr©» a''1«x

of 1 X nm%mm/&m/®vP» Mtar the Irradlat#^ tliuitma feiritlngs

«®r# reeeivei# they mm homf^nimi by 8»'iti»g thmm to tier witli 2«^^5g

,£P» sf lantlmtsxBi eai S®«' ittert tlullua* The la»t!m«aa mt sided

to sl4 in aggl£B»ratiiiig: th@ .E»tal Ijy rMttoing anf ihullum oadie tlmt

t-0 present on th# atirfae® of th® twrniHgs* Bn» tlmiiua t«e th®a

purified of oxlfte, iRatimmm tisa ar^- ©thcr »oi3»'rolatlle iispuritl^s %•

vaeuutt dlstillatioH# Si.® redmlttag loi Ij sint@rsd aet&l *s fcrokaa Wf

with a fil© and pliers* .fM sp«olflt aetl^ity of tfa® tlmlius mu dster-

64ae<3 fr» thre® Bolutlo«.s prepare! If 'weighinj-, of tstSial

4*570 lag#) oo ®n Msswex-tii alersbaianee,, dlsaoliring thm. la 1131

aai d:llitt.ii;i,;"; to 2fK5 tsl* 'H^s® stasiari plates of mch mluti&a ware

pr@fared plaolng 5© A alif«©ts en targets Irlentisal to thos® as®5 ia

th® re^par pressure i#orkt i^ouf tlmt i%ii n-ot agree to within tl»

statistical •oouiitiag mTtor was rejeoifed* Hw staniaM plats# w®r® eount-

mi mail tim a radi©el»toileBl msmy wm aoae m a set of tergst®# fiA^

th® mmssltf af .Eslcisg ao-rrsfttidns oa th® spmiflG

aotlfttj' ead als© eo-sfn-essstei for mny irartatioa ia the ©oantisg •@c|U'lpa®Bti

llw K«a4s0» ©ffusioB astliod Is vorf s«rt8lti¥# to Ifiipuritiss timt

ar® iriore irolatil# than th«i' sfts|>l<9'| Ismfsfer# aa jsoi?st@^ out bsfor®. It is

a«l7 th® radl©©h'.9E!ieal purity tliet is of ii^^ortsBo# in the ra4iea®tlw

traeei* «on<ieafittti©a frstt a ©ocsl4©rati#n ©f tl» peeslbl®

rars earth irdijttrltl®.#, »«»« of wMeh &miM. ha apeetrogriiptsieaHy,

It «3 found that o# tii© rar® ©«r*U:* t@©top©s «ll have a siueii shorter

6q

tliatt tfttlii tbs .exdefilon ©,f tha mterally oceufrlng

Iwa If te*'*''® mv® pressat m m% ±mpur±tf.g Itg mtivity mm im

RBBmi&i t« mgl-' I 1@ ef its e?ctr®i»iy long half-life*. Qiao©

tlie timllaa sanel# wm stared 3!'of eight sasntlie before It was it was

%#U#Te4 tlxat all ts©t#pes feavln;-; shorter wouli imT® ii@i «ut#

thm Mming only thmm lime muli b© eoEftrsed fey half-life'

i©teralnati-f»«s

fhe Imlf-llfd wm <ltt«ratn#t -on sas|)l®® pr®far©i ci«flH,g tfee vm&r

pmssure rum m4 frem standari g©liiti0tts» Mmh aaaplo was ©Guatei in

four different eoaat®rSj> wltiefa 90m choeLed for proper o^sration

a uraniua e1msde.ri» "Mm re«lt.8f s«*si*risei itt fiald® I, ga.ve a Imlf--

lif® 0f 150*7 daj@> whi«h agrees Milii tfe® tt«©ept®4 -r&kw or 129 Ae-js#

'Bi» cisettf f«r Is mhown in Fig.' 6 (115)*

&bl® 1* Bft-te fer

•fH/pe of Stti^l© llalf-life id&ys)

2 « l^terlal' deposited I5l»7

2 4a froa •fapo.r 1^.5

2 Af •prepared fro® ©ta,nsi«a'4 ij€a

2 M a-oluticjli 130p5

Av®ra£®' fiftlf-life 15d.7

ffi« alloys, a|afroxlsatelf 1 • ©sefa, us®d i» th«

mpor pmsBorm work mte prepared mltlng radldaetiw tiiuliam filings

al©ng with smll pl®o«s of elsami aoodyisttts la a saall tafttaiuia eup

61

\\ ^ BU I2f V\ * 22^

A 97C K£¥ \\ ® ^r. . \ \

}. 04a

Pi,g« 61, Mmy $eh0m for

ttaSer &n argoa ats^spher®. Fri6.r to afeltting tlie ernoii, the aetsl

ms sarefttlly In a tm-stMa*. B®eaase the mlloya were

smsml tis^a- !»• aa iodustlo-a furmm-0 plus th© ffs,et that stlrrlttg wottli

e-cettr from tte field Cif th# IniHetioa, o©il# it Is b®lid%'«4 timt hoao-

' gstmm» alloys mr& prepared* ft® «ll©|r c6Bfo«lttons mT& from

th» Irjlttal weigbts of tiMllua aai aeodfifiitm after Urn ruelted alloys had

!>©©« %f®igl»d to -©stabiish 'that a gi|7T4flc&nt mmunt 0# Urn E»r© volnt-ll®

thttiluja had ne-t TOpori5S«d daring easting*

$10 alloy saiml## (rauglng frea 25-5!5 asei in. tlw X-rai* and

dsasiiy werls wef® prepared by sfiallttg {5cou3mt©Iy i.TQl;;he4 RssmntB of

tfaallaa tmd atedjiaiim ta a tastaliia eruetbl® «ni,er a li©ll« Etiaosfiisr© at

reduced pressart* Ss# gsfaoifel® wm heated uiidsr •wmmm. In. m inimti-om

•farnm0 and tJi© laelten rsstsl poBrst Imelc aai forth sermre-l tiims froa

on® ©B'i of th© efaeibl® to the other't© iamro Ii,0'-a»-g8:a«lty.

fmmr pregaare detgrBAaatlote Befor# ©aeli -repor preosur® rim tiw

graphite ltd was mpl&md with a »w oat ctai the apparatus oatgassoci for

two to t»r#© days at 970^0 vltli tlx© prassarQ less thaa ^ ^

ItarlHg tile we.r» up period tfee }i©6tli3|f r«t« %m-s slew to. wdntuAa

a *acmia o.f 'at l-sasi 1 .X 10-^ ta&i, fim Bjmnmt st iliulius Aistillod mt

fif ill© ^aphlt® holder 'iarlag the «tgRsalag ma ghowii t© b© ©s.s»ritlRlly

zere 'by tk® negltgltle AiSsaBt of radi.oaetlir® saterlal on a dtia^

targ«t»

WMl# tli® sy.st« vrag ©doling down t# r©«aa, ieisperalaire# tfes alloy

which liad bees. s%e.rM imcwr rmmm el.scs@ preparatlea wes comertQi to

fl.llags to further'i.H.stire tosogeaelty &tt4 to glir« th© Iftrg© eiirffee® apsa

nesessary beoaus© all of -tii« m&mr&mntM were raaia la the golii region#

Xu i»st oases tiie rnittm alloy* sidntts a a«ll eftaipl® for aimljaie^ tjas

ua«4 itt th@ irft'0-er pr©«®ar© sorki but In the eas# of tliu sor© dilute alloys

ettly a portion of tii# elloy eoald i» |wit .tn the effusion ¥0bb©1# ffe®

filinga i-»r© irajedir.tsly loaded iBt©' a. preirioiislj prepared sffuslon

msa&l ani th@ twe Imlves pressei. toijetlier* fo rmAnm air aisoyptien,

aad eut dotftt tiW' niibmqmst i.©w aai ottigas tiia©j: the wepo-r preesut"©

app&rfttua k».3 filled wltli argoa tofor© bdlBg opened ©Rd a str»aa .of argois

mlBtalnet thretti;^ th© syetea as lo.iig «.s i,t «s open* «ffuslon

rme@% \ms th®tt Imm&i. into •th.e syste* hf laeaii^s of' & paif «>f ^peei-al

tofjgs ih&t would iasur© |>rop©r p«siiio»lstg sM ih.® graphite lid w&b

plAmd In poeltloa .witk asothsr s-et et speelal to.ng8» fb® target hol5«f

wMsh had teen lo.EiM tfltfe elmn@4. B.tii driei target® *.«.

pl&©#d In the target holder aai the cap m»4 i« plae®# Si«

taper e-a tlx© ejsetor «i.i»li i#.*6 rd|p'»aa.®4 t© l-asur® staootii ttiralsg

65

antf tli» ftr«t target to verify ptopm target #J©ctor operftiioit*

Sb« Taeuam puE|>s w©r® thea turned on api tli® ©.J@ct®4 terg®t transferred

i© il:»e • target eoll#ot©r I®- a pair of mtmll »gn«ta* Vhm the S2?@t@tt

had pwjap«d 4©w«» thg fttrnae® was w«r«»d «p alo« mm^ to ».iatsla th®

weiam 4®!©* 5 ^ 1©*^ '***• Off ie#-ae@toR« sliialj wa® -ftdclea to th» target

eooling trap whea tli® fc«»ee t«i|>eratur« r«&e&©d Mh»n th® tm*

aaee teffi|j©ratur® w&s slightly b®l0w tlie desired th# proper giiar4

voltage aad tsa^er&tur® ooatroil«r settings w@ir« sad#*

After th# terfiperRtur# hsd 'to#!!: ste.%1© for t@» to flft#©«, aila«tes*

til©' ©xposur® wftS atsirt®d by ©Jttctirjg « spao#r target. Si©' six t© eight

seeooi tlsa® interwl i»«quir04 fof this ©p«i-atl«ia ms #qa®.lly ep&mi

b&fom &ni after th® iailoated tlss® of eJ#<itlo»» t®B^.©:ratur«' ma

f«tti o» botk th» Oia?oj»l-Alm»l tlisrsw-eeupl® aai tl»

I5|i rhoiiim th&rim&mpl&if. Daring th® longer @»osare® tb® tenperatiires

wer® r®«i at Irregilar iatenralsi immwm, dwring tl» short «xp©Mr®s

til#!* wwm m.4& mffilmly 'Wlth at l@s!.at foitr reftdlftgs iflth ea«ii tlserii®--

0mp%^w fe terJalftst# tfee »Kpogur% the t®.rget ««,« »J#at64 aiwi traas-

f«rrsi to tl» targst e#H#ato.|*# '&«• toltaga^ airf reststene® stttlags

«#re edjttsted foJ* 'tk® aext aw4 ttm froeess r®i»®at04* lxp.ost4r@s '

mm mM os risiag afti fftlUng tmmpm'&tum eyel®» wttli th# polata iiell

iattrspsrsed# Aft«r tlis la.st e^^mum h&d te«n »is tli® ®j/st#m m.M

allowed to sool by e4thsr Imming tlie fur»«« o* %• •tornlng off

fttrnae® -jj&wBT* Wis@a o.oi4, tli# syite» -me ef«mi to argoR as b«for« mi.

til© target ©oHeoter tute %ma aM replaeei witli a new oa«# ©i«

target Iwlder t«ls@, tli® grapMt® lid ani th© ©ffusioH v«s@®l w#r«

iaof®«l fr®a iiie <. mm gfEpMi® ltd &M a target wer® p«t

into •pl&m^ the sj/st©* ssaloS tap aai eat^aslftg atartsi preparatory t©

til# m'X% rail*

fii® «##!• 0.t ills targets md vmhmlmi a# tiiey i»ra r«aov«Ji fr«

thm targ#t d©ll®eto-f« 9m faso of mm&h target waa covered -with a laj^asr

ef Sedtek tape a»i Umit «lil®8 mA l»ofEs %ilp«i t-fith Hl®®n®x soafe^d tAtli

TOthaml# Si® if.rgets aiiA 0p®eifie cl vlty aaaplss w«r® each eouttt©4

tlir©e times to a s'tatisiioal timuracy of i|&| th® eowating rat®® for oaeli

target w®r® soiwsrtsi ie stisiiie weidits, aif@rag@<l and sorroetei for

tr&mr Mpl^tlonm Om the alley run# tlie • s'pmme target# w©-r® eoiinted

oae© to t@tersii» tli® awuat of b#tf}»ea ©x|>0''S?4r9» so

that the diftnge i» &ll#y eoc|5t>eitl©n cauM i» ehmked*- Sm tim weiglit#4

avarags t©©perai«r®ii^ tiie eorrsetet sajft^le weighty tli© exposure tlim and

tli® g®o»tri0al fmtorB wem umi xdLtk Sfitatioa (5) t© ealeulat® tii«

faaer preastir^s#

0

EEmhTC Mm DtsousnioK

vapo-f fmmum 0«|ttstlow wm» 4«t©TialMi hf walmtlug Iquatloa

(%) #jr (5) tii@ |jrop@r- mmeriml mi @:^eyi»enta,l fufttiiiticis for ft

glwn rm» &0 m^or fresstir®®. wer® froa tli® da'ta obtftisad

during the vap^r p-r»@:«iir# m@aswjr6»iatf by laeaag^ of them #^atlons» Bte

log«yiil»s o:f th® pj»(&9sttr®» mm fittei to teat fit straight Itmn of

til® fom

1®I ?ggjj * * B

by a l©®st equ&r®# lo-- F a# the d©|!eri<l®Ht a.M l/f aa th®

lni:©p®ii,ti©ni ?ariafcl© (116)« fli# beats of ©ubliainstlon w»r® ^©tsrsiltt®^

froa tk©'alo»#e of tlmm lta®@ tl» efaation

AH^ • 2.5026 BA

RRi Afply to th.® t®ap©mtar@ region iavegtigRted daring &mh run#

Taper ftfeaMf-e D©t0r«ii,imii©ss

IfieM^ioaa

Stayer* Silwr was eiws«n to test tlie spparctt«,s^ beeaus© Its mpor^

pr#ssura Is iiuit© well teaowa* it «mil4 readilj ©btalnM ia pwo-e fdrstj,.

tli« pr®s5ur#«t©E^©ratttre' r«g:lo» «« .appyo>d»t®ly, lite mm m timt ttov®?*'

miiAi tlmllK%: ead the mBM.mrmmn%$ muM l}@ mi® ia teatalua «quip»

mnt IdeoticRl wltii lasei later for ttwliwa* ,

'ft» mpor pr®mm& 'datft fer silver (faM© II) 4s represent©!! fey

the lis©

log . rJiiSli.£:mil2i » 9.2305 ^ o.ose4.

!&». data (Pig* 7) sisews gO'Od iiiteraal eonsiatanoy aad 6:gi'©«a reaseii*

wll with MeSal® aad (82) results# repressatei ly

dftshed line#, fhs heat ©f subliimti-o»f. 66»BQ £, Ke-fel*, la slif'itly

iilgher tlma tlw 55»46 Kcal* ©sfelsei by KeSabe Rud BireJie»ll fVoia their

©X|?erlsenia.l iraittt for tiie h©et of faperisfttloa and iitf; hm% •&£ iwekoti

of 0llire'r, 2»86 kit i® e©nsid#r«4 t# fee In ^ood agrecKssut aitfe it*-

Ta® varioas .baffl© rsB.terial-S' lri®4 m e f f e c t m m the is®amr«i vapor pre#-

8Ui*©i tl'sas estabiiaMi^ ttot baeic scattcr Into the effusion ves'sel 'was

fh& v&por pressure mm0ar«mntB on silver tiere eonaasd

to t'h« selii rcfdoii i» oriej" t# correspond nor& eleseiy wltli, th© condl-

tioBs ©Hfiowiterei in the tmrk ' thulla'iu

yhaliiM* tttt mxmr pTe&mirm ©f tl-ailiiis «s deteriairiQi. (Bmi I)

iB this aq«tfia@tit t© Iw uss4 as •& ohack m. tfee t«r t eeiidensatleft appara,-*

ttts* Bi© dc.ta ef tlxis run is shmm ta HI* Tm 0qmtiGn for tlx©

•mrm {Flgt 8) has tli@ for.;-da

, *. 1,2116 i- 0.0225 J 10 ^ffls • S«7J^0 S. -0*2214

trill eh f^ves & 'nmt of sitbllmtioa ©f ^}^»k6 -A 1*0$ Keal* i» this t©E»»

peri5.tiir® rt «?.

fa.re.et •oond-eagatiQa lao'tifieatiow

fhgl.laia»: fm runs w«r# tmim ^r t&s target eoiidessatioa tsabniciu#

to -cletariatm the tr«.|}o-F -pron-.-nre ©f tiialluE* Hiai 11-# -tlone wiiii a large

orifieeii. covered the low o >tl of tli© v&pof jsressttr® r®g4wi|. wMl® in.

Bub III a vs-ry smll or.l;flc# was used to ®xten<i tlis ra-ng© uu- to 7*? X

10-^ Ma. of • fli© tlata ar« pr-©s#ntsd in. f&bles If -and ?* Flots ©f

e-a.ah nm arm nhmm in Plgg.#. 9 -aad 10 a.»4 n. ©osblri©-?! plot of Riins II

ftfttl HI Is p-.r-e-sers,ted in ?l.g-» ll.» a<pares trgatiacats ©f aacli nm

11 jHt 6 I 11 f-4 t-4 I K « i< 'X C4 «-J M fi'\ ^ a

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% % % % % % % •"Hi s**i #*4 f*"! r^*t #' "J #^'*1 t«4 « l»< IK H K C\! r-t o S3 «y O

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PRESSURE IMM)

Oi. o, * tit

T 1 « 1—I—T-r-n-j 1 1 1—I I I I I

01

«

70

feble !?• Vapor Pressure Data for fhulium %• the

Target OoB^ieaaatioa llodification

(Baa II)

Dlftia©t-er of Orifie® 0*2459 cs P 1^977 I 10*

Orlfl®^© Arm k»672l X lO«® «i# O'ollirator diaiaetsp 15*259 s®

Orifl®® to OolliBiAtor -distaoc® I'-IT*^'?

Exposur© Tim (s©®*) Teiap»- ( jt) U&c {Mm*) l^/'S P

2 B 3-*96 X ,10^ Q6%2. 0*66^ 11.5C^ 5.282 X 10-^

2 D 5.o4 s 10"^ 0^9*0 0.4587 11.779 2.810 X 10-^

2 S 2*25 X 10^ S89#0 0.8564 11.240 1*175 X 10^

2. J 1«.G8 nt A 10^ 911.2 0.9^150 10.974 2.799 X 10-®

2 t 5.,%2 X lo-^ 878-0 1»0554 11.590 9*m X 10*^

2 K 1*55 X 10^' m%B 1.Q159 11.114 2*107 J 10-^

2 Q 2. £'5 X 10^ 890#5 0*9024 11.250 1.268 X 10-^

2 s ZJ0 X 10^ 870.9 0«4257 11.482 5.479 X 10-^

2 0. 5»%o X 10^ QSBS 0.199S^ 12.066 1.150 I lo*®

2 M 7.20 X 10* S19#4 0.1455 12.204 6.046 X lo-*?

2 X iia5 2C I# 809.0 0.1755 12.361 4.755 X 10^9

2 M 4»68 X 10^ 5'f0.2 0*2556 11.902 1.547 X 10^

2 AG 1#26 I 10* 912.5 0.9702 10.961 2.465 X iQmB

2 AE 5»4O X 10® 951»5 0.#t04 10.755 5.Sj?6 X 10-®

2 AG . ^•^>0 X 10® 1.0 l.l5fe 10.515 um X 10-^

2 Mt • 1.80 X IG® 969»2 0.8555 lO.JlS 1.568 X lQm&

2 m 1*80 X 10® 990.6 1*5285 10.0^^ 2.852 X 10*^

2 kW 1.00 1 10® • l006-t,6 2.7622 9.95^4 5tll?0 X lO-A

g„AB 1.60,. .X. 10® iQQQ'iil. .2»222. .5«445. X,.

PRESSURE (MM)

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•cy K\ tr\ -sr

<x «-< P- sf\ Pi' €' 1' "t 0"°' s? CO C.J C5.

« <r\

•# © o § tl * '« -• r-i O Q

o w « o o r> ^ --a- »-< v> u\ CM ^ O O CK O K\ ^ «-4 ^ <y Cy r-» •» • » .» » .• O O '-•> '"i r-< <~l

C\. s «1

tq a

g (-4

g o t»- I X ^ o

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m ,fw

s

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fH « O &

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r\ • 0\

r4 1^ 0 -o to ^ in t-| to ft f-4 7^ r-t «-i .« CM « iH iM ir4 »"• <~4

CN C>. .* • • M c: o 0%

»-••*-( iH

1 S 1 S 5 s iH s s % % % % % ^ tH- ^ @ o © O ftH 1

© o «-* m o & Q

«-« K p-i K K • « H >4 ?< K K f< H r-4 K •}< v4 Cn r- 2

VD »f\ a & Os M. * - # • • . • « U\ ^ 0\ i(\

Q -•t Ob

g g O CO m r4 s i

«3 LA « m t^- # •f^ • K\ •HI i

* 5*~ * - # • • . • « U\ ^ 0\ i(\ » «

O CO m r4 •If !«-t

o &1 & ssa SS & m t3 , » •>< 5' 3 • ,6s, < 3 3 < 5 •>€

•ti\ its r\ lA H\ if% »{\ »C\ K\ #fS K\ «N fe-V »f\ K\ K\

PRESSURE (MM)

I P w.

s »•.

i\

I v°-

af

1

I I I 1 1

fig. H«- fftfor PtmmAfm D&iit fm

itoft I| II» HI)

3AF,

3AC

3C

3E

3Q

2N

20 21. 20

'2B 2D,

'ZY

__l I 1 ^ 1 L_ 12.0 II.O 10.0 %.0 8.0

10*

TV

ftad ef Ow %imm rissie -ooaMned were laad® an^ th® results suwiiarii,e4

Wloti#

Mu I

Ilia H

~ l,ail8 ^ 0,0223 I. IP* leg ^ ^

Af! • 55*46 ^ 1.0,5 Re®l*

- U2576 ^ 0#0l£4 X 10^ log p « ——^ 8.977 ^ 0.1405

^ 0«57

B«» III 3*0Qg# S w * . _—«L„ — -

log p « --—^~7— • 9,2273 0

• Aa • 7*66 ^ 0*kk E©ftl. 0

HUBS I# II ANI HI EOSMAEI « 1.2552 i 0*GGh5 1 10^ ,. .

l o g « . « — J ; , 0 * « 5 7

AIL 5Tt44 i 0.:20 Keml# ® • '

Use mpor presswr® of tliuliws f^ott tb«s© tfer®® n«8. Rgre® -wrj tf®ll

!&n«l show no ilff®r»B0®0 In ill# r®gio» whmB the ran# overlap*. OQastd0r.t»g

til# larg® preasare and tesferatiire raisr© eovered* tb® h@at of sttblimtion#

& 0*20 %io«ld appear %& }mv§ a high d®i5i*ee ©f acear&ey# This

TO la® 1# slightly Mgli» thaa tlj« 0«4 Ieml» repo.fts«i If S&w.g» (6^)

•who was abl® tO' d®teyiaia« obIj th« li^apwatwe depeedenc© o.f th« TS.poir

pr@#sur««

Alloys* fhfit selectioa ©f th-e Alias* syetea to b© studied mg teged

Ufo-n several fftctora* i®eaua« It %i«.s ieslred that the iwlting point ef

til# elloy net lleia tit® tee|j«rat«rft region intsstlgeied# it %»« n®&nsmrf

JJ

to sBke the ai®asur®fBsnis ta tti© eoiid region as so alloys of ilmliiia

ftitd ftmtlisr re.» @artb sietfti shteti Ims & iie».goiml a4met«r# have mt^

low jmltlng folwts to fe«a|f wmk ©ittirely is t!ae llipM rsgioa*.'

Hotf«iv®r j th® point mst b® safftei,«ritly low "eo tiist lili'fusloa

will !)® ra;pl4 enetigb t# psrewnt eurf&e© fo ali la det^rsiaiag

if solid asliitlona mrm mtth *tftls devi&t© fr©® Idsality, it'

wft» destrabl® to s®l©isi an ei©s0»t vlios® pl^aleel p-ropertlen differ

slpilficanily froiS' tl»g« o:f thalteis* Seodyiatim tfaa oossidered t«' l«et

these 0«5B41tiofss»

Bi® alloy ^soiapoeitlona* whleli ftr# gt'Tea in ateslo -pBTmnt^ mm

eh&sm. on the sssiisptloas that the v&p&t pr-essurse of tlj« elloy® w©«lS Ite

profo-rtloaal to the ocaapositloas ani that lislees tlmm ms at least m

fiftj |>©re©»t ©Image Itt vnpm ftmBurm h^twmn alloys the differ#ac®

oo'ttld sot b© seti@faot©:ril|' '-a-;;-af»iH»ed* limmmitt It ims !)#«». fotmi th&% tlm

©.pparatas is eapabl© of giving aw,ela isor® freois® results th&n i-fm original*

Ij antifiipatsi#

•fhalliiia i45»9,G>}'»riaod,.'aiuBi (.54«10) alley* The data pre. otei

itt fftbl© ?I, wss obtained frm ti« va,p0r rim oa Q*70 go* of alloy*

rii® @trai[;h.t llB@ 0i3 til# flet:#, 'Fig# 12, le ex;pr©sse4 by thm eciuatioa

- 1.2515 i G.Ol-!/^ X 10* ,

wMcii gives ft iieai of iubllsatios ^ , '6 'i- OmSI leal*

ftBiliiiia all.o.y» Ths detersAnrntim ©f

the v&pttr pr«ssar® &t t alley wa# 4eB« » Q«77 ©b* of sa-tal* The

results e.r® tfetalatsd in fH and are @hmu io fig« 15 wiisy© tint ll«o

is gi.vm til®' fermlA

•E

•t-4 4 ,

n

o

s,.

6-t

%

•bm O » o SS»^

» •

I

W rHf 'r^ #H|: «H| r-4' «-4 #«4 *«< gHf #-4 H H H J ' - s k k k k w w k k k m k h n ? < « K

* • •• • ,#• »- • •« -«3 <\J OJ 0\ ^ r- 04 iA •«#• <.'4 * * # • • < » * • • ! •K\ OC »H( f4

irl K-\ «

#

*-i c #

s

ay O Ch'

o #<x •»«>* i» -i

« •# ct. oO » -t m o e\ as s s t ^ ^ i s s »

*• .'• C*Cs W-

• » CK 0% s s * o

iHf . & 9^

•ff%

f

m •-« if\ -«?• CJ !•? r-

« K^i 55 rH

0 o Q o c5 o # o • « o

CO 0\ tA O »-4 ^ 'Ov O «5 • - • f » * ' • - -

4 ^ f*- «\ • «. o o

•JS fi'\ .-.'v Ok C\

te\. o a f* «\ v> NO e:j p~ H\ m r-t- ^ ^ ^ <M \0 a ot X3 ^

S f S -5> 3 1 W & a 5 ^ S B g ^ #»l rH

•H

its CO to \ti m

s % *-4 »-« s s s S S

« « S r4 S s a I I I

K K K K X J4 i*Si l«4 H. K K H K K

S A « s g S $ o •t

O 8 s S r-O «V.

O cj 04 «\ --f

• jS. •• •# «\ w •• • #

r-» K\ »-l r\ # C4

• ••

m '•

u* r tM r-t

o 54 fe, 5« 14 a* -fc « > I-*! « <,3 5 < ^ ^ «sf ^ ^ ^ ^ -'S' .iS* -83* -i^ -sf* -«f -«i"'

w

4Ar ^AD

4AB

4AH

'42 4AK

4X 4K.

4AM 4V

'4H 4AR

'4F

4C

11.0 10.0 9.0 10. S

10 T.,

fig#, 1£« fftftial Pra«s«tr» MM f#r UmliWi mm fhultuB (^45«9O^i)«-K0ody35dum Alloy (Ban IV)

falsi# fll. Partial 'Pressure Mta for flmliw nmr

Tlittliua Alloy

\,Run f)

Diaaster ©f Orlftee G»05115 « i> « 2*14565 X 10^

Ar#ft 2*^50 -- c«® Osllimtdr ilaesier 15 <-246 as

©rifle© td' S^llimtor- dlttiseter l46»55i wB'

tl« Tasj.. ^K) Sfk^.) Itf/T !• C« af HE)

5 Q 12.51 ?: to^ S"^51.6 OtiViei »»754 IJ13I X

'5 I C,2S X 10*- rs^i 1»0190 V.461 X ic-^

5 '6 E*25' I l# m¥i*2 1.59^11 %577 X, |0»4

5 # 1*80 X 10« 105B.4 1.^725 9*448 8.711 X

5 I' 4.20 X I# 1114*^ 1*6899 ?!,972 5*2S? X

5 I 1*S0 2 10® U75.7 2*6200 r.,506 1.220' X

5 a 1*80 I io® il^9'9 1»?3615 S.621 8.6156 %" kS'-V. IQ^-

5 i 7*29 I'llS* im3*9 £.29!35 9.961 2.458 I IQ*^

5 U &*28 X 10*' 9114.% C.4284 I0.;}vn5' •d'-- l&^

5 w 8*le X m* F6'C-,0 0.6777 10.417 c.r'55 I. IQ^

5 I 4# 50 1 1 # -1QI&M& . 2*1S3C 9.316 ;-.6B0 I 10^

5 M la? X 10^ MfkmB 2*2082 9.50'^ 1,512 10^

5 10 5. 00 X 10® muf 5. HO X 10*^

5^ M 1#30 I 10® nB%3 5»8l2l %4C'8 X IQmM

5 AG 2,4c X 10® 1P0*9 2»0S10 •.727 7*175 X 3,C3-®

5 AJ s;.'io X 10® I102.*4 9..071 X 10-^

5 AL 8.10 I 10® ioop«o z.rm 9.105. £ . &l6y X

5 AS X 10* 1051»5 £# 6£>2.C S''.<S$T' :./.PS^2 •1'

10*^

5 . « *p»4o X I#' 0.72^52 ,iO.£S5 1.02f> X le-^

f ^ 6 f

i «

i I S !f

I

3 I S t I t I f I «4. ^

o «

o o

J0 Ol

p o

® -tli

PRESSURE (MM)

©I -1 i—I I I I i 11

en (fi

0 c»

m

" 1L»£43S ±. 0>01SO 1 16* l®8 » » " • + 8*7592 :fc 0,1787

A

4^ f!ii0 glwa a lies-t -o'f miblimtioii of 57# 15 6#86 loal*

ftolim {ll»li|i^''*aeedyi?tiig. tC3»G9i£). ulloy# A jt il« w0ij_;hiBg

0#.52 of tl'iie 6ll©|- gave tii® vap^r presmirs dxita preseai-ad in

fill* TMs datii Is Mmt rsp'S-esented hf the eqmtion

* I.»a5l0. t, Qmm96 X 10^ » • • « + S.5512 ^ 0*

6.8 «an b© seen in Pl.g« this f.iyp® a lu at of sitbliimtloa O'f 57»25

. ^lalAms. (4a65;|ii)-*'0»4yialwg alio?/* For the det -rilirjatiott

of the TOpor presstir©' of thta alley 1«05 £-'^» of iietal filings w«r« «sM

(fatX© IX)# fhe rssttlta» • ,15# sli'so fitted, to r line gav®

the e4|uatloii

- 1*4659 X C.02C9 7. 10*

and 6B»W ^ 0*96 leal* far the heat 'Sf a'abllmtiea*

Osasittsa

fli@ talk deettittes fd** sarnlos' ©f n aeries of th«liiBii*«neoclj''ialaa

alloys %'©» cleisriiilnM Ijy icwiersiag sash, ©SKIJI# IB tribroaaiaetlmri# and

ciet r ilnlftg the apparejit eiisag® in %f®iglit» fit® •deaslty ©f tli® 11 i3,«i

ss.e dst-ersiiasd la & 16 al#. fycnws«tsr at Tarioae t«ip©mtiar©s» fb©

dtasltles of tli© aetais wtr® deteriglasd at 26*0'^Q' wiier® th,® ltqu|4 totl

a density ©f 2*8652® g8»/oo# fte €easiti©s of ih® alley® are susra&ria#4

in. TeM» I where ta®y ar», ©oiifj&red to thm r&lum oalcaIate4 fro® th«

latties e©nsic.i5ts (fabla XI) of tJie sassilss*

%

to

4

ftt

&

<i-t

s a

a o

« M M >. •«

la o

1^ 0

a S

4r4»-4 f-#p»»t-<r<4«-«*-l »-4 r«t W r-l ji^ ««#. P'% r^a

«s ^ Oh ^ CI ea p m ra t~t so ^ • m ^ r-, «\ o" so 0 ^ « cj c->j ^ o' S S' o C K% ^ • • • # • « • • • • • • • « . * « . # # • . * » ^ ir\ H-\ i:C^ ^ »-4 t" C4 ca iH «st 04

JCH O iH o € -rf-

Cil t & 0\

• # ©«. g3

Cr •«

O rH o »-4 G* & 0\ • # ©«. g3 cl o

i ir-t r4 {f\

•S3 0\ «>

cj r— i\ •H;

«3. r-« c4 C-4 • m O O

r .

r-

»-» o J? o

S ». P a 5 8 <3 -f .{ t*" Q\ 0\

04 ii'\ ^O • * •* • K^, e"i

^ p~l ^

K\ r»4 • * <y t~4

tr\ r-i ;.-\ W CH ei

f f <-« o a

lf\ O •«. « O r\ ^ O « i-a f-- « -Ch CD * - • • * * . » • • < ( » • «0 ^ K\ Cj O 'O t.\ K\ !*3 O ^ S" ?> Sf O O' Oi f~» 'O «"• ftl-

i'j r-4 rH

CO o • • *• tf\ CK

CK 1^ liX o cs d\

s S p-4 % r4 2 .r-4' e 2 H(

m o '5 o SS S3 O 2 S SSI. »»t «-l

f4 «• N K K K K 'H K P4 'K ^4

« € .a va o% € 8 o OS g'S H\ fmf E S "J \

\ €. t S m fC\ r4 e.o G\ fi^ r*4 • • ir\

E «-4 ey # fw?

o m a »-S S? •cr m ?H •3 o <

O «-3 -< <

«o to CO m CO. m «J 03 03 CO iS eO'

PRESSURE (MM)

jsj Q

>3 fd * • a

|»»4 » 03 o

* PkA o

4^ *•• *• •

f

'CX^ t O CO o o

•- . e

vi * so I3\

i«« O * "fc

» 0V

l"-" ;-t H H H M r"" i^ Q w o m

1^ o i-» o

%• O o o ?3. o

© $. JmM* % Q

-">1 "M 'Sr- > p' > • > -<. »-3 in: *0 g tl4 O ?•«{ E *-2-1 t» W

WS lew# ^<*1$ |o^ O t-* 0\ i-j * » ct> o\ »

O r-** o VH M V\> V3 »~^ l-» VJT -~4 Qs \M TO

# « » - * ' ' » « V) C3 -{J-

t-^ \Q V»} VP-S\3 »-• • * o v«

ro -J

o •>

"S!

K> i^-\o o • • VO 'O

o o O O o O o o •O o O o » • m • '» » • ». -it- .*- • •

•4^ •"4 Cs 4^ K-'4 VJl VJt CIS •fe

H* \M ~4 vj \H o 1^ \a g SD ^ 1^ •-m4

M3 xji g ro Ov o _,^i— ' •

'.T: \.'' n ::;s -i-

-• \c. xo r-3 « • ••• •• » « Cs -P- &, I"-# Vl K', ^ 4^ so Ca V3 4»- " • ' • "

*-*

ro o v> M

1^ V3 o o * * #

o 0^ M3 o ra Ch 05

Ok \J1 VW »-* • * • * » « • --j Ov » S5 » Vi« ^ fij ri3 t-i- fo ^ W VM -4 te HJ

M

»

|«!**

- - a-

1*^ 1^ Vl #- * • «• * •

'v,^ m 0\ #!• o NO

\M Kn -«4 '-1^ cs* p4 H M IH •j4 1^' •t-*» •H« !M

O' B

o

jl-5

o m ©

?»?«•

"'d

t-§

ts e

o

|»»

©

'G 0

1^

O

P o »

*•

KB

•.fc«

.0

4jr <S « *?5

Q •is O

O,

o # o *>l

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•* !»-«

\» ~4 M Q »

f* i<a

\.3 *

I# •o*

hHI

s t t-^ .# I* (rf, P p l§

»a ^ »f • o CN C.I ca

t

o

S-i P

0

1^

ti *'

v>j l-a -4 e

©

%M

Pig*. 15# fartial Pressure iJata for Tlialiim' ovsf

flwlium ^4»65>i.)-.lf©©dyai«ffl: Alloy

(Btffl fll)

PRESSURE (MM)

0|^ o,^ o,^ o,^

o.

88

Ssapl« e

SalaiAlfetsd

fhultm /.2?Va 9«^15

flmllvm (45«^7;-)-7.8997 7*m

fhwittta jieo^yaium i77»SV ^ ?»46CJ9 ?#470

©lalitta ' . iss>©4yaltts iPC^Cy ) 7#1S^5 7#2ll

flmUum i,4.4jv.)" •n«odjKitta 7.C96Q 7.115

Wmi-jMjm. 7.0213 T.007

Gryatsl BtrmiMms m& latile® Ooastants

Si,® crjgtal dttmtmm -of th# alloje w#r« laf#®tlgateii to 4®ter£'Aaft

If ttss-tjrp® of ers'stfti uivtrntntm muM be eorreMtei with th«s m.por

l>r®#«r® data# f# aid in tliis toteryi-etfitieftj), tto®« additioml ftllejs

i28,£<$i tJsilluis, ,55*5^ timllais and tlaiiiiss) ifW® prspmred for

•wiileli oRljr yi»mf iiffraettoa 4«.ta *s l& th© sxteasiir® terraimi

ioHd. «oltiti0as of th@ tiittlluia^riseiyBlii® alloy ©j8i«, th® thaliaa

ptm#0 will aecomist# up t# s^kwi'5#^ ii©6di^»sa tiiiiltiaa is selaljl©

t» solid' itfioiyiaiam up t© aljoat iRterwaing mgim shows waiy

of th@ eliaraoterietics of m tt» pta»« ho»/#v®r» tfe® X-««jr dtffWMS-

tien psttsrns ar« »p© «C(isplex tijaii teuld be expsotei frcsB a ©ij-ole two

pljas© ri3glo» b©tw@ett terslml solli soiutiorii!# lltlier th« Ifttiie® eoB»

atant# ct» not cimagss l» tids taglmt ©r sl-e® they ohange to# inaiffieientlj'

to 'b® deteetei* aetivitj' of tiai'littffi *rae not aeasurcd in this region.

39

but » «oas:l<i®r®tioa ©f tlie TouM. for the adJaeerA slloys wowM

Iftileat# tiisit: it varlei oaly sli;lrtly« fli# iaiensities of tli«

various lines i«. tlie X-*r«y ilfftsoiioii fstterns rmry etsros-s th© re'gi.oa,

tliiis iadieatlag a. •chang® la tit® ©f imtsrlal .af a gi'/sa fititietars*

On ti» aagiiaatiea tMi it a two f.Mae rs^ion iM,d« a|> of the toriaiiml

eeliti soiuMoat, Best cf tr» llnm &&» li® Ittdexei and It ia on ihl#

a®B!4ja|>ti€!n that tl» Iftttie# ooiinta-.-.ts fef tli® thr#® intei"reiii i. Hoys

are gi»«i C?a*ol# II,)* fii« srira ll.a«s s*f fe© I!MS to to- a

B»r6 offiissles staeklng ag,tteir» ar td a noa-randoa #ol.ld so'liittoa# itewefsri

« more c-'-'tlsfftetory 5,iisie«lng ©-f tbs iiaa sot lo.'n fowmi iMg®*

16 and 17)*

fabl® H# Ty|»®' ©f Stf^.ictitre mti Sonst&Bta

Sftsfil® 1^0 of Stractu?® %

ffiililii®. Thulium 5#5?8

tktliwa) ftellaa 5.6J0'

AlMf tisulius) ftellaa IssdpBtna

r,6;'8 3k62h

:„7n lucn

Aii«^ tiwiiuis). ::.6£V

>•777 11»681

CSS.?.©?® ttMi -) Ilmiim SsoiystttS

; •6;j8 :-.?77 11*681

Alley {Z2*,yZj> tlalliia) 11#706

Alloy C9»51J» tiwliiia) BmAywixm il»75S

iilMf (4«457i tbiilitts) Me©4yiaitia 11#778

IJ^diyiilus llaeipiiM 3*65® •11»799

3.66-

3.64.

3.62

o<

360

3.5B.

3.56.

3.54.

O O O

^ A A A

.2 .3 4 .6 .7 -8 .9 1.0 N TM

16, mtUm QamUnlm eirole®, % for

trianglee, % for ne^iyalm fbfts®#

m

5.90

5.86

5.82

5.78

5 74 o<t

o O

5.70

5.66

5.62

5.58

5 54 .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 1.0

Fig# 17* U&tlina

A A

A

A

A A A

O O G

Jk I-

o

9i

0®.i#iilat©4 x i

lion8»l tgillsg. geiat mA yager ng'tgrnigs

%• using tiis WKfim frftamirS' Efttatien. {6} f'&v thiiliua msd If asjliira-

lag tliat %h& m»lti.ng of Is l£^0*3 aad that the ii»Et of f\islo»

i® 4#% leal# (llf)# tt w&s foiaiti tl»t tlm tftoor frmmztm ©f tlmltw at

t.l» mltii-.r, jolpt la 2»>3 i3t« anS tl*t th« rwrml tjoilln/.- •point Is 1752*C»

Bseft«.g0 the t fr&ruvrs o.® Is g© mch lo^/sr tlian that ©f

thallms la tli© r®gtos tiwesti'^tcsd, it cam tie timt

tta© v&por pressuv© of th® alley l,a- esstotielXy th@ same a.» the jjartial

fr#srar« of thullim the alloy#

Starfae« ftopldtisa stitl 6fct.-![;o In were sliosa to *m •a©gllgt-»

bl® l>y rsfrocl-aclvilli? ©f t'lc irapor fref«»isj Eieasurea©nte mrA hy

ill# laek of syetsimti# ei'jSBgs duri«g a .mflm of laeAswrsssats*

H#at.g .Q;f .gu.bIisg.ti.oft

fl» i^hmrrM he&is of' subilrxxiioti,. •mfilch ei? t© th« tdiaperature

region ijTsr-sstifmtecl. ctei ^aost agsii^ioi id tb® jsid-t@E!|iai'a»

ts^re O'f the i-'us#. T:&0 j5i.d*-teM;>ora'taf© I# ;-o.rir;od, as 'tiiat t©*'-^sratur©

ifhiefa eorrsspesd'a i© tlio -.i,>;}oli3t of tl* l/f 'V&Mcss for tfea riai.« Osisg.

th# Jii4«-testper©.tur0,s so cl»:fi,:s«d|, 'tlis .h@at of «5f tlialitia «&»

eerreeted te 29'8*'0 4ad the ImeXw- of mhHwAtion of the wer« eoi*»

re«t.f4 to the iai4«teja;f«rfttur6 of th© ifra.iiua run* Using Klreiilioff's

r#l&tles

rop^ g j - dT %

anil asm sstlmted h«at •ce.pa^ltjr of tbtt'ltiia (118)#

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AHg kcal/MOLE

prmffare of thuHim owr tlie alley to tfes w<.p«r ^rdsfur® .over th© pure

setal* Tills ie MmM upoa tlie asiwi^tida that tlie gas ptes# is ideal,

wMels is prebably wli€ «t tii« high itiajjeratures &M low prmsurm

InwolmA:# f}» mstirity eeefflcimt Is tli© activity dtvified hy the laol©

fraetton* •J5i® result© sra presented i» Ifefel# 2III Mii in Figs* 1?# SO

21

fmhl& mi# ikotl*lti€0 and AetiTtty QmffleientB

Actiyitiea , . Autjirity Qo&ffloipnt& s&s^U 650*0 "^*0 85o®0 950*^0 fi5o®c Bo®c ^c*c 950®a

fljuliua 1.00 I# 00 urn um 1»00 1,00 1«» urn

i45%90,.) Thulltaa •507 ,•485 •45^1 un l.l§ l#c?? UOl

K2U^Z>.) Thulium ••¥i9 *%|2 .157 •452 2#0S £•05 2*02 2*m

(11.11,..) fhultum *166' a6$ •165 • 162 l.*5G- 1*46 IA7 lA6

»^OO0 *011 .022. •055 •175 »505 *m i?i5

timiiua s.3,lo|* l»-a tiin tlaullwa atructure aad esthlMta

onlj. a siaall positlw 4®iriati©m frota tcieality, tliiis, inilicRting t!is.t the

il-ailtiira pirns© doeS' Mt ImvlAtB far tmm P.aoiilt*g this Is ssis^cially

trae.at lilglwr t«ap«ratiir0s#: Xn th® B«©iy3sJ.us pJms® tft« allosrs aiiow a

iare® deviatiea fres lieisllty#. flae la?g® »ge.tiir© c!etriation .for tfi®

4»uJ tiiiiilim alloy is t» a£sr««5seBt with the large hsst. of m'lutiom

f0utti fisr thi© iiHoy* 'Tfi© lUll^ thullasa ftnd t'mlim sbm

iner&mi •> I3 larip d#vi,Rtio» from Mmlity liith ieereaslBg,

m-

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fipt ©f fisaiiwai ©iroliw#

,„ ^*Gt 41ftwd«# 950®0»

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timllt* ^iena&adss# timXlam

lOi;

thwllus ©onceBtratio*}-* This be ©3?j>®ctdd as the boundarjr of a two

pfaase regi'Mi l*a' «v>pr«>ncii»dig Ifaturallyi. tits actii/itj eoefficionte refleet

t>ws® devlattoa® frmn idmrnlity aat! show tlie e.3£p#cte<i tencliSRoy %m&&

Ideality- witb iacrdaaiag t©Eif'0rftiur&«

Oonsltsratiea ©#* Irrors

la the oonEltlss-ation of tl-» eyrofe it ia e-oBvesiest t# rewii® th@

frrnamm »<|uati©a In tb® 1'ct&

'-(ff) (n^'• •;)("] 9e that ill© tswas are arrs,ng®4 m rnsur as po-ssibl® to agrae with tit©

dl&sslflemtiQa of errorm

l» Systsimtlc errors resaltliig in oal^ a skltt of tlie d&tm in

til® log F m l/f rtletioasbif » tli® slop© tfill i-jst !>©• ^ffectaxU

2» Syste?«!tlo errors resaltlhg in & shang® of slop-##-

5, Statl-stieaJ, ©rror© tiat rendoialy effect tij,® divte*

Prscaiitions tftksa te prer&nt errors fro® arising due to failure e-f tii®

-ftpparatus to mrt&lB I4ml renditions ifsre dlseusfJCHl in tlie tlisctyy

seo-tiott and will r,ot ho somiim-si Partlmr*

Tim first ttm terms of EcjmatfeBi {J) ooiiteiri tli© q5.»jTt.itis8 which,

-aleng tdtli tixe tp-e-?)ific astivitj of © -liulias mxi the isotope fractiom-

tlon ratio* coati'lbwt® tli« ajf-etesmtic errors thctt do not affect th# slope*

a« fi» gas constant iind the ftio-Ejie •Rf0t|xht&^ Rcjaslni 1119}

r©p-ottS' a 'Ji-alu© of 6»5l%59 ^ ©•OOO^^I erg-g/^'C/aol# .for th# gis

eosS'taBt,,.,- flw atoaie ef tfelluis is (1-20) mid tlw

iaotopic weigit ©f la (121)* fhmm ciuai-'.t-ities e-re

Immm t© m% tmmr&of saofe that thoy do a©t corrtriait# a slgBif*

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102

la tJi© rs&diftgs whieh reprmmtn an «rror in F of 0»O2, fjivlng

a t©t*l g#oaetriot.l srirer of

d» Orlflo# area* fMs error reetsltg frtm aa uncertainty In

hoif well iiie a¥e>rage iias^tor rspresssted th® area of a sliglii*

Ij noa^elrmlar orlfioe and faow well tae avdrag® diameter e^ali,

fee idi^TBlsed# fh# forawsr is n.egligl¥l® eoisftarei to the

«Meli w.risd hmtwmn e«l4|& for th© largest to 0*52?4 for tbt

simll®si 0rifi©8» tiil.s resalts is ft mAaia error In F of i«t4 •

fli® total iiyatemtle error in P l» %l0m

fft© »yst#afi.tis ertor® tlmt e^atriljut® mx «fteertatntf td the slope

aria© i» the t®i^er&tar® «n4 froa disr»g8.riiag tae teiaperatar© dsf#ncl»nee

of the fuantitles 1b tii® soeoM tens of Sqtmtioa (7)»

fmspmrn-tmrn* thl$ aystemtia error aris©« from an uRcer-

talaty la tl»' ©alibratiea of tli© tlienaoeottplesj, whlo:h"'i» ssti-

!»t#fi is© less thaa 1®0» 4t tli® Bti."*t©g5«rat«r® of tii«

rang® sdvergi tliii Is a -i- 0*||4 error •ifhic-li coatrilates « ®ry©r

ef 0*05^ t© tin® pr#ss«:r©»

b» Olmng® in geoastrj' faotori upon ii«.ting« Kis #xpan0io» of

tli© qaarts tarm-m tuli*i tlj« «fi^«ioa vessel and tlm %&rg»%

sappoyt tob# glv© a ©!msg» of • 0#-024 sm in th.0 orific© to

06IIIwitor iistimm ap«a keatiag frea the lot-fe-st to th# .highest

t®g|»0r«t«r3i fhls i-esnlts i» ea error !» f * QmQl$ at tli©

hlgiiest trnap&BAuTem

a© tlitwaal &t the eolllimtor diaiaeter mm^B

a • On 017 ® wliieli la a» error Itt P of + •

It til® highest-tpi^ttratar® th® tct&l error du# to the oJifit.sg«

X05

In eQllt»t#r gsoaatry is • 0*01vi#

c#, Chang® In orifice area# fiie orifice .diaffietei* inereasee

• + Qit^Z7% wiilcb mumB a mxiaia error in P of • 0»54-^«

fht smxlisttia total §ysts*tlo #r-ror is * wMoh would cause an error

of + 0«06jS ia the sloj>®» TMs »0«M b® m. mror of + 0»05 Koal# in tfa©

fa©at of s«'bliiaatlo»»

Um0rtaiati09 ii) tia® quantltl«s la th© last term i» llquatiorB (7)

sostribute the statistical errors*

®» Ifeiglit cellsct^d* The statlstleal uBcertftinty In th®

aisoaat ®f ttallus coXlectei ia m^osei. ef tfars# factor as tli®

uftcertalnty l» th« mimlimmt eorrmtion will oh was t-aicea a®

a®gllgtbl©y the une«rtaiH% In th« reproeiuelbility, Itt eoanting

gmmetry mii the ®ttttisti&&l fluamtiou in the rate of «ieeay»

fh® aaoer'talaty fr&m th© seoditd eause ms aot, detsctabl# tta®

to th© statiatleal ftoouatiai ia tit# deeay ret© and ^as there­

for® &sammA to ^ lao greater ttmn The ©rror for 10»000'

count® is mlzlng a eountiBg error of S/» wblcli contrl-

kites t<5 f as «rror of Sfi#

feaperature# flw tssperatur® error arose from tlire®

©aassat tiie iiffercao® bstw©@H th# readings of th© two tiierj?i©»

eotjplesj. the aemracy with Kfiieh th© thmrrmmuflfis could Ij©

rfe&i and the accuraey with «hieh th« tis# weigliteji av'Sreg®

tsaperatur® r®pr®s©iit©<l ths effectiir© t«®p©ratupe»; fh© tincei-'

taiaty 4«» to thm first fmstlty Is ^Gtliaete-d as i 0»5*G wlxil®

the last tw® arf estlimtsi m ^ 0#25'®G aaoh# idfing a tot*!

UBcertaiaty of i l*0«^ 'ISil® Is a. -1 G»1$> ert'or at sjid-teaiperatur®'

im

mi cmsm m laieerfcalatj In ? of ^ 0»G5/^

e# flffi®* flie time requtrsi t© start ani stop an expo0«r«

totmled sev-ea see©Bi«| feowewr# th.© «ff@0t from tfesoe two time#

t#Kd i© «wic@l eacli other 'exeept for th.© iiaeertalBty i» the

t&rgst ejection tiass %fm $. I se©oii4# fke shortest es«

poswes were iSCiG seeojids isikliig 'fta «neertainty in P ± Omi€ *

this raakee & total gtatistteal «rr©f la P of ~ fh€s total

mxima proMbl© erros* ia. 'P r«a»lting .ftoa all three sauses is 5».S7 •

TMs wror doos aot aeesunt for tli© scatter alisdrired ia the dc.ta tlm©

ao-Ej® unisttowa factor® vhleh hm@ not b®©H oonsld^i'ed miEJt affect t!\® data#

105

SUMMARY A'la 00?30t,ysi0KS

The mp'Sr pressure.® of silver mii timiiua heiv® hmm ttie«.0ure4 ly th#

lo«s siotlfiGatiea of th© |Ciiii«is«B sfftisioa ristliod# The relatloa-

sijlp mt-wmn tii# mpor prssmro pt ailroy and the temperature ims fouad

to

« jt G*0C21A. 10* , ,4. ««, ImM X

with ft heat of sulsllisation of 66»86 ^ 0»45 the vapor pressure

ol* thullaia was fousd t© fee best„reprei9@Bte<l by the #xpr®ssl©«,

- I 2118 t 0.C225 I 10* • 0»2£l4

giTlrtg a heat ©f siiblliaatiaa ©f C i. 1»05 Koal.

Apparatus has been built to aeasm-© th© t'afor presnur® of* inetala

^ th® Inadseii ©ffasioa mthod ualsg the target coB.d©risatio» imdiflm*

ilon '^rltli a ra<iioact:l*/o tracer*, ftio •mmr prtssur® of and' tb®

partial pressurea ©f tliulittm mm & aerlsg .of tlMllaa-needyisium alloys

hat® been 'toterBilusd arni fittet te ejt. ftspatiori ©f th© fom

log « A/f • B }. Ito

th« constants and tli© iieata of siibliisatioa are fdvea ia fable XI? along

ifith t}» f3..,eti¥iti.es aad aetiiritj' Qo«fflci'eBts c&leulated for thtalluia

in tl» alloy© at ^0*0*.

fh© Iwlk densities and cr,"3tnl strwetures of a slir4l.s.r serl'Sg of

alloys wera detsrrained aai the r.®i«itd.e.r» asasarlaed in Table If*

fhe thuiiam-^Reociyiaitta &ll&f ajstm. shows txtensi'?© terminal solid

solution a.iid tli© liiterv«.nlRg i-egioft from ab^ui 2>.-' thulium to. about

Iteblf tW* fM^mrnrj of, ffepur. ?r©ssi'.r©. Results

Saiapl® ,A CI#) • ,» Aiig (loal) 0 f— 950^0

« 'fe. 950*0

Kiullism 12552 »ooi»5 9*17# •§l5? 57*Vt «2G I 1

45*90/i fhttliua -1.2515 •013% a#<Pi9i »1502 •56.5^ •61 l.Ol

auiiua -1,2488 •0IS8 • 178? 57a5 .86 .452 2*00

iiaiii -I.25IG *0096 a# 5511' .0892 57*25 JA :a«52 1*46

4.,^5|C fits lias.' ioacf 9.580#- am 5S'»00' •96 ••055 .715

T&hXei Xtm Bmrnmry of Beiisittes, Crystal Straetar^s

•a.»4 Qomtm'jtS'

Saapl®' 'lyp©- ©# ®o ^0 Sale* Exp«

flwilua ftiUlliW, 5#555 9^515 9*ZM

45.67/: fhuliim • flmliwE 5.650 3*769 7.917 7*Bm

J8.20};' Taulium

flmllasa Slesdyiaiu®

5»^5§ 3*62h

5.777 Ii,6ai

itlllll lUl Mill IfUl •»

55.56^ flsa,limia

fbalUm Sm&i/sixm J* 624

5.777 mm jiiw ^twiwirwii

2S*65> 'fhttliun H«od;:-;i!ua ?.6£4

5*7?7 ,ii.6ai —.—-

•Mt «n|i mil ,idin iwl!

2Zt72$ . ftaliti® Mso<l. :>itm 11.708 7.470 7*M69

fhwliiiE - • leosljBtittB 5»6'W- 11.756 7.211 7a895

Ttmli-m Jleocyisiaa 11-77S 7a 15 7*096G

KaodyjiiuB 5,€58 U.799 7toe7 7fOtl5

mj

thaliuta., |>0 9s9sse« jr&ny of tl» ehsreietei'ijtiea af a two phass region*

Hotfewr.j tfe© iiffrs-ciian patterns are laor© ©oiaplejc than wc'iild be

©X|}@eted .froH m alspl® two sliase regtoa |jet%?een t-ermliisl selid solutleR®

•and tha dlffrsstioa patterns' lisr/# sot tjdojj •,m©euivo.oal>ly iads'sted#

LlfSlATOSa: Olfijl!

I# Maririsky#, Gloodiaeaj li»- S« aoi Osryell# CV 0»* J"* Aja# 0tieB«'

See., ^ 27SI (m?)#

Megger#,. !#« F», lev# Mo4* PlQr®#|f,

ElllHger* F» a#.# & litttftls* X» ^2.1. C1955)*

%etlsiiag, F*. iif» i^ane# /.• S» aii€ HftfrmKaj IC» lf»# Acta Srj'St#!, 2^

55? Cl95^),

B«,. j^rlvate @o«ai3Aaies.*ii0^#. I6?#a Stat® Ooll©|;«|. Ai»s,

loiffe* A34g* 195?*

&»

7.

Kl,©iff?if, M» aod Boi3aer» lfo| « trnrgm- Um allges* Ohei.a#y 251* 13®

il9m*

Alimna# £« :!«.# R©|KJi*t of tli® 0# 3» Emrijy OoJB.:ds0le«,

JiSaB-5805, X^«

S* Sp©d(iirj£t -Pw !•• "Wid Bftait-ft.*'JW fU, J« Metftla# 50% (195%) •

•9* iiaasen^ K»'., Aafbgu 4« 2yflistof:i.lag.tei'ttty8ii# Jttllas SfriBiger#

Mrllm 1936^

•10» Sfisi^thellsj C# J».,- Mets-te Refgg»C:# Book* ?ei* I# latera-eteitee

.ISAIsHsliere# la©#. Mm Isrk*. IS^l'S'* •

ll» tfa.gs@rf ihf tli^riaaAs'aofji ca of Mloys# .Mcioerj-'/osley Pressi^

Oa35byl<i! e, Mmm I9'J>2»

iMrmsmng J"** f}igri»i|ytiW'ij4.e':» 0f

toaion* 1952-

Kie lEsiitut® of llctals.

Seits, !'?«, The IlogJern 'shmTW »f. SolMg* MeCtraw-ilili 'Bcw Ooatp-ansff

«tw lor-c* iwui

1, % 4,-T» Brewer# L#«. Cuiii, flw. 6-h»s4gtr;g- aii4 ^'wtRllutrey of

MmaIiftaeoua l%te)-la,lat B(Mk Gousiuij# Sew lork*

J#

i5» toa<i«eB,, M*<. Arsj* aS» S?99 ^1909)

109

16# PhtFpSt f* S»t Erfiwaj*,- E. I)«, gil|j€itriek# W G«t Jasaltla., Z, ¥#,,

I'V S» ( Sears, Q#- • f• * S©tfart# g* 'W Siapsen^ 0*

('•,# Rejjort of ill© '0# S». Atotal« Srieygf Ooiuaaigsloaji SII-52£5^

1945-.

Vim iloBartdst-# 0» §••# P©fg« ATSU*, 4o6

18» tlrl»inj G*., Weiss, F» aai frm&img F*$ Qmft* rmiU^$ £00.» 2152 il.955)*

!?• Sf0d4iRg, fV- a,,- foigt, lit, P»#; §l8-i*dw#. B« &M Slslfslit,. 1# R#,

J* Am* Oliea* Soc.,, 2777' (l^7)»

20#- Sp'Sdding, • F#.. B»,# Pow^Hn'«!,» £• siti Ifheelwrifiit, IS* 4*^ Ara» Olieia#

Soe»,. J§j, 612

'Zl» A» If# I R©|j#rt of th# If# 3* /*toiaie 'Eaeriy GossiissloMK, AEOIJ-

^209, 1950.. .

22» Onstott, !•' !•,, J* te» QImm* Sm*, 5128 (1953)»'

£5» Daana^- A*, ff.*# Besmisoft, B« B# aaii §p©de,ln£,» Fn I|*.» ## Am# 0ii.®«#

fee.# ^ 227s (1955)*

24» Ben.nlaen|, B» Ik* ^rlvata cfoamiajsleatie^.,. -tees L&boratofy# Asma,

Iowa# 195-^1.

25# Ssltli, F.# Osi'lsooi, 0. iC. and ¥€?stj, S* ¥••! R0|>ort of tiie Atoialo

Energy Soiatii3®loft, ,

26* H©rrimim* IC» M-«f. -IMen##- A* H« «n4 Sped.ding,- f* In,, Report of tiw

Ato!sl-8 Saergy Oeaiats-sica,. IiCf*702,,

27* K«:# gftO-irllMtlo.as io tJie on. fl%e«y»ii»3, Ketftlliugfar

III.* U* B* Mitmu tsf Mines BttU©tl» JSJ iU»' Sm Ckj^srwaent

Priatiag Office* VaslsingtoB,. S»- O#,# 1955)'»

26» 'Bus-lMjin-t 3»0 fnawBi fe.olmiftae.t Jolm ¥li«g aad Soas,' tkm

York* m%

29# llartliii, '•>» l©|iort o-f tin© Hortk A-aeriean Aflatioa* Ino»,

lM-SH-215# 1955»

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119

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