vanilla - aggie horticulturevanilla production region production (mt) % yield (mt/ha) countries...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Vanilla - Aggie HorticultureVanilla Production Region Production (mt) % Yield (mt/ha) Countries Africa 1,745 36 0.06 Madagascar Asia 2,597 54 0.29 Indonesia, China Americas 293 6 0.27](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052015/602c779dd19e3854dc09d829/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Tropical Horticulture
Vanilla
OrchidaceaeVanilla
planifolia or fragrans
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Vanilla
• Perennial vine (10-15 m)• Leaves – Large– Succulent
• Stem– Branched– Aerial roots (attachment)
• Rhizomes
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Vanilla• Flowers– Zygomorphic– 10 cm diameter– Pale greenish– Fugacious (8 hrs)– Aromatic– Bee pollinated• Natural 1-3% set
• Inflorescence– 5-30 flowers
Photos from Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Flowers• Anthers-pistils fused
into column– Anther at top
• Four pollinia• Covered with cap
– Rostellum• Separates anther and
pistil
– Pistil underneath
• Self fertile but outcrossing common
Photo from Diaz, 1985
Γ
Φ
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Flower Structure Prevents Self Pollination
• Rostellum– Flap like– SeparatesΓ & Φ– Obstructs selfing
– Secretes sticky substance• Ensuring pollen
adherence to pollinating insects
Rostellum
Pollen
Stigma
Photo from Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Fruit
• Fleshy elongated, straight capsules.
• Greenish yellow at maturity– 10 - 25 cm long– 8 - 15 mm wide– Very small black
seed
Photos from Diaz, 1985
![Page 2: Vanilla - Aggie HorticultureVanilla Production Region Production (mt) % Yield (mt/ha) Countries Africa 1,745 36 0.06 Madagascar Asia 2,597 54 0.29 Indonesia, China Americas 293 6 0.27](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052015/602c779dd19e3854dc09d829/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Adaptation: Lowland Forests• Temperature (< 200 m)– Cannot survive frost– Warm 21 - 32oC year round– Average 25 - 27oC
• Moisture– 2000 - 3000 mm (80 - 125” ) 10 months – Followed by 2 mos dry season• Checks vegetative growth• Induces flowering
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Adaptation: Lowland Forests• Soil– Friable clayey loam– Thick layer of organic matter• Roots/rhizomes superficial
– pH 6.0 to 7.5– Susceptible to waterlogging
• Partial shade needed for good growth
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Origin of VanillaVanilla planifolia
• Early 1800s– Indonesia
• Mid to late 1800s– Production begins
• Indonesia• Reunion• Mauritius• Madagascar• Seychelles• Comoro Islands
– Hand pollination showed to increase yields
• Indigenous to – SE Mexico to
Guatemala and Panama
• Used by the Aztecs– Chocolatl– Tribute to Aztec
leader
• Shipped to Spain in 16th century
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Vanilla Production
Region Production(mt)
% Yield(mt/ha)
Countries
Africa 1,745 36 0.06 Madagascar
Asia 2,597 54 0.29 Indonesia,China
Americas 293 6 0.27 Mexico
Oceania 163 3 0.23 Tonga
FAOSTAT, 2003
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
World Production of Vanilla
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Prod
uctio
n (m
t)
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
FAOSTAT, 2003
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Vanilla Yield in the World
00.020.040.060.080.1
0.120.140.160.18
Yie
ld (m
t/ha)
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
FAOSTAT, 2003
![Page 3: Vanilla - Aggie HorticultureVanilla Production Region Production (mt) % Yield (mt/ha) Countries Africa 1,745 36 0.06 Madagascar Asia 2,597 54 0.29 Indonesia, China Americas 293 6 0.27](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052015/602c779dd19e3854dc09d829/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Propagation • Seed – Very small – Difficult to germinate
• Stem cuttings are best– Staked for support– Longer ->> quicker fruit
• 30 cm >> 3-4 years to fruit• 90 cm >> 3 years to fruit
– Recommended• 350 cm >> 2 years to fruit
• Direct in field or in pots Rooted Cuttings
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Planting• Need to plant shade trees
first– Partial shade (30-60%)• Prevent sun burn • Prevent desiccation from
winds
– Regulate shade• 50-60% in dry sunny season • 30-35% in cloudy, rainy season
– Prune support/shade trees• 1.5 meters
Photo from Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Planting• Density– 1 x 1 m (10,000/ha)– 3 x 2 m (1,666/ha)
• Precocity– First good crop - 3rd
year– Maximum yields from
year 7 to 12– Yields decline– Vines replaced 20-25
years old
Photo from Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Culture• Floor Management– Roots superficial– Organic matter is beneficial
• Training– Vines trained at about 1.5 m• Pollination• Harvest
– Head back to induce branching
Photo from Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pathogens: FusariumFusarium oxysporum f. sp. vanillae
• Most serious world wide pathogen• Symptoms– Stop growth and increase aerial root
formation• Control – Avoid plant stree– Proper spacing– Shade regulation
Photo from Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Pathogens: AnthracnoseGlomerella vanillae
• All growing regions• Symptoms– Lesions on stem and leaves– Plant wilt– Fruit, black at tips/midsection, fall
• Encouraged by– Prolonged humidity or rain– Poor drainage– Excessive shade or crowding
Photo from Diaz, 1985
![Page 4: Vanilla - Aggie HorticultureVanilla Production Region Production (mt) % Yield (mt/ha) Countries Africa 1,745 36 0.06 Madagascar Asia 2,597 54 0.29 Indonesia, China Americas 293 6 0.27](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052015/602c779dd19e3854dc09d829/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Flowering• Mexico - during dry season– March to May
• Natural pollination– Bees and hummingbirds– 1-3% fruit set
• Artificial pollination– Needed for commercial yields
Photos from Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Artificial Pollination• Albius method (1841)– Use a rounded bamboo
stickDraw back labellum (lip)Break anther capPress rostellum down under
antherPress anther and stigma
together Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Artificial Pollination• Flower for 2-3 months• Inflorescence– One flower per day– Last 6-8 hours
• Pollinate in the morning– 750-2,000 per day– Daily for 2-3 months
• 40% of labor cost Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Regulate Number of Pods• Pods per plant– 3rd year >> 30-100 fruit– 4th year >> 60-150 fruit
• Overcropping– Small fruit– Stressed plant
• Pods growth– Full length in 5 - 6 weeks – Maturity after 4-9 months
Diaz, 1985
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Harvesting Vanilla Maturation
Diaz, 1985
Immature
Green
Ripe
Greenish-yellow
Dried
Black
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Harvesting• Harvest before
completely mature.– Turn yellowish green– Does not have vanilla
flavor yet
• Harvest daily over 2-3 months– Mexico, November to
January– Deliver pods to
processor
![Page 5: Vanilla - Aggie HorticultureVanilla Production Region Production (mt) % Yield (mt/ha) Countries Africa 1,745 36 0.06 Madagascar Asia 2,597 54 0.29 Indonesia, China Americas 293 6 0.27](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052015/602c779dd19e3854dc09d829/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Processing in Mexico• Preparation– Sorting– Peduncle removal
• Curing vanilla pods (“beans”)– Killing or Wilting– Sweating– Drying– Conditioning
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Wilting or Killing
• Purpose– Stop bean growth– Initiates enzymatic reactions– Pod/bean turns brown
• Methods– Sun wilting– Oven wilting
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Oven Wilting
• Temperature– 60 C for 36 hours– Cool to 40 C
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Sweating
• Purpose is to promote– Enzymatic activity– Initial drying
• Method– Remove from oven (40 C)– Sweating boxes– Cover to keep in heat for 24
hours
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Drying• Purpose– Slow drying– 30% of original weight
• Sun drying– Laid out on mat cover concrete
or brick floor– 4-6 hours– Pick up and return to sweat
boxes
• Cycle repeated 11 to 25 times
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Conditioning• Purpose– Allow full development of
aroma and flavor• Methods– Packed in bundles of 50
beans– Wrapped with waxed paper– Stored in closed boxes– At least three months
![Page 6: Vanilla - Aggie HorticultureVanilla Production Region Production (mt) % Yield (mt/ha) Countries Africa 1,745 36 0.06 Madagascar Asia 2,597 54 0.29 Indonesia, China Americas 293 6 0.27](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022052015/602c779dd19e3854dc09d829/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Final product Poor quality
Excellent quality
• Final product– 1 kg cured beans – 3.5-4.5 kg picked
beans• New method– McCormick has
developed mechanized procedure that takes 4 days
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Uses• Flavorings– Widely used flavoring– Major component
• Vanillin (oleoresin) at 1.5 to 3.5% • About 150 other flavor components
• Forms– Powder
• Ground with sugar, starch and gum
– Extract • Usually ethanol based• Also various concentrated forms
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Uses• Synthetic vanilla– First produced in 1874– Inferior quality because of other flavor
components• Frequently blend to enhance flavor
– Widely used but natural form is also in demand• 90% of US vanilla flavoring sector• 1% of the cost
Tropical Horticulture
Any questions?