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8/12/2019 Vancouver Short New

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VANCOUVER REFERENCING

for

THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY

Principles AND practice

For a full list of examples of Vancouver references go to

CampusMoodle

LibraryReferencing


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ContentsPage

1 Why reference? ..................... ................................ ..................................

2 When to reference .......................... ............................... ..........................

3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it ................................ .................

4 How to reference

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4.1 A summary .................................. ............................... ..............

4.2 Citations ....................................................................................

4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation .

.

4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation ............................... ....

4.5 Page references .................................. .....................................

4.6 Secondary referencing ............................ ................................ .

4.7 Illustrations ...............................................................................

4.8 Finding the information for your reference ...

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4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book .

4.8.2 An example of a database record for a journal article

4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages ............................ .....

5. Example of an endnote .

6. Example of citations, endnote and bibliography ..

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1 Why reference?

Referencing is necessary

to give credit to other authors whose work you have quoted, or to whose workyou have referred, in order to avoid a charge of plagiarism (see section 3below);

to allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles,web pages etc which you have read and thereby access further information

on the subject; and

to demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academic writing.

2 When to reference

You must provide a reference

every time you quote directly from the work of someone else;

every time you refer indirectly to the work of someone else, eg if you

o paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said;

o summarise their arguments or ideas; or

o refer to information, including statistical data, case studies etc, whichyou have obtained from their work; or

where you wish to provide sources of further information , clarification ofpoints you have made in your text, or additional evidence to support yourarguments.


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3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it

It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you will refer to the work of others in your

academic writing.

Plagiarism occurs when you use other peoples work without acknowledging that you

have done so by citing your sources and providing references for them.

Quoting

Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and reproducing them in

your work.

Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text but enclosed

within quotation marks (double inverted commas).

Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not require

quotation marks.

Examples of how to insert quotations in your text are at section 4.4 below.

Paraphrasing

Even if ideas, theories, opinions etc that you have taken from other peoples work are

reproduced in your work in your own words this will still constitute plagiarism unless

you provide a reference.

Only information which is considered common knowledge in your field of study does

not have to be referenced.


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4 How to reference

4.1 A summary

Element Description

Citation Inserted into your text where you have

quoted from, or referred to, someone

elses work.

Consists of a number either in brackets

(1) [1] or in superscript 1

The numbers run consecutively

throughout your work.

However, if you quote from, or refer to,

the same item (book, journal article etc)

on more than one occasion you will use

the same citation number each time in

your text.

If you have quoted directly from an item

more than once in your text you will place

a page reference after the number.

Endnote (headed References at the end

of your work)

At the end of your work giving the full

reference details of works from which

you have quoted or to which you have

referred in your text.

The list is arranged numerically by the

citation numbers in your text and should


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be headed References .

If you have quoted directly from an item

in your text, but you have only quoted

from the item once, then the endnote will

include a page reference.

Bibliography At the end of your work following the

endnote.

Lists the full reference details for all items

included in your endnote plus anything

else which you have read but not

referred to or quoted in your text, eg

background reading.

The bibliography is arranged

alphabetically by author. If it contains

more than one work by the same author

they are arranged alphabetically by title.


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4.2 Citations

Where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone elses work you must insert a

number in your text which the reader can use to find the full details of the item in the

endnote at the end of your work.

The citation number can be in:

Round brackets (1) Square brackets [1] Superscript 1

The numbers must run consecutively throughout your work.

However, if you refer to the same work more than once you should use the same

number each time.

A page reference can be included with the citation number but only if you have

referred to the work more than once in your work. Where you have referred to an

item only once the page reference is included in the entry for that item in your

Endnote.

See the separate section 4.5 below regarding page references.

Sample citation numbers are at sections 4.3 and 4.4.


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4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation

Where the author(s) or editor (s) names occur naturally in your text:

Grushkin (1) claims that ...

Payne and Phillips (2) claim that ...

Brewster, Fenton and Morris (3) claim that ...

Roeder et al. (4) claim that ...

Where the author(s) or editor (s) names do not oc cur naturally in your text:

It has been claimed (1) that ...

4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation

Brief quotations

Brown (1) has stated most astutely that referencing is a pain I could do without.

or

One view is that referencing is a pain I could do without (1).

Longer quotations

It has been categorically stated that:

David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most important

figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only were both renowned

wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also established impressive track

records in terms of domestic reform (1).


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4.5 Page references

Endnote or citation in the text

If you have not quoted someone elses words directly, you do not need to provide a

page reference in your endnote or your citation.

If you have quoted directly in your text, but only once , from an item then the full

reference given in your endnote should include a reference to the exact page(s) from

which you have quoted, eg:

(1) Diamond J. The world of fashion. 4 th ed. New York (NY): Fairchild; 2002.

p. 30.

However, if you have quoted from the same book more than once in your text the

page reference is instead included in the citation in your text, eg:

Diamond claims (1 p. 30) that ...

Otherwise you would have to include the item more than once in your endnote in

order to take account of the different pages from which you have quoted.

Bibliography

Books

References to books in your bibliography do not include any page reference.

Journal articles

The reference in the bibliography will include the page reference for the entire

article, eg:

Kuuskraa V. Undeveloped US oil resources: a big target for enhanced oil

recovery. World Oil. 2006; 227(8): 65-69.


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4.6 Secondary referencing

You may read a book or journal article etc in which the author has made reference to

or quoted from another work which you have not read but to which you, in your turn,

wish to refer.

This is called secondary referencing.

You must make the situation clear in your text, eg:

Chandler, in a letter quoted by Hiney (1), claimed that most people could do

without literature far more easily than they could do without coffee or whisky.

You only reference the work which you have read. In this case the reference

which would appear in your endnote would be:

(1) HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London: Vintage. p. 2.

4.7 Illustrations

Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your w ork

You may refer in your text to a graph, table, map, photograph etc which is included in

a book or journal article. In this case your sentence should make clear the type of

item you are referring to and the entry in your endnote should include a page

reference and figure number, table number etc if there is one.

For example:

... Donnans graph (1) shows that the majority of patients ...

The book, journal article etc in which you have seen the illustration is then referenced

in the normal manner. The author of the book, journal article etc may or may not be

the same person who has authored the illustration. For example:


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(1) Donnan PT. Quantitative analysis (descriptive). In: Cormack D. The

research process in nursing. 4 th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2000. p.

371.

Illustrations which you have reproduced in your w ork

Detailed instructions for the referencing of illustrations which you have copied and

reproduced in your work are included in the full list of Vancouver reference templates

which can be accessed via CampusMoodle by clicking on Library > Referencing >

RGU Vancouver: examples of references. .

4.8 Finding the information for your reference

It is usually easier to find the information you need for your reference by looking up a

catalogue record (book) or database record (journal article). All the elements you need, eg

authors, title, publisher, year of publication etc. will normally be laid out there for you.


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4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book

first

Full title

and

complete

list of

authors or

editors

Edition, if

not the

first edition

City of

publication

Publisher

Year of

publication


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4.8.2 An example of a bibliographic database record for a journal

article

Title of

the article

Full list of

authors

Title of journal in

which the article

was published

Volume

number

Part/issue number

Year of

publication

Page

reference


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4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages

It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use your common sense.

For example:

Author /edi to r/publi sher. Very often there will be no identifiable person to use as an

author or editor, so both the author and the publisher will be the organisation which

owns the web site. This will often be a company, university etc.

City of publication. A city of publication is sometimes difficult to find, so try

something like the contact us link and look for a postal address which will include a

city.

Year of publication. The year of publication can also be tricky. If there is no

obvious date, use the last updated year if the site gives one (usually near the

bottom of the page). If this is not given, use the current year.

Last updated date. Some web sites provide this, usually near the bottom of the

page. If it is not there just leave it out of your reference.


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5 example of endnote

NB. Line spaces have been inserted between references in the following list. This is

for the clarity of the example, and spaces are not required in your work. If in doubt,

consult your school.

References

(1) Gelfgat M, Basovich V, Adelman A. Aluminium alloy tubulars for the oil and gas industry.World Oil. 2006; 227(7).

(2) University of Florida. College of Medicine. Patient care at the College of Medicine.

[homepage on the Internet]. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida; 2007 [updated 2008

Mar 14; cited 2008 Jul 16]. Available from: http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml .

(3) Tashiro Y, Furubayashi M, Morijiri T, Suzuki K, Yasuno K, Matsuno S et al. Escherichia

coli robots that freeze, smell, swell and time-keep. IET Synthetic Biology. 2007; 1(1-2).

(4) Christiansen K. Going for baroque: bringing 17 th-century masters to the Met.

Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2005; 62(3). p. 55.

(5) Palmer KT, Cox RAF, Brown I, editors. Fitness for work: the medical aspects. 4 th ed.

Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 50.

(6) Doukakis I, Proctor T, Proctor S. Creativity and advertising. In: Bennett R, editor. New

challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth

International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications; 2003 Apr 7-8;

London, UK. London: London Metropolitan University; 2003.

(7) Grushkin P. The art of rock; posters from Presley to punk. New York (NY): Artabras;

1991.
http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtmlhttp://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtmlhttp://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtmlhttp://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml


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(8) Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J et al. Molecular cell

biology. 3 rd ed. New York (NY): Scientific American; 1995.

(9) Brewster F, Fenton H, Morris M. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty

era. Guildford: FAB; 2005. p. 54.

(10) Stangos N, editor. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and

Hudson; 1981.

(11) Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin

in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002; 40(5).

(12) Golding J. Cubism. In: Stangos N, editor. Concepts of modern art. revised ed.

London: Thames and Hudson; 1981.

(13) Mulvey S. Chernobyls continuing hazards. [homepage on the Internet]. London: BBC

News; 2006 [updated 2006 Apr 25; cited 2008 Jul 16]. Available from:

http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm .

(14) Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Medicines, ethics & practice: a guide

for pharmacists & pharmacy technicians. 30 th ed. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society

of Great Britain; 2006.

(15) Bennett R, editor. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications.

Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing

Communications; 2003 Apr 7-8; London, UK. London: London Metropolitan University;

2003.

(16) Edwards T, George W, Kuffner A, Jones D, Joy T, Dudley T et al., editors. The poetry

of Edgar Allen Poe. New York (NY): Newcastle Press; 2004.
http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stmhttp://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stmhttp://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm


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6 example of citations, endnote and bibliography

AN EXAMPLE OF CITATIONS IN YOUR TEXT AND HOW THEY MATCH UP WITH THE

DETAILS IN THE ENDNOTE AT THE END OF YOUR WORK. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY WHICH INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM YOUR ENDNOTE PLUS

ANY OTHER READING YOU HAVE DONE BUT NOT REFERRED TO DIRECTLY IN

YOUR TEXT

NB The red highlighting is for demonstration only

In addition to professional genres, academic writing research has also examined thegenres/tasks students are expected to perform in university content classrooms (1) . In one

of the first studies on student writing tasks, Horowitz (2) analyzed 54 writing assignments

from one graduate and 28 undergraduate courses taught in 17 departments of an American

university. Horowitz identified seven categories of writing tasks expected of students:

summary of/reaction to a reading; annotated bibliography; report on a specified participatory

experience; connection of theory and data; case study; synthesis of multiple sources; and

research project. While Horowitzs study did not have a particular disciplinary focus, other

studies examined written genres required of students in specific disciplines (3) . One findingis that much of what students need to write, particularly in upper division undergraduate and

graduate level courses, is specifically tied to their disciplines. Faigley and Hansens study

(4) of writing in a psychology course and a sociology course showed different reactions to

student writing from readers with different degrees of disciplinary expertise and different

aims for writing. While an English professor was largely concerned with the surface features

of papers, the sociology professor paid more attention to what knowledge the student had

acquired than in how well the report was written (5 p. 147 ).

Reference list

(1) Horowitz D. What professors actually require: academic tasks for the ESL classroom.

TESOL Quarterly. 1986; 20(3).

(2) Braine G. Writing in science and technology: an analysis of assignments from ten

undergraduate courses. English for Specific Purposes. 1989; 8(6). p. 56.


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(3) Swales J. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. New York

(NY): Cambridge University Press; 1990.

(4) Berkenkotter C, Huckin T. Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Hillside

(NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1995.

(5) Faigley L, Hansen K. Learning to write in the social sciences. College Composition

and Communication. 1985; 36(2).

Bibliography

Allwardt DE. Teaching note writing with wikis: a cautionary tale of technology in the

classroom. Journal of Social Work Education. 2011; 47(3): 597-605.

Beer DF. Writing and speaking in the technology professions: a practical guide. New York

(NY): IEEE Press; 1992.

Berkenkotter C, Huckin T. Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Hillside (NJ):

Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1995.

Braine G. Writing in science and technology: an analysis of assignments from ten

undergraduate courses. English for Specific Purposes. 1989; 8(6): 3-16.

Faigley L, Hansen K. Learning to write in the social sciences. College Composition and

Communication. 1985; 36(2): 140-149.

Gibson K. Rhetorics and technologies: new directions in writing and communication. 2011;

54(2): 213-214.

Horowitz D. What professors actually require: academic tasks for the ESL classroom.

TESOL Quarterly. 1986; 20(3): 445-462.

Kirkman J. Good style: writing for science and technology. London: Spon; 1992.


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Phillips NC. Teaching the new writing: technology, change, and assessment in the 21 st-

century classroom. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 2010; 53(8): 702-704.

Swales J. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. New York (NY):

Cambridge University Press; 1990.

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