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The Invisible Crime: A Report on Seniors Financial Abuse

Highlights• AlthoughseniorsintheLowerMainlandandCapitalRegionareconcernedaboutfinancialabuseofpeopleover

age65,manyareunawareofthedifferentformsfinancialabusetakesandthereforemaybeunder-reportingtheirexperience.

• Seniorsfinancialabuseiswhensomeoneusesthemoney, property or personal informationofaseniorinanunauthorizedandself-beneficialway.

• Contrarytopopularbelief,55%ofallcasesofseniorsfinancialabuseareperpetratedbyfamily,friends,neighboursorcaregivers.Themostcommoncasesaredemandsformoneyfromfamilymembers.

• Therearethreedifferenttypesoffinancialabuse:monetary,propertyandlegal.

§ Monetary abuseisintendedtoseparateaseniorfromhisorhermoney.Themostcommonformistopressuretheseniortogiveafamilymemberanearlybequest.

§ Property abuseinvolvestheinappropriateuseofasenior’spropertyforthebenefitoftheperpetrator.Thiscouldbepressuretosellortransferanasset,orsometimesoutrighttheftofproperty.

§ Legal abuseismanipulatinglegaldocumentstobenefitsomeoneotherthanthesenior.

• By2030,almostoneinfourCanadianswillbeaged65yearsorolder.InB.C.thistranslatestoa69% increaseinthenumberofseniorsinthenext15years.

• SeniorsfinancialabuseisagrowingconcerninBritishColumbia,withpreviousdataindicatingthatasmanyasone in 12seniorscouldbeseriouslyaffected,resultinginasmuchas$1.3 billioninlostassetstoB.C.seniors.However,newresearchindicatesthatthescopeoftheproblemmaybeevenwider.

• AnewsurveyconductedbyVancitycreditunionfoundthat,whenpresentedwithalistofscenarios,41%ofseniorsintheLowerMainlandandVictoriaregionshaveexperiencedatleastonesituationthatcanbeclassifiedasfinancialabuse.

• However,only 6.4%ofrespondentsself-reportedbeingvictimizedbyfinancialabuse,indicatingthatmanyseniorsdonotunderstandallthewaysinwhichtheymightbevictimsoffinancialabuse.

• Tocombattherisingprevalenceofseniorsfinancialabuse,financialinstitutions,communities,governments,andotherstakeholderscan:

§ betterdeterminethescopeofseniorsfinancialabusetoidentifythetypesoffinancialabuseseniorsmostcommonlyexperienceanddevelopsolutionstoaddresstheproblem

§ increaseawarenessofalltypesoffinancialabuse,especiallyinprotectingliquidassets

§ providebetteraccesstoinformationonfinancialabuseandhowtorecognizeandreportit.

Make Good Money (TM) is a trademark of Vancouver City Savings Credit Union.

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Seniors financial abuse in B.C. – a growing concernWiththebulkofbaby-boomerssetforretirement,thefinancialabuseofseniorsisagrowingconcerninBritishColumbia—forgovernment,financialinstitutionsandboomersthemselves.Inordertoaddresstheproblemofseniorsfinancialabuseitisgenerallyagreedthatcommunitiesmustimproveawarenessoftheproblemandbetterdefineitsscope.Unfortunately,researchconductedforthisreportwilldemonstratethatasignificantnumberofseniorsintheLowerMainlandandVictoriaareaareunawareofthedifferentformsfinancialabusecantake.

Whileresearchundertakenatthenationallevelandinotherjurisdictionsindicatesthatseniorsfinancialabuseisagrowingproblem,therehasbeennocomprehensiveresearchconductedonitsscopeinBritishColumbia.JusticeCanadareportsthat10percentofseniorsarevictimsofcrimeeachyear,withthemajorityofthesebeingpropertycrimes.iYet,manywhoworkwithseniorsbelievethisfigureislowandthatthescopeoffinancialabuseofpeopleoverage65isfarmoreprevalent.Newresearchoutlinedinthisreportappearstoconfirmthesesuspicions.

Ensuringseniorsareawareofthedifferentformsoffinancialabuseisakeysteptoreducingtheprevalenceofthisgrowingnegativetrend.Itisalsoimportantthatseniorshavethesupporttheyneedtonotonlyidentifyfinancialabusebutalsopreventitandseeksupportiftheysuspecttheymaybeatargetofabuse.

What is seniors financial abuse?Thefinancialabuseofseniorshappenswhensomeoneusesthemoney,propertyorpersonalinformationofaseniorinanunauthorizedandself-beneficialway.Itisaspecifictypeofabuse–alongsidephysical,emotional,sexualandverbalabuse–andisoneofthemostcommonformsofabusethatolderadultsexperience.iiInmanycases,thefinancialabuseofseniorsisacrime.

Mostformsofseniorsfinancialabusearetheresultofaseniorbeingtakenadvantageofbyatrustedpersonintheirlives,whetherafamilymember,closefriendorprofessionalcaregiver.Generallytheobjectofabuseisthesenior’sliquidassetsorproperty,wheretheperpetratortakesadvantageofthesenior’strustingnature,generalvulnerabilityorlackofconfidence.

Whileseniorsfinancialabusecantakemanyforms,fromtelephoneandemailscamstopropertytheftbyfamilymembers,thecommonelementamongallfinancialabusecasesisthattheseniorissystematicallymarginalizedfrom

theirownfinancialaffairsorpropertybytheabuser.Thismarginalizationputsthesenioratriskofbeingunabletoprovideforthemselves.

Controlling cash, card or accounts

Thiscategoryoffinancialabuseisintendedtoseparatetheseniorfromtheirmoney.Themostcommonformistopressuretheseniortogiveafamilymemberanearlybequest.iiiAsmanyseniorsaredependentoneitherafamilymemberoracaregiverforshoppingorpayingbills,exposurealsooccurswhenanotherpersonhasaccesstotheseniorscashordebit/creditcardinformation.Thisaccessiscommonlyabusedwhenthefamilymemberorcaregiver,unknowntothesenior,purchasesgoodsorservicesforthemselveswiththeseniors’money.Alternatively,theabusermaymisdirectdepositsofchequesintotheirownaccount.Itisalsofrequentlyreportedthatseniorsareatriskofthenon-repaymentofloansmadetotrustedpersons,wheretherecipientoftheloancountsontheforgetfulnessorweaknessoftheseniortoavoidrepayment.

Abusecanalsosurfaceasthewithholdingofnecessarysupports.Theperpetratormayhavesomecontroloverasenior’sdiet,prescriptionsorothersupports,andmaydeprivetheseniorofthosesupportsbyrefusingtofillaprescription,insteadpocketingthefunds.

Risk factorsAny senior can be at risk of financial abuse, regardless of their financial status, background or ethnicity. However, a senior may be more vulnerable if he or she is:

• lacking confidence in understanding financial matters

• without a strong social circle, resulting in being socially, geographically or culturally isolated

• a newcomer to Canada, with language or cultural barriers to understanding contracts or financial matters

• unsure of the value of his or her assets — particularly a house

• partly or fully dependent on others for help with financial or day-to-day matters

• experiencing health issues which may bring on stress or exhaustion, or may require medication which might impair judgment.

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Anotherclassofmonetaryfraudincludesinappropriatefinancialadvice,eitherbyacloserelationoraprofessionalfinancialplannerlookingtotakeadvantageofthesenior’slimitedknowledgeoffinancialpractices,trustingnatureorlackofconfidence.Forexample,thismayshowupasunnecessarytransactionsortradesonasenior’ssavingsportfolio,resultinginexcessfeesorcommissionsforafinancialadvisor.

Finally,therearethehighlypublicizedbutlesspervasivetelephone,emailandmassmarketingscamsdesignedtoenticeseniorstosendmoneytoanunknownrecipient.Examplesoftheseare:

• Fake accident or grandparent scams:theperpetratortriestoconvincethevictimthatafamilymemberhasbeeninjuredorisinjailandneedsmoneyimmediately.

• Lottery or prize scams: theperpetratortellsthevictimthatheorshehaswonalargeprizeorlottery,howevertheyarefirstrequiredtopayafeetocollecttheirwinnings.

• Unsolicited work scams:theperpetratorarrivesunexpectedlyatasenior’sresidence,offeringtoworkforareasonablefee,butafterstartingtheworkinsiststhatthehomeownerpaymorethantheamountoriginallyquoted.ivTheworkistypicallyofsuchaqualitythattheseniorcannotsaynotothecompletionofthework,astheresidenceisnowinmid-repairs.

Selling, signing over or stealing property

Thefinancialabuseofseniorscanalsoinvolvetheinappropriateuseoftheirpropertyforthebenefitoftheperpetrator.Thiscouldbepressuretosellortransferan

asset,orsometimesoutrighttheftofproperty.Thesecouldinclude:

• takingavaluableitemorheirloomfromthesenior’sresidence

• pressuringaseniortostripequityoutofahome• movinginwiththesenior,ostensiblyto“providecare,”

atnocosttotheabuser,addingsignificantlivingcoststothesenior

• forcingaseniortosignovertheirhomeoravehiclev

• privatecareagreements,wherebyaseniortransferstitleofpropertyinexchangeforanticipatedcarethatisnotprovidedvi

• predatorymarriage,wherebysomeoneentersintoamarriagewithaseniorinordertohaveaccesstotheirassets.vii

Manipulating legal documents

Legalabuseismanipulatinglegaldocumentstobenefitsomeoneotherthanthesenior.Asseniorsgetolder,documentssuchasawill,powerofattorneyortitledeedtakeonvaluableimportancetothecontinuedqualityoflifeoftheowner.Therefore,ensuringthesedocumentsareup-to-dateisofvitalimportance,asistheirprotection.Financialabusecouldtaketheformof:

• forgingtheolderperson’snameoralteringdocumentstogetpermissiontoaccessordisposeofassets,includingforgingcheques

• pressuringanolderpersontosigndocumentsthattheydonothavethecapacitytounderstand

• misuseofapowerunderageneralorenduringpowerofattorney.viii

Warning signsIt is important that seniors and those around them are vigilant in preventing any financial abuse. Although impossible to predict, warning signs that a senior may be the victim of abuse are if he or she:

• feel they are losing some control over their financial affairs

• find that they are unexpectedly failing to meet financial obligations for the first time

• see unexpected transactions on their bank or credit card statements.

Interpersonal relationships can also flag potential abusive situations. Be aware of situations in which a senior is pressured by another individual to:

• have their bank statement sent to someone other than the person(s) listed on the account.

• change important documents such as a will or property title

• sign documents that the senior does not understand or is not given enough time to read.

• give or lend them money

• relinquish control over making financial decisions

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The challenge of scoping seniors financial abuseOneofthefirststepsneededtoaddressseniorsfinancialabuseisunderstandingthescopeoftheproblem.Unfortunately,studiesofpeopleover65yearsofageconductedattheprovincialandnationallevelsandinotherjurisdictionsvarywidelyindefiningthescopeandcausesoffinancialabuse.However,manywhoworkwithseniorsinB.C.believethatseniorsfinancialabuseisagrowingproblemwithincidenceratesthataremuchhigherthancommonlythought.ThishypothesisisunderstandablegivenB.C.’schangingdemographicsandthepreliminaryresearchthathasbeenconductedonthesubject.

Theseniorcohortisoneofthefastestgrowingdemographicgroups:by2030almostoneinfourCanadianswillbeaged65yearsorolder.ixBythistime,BCStatsestimatesthatthenumberofseniorswillriseto1,330,700from785,300—a69-per-centincrease.xDatafromtheUnitedStatesrevealsthatasthisdemographicshiftcontinues,theimpactofseniorsfinancialabusewillrise.Forinstance,annuallossesexperiencedbyseniorsintheUnitedStatesroseby12percentbetween2008and2010—toUS$2.9billionfromUS$2.6billion.Inacomprehensivereview,JusticeCanadaindicatesthattheoverallprevalenceoffinancialexploitationofseniorsinCanadaissimilartotheUnitedStates.xi

AccordingtotheB.C.CentreforElderlyAdvocacyandSupport(BCCEAS),onein12seniorsinB.C.hasbeenavictimoffinancialabusesinceturning65,losinganaverageof$20,000.xiiThiscouldmeanthatasmanyas65,450seniorsinB.C.havebeenaffected,resultinginacollectivelossofalmost$1.3billion.However,researchcontainedlaterinthisreportindicatesthatthescopemaybeevengreater.

Contributing factors to seniors financial abuse DefiningthescopeofseniorsfinancialabuseinBritishColumbiaisessentialtocomprehensivelyaddressingtheproblem.However,analyzingtheissueiscomplicatedbyanumberoffactors:

High incidence of under-reporting

Itiswidelyacceptedbythosewhoworkwithseniorsthatthereisahighincidenceofunder-reporting,attributedtomanyseniorsbeingunableorunwillingtospeakabouttheabuse.xiiiInsurveyingitsmembers,CARPestimatesthatasmanyas90percentofallcasesofelderabusegounreported.xivAsaresult,investigationinto,andprosecutionof,seniorsfinancialabuseislimited.

Abusers may be family, “friends” or caregivers

Contrarytopopularbelief,seniorsfinancialabuseisnotlimitedtoarelativelysmalloccurrenceofseniorsdefraudedbyoccasionalprofessionalscammers.Althoughscamsareincreasinginprevalence,themostcommonlyreportedsourceofseniorsfinancialabuseissomeonewhoisinacloserelationshipwiththesenior;accordingtoSacramento-basedElderFinancialProtectionNetwork,55percentofcasesareperpetratedbyfamily,friends,neighboursorcaregivers.xvOfthesecases,themostcommonaredemandsformoneyfromfamilymembers.xviThisfamilialconnectioncontributestothereluctanceofthevictimtoreporttheperpetratorandfurtherlimitsattemptstoaddresstheproblem.

Cultural considerations may increase vulnerability

B.C.ishometoahigherpercentageofvisibleminorityseniorsthananyotherprovince.xviiForexample,accordingtotheCityofVancouver,thepercentageofseniorsinVancouverwhoareamemberofavisibleminorityis25.9percent,comparedwith7.2percentnationally.xviiiVisibleminorityseniorsmay

Sources:Estimates-StatisticsCanada,Projections-BCStats,April2014

Population

1,300,000

1,100,000

900,000

700,000

500,000

300,000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

Population of Seniors in BC Estimated (1990 - 2013) and Projected (2014 - 2030)

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beparticularlyvulnerabletofinancialabuseduetolanguageorculturalbarriers,isolation,immigrationstatusorlifeexperience.Seniorswhoaremembersofaminoritygroupmaybelesslikelytoreportfinancialabusebecausetheymay:

• haveimmigratedfromconflictzonesorexperiencedtraumathatmaycausethemtodistrustauthoritiesandinstitutions

• lackenoughknowledgeaboutCanadianlawsandrightsandmayfearbeingdeportedbacktotheircountryoforigin

• befinanciallyorsociallydependentontheabuserortheirfamily

• havenoconnectionsinthecommunitybeyondtheirfamilyortheabuser

• havelimitedaccesstoobjectivetranslators• lackawarenessofavailableresourcesorresourcesmaynot

beavailableintheirownlanguage• haveadifferentdefinitionofabuse,whichmakesitdifficult

torecognizewhentheyarebeingtakenadvantageof.xix

TheseuniqueconsiderationsmakecombatingseniorsfinancialabuseinB.C.particularlychallenging.

More seniors at risk than previously thought? Duetothesecontributingfactors,aswellastherelativelackofguidingresearch,moreworkisrequiredtodefinescopeoftheproblemandbetterunderstandcontributingfactors.Understandingtheviewsandexperienceofseniorsthemselvesisofparamountimportance.Tobetterunderstand

theseperceptions,Vancitysurveyed400seniorsintheLowerMainlandandVictoriaregion,askingthemabouttheirawarenessandexperienceofseniorsfinancialabuse.Theresultsweresurprising:althoughonly6.4percentofrespondentsreportedexperiencingfinancialabuse,whenprovidedwithalistofscenarios,afull41percentindicatedthatatleastoneofthosescenarioshadhappenedtothem.

Respondentswereprovidedwiththefollowingdefinitionoffinancialabuse:using a senior’s money or property for someone else’s gain, not theirs.Whenrespondentswereaskediftheyhadexperiencedthistypeofabuse,only6.4percentansweredyes.Yet,whenthesurveyprovidedrespondentswithalistofsituationsthatwouldfallwithinthestateddefinitionandaskedthemtostatewhetheranyofthesesituationshadhappenedtothem,yesanswersspikeddramatically.Themostcommonexperiencesofthesurveyrespondentswere:

• 18.7%hadsomeoneborrowtheirmoneywithouttheirknowledge,orhavingsomeonerefusetopaybackaloan

• 18.1%hadsomeonepressurethemtogivethatpersonmoney• 12.1%hadexperiencinganunsolicitedworkscam• 10.1%hadsomeonetakeavaluablepossessionfromtheir

home,eithertokeepitortosellit• 9.0%hadsomeonepressurethemtobuythatperson

somethingortopayabillforthatperson• 7.9%hadsomeoneforgetheirsignature• 7.1%hadsomeoneusetheircreditordebitcardwithout

theirpermission.

Types of Senior Financial Abuse Personally Experienced

41%

19%

18%

12%

11%

9%

8%

7%

3%

2%

2%

1%

1%

Proportion of seniors experiencing at least one type of abuse.

Borrowmoneyfromyouwithoutyourknowledge,ornotpaybackmoneyyouhaveloanedthem

Pressureyoutogivethemmoney

Offertodoajobforyouforasetfee,onlytonotcompletethejobaftertheyhavebeenpaid,orstartthejobsandthensayitwillcostmorethantheysaidtocomplete

Takeavaluablepossessionfromyourhome,eithertokeepitthemselvesortosellitandkeepthemoney

Pressureyoutobuythemsomething,ormakeapaymentonsomethingforthem

Forgeyoursignature

Useyourmoneytobuythemselvessomethingwithoutyourpermissionbymisusingyourcreditcardorbankcardorwithdrawingmoneyfromyouraccount,evenifitwasajointaccount

Sentmoneytosomeoneinresponsetoanemaileitherrequestingtohelporofferingyouaprizewhichturnedouttobefake

Pressuredbysomeonetoremortgageyourhome,tohelpthemoutfinancially

Pressureyoutochangebeneficiariesonyourlifeinsuranceorotherinvestments

Pressureyoutochangeyourwill

Pressureyoutosellyourhomeormovefromyourhometohelpoutfinancially

Pressureyoutochangeyourpowerofattorney,orusethatpowertodosomethingthatisnotinyourbenefit

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Inall,41percentofrespondentsindicatedthattheyhadexperiencedatleastoneoftheabusivesituationslisted.

Theseresultssuggestthatalmost35percentofrespondentsareawareofwhattheyareexperiencing,butdonotidentifythequestionableactivityasabuse.Overall,surveyrespondentsreportedalowinstanceofhigh-valuepropertyabuseorlegalabuse.Additionally,veryfewseniorsreportedbeingvictimizedbyprofessionalscams.Thisispositivenewsasitshowsthateducationaleffortstocombattheseformsofabuseareworking.However,resultsindicatethatlow-valuepropertyabuseormonetaryabuseismoreprevalentthanindicatedinpreviousstudies:almosttwoinfiverespondentsindicatedbeingavictimofthistypeofabuse,comparedwiththestandingestimateofonein12.

Thegoodnewsisthatseniorsareawareoftheterm“seniorsfinancialabuse.”Whensurveyed,almost70percentofrespondentsindicatedthatthetermwasnotnewtothem.Likewise,thereisrelativeconcernabouttheprevalenceofthistypeofabuse,as46percentreportedbeingconcernedaboutit.However,whatisnotable,andconcerning,isthatseniorsclearlydonotunderstandallthewaysinwhichtheymightbevictimsoffinancialabuse.

Thesurveyresultsindicatethatmanyseniorsstillneedtobeeducatedaboutthebreadthofsituationswhichcanbeunderstoodasfinancialabuse.Whileseniorsmaybeawareof,andvigilantagainst,dramaticformsofabusesuchasabusingpowerofattorneyorbeingforcedtochangetheirwill,itseemsthatsmallerformsofabusearenotunderstoodassuch.Theseresultsalsoprovidealikelyreasonforwhyseniorsfinancialabuseislargelyunder-reported:ifmonetaryabuseisnotunderstoodtobeasignificantformoffinancialabuse,thenitwillnotbereported.

More research, awareness and support required to tackle seniors financial abuse SeniorsfinancialabuseisaseriousprobleminBritishColumbia:previousdataindicatedthatasmanyasonein12seniorsareseriouslyaffectedbyfinancialabuse,resultinginbillionsofdollarsoflostassets.However,surveyresearchforVancityindicatestheprevalenceofabusecouldbemuchhigher–ashighas41percent–intheVancouverandVictoriaregions.ResultsoftheVancitysurveyfurthersuggestthereisconfusionamongseniorsastowhatconstitutesfinancialabuse,wherebyseniorsareexperiencingabusebutdonotrecognizeitassuch.ThelackofconsistentresearchonthescaleoftheprobleminB.C.alongwiththelimitedawarenessastowhatconstitutesseniorsfinancialabusehelpstomaketheprobleminvisibleformanytoseeand,therefor,address.Thislackofvisibilityallowsthosewhowouldpreyonseniorsforfinancialgaintodosoinnearanonymity.Itisimportantforsocietytorecognizenotonlythatfinancialseniorsabuseisaseriousproblembutalsothat,inmanycases,itisacrimethatvictimizessomeofthemostvulnerablepeopleinourcommunities.

TheFinancialConsumerAgencyofCanada(FCAC)hasrecentlyreleasedaNationalStrategyforFinancialLiteracywhichaddressesthestateofseniors’financialliteracyinCanadaandisasignificantstarttotacklingtheissuesraisedinthisreport.FCACintendstoincreasethetoolsavailabletocombatthefinancialabuseofseniors,helpingseniors

Preventing financial abuseThere are a number of ways to reduce the possibility of seniors financial abuse and reduce exposure to exploitation. Seniors should:

• get independent legal advice before signing any documents, especially those involving their home or other property.

• set up auto-deposit for government and pension cheques into their bank account and also set up auto-pay for bills to prevent someone intercepting funds and misusing them.

• keep financial and personal information in a safe place, and never give anyone their bank-card PIN.

• if lending money, write down the person’s name, the amount, and the date of loan; ask the person to sign this document.

• keep a file of their accounts and legal documents, and keep a record of financial transactions and changes to legal documents.

• keep in touch with a variety of friends and family so they don’t become isolated.

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If a senior is being financially abusedIf a senior thinks he or she may be the victim of senior financial abuse, they should tell someone – a friend, family member, healthcare or social-services professional, financial advisor, a member of their faith community or the local authorities. They should also seek legal advice.

Many victims do not take action because they are ashamed, afraid of what may happen to them or the abuser, or worried about the legal costs. But it is important they protect themselves and their assets, and they can get help at little or no cost:

• Seniors Abuse & Information Line provides free advice and support to seniors who may be victims of abuse.

• Lawyer Referral Service offers consultations with a lawyer for up to 30 minutes for a fee of $25 plus tax.

• Public Guardian and Trustee of British Columbia supports seniors who are victims of abuse and neglect.

andtheircaregiversidentifyandresistfinancialabuse.Thestrategyalsotargetsgovernmentsandstakeholdersassourcesofcollaborationtoincreaseunderstandingoftheproblem,outlinefactorsthatcontributetoitandsharefraudpreventiontactics.

However,asthisreporthasfound,moreworkneedstobedoneinordertoaddressthechallengeoffinancialabuseforseniorlivingontheLowerMainlandandVictoriaregion.Forexample,financialinstitutionslikeVancityneedtoworkwithcommunityandgovernmentstakeholderstobetterdeterminethescopeofseniorsfinancialabuse,identifythetypesoffinancialabuseseniorsmostcommonlyexperienceanddevelopsolutionstoaddresstheproblem.

Financialinstitutionsalsoneedtoincreaseawarenessofallthetypesoffinancialabusethataseniorcouldexperience,especiallywhenitcomestoprotectingliquidassets.This

willrequiretrainingoffrontlinestafftorecognizeseniorsfinancialabuseandbetrainedtohelpthesenioralsoidentifytheabuse.

Equallyimportant,seniorsneedaccesstobetterinformationaboutfinancialabuse,howtorecognizeitandhowtoreportit.Thosewhoworkwithseniors—advisors,professionalsandotherpointsofcontact—shouldbeenrolledasdistributionandcontactpointsfornewandusefulinformation(forexample,pharmaciesandlibraries).

AsB.C.’spopulationages,itisvitallyimportanttoprotectthegrowingnumberofseniorsfromfinancialabuse.Thiswillensurethatseniorscancontinuetoleadahealthyandactivelife,accesstheassetstheyhavebuiltupduringtheirlifetimetobeself-reliant,andproactivelycontributetohealthylocalcommunities.

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i Canada.JusticeCanada.CrimeandAbuseAgainstSeniors:AReviewoftheResearchLiteraturewithSpecialReferencetotheCanadianSituation.[Ottawa],2013.www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/crim/p410.html

ii “FormsofOlderAdultAbuse.”ManitobaNetworkforthePreventionofAbuseofOlderAdults,October30,2014,www.olderadultabuse.mb.ca/forms-of-older-adult-abuse.cfm

iii CARP,Briefing,2.

iv “ABAOutlinesBanks’ResponsetoSeniorFinancialExploitation”.Tellervision,November2012,2.

v CanadianCenterforElderLaw.FinancialAbuseofSeniors:AnOverviewofKeyLegalIssuesandConcepts,(CanadianCentreforElderLaw,2013),4.www.bcli.org/sites/default/files/CCEL_Background_Paper_Financial_Elder_Abuse_2013_0.pdf

vi Ibid.

viiIbid.

viiiIbid.

ix “Populationprojections:Canada,theprovincesandterritories,2013to2063.”StatisticsCanada,October30,2014,www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140917/dq140917a-eng.htm

x “BritishColumbia-LevelPopulationProjections(April2014).”BCStats,October30,2014,www.bcstats.gov.bc.ca/StatisticsBySubject/Demography/PopulationProjections.aspx

xi Canada.JusticeCanada.CrimeandAbuseAgainstSeniors:AReviewoftheResearchLiteraturewithSpecialReferencetotheCanadianSituation.[Ottawa],2013.www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/cj-jp/fv-vf/crim/p410.html

xii“ElderAbuseandNeglect.”BCCentreforElderAdvocacyandSupport,October30,2014,bcceas.ca/information/elder-abuse-and-neglect

xiiiCanada.Employment&SocialDevelopmentCanada.ElderAbuseModules.[Ottawa],2011.www.esdc.gc.ca/eng/seniors/funding/pancanadian/elder_abuse.shtml

xivCARP.BriefingonElderAbuse,(CARP,2012),2.

xv“TypesofAbuse.”ElderFinancialProtectionNetwork,October30,2014,www.elderfinancialprotection.org/types-of-abuse.

xviIbid.

xviiCityofVancouver.SocialPolicyGroup,SocialDevelopmentDepartment.SeniorsinVancouver,[Vancouver],2010].vancouver.ca/files/cov/Seniors-Backgrounder.pdf

xviiiIbid.

xixEmployment&SocialDevelopmentCanada.ElderAbuseModules.[Ottawa],2011. www.esdc.gc.ca/eng/seniors/funding/pancanadian/elder_abuse.shtml