valuing scarcity of coastal wetland – a conceptual model (unfinished) dr zou xinqing
TRANSCRIPT
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Valuing scarcity of coastal wetland – a conceptual model
(unfinished)Dr ZOU Xinqing
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Background
• National level: 120 million ha cultivated land – red line
• Rapid urbanization process in recent 2 decades
• Jiangsu province: 0.18 million ha land resources are needed before 2020.
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Reclamtion plan before 2020
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Yancheng coastal wetland
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KE, C.-Q., 2011, Regional Environmental Change, 11, 161-173
Land use changes in YNNR
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KE, C.-Q., 2011, Regional Environmental Change, 11, 161-173
Land use changes in YNNR
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Valuing eco-services
• 生态系统服务功能估算的背景– 上世纪 70 年代 (Gosselink, J. G., Odum, E. P.
and Pope, R. M. 1974. Meo, M.,et al 1975. )– Costanza, 1997 的生态系统评估:
• 17 项生态服务功能,包括气体调节、干扰调节、废弃物处理、养分循环等等
• 地球生态系统生态服务功能总价 :33 万亿美元• 其中 63% 来自海洋( 20.9 万亿美元)• 其中 10.6 万亿来自海岸带
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Spartina flat
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Reclamation
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Coastal wetland eco-services
• Provisioning services• Regulating services
– Heay metal absorbance – Nutrient absorbance (N, P) – Coastal zone robustness– Atmosphere regulation
• Cultural services• Supporting services
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Provisioning services
Vpro=2439 ~ 4146 $/hm2/yr
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N, P absorbance through sediments
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N, P absorbance flux (g/m2/yr)
Sample TOC TN TP
ZWG01 201.02 22.83 23.39
ZWG02 242.77 30.77 32.61
ZWG03 151.35 17.67 24.09
ZWG04 225.08 28.29 25.43
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N, P absorbance through vegetation (Spartina alterniflora)• 互花米草植被
– 根部对 TN 的吸收是 12.99 ~ 18.05 g/m2/yr ,– 地上部分对 TN 的吸收是 16 ~ 27.87 g/m2/yr ;– 根部对 TP 的吸收是 1.68 ~ 1.98 g/m2/yr ,– 地上部分对 TP 的吸收是 3.39 ~ 6.08 g/m2/yr 。
• 植被对 TN 的吸收总量是 28.99 ~ 45.92 g/m2/yr ,
• 对 TP 吸收的总量是 5.08 ~ 8.07 g/m2/yr 。
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Valuing N, P absorbance
• Vnu=∑(Fi×Ti)
– 其中 Vnu 是湿地吸收富营养物的经济价值,单位是: $/hm2/yr
– Fi 是湿地吸收富营养物 i 的通量,单位是 g/hm2/yr
– Ti 是处理富营养物 i 的平均成本,单位是 $/g
• 互花米草湿地对 N 、 P 吸收的总的经济价值是 360 ~ 4366 $/ hm2/yr
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Coastal zone robustness
互花 米 草宽 m度( )
4. 5m高
5. 1m高
5. 7m高
6. 3m高
012345678 100 200 300 400
7. 5m高
6. 9m高
m海堤高度( )
10m 12cm每 互花 米 草消浪
互花 米 草宽 m度( )
4. 5m高
5. 1m高
5. 7m高
6. 3m高
012345678 200 400 600 800
7. 5m高
6. 9m高
m海堤高度( )
10m 6cm每 互花 米 草消浪
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Coastal zone robustness
• 114.6×7560×2.5= 2,165,940 RMB
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Atmosphere regulation
• 植被每生产 1 g 干物质可以吸收固定CO21.63 g ,同时释放 1.19 g O2
– 固定二氧化碳的净价值为 1405 $/hm2/yr ~1852 $ /hm2/yr
– 释放氧气的经济价值是 2712 $/hm2/yr ~ 3608 $/hm2/yr
• 调节大气的总经济价值 Vreg 是 4117 ~5460 $/ hm2/yr 。
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Direct and indirect market value
• Provisioning: 20,000 ~ 34,000 RMB /ha•yr• Heavy metal absorbance: 1660 ~ 14700 RMB/
ha•yr• Nutrient absorbance: 2,960 ~ 35,800 RMB/
ha•yr• Coastal zone robustness: 5,730 ~ 11,460
RMB/ha•yr• Atmosphere regulation: 33,760 ~ 44,760 RMB/
ha•yr• TEV: (2012): 2,899,058 RMB / ha (Inflation
rate : 0.4, discount rate: 0.5 )
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Challenges:
• If the value is true, do we need to protect the coastal wetland ecosystem?
• If the value is not true, what if missing?
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TEV
Vuse Vnon-use
Direct use Indirect use Option value Bequest value Existence value
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Non-market value
• Original non-market value : CVM
• Related oefficient with the ecosystem scarcity: a
• Non-market value ( a=0.2 ):aK= ¥ 579,811.6/ha
A. Kontogianni, 2012, Ecological Economics
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Total value of eco-services
• TV=Market V (K)+Non-market V (aK) =2,899,058+579,811.6= 3,478,870 RMB/ha
V
p U
Is the problem sorted out?
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TEV
Supply B
Supply A
Marginal Value
Flow of Services
$
Critical Threshold
Limburge et al. (Limburge et al. 2002)
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Value of avoiding threshold
B. Catastrophic response function
A. Smooth response function
C. Tracking the approach to catastrophic threshold
Stress
Value of
service
K.E. Limburg et al. 2002
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Valuing scarcities of the wetland eco-services – a conceptual model
V
u p
pp
ii du
pup
aKKVV
01
)/)(
(V : TVK : Market Vak : Non-market Vp : Critical Threshold
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Conclusion
• The value of ecosystem’s scarcity is dynamic. It positively related to the scarcity of coastal wetland ecosystem.
• Valuing the scarcity of coastal wetland properly may assist the smart use of coastal resources. For instance, it may help to identify the threshould of different exploitation activities.
• Coastal wetland’s critical threshould (p) need to be further discussed.