values and science in risk analysis and governance: case
TRANSCRIPT
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Values and Science in Risk Analysis and Governance:Case of GMOs
Prof. Jennifer KuzmaFulbright Canada Research Chair in Science and Society (Spring 2018)
Goodnight-NCGSK Foundation Distinguished ProfessorCo-Director Genetic Engineering and Society Center
North Carolina State University
@Risk Panel: Managing RiskMay 15, 2018
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Values and Science in Decision Making
• Values are subjective and science is objective• Keep values out of risk analysis• Problem: risk analysis is claimed as basis of regulatory decision making• No place for values? Controversy? Exclusion? • Dominance of technological elites who have their own biases (and COI?)
• Values and science are both subjective• Science can always be contested• Problem: Relativism and “alternative facts”• All about values? Everyone’s values count equally? • Dominance of fringe groups with loudest voices making false claims
GMOs Story
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Common view among GMO scientists
People are irrationally afraid and expect zero risk
We need to educate them
No place for values or concerns of non-expert public
We have the knowledge and objectivity
Societal values are considered here
We have risk managers in government to do this
Problems:
Values inherent in risk analysis
Risk managers profess that the decisions are “science based”
Regulatory approval is usually final DM point andchoices about RM are not deliberated in it.
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Different Conceptions of Risk (Renn, et al 2000)
Who gets to define what a “risk” is?
• 1st order physical health and environmental harms
• 2nd order physical health and ecosystem• Distribution of risks and benefits• Social structure harm• Ethical affronts (without choice, voice, or consent)• Psychological well-being• Financial impacts (direct)• Economic impacts (indirect)• Cultural disruption
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Decision making based solely on “sound science” is a myth
• Safety is socially constructed
• Risk analysis is value laden
• Endpoints chosen• Interpretation of data• Temporal and geographic timescales• Choice of baseline (pristine nature, conven breeding?)• Ecological economics (non-use values, discount rates)
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Population Suppression Aedes aegypti & Dengue Fever
Food and Drug Administration approves INAD in FL 2016
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Motivations in Regulatory Risk Assessment
Meghani & Kuzma J Resp Innov 2017
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Experts and non-experts alike exhibit biases in interpreting scientific information for attitude formation & decision making
Aka….Motivated Reasoning, Confirmation Bias, Availability Heuristic, Identity Protection, Risk Perception Theory, Fast vs. Slow Thinking, etc.
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Cultural Worldviews influence Risk PerceptionKahan et al
Perceive higher risk for emerging technologies
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Features of technology influence risk perception(Slovic et al.)
Low Familiarity
Low Controllabili
ty
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Public perception of emerging technologies (Brown, Fatehi, Kuzma JNR 2015)
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So Whose Values Count?
Whose Values Should Count?How Should they Count?When should they count?
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Innovation in Risk Governance: A Middle-Ground
• “Science-informed, value-respected”• Multiple expertise and standpoints
• Analytical-Deliberative Process for Risk Analysis (NAS 1996)
• Interested and affected parties• Iterate between analysis and
deliberation in risk assessment• For risk decisions with unique and
wide impact
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Changing the Paradigm for GEPreparing for Future Biotechnology Products (U.S. NAS 2017)
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Acknowledgements
Center Website: research.ncsu.edu/gesTwitter: @GESCenterNCSU
Integrating scientific knowledge & public valuesin shaping the futures of biotechnology
Feel free to contact me at: [email protected]