Value and Use of By-Products In Cow

DietsRick Rasby

Beef SpecialistUniversity of Nebraska

Items That Will Be Addressed This in

Presentation •Nutrient attributes of Corn

Gluten Feed and Distillers Grains

•Experiments using corn by-products in forage diets

•Nitrogen recycling•Uses in cow diets

Corn Gluten Feeds: 19-24% CP(80% DIP), .8% P, 4.0% fat, 37% NDF High fiber energy source with high digestibility Energy content – 100 (dry) -110 % (wet) of corn Sulfur content - .47%

Distillers Grains (Nutrients are 3X of corn)30% CP(65% UIP), .8% P, 11% fat, 40% NDFHigh fiber energy source with high digestibilityEnergy content - 125% (wet or dry) of cornFat content may limit amount used in dietSulfur content - .40%

Grain By-products in High-Forage Diets

• Why they should fit? Protein source

first-limiting in low-quality forage diets – DIP corn stalks, meadow hay, cane hay, winter range

Energy – usually greater than corn in forage diets

Energy source that’s digested like fiber source

A source of Phosphorus 0.70 to 0.95% P 2 lb CGF or DDG vs 2 oz. 16% mineral

May improve intake and digestibility forages CP < 7.0% CP

ObjectiveDesign system for wintering bred heifers

without using harvested forages prior to calving.

– Dormant Native range– Supplementation – need energy and

protein– Question – What happens to:

• Reproductive performance• Supplementation costs

Dry Corn Gluten Feed in a Heifer Development System

Materials and Methods

Sept

March

Sept

BWBCS

BWBCSCalf birth wt

PregnancyBWBCSCalf wn wt

Treatments Applied Managed as Group

Pre-calving Post-calving

Composition of CONTROLAnd TREATMENT

Supplements% of DM % of DM

Dry Corn Gluten Feed - 72.0Feather meal 40.0 -Sunflower meal 30.0 22.2Bentonite - 2.5Wheat middlings 26.2 -Molasses 2.5 2.5Starch - 0.3Fat - 0.3Salt 1.0 -Mineral/vitamin pre-mix 0.3 0.2CP 44.5 23.1UIP, % of CP 52.9 24.0

Feeding Schedule, lb/dControl Treatment

Range Supp. Hay Rang

eSupp. Hay

Oct 19.4 0.7 . 19.4 0.7 .Nov 19.1 0.9 . 19.1 0.9 .Dec 13.2 0.9 5.1 17.8 4.0 .Jan 7.7 0.9 11.

9 16.3 3.5 .Feb 1 1.8 1.1 17.

2 14.1 5.1 .Feb 15 1.1 1.5 18.

9 13.0 6.8 .

Pre-calving BCS Change

-0.9-0.8-0.7-0.6-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1

0

Year 1 Year 2

BC

S ch

ange

CONTRT

Year x Trt, P < 0.01

ba

a,b P < 0.01

a b

Post-calving BCS Change

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

Year 1 Year 2

BC

S ch

ange

CONTRT

Year x Trt, P = 0.04

ba

a,b P < 0.05

Reproductive Performance

CON TRT

% Pregnanta 96.1 96.4

aPercent of heifers pregnant with second calf

Economic Analysis Year 1 Year 2 CON TRT CON TRT Item $/heifer % total $/heifer % total $/heifer % total $/heifer % total

Feed costs Supp 13.58 16.7 23.49 31.2 8.75 10.2 26.14 33.4 Grazing 35.28 43.4 48.62 64.6 35.28 41.0 48.62 62.1 Hay 24.78 30.5 0.00 0.0 32.54 37.8 0.00 0.0 Labor costs Supp 0.76 0.9 3.14 4.2 0.49 0.6 3.50 4.5 Hay 6.87 8.5 0.00 0.0 9.03 10.5 0.00 0.0 Hay 6.87 8.5 0.00 0.0 9.03 10.5 0.00 0.0 Total $81.27 $75.25 $86.09 $78.26 $6.02 $7.83

What did we learn from this experiment?1. CGF can be used in forage diets that don’t

meet the animal’s energy and protein requirement.

2. CGF has no negative effects on reproduction.3. CGF, if priced competitively, can be cost

effective.4. CGF appears to have no negative effect on

forage digestion.

NH3 + Carbon = Microbial Protein (BCP)

Feed proteinurea, DDG

MP

DIP

DIP UIP

RUMEN

Small Intestine

MP systemProtein requirements

BCP BCP+

Materials and Methods

• Treatments (0, 33, 66, 100, 133% NRC predicted DIP deficiency of diet)– Diets

•58% Corn cobs•12% Sorghum silage•30% Dried Distillers Grains

– Replaced DDG with urea to meet DIP requirement- Diet contained

» 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 or 1.6% urea» DIP requirement was met with 1.2% urea

Expected Heifer ADG1.5

1

1.51.5

0.75

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1 2 3 4 5

AD

G (l

b)

Treatment

Actual Heifer ADG1.041.03 1.01

0.93

1.06

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1 2 3 4 5

AD

G (l

b)

Treatment

P=0.77

Intake

11.411.4 11.511.411.3

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 5

DM

I (lb

)

Treatment

P=0.95

Feed efficiency

11.711.8 11.8

13.211.1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 2 3 4 5

Feed

effi

ienc

y (f:

g)

Treatment

P=0.54

NRC Protein Balance

-124

-66

-7

51

112120108

97

138127

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

DIP BalMP Bal

Diet EvaluationDiet

Item 1 2 3 4 5

TDN (%) 70 70 69 69 69

CP (%) 12.6 13.6 14.6 15.6 16.6

DIP balance (g/d) -124 -66 -7 54 112

MP balance (g/d) 120 127 138 108 97

NEadj (%) 90 92 89 93 94

Materials and Methods•Treatments

– 3.0 lb DDG (DM)– 3.0 lb DDG (DM) + 0.1 lb urea

•Hay diets– 7.4% CP; 54% TDN– Ad libitum consumption

• Weigh at 28 d intervals for 84 d

Diet EvaluationDiet

Item DDG DDG + UreaTDN (%) 64 64CP (%) 11.8 13.6DIP balance (g/d) -129 1MP balance (g/d) 219 188NEadj (%) 95 98

What did we learn from these experiments:• Distillers grains in forage diets

when DIP is not met: ADG not effected

Hay intake not effected

Feed efficiency not effected

Suggests if MP is in excess then there is no need to supplement DIP??

Dietary Protein

SMALL INTESTINE

RUMEN

Excess MP

Use of Corn Milling By-Products in Cow Diets

A. Forage diets when energy and protein are deficient.1. Young females before and after calving2. High milk females3. Standing dormant forage in late fall early winter – increase BCS

B. During drought1. Limit-fed grain diets

Objective1. Supplement energy when deficient in

forage diets.2. Maintain a healthy rumen:

a. Rumen pH remains stable – acidosisb. Forage digestibility not decreasedc. Rumen microbial population doesn’t change

3. Reduces the cost of supplementation

Alternate Day Feeding of Energy Supplements in Forage Diets

Value of corn by-products in Cow DietsProtein source

Corn Gluten Feed – DIPDistillers Grains – UIP

Need to Supplement DIP??Energy source

Corn Gluten Feed – equal to or greater (10%) than corn

Distillers Grains – greater (25%) than corn Fat source – but may limit use - Distillers

Phosphorus sourceMay be an energy source that can be fed

every- other-day - - reduce feed costsFeed up to 8 – 10 lb DM per day

Beef website at:http://beef.unl.eduBeef Reports at:http://ianr.unl.edu/pubs/beef/beefrpt.htmAg Institute Website:http://ianrhome.unl.edu