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TRENDS IN LIBRARY TECHNOLOGIES: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Marshall BreedingDirector for Innovative Technology and ResearchVanderbilt University LibraryFounder and Publisher, Library Technology Guideshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/http://twitter.com/mbreeding30 Mar2012 Col·legi Oficial de Bibliotecaris y
Documentalistas COmunitat Valenciana
Abstract
This session will describe the recent trends in library automation, including the emergence of a new generation of library services platforms with different scope and architectures than the integrated library systems that have dominated library automation until now. Breeding will present the broader context that led to the emergence of these new products and how he expects them to impact libraries in different international sectors. He will also talk about the increasingly globalized business environment and its positive and negative implications for libraries.
Library Technology Guides
www.librarytechnolog
y.org
ILS Turnover Report
ILS Turnover Report -- Reverse
Mergers and Acquisitionshttp://www.librarytechnology.org/automationhistory.pl
Key Context: Libraries in Transition Academic Shift from Print > Electronic
E-journal transition largely complete Circulation of print collections slowing E-books now in play (consultation > reading)
Public: Emphasis on Patron Engagement Increased pressure on physical facilities Increased circulation of print collections Dramatic increase in interest in e-books
All libraries: Need better tools for access to complex multi-format
collections Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections Demands for enterprise integration and
interoperability
Key Context: Technologies in transition
Client / Server > Web-based computing Beyond Web 2.0
Integration of social computing into core infrastructure
Local computing shifting to cloud platforms Application Service Provider offerings standard New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-
service Full spectrum of devices
full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of
device and interface cycles
Key Text: Changed expectations in metadata management Moving away from individual record-by-record creation Life cycle of metadata
Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed
Manage metadata in bulk when possible E-book collections
Highly shared metadata E-journal knowledge bases, e.g.
Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data Very little progress in linked data for operational systems AACR2 > RDA MARC > RDF (recent announcement of Library of
Congress)
Each Library Type Distinctive Academic – Public – School – Special Academic: Emphasis on subscribed
electronic resources Public: Engaged in the management of print
collections Dramatic increase in interest in E-books
School: Age-appropriate resources (print and Web), textbook and media management
Special: Enterprise knowledge management (Corporate, Law, Medical, etc)
Specialized automation
In general, products have emerged to serve each library sector
Companies in general cluster around these specializations
Some overlap: Public / Academic Multi-type consortia: compromise and
adapt systems to serve many types of libraries
Cooperation and Resource sharing Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and
consolidate Many regional consortia merging
(Example: suburban Chicago systems) State-wide or national implementations Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based
implementations Many libraries share computing
infrastructure and data resources
Status Quo Sustainable?
ILS for management of (mostly) print Duplicative financial systems between library and
campus Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated
with ILS) OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access
to full-text electronic articles Digital Collections Management platforms
(CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.) Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.) Discovery-layer services for broader access to library
collections No effective integration services / interoperability
among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes
Phase of realignment
Strong need to realign library automation with current library realities
Legacy library systems reinforce workflows no longer in step with library priorities.
Need systems that allow libraries to allocate personnel in proper proportion to collection
Separate automation platforms for print and electronic have not proven successful
Academic Library Issues
Greater concern with electronic resources
Management: Need for consolidated approach that balances print, digital, and electronic workflows
Access: discovery interfaces that maximize the value of investments in electronic content
Public Library Issues
Enhance the experience of library patrons Management and access to physical
resources Self-service through the Web portal:
View current loans, perform holds, renewals, pay fines and fees
Self-service in the physical library RFID-based self-issue and returns Helps the library deploy service personnel for
highest impact
National Library Issues
Larger-scale collections Cultural Heritage responsibilities National services: bibliographic, resource
sharing, automation, etc. National infrastructure: technology
platforms shared at the widest level
A Cloudy Forecast for LibrariesSystems Librarian Column, Sept 2011
“Service-oriented architectures and browser-based interfaces deployed through cloud-based infrastructure stand today as the key technologies preferred for new software development efforts”
http://www.infotoday.com/cilmag/sep11/Breeding.shtml
Cloud Computing
Major trend in Information Technology Few organizations have core competence in
large-scale computer infrastructure management
Essentially outsourcing of server housing and management
Usually based on a consumption-based business model
Most new automation products delivered through some flavor of cloud computing
Many flavors to suit business needs: public, private, hybrid
Library Automation in the Cloud Almost all library automation vendors
offer some form of cloud-based services Server management moves from library
to Vendor Subscription-based business model Comprehensive annual subscription
payment Offsets local server purchase and
maintenance Offsets some local technology support
Software as a Service
Multi Tennant SaaS is the modern approach One copy of the code base serves multiple
sites Software functionality delivered entirely
through Web interfaces No workstation clients
Upgrades and fixes deployed universally Usually in small increments
Data as a service
SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data models
WorldCat: one globally shared copy that serves all libraries
Primo Central: central index of articles maintained by Ex Libris shared by all libraries implementing Primo / Primo Central
KnowledgeWorks database of of e-journal holdings shared among all customers of Serials Solutions products
General opportunity to move away from library-by-library metadata management to globally shared workflows
Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris, BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, TOTALS II, Absys.net
Traditional Open Source ILS Evergreen, Koha
New generation Library Services Platforms Ex Libris Alma, Kuali OLE, OCLC WorldShare
Management Services, Serials Solutions Intota Cloud-based systems
Ex Libris Alma OCLC WorldShare Management Service Serials Solutions: Intota
Competing Models of Library Automation
Beyond the Integrated Library System Find a new term for the successor to the
ILS Integrated Library System now viewed
as print-centric Need to designate a name for the new
genre of automation products
Library Services Platforms
Comprehensive Management: Print, Electronic, Digital
Shared data models / Knowledge base driven
Cloud Technology: multi-tenant software-as-a-service
Service Platform: Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability
Comprehensive Resource Management
No longer sensible to use different software platforms for managing different types of library materials
ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset management, etc. very inefficient model
Flexible platform capable of managing multiple type of library materials, multiple metadata formats, with appropriate workflows
Open Systems
Achieving openness has risen as the key driver behind library technology strategies
Libraries need to do more with their data Ability to improve customer experience and
operational efficiencies Demand for Interoperability Open source – full access to internal
program of the application Open API’s – expose programmatic
interfaces to data and functionality
Con
solid
ate
d in
dex
Unified Presentation LayerUnified Presentation LayerSearch:
Digital Coll
Digital Coll
ProQuest
ProQuest
EBSCOEBSCO…
JSTORJSTOR
Other Resour
ces
Other Resour
ces
New Library Management Model
``API LayerAPI Layer
Library Services Platform
LearningManageme
nt
LearningManageme
nt
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
StockManageme
nt
StockManageme
nt
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Authentication
Service
Authentication
Service
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Discovery
Service
From local discovery to Web-scale discovery
New models of Library Collection Discovery
Next-Gen Library CatalogsMarshall BreedingNeal-Schuman PublishersMarch 2010
Volume 1 of The Tech Set
Challenge: Disjointed approach to information and service delivery Library Web sites offer a menu of unconnected silos:
Books: Library OPAC (ILS online catalog module) Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal
collections OpenURL linking services E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver) Subject guides (e.g. Springshare LibGuides) Local digital collections
ETDs, photos, rich media collections Metasearch engines Discovery Services – often just another choice among
many All searched separately
Online Catalog
Search:
Search Results
ILS DataILS Data
Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface Single search box Query tools
Did you mean Type-ahead
Relevance ranked results Faceted navigation Enhanced visual displays
Cover art Summaries, reviews,
Recommendation services
Discovery Interface search model
Search: Digital Collections
Digital Collections
ProQuestProQuest
EBSCOhost
EBSCOhost
…MLA
Bibliography
MLA Bibliograph
y
ABC-CLIOABC-CLIO
Search Results
Real-time query and responses
ILS DataILS Data
Local Index
Meta
Searc
h E
ng
ine
Discovery Products
http://www.librarytechnology.org/
discovery.pl
Differentiation in Discovery
Products increasingly specialized between public and academic libraries
Public libraries: emphasis on engagement with physical collection
Academic libraries: concern for discovery of heterogeneous material types, especially books + articles + digital objects
Device Agnostic
Discovery from Local to Web-scale Initial products focused on technology
AquaBrowser, Endeca, Primo, Encore, VuFind, LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena Mostly locally-installed software
Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery Primo Central (Ex Libris) Summon (Serials Solutions) WorldCat Local (OCLC) EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO) Encore with Article Integration (no index,
though)
Web-scale Index-based Discovery
Search: Digital Collections
Digital Collections
ProQuestProQuest
EBSCOhost
EBSCOhost
…MLA
Bibliography
MLA Bibliograph
y
ABC-CLIOABC-CLIO
Search Results
Pre-built harvesting and indexing
Con
solid
ate
d In
dex
ILS DataILS Data
Web-scale Search + Federated Search
Search: Digital Collections
Digital Collections
ProQuestProQuest
…MLA
Bibliography
MLA Bibliograph
y
ABC-CLIOABC-CLIO
Search Results
Pre-built harvesting and indexing
Con
solid
ate
d
Index
ILS DataILS Data
FedSearch Non-
harvestable
Resources
Non-harvestabl
eResources
Interim model to deal with resources not possible to harvest into consolidated index
Encore Synergy
Search: Digital
Collections
ProQuestProQuest
…Lo
cal
Index
ILS Data
Web
S
erv
ices
Local Index Results
Local Index Results
Remote Search Results
Remote Search Results
EBSCOhost
EBSCOhost
…MLA
Bibliography
MLA Bibliograph
y
ABC-CLIOABC-CLIO
Con
solid
ate
d in
dex
Search Engine
Unified Presentation LayerUnified Presentation LayerSearch:
Digital Coll
Digital Coll
ProQuest
ProQuest
EBSCOEBSCO…
JSTORJSTOR
Other Resour
ces
Other Resour
ces
New Library Management Model
``API LayerAPI Layer
Library Services Platform
LearningManageme
nt
LearningManageme
nt
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
Enterprise ResourcePlanning
StockManageme
nt
StockManageme
nt
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Self-Check /
Automated Return
Authentication
Service
Authentication
Service
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Smart Cad /
Payment systems
Discovery
Service
The Discovery Services Market
Adoption of Discovery Services Next-gen catalogs or discovery services
have been around since 2002 Many mature products Continuing to evolve and expand Online catalog components of ILS
products have taken on many of the characteristics of discovery layers Examples: LS2 PAC, Polaris PowerPAC
Discovery Service Installations
Discovery Product 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Installed
Primo 12 37 53 506 111 914
AquaBrowser 55 339 64 69 74 254
Encore 72 72 109 56 72 326
LS2 PAC 46 77 58 88 236
Summon 50 164 214 407
Enterprise 16 75 100 251
Civica Sorcer 7 12 22 39
Axiell Arena 61 57 33 76
Chamo 10 34 7 51
EBSCO Discovery Service
Global Primo Installations
Summon Global Adoption
Expanding the Depth of Discovery
Citations / Metadata > Full Text Citations or structured metadata provide
key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation
Indexing Full-text of content amplifies access
Important to understand depth indexing Currency, dates covered, full-text or
citation Many other factors
Full-text Book indexing
HathiTrust: 11 million volumes, 5.3 million titles, 263,000 serial titles, 3.5 billion pages
HathiTrust in Discovery Indexes Primo Central (Jan 20, 2012) [previously
indexed only metadata] EBSCO Discovery Service (Sept 8 2011) WorldCat Local (Sept 7, 2011) Summon (Mar 28, 2011)
Challenge for Relevancy
Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR
Difficult to order records in ways that make sense
Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query
Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings
Challenges for Collection Coverage To work effectively, discovery services need to
cover comprehensively the body of content represented in library collections
What about publishers that do not participate? Is content indexed at the citation or full-text
level? What are the restrictions for non-
authenticated users? How can libraries understand the differences
in coverage among competing services?
Evaluating the Coverage of Index-based Discovery Services Intense competition: how well the index covers
the body of scholarly content stands as a key differentiator
Difficult to evaluate based on numbers of items indexed alone.
Important to ascertain now your library’s content packages are represented by the discovery service.
Important to know what items are indexed by citation and which are full text
Important to know whether the discovery service favors the content of any given publisher
Example: Summon Unified Index Growth
Example
Open Discovery Initiative
NISO Work Group to Develop Standards and Recommended Practices for Library Discovery Services Based on Indexed Search
Informal meeting called at ALA Annual 2011
Co-Chaired by Marshall Breeding and Jenny Walker
Term: Dec 2011 – May 2013
Open Discovery Initiative stakeholders Libraries: provide discovery services on
behalf of their patrons Publishers: provide content to be
indexed by discovery services Discovery Service Provides: develop
discovery interfaces and populate indexes
ODI Project Goals:
Identify … needs and requirements of the three stakeholder groups in this area of work.
Create recommendations and tools to streamline the process by which information providers, discovery service providers, and librarians work together to better serve libraries and their users.
Provide effective means for librarians to assess the level of participation by information providers in discovery services, to evaluate the breadth and depth of content indexed and the degree to which this content is made available to the user.
E-book Integration
The rise of e-books
Academic libraries: e-books included in aggregated content packages E-books used primarily for research and
consultation, not long reading Public Libraries: Subscriptions to e-book
services that provide an outsourced collection of loanable e-books
K-12 Schools, Colleges, Universities: interest in electronic textbooks
Integrating e-Books into Library Automation Infrastructure Current approach involves mostly outsourced
arrangements Collections licensed wholesale from single
provider Hand-off to DRM and delivery systems of
providers Loading of MARC records into local catalog with
linking mechanisms No ability to see availability status of e-books
from the library’s online catalog or discovery interface
Technology Issues
Access to materials controlled through Digital Rights Management
Closed ecosystems that control content through identity management and rights policies
Imposes significant overhead on the user experience: Download an install DRM components Establish user credentials in site trusted by DRM Works only with devices that comply with DRM
restrictions
Questions and discussion