valence p-n interactions, shell model for deformed nuclei ... · 12/9/2014 · • nucleonic...
TRANSCRIPT
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Valence p-n interactions, shell model for deformed nuclei and the physics of exotic
nuclei
Rick Casten WNSL, Dec 9, 2014
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How can we understand nuclear behavior?
Two approaches:
1) Nucleons in orbits and their interactions [Independent particle model and shell
model]
2) Look at nucleus as an entity in itself – a many-body system with shape, symmetries,
quantum numbers
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0+
2+
6+. . .
8+. . .
Vibrator (H.O.)
E(J) = n ( ω0 )
R4/2= 2.0
n = 0
n = 1
n = 2
Rotor
E(J) ∝ ( ħ2/2I )J(J+1)
R4/2= 3.33
Doubly magic plus 2 nucleons
R4/2< 2.0
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Broad perspective on structural evolution
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 15010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Prot
on N
umbe
rNeutron Number
1.4
1.9
2.3
2.8
3.2
R4/2
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 15010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Prot
on N
umbe
r
Neutron Number
80
850
1600
E(21+)
The remarkable regularity of these patterns is one of the beauties of nuclear systematics and one of the challenges to nuclear theory.
Whether they persist far off stability is one of the fascinating questions for the future
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Why this behavior?
Titanic struggle between good and good -
- between the pairing interaction (two nucleons in the same orbit like to couple their angular momenta to zero)
and
the valence p-n interaction (which drives nuclei to deformed shapes)
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Sn – Magic: no valence p-n interactions
Both valence protons and
neutrons
The idea of “both” types of nucleons – the p-n interaction
Lower energies imply correlations and collectivity – mixing of IPM wave functions due to residual interactions.
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δVpn (Z,N) = - ¼ [ {B(Z,N) - B(Z, N-2)} - {B(Z-2, N) - B(Z-2, N-2)} ]
p n p n p n p n
Int. of last two n with Z protons, N-2 neutrons and with each other
Int. of last two n with Z-2 protons, N-2 neutrons and with each other
Empirical average interaction of last two neutrons with last two protons
- - -
-
Valence p-n interaction: Can we measure it?
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How do we expect them to behave? Difficult to calculate in detail but general predictions possible
p-n interaction is short range similar orbits give largest p-n interaction
HIGH j, LOW n
LOW j, HIGH n
50
82
82
126
Largest p-n interactions if proton and neutron shells are filling similar orbits
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Empirical p-n interaction strengths indeed strongest along diagonal.
π ν
82
50 82
126
High j, low n
Empirical p-n interaction strengths stronger in like than unlike regions.
Direct correlation of observed growth rates of collectivity with empirical p-n interaction strengths
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What happens to the Independent Particle Model when nuclei are
not spherical?
Answer: Very interesting things. Lets see what they are
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Nuclear many-body potentials and shapes Nuclear shape defined by two quantities, β, γ. β defines
the elongation of the nucleus, γ defines its axial asymmetry.
R = R0 [1 + β cosγ Y20(θ,φ) + β sin γ Y22 (θ,φ)]
β, elongation
Deformed (ellipsoidal) nuclei
What are the orbits and energies of individual nucleons around a nucleus like this? In other words, what does the Independent Particle
Model look like for deformed nuclei?
The answer is called the Nilsson model and the result is called a Nilsson diagram
(sometimes known as a spaghetti diagram)
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The answer: The Nilsson diagram
Goal: to understand this diagram, and how to use it, without ANY
calculation whatsoever (OK, maybe a sine or cosine), and to
be able to construct it for an arbitrary nuclear shape.
Need only two ingredients:
Nuclear force is short range
and attractive
Two level mixing
First impression: Aaaarrghh, Ugh, Yuk !! !!!
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First clue: other regions of single particle levels have very similar-looking Nilsson Diagrams.
So something must be simple about it. In fact, its utterly simple
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This is the essence of the Nilsson model and diagram. Just repeat this idea for EACH j-orbit of the
spherical shell model. Voila, the Nilsson Diagram
(almost) !!!
There is only one other ingredient
needed. Note that some of the lines are curved ! What does this mean? Where
does that come from?
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Suppose we have a Hamiltonian
H = H0 + Hresid.
where H0 has a set of eigenstates Xi
The eigenstates of H will therefore be mixtures of those of H0, that is linear combinations of the Xi with coefficients Ci. (In our case, H0 will be the Hamiltonian of the SPHERICAL shell model that we have been
discussing. Hresid. will be the terms that mix different IPM single particle states because the nucleus is deformed.)
2-State mixing
(of course, you all know this from Q. Mech – brief review of
key feature for the Nilsson model)
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E(J) ∝ ( ħ2/2I )J(J+1)
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One more example
Appendices A and B have other examples you can play
with and a more formal derivation of the model.
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Exotic Nuclei A new era in nuclear structure,
reaction, and astrophysics
Science, Production, Recent results, and Facilities
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We can customize our system – fabricate “designer” nuclei to isolate and amplify specific physics or interactions
The Four Frontiers
1. Proton Rich Nuclei
2. Neutron Rich Nuclei
3. Heaviest Nuclei
4. Evolution of structure within these boundaries
Terra incognita — huge gene pool of new nuclei
The scope of Nuclear Structure Physics
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Major Exotic Beam Facilities Worldwide
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A field that is energized worldwide
Korea -- RISP
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Some themes in the science of exotic nuclei
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The ultimate goal of the physics of nuclei is to develop a unified, predictive theory of nucleonic
matter
Exp.
Models
Physics of exotic, weakly bound nuclei
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New Features in Exotic Nuclei
Weak Binding
Low density, diffuse, extended, nearly pure neutron amplitudes
0 10 20
Density (log)
Radius (fm)
p-n core
n-skin
Halo/Skin Nuclei
11Li Localized nuclear density
V (r)
Spatially extended wave functions
r
V (r)
r
Diffuse
Normal potential New N/Z ranges Interaction-induced
changes in SPEs Changes in single particle energies, magic numbers
Coupling to open channels
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Migration of magicity: N = 20 is NOT magic for Mg and N = 28 is NOT magic for Si and S !!!! Evolution of shell
structure -- one of the most active, important areas of nuclear structure research today.
Recall magic numbers: 2,8,20,50,82,126
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Neutron “skins” near the neutron drip line
Skins and Skin Modes
np
n
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Stopped Beam Experiments
(Traps)
ISOL Target/Ion Extraction
Reaccelerated Beam
Experiments
Second Accelerator
Fast Beam Experiments Exotic Ion Beam
Exotic Ions Exotic Ion Beam
High Energy Proton Driver
Fragmentation Target and Ion
Separator
High Energy Heavy Ion
Driver
Intense Proton Beam
Intense Stable Ion Beam
Gas Stopping
Production and use of Exotic Isotopes
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Slid 46
The Reach of FRIB Rates are available at http://groups.nscl.msu.edu/frib/rates/
4500 isotopes produced at useful rates
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Physics with rare isotopes – Physics vs. Intensity With new technology we can now do experiments with orders of magnitude weaker beams than ever before. Particles/sec Physics of Nuclei
10-5 Existence; perhaps half life, decay modes 10-4 to 10-3 Half life, mass, min. structural information 10-2 to 10-1 Some detailed structural information 103 Full details of structure >105 Astrophysical reaction rates 106 Weak interaction strengths 108 to 1012 Production of superheavy elements
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Study of symmetry phases
deformation
β-decay
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“Back to the Future”
Exotic nuclei
Similar techniques (as in “the old days”): single particle transfer, beta decay, gamma ray spectroscopy, mass measurements, reaction rates
— on new nuclei
New challenges—”10” vs. 109 p/s
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Exotic Nuclei Discovery Potential
• Comprehensive nuclear theory • Reaching the limits of nuclear binding • Discovery/study of exotic nuclear topologies • Discovery of new structural symmetries • Study of phases of nuclei and nuclear matter • Crucial ingredients for astrophysics • Tests of fundamental symmetries • Unforeseen Discoveries
“Spin-offs” • Applications to medicine, national security, • Training the next generation of scientists who know and can
exploit the atomic nucleus
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Themes in Nuclear Structure with exotic nuclei
• Changing Shell Structure – The nucleonic foundation of nuclear behavior – changing paradigms after half a century
• Nucleonic interactions – Pairing and p-n: new density
regimes and the effects of the continuum. • The evolution of structure – Symmetries, phase transitions,
and critical points in complex nuclei
• The heaviest nuclei – Quantal binding • The limits of nuclear existence • The links to Astrophysics, and opportunities to test
fundamental symmetries
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Appendix A
with more examples of how to use the Nilsson Model in practice
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On the next slides are other that you can look through and
see if you understand.
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Appendix B
on a more formal derivation of the Nilsson Model with emphasis on the small and large deformation
limits and quantum numbers
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