valence electrons w electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an atom. w these are the...
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Valence electrons
Electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an atom.
These are the electrons that determine the element’s properties.
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Electron dot structures Diagrams that show the
valence electrons as dots. The core electrons and
the nucleus are included in the symbol of the element
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Octet Rule
In forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve noble gas configuration.
8 electrons in the highest energy level.
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IONS Atoms or groups of atoms that
have a positive or negative charge.
Cations - positive ion resulting from loss of electrons.
Anions - negative ions resulting from gain of electrons.
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Formula Unit
Represents an ionic compound.
Lowest whole number ratio of ions in the compound.
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Formula units Ionic compounds form as
repeating links in a crystal matrix.
Each cation is bound to each neighboring anion
The ions are “locked in place”
NaCl is the smallest ratio that indicates this
matrix
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Ionic Bond
Bonds resulting from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. In an ionic compound the net ionic charge is 0.
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Ionic Compounds
Metal + Non-metal Polyatomic cation+Non-metal Metal+ Polyatomic anion Solid at room temperature High melting point >300°C
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Ionic compounds NaCl Na2SO4
CaCO3
1. Crystalline solids that have high melting points.
2. They are often soluble in water
3. They conduct electricity when in solution, or when molten.
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Predicting the formula1. Identify the charge of
the cation2. Identify the charge of
the anion3. Make a “T” table4. Add ions until the
positive charge equals the negative charge
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Predicting the formula
Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that stay together, they are treated like “super atoms” The entire group carries the charge.
Table 9.3 p.257
NH
4
+
NH
4
+
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Lets practice !!!!Potassium + Phosphorus
Lithium + Selenium
Aluminum + Chlorine
Gallium + Sulfur
Magnesium + Iodine
Sodium + Carbonate
Sodium + Hydrogen Carbonate
Strontium + Phosphate
Ammonium + Chromate
Barium + Acetate
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Lets practice !!!!
Potassium + Phosphorus K3P
Lithium + Selenium Li2Se
Aluminum + Chlorine AlCl3Gallium + Sulfur Ga2S3
Magnesium + Iodine MgI2Sodium + Carbonate Na2CO3
Sodium + Hydrogen Carbonate NaHCO3
Strontium + Phosphate Sr3(PO4)2
Ammonium + Chromate (NH4)2CrO4
Barium + Acetate Ba(C2H3O2)2
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Lets Review!!!calcium chloride
cesium oxide
aluminum perchlorate
barium sulfide
sodium dichromate
aluminum phosphate
calcium carbonate
sodium carbonate
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Lets Review!!!calcium chloride CaCl2cesium oxide Cs2O
aluminum perchlorate
Al (ClO4)3
barium sulfide BaS
sodium dichromate Na2Cr2O7
aluminum phosphate
Al PO4
calcium carbonate CaCO3
sodium carbonate Na2CO3
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Compounds with transition metals Transition metals can
have more than one charge.
You may have more than one possible compound: FeO, or Fe2O3
Make tables & work backwards to determine cation charge
Indicate charge with a roman numeral
REMEMBER THE TABLE MUST BE BALANCED !!!!!
Fe+? O-2
Fe+? O-2
Fe+? O-2
O-2
iron(II) oxide
iron(III) oxide
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Some Ions we need to just Know
Silver is always +1 Zinc is always +2 Cadmium is always +2 Do not use a roman numeral with these Iron may be +2 or +3 Tin may be +2 or +4 Lead may be +2 or +4 More in table 9.2 p.255
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Lets Review!!!potassium oxide
strontium nitride
strontium nitrate
strontium nitrite
aluminum hydroxide
magnesium sulfate
iron(III) oxide
silver oxide
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Lets Review!!!
Potassium Oxide K2O
Strontium Nitride Sr3N2
Strontium Nitrate Sr(NO3)2
Strontium Nitrite Sr(NO2)2
Aluminum Hydroxide Al(OH)3
Magnesium Sulfate MgSO4
Iron(III) Oxide Fe2O3
Silver Oxide Ag2O
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Lets practice!!
Na2S
Hg2S
Na2Cr2O7
Hg2Cr2O7
CuO
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Lets Practice Answers
Na2S sodium sulfide
Hg2S mercury(I) sulfide
Na2Cr2O7 sodium dichromate
Hg2Cr2O7 mercury(I) dichromate
CuO copper(II) oxide
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Lets Practicecalcium carbonate
ammonium sulfate
copper(I) phosphate
chromium(IV) acetate
cadmium perchlorate
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Lets Practice
calcium carbonate CaCO3
ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4
copper(I) phosphate Cu3PO4
chromium(IV) acetate
Cr(C2H3O2)4
cadmium perchlorate
Cd(ClO4)2
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Links to practice tests and games
Interactive link Interactive link 2 Interactive link 3 Interactive link 4
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Metallic Bonds The force of attraction that
holds metals together. The attraction of the free floating electrons for the positively charged metal ions
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Metallic Properties
Malleable Ductile Conduct heat and
electricity.
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Single covalent bond
A bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons between them in order to achieve noble gas configuration.
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Structural formulas
Chemical formulas that show the arrangement of atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions. Each dash represents a pair of shared electrons.
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Unshared pairs Pairs of valence electrons
that are not involved in bonding, not shared between atoms.
Also called lone pairs or non-bonding pairs
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Double covalent bond
Two atoms share two pairs of electrons between them to attain noble gas configuration.
O2 and CO2
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Triple covalent bond
Two atoms share three pairs of electrons between them to attain noble gas configuration.
N2
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Coordinate covalent bond
A covalent bond in which one atom contributes both bonding electrons.
CO and NH4+ and N2O
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Exceptions to the octet rule
NO2
BF3
PCl5
SF6
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Law of Definite Proportions
In samples of any chemical compound, the masses of the elements are always in the same proportions.
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Law of Multiple Proportions When two elements form
more than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
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Isoelectronic ions Ions containing the same
numbers of electrons. Generally for
isoelectronic ions size decreases as nuclear charge increases.
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Bond energy The energy required to
break a bond. Table 8.4 p.365 Bond length- the distance
where energy is minimum.Table 8.5 p.365
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Coulomb’s Law E=2.31x10-19Jxnm Q1Q2
r E= energy in joules r= distance between ion
centers in nm Q1&Q2= ion charges
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Molecular Compounds All non-metals covalently
bonded. Solid, liquid or gas Low melting point <300°C Smallest representative
particle is a molecule.
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Non-polar covalent bond A covalent bond in
which the electrons are shared equally. The two atoms have nearly the same electronegativities
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Polar covalent bond A covalent bond in which
the electrons are not shared equally. The more electronegative atom will pull more of the electrons toward itself.
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Polar molecule One end of the molecule
has a slightly positive charge and one has a slightly negative charge.
This is called a dipole. Depends on the shape.
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Lattice energy The change in energy that
takes place when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form an ionic solid.
Lattice Energy=k(Q1Q2)
r
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Use the following to calculate H°f of BaCl2(s).
Lattice energy= -2056 kJ/mol 1st ionization Ba= 503kJ/mol 2nd ionization Ba= 965kJ/mol Electron affinity Cl=-348kJ/mol Bond energy Cl2=239kJ/mol
H sublimation Ba=178kJ/mol
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Bond Energies & Enthalpy
H=D(bonds broken)- D(bonds formed) =sum of terms D=bond energy per mol of
bonds, always positive.
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Localized Electron Bonding Model A molecule is composed of
atoms that are bound together by sharing pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of the bound atoms.
Lewis Structures VSEPR Theory
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Writing Lewis Structures Sum the valence electrons
from all the atoms. Use a line to show a pair of
electrons between each pair of bound atoms. (Bonding Pairs)
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Writing Lewis Structures Arrange the remaining
electrons to satisfy the duet rule for hydrogen and the octet rule for the 2nd row elements. (Lone Pairs)
Double or triple bonds may be needed.
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Comments on Octet Rule C,N,O,F obey octet rule. B and Be often have less than
8 electrons. Very reactive. 2nd row never exceed rule. 3rd row and up often obey
octet rule but may exceed it., due to d orbitals.
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When writing lewis structures satisfy the octet rule for the atoms first. Place any remaining electrons on the elements that have available d orbitals.
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Resonance structures Occur when it is possible
to have two or more valid electron dot structures for the same molecule or ion.
SO3, SO2
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Formal Charge (FC) A method to decide which
of many possible non-equivalent Lewis structures is most likely to occur.
Atoms in molecules try to achieve FC as close to 0 as possible.
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FC=(# valence e- on free atom) -(# valence e- assigned to the atom in the molecule).
(Valence e-)assigned = (# lone pair electrons) + 1/2(#shared electrons)
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VSEPR theory Valence-shell-electron-pair
repulsion theory. Because electron pairs repel
molecular shape adjusts so the valence electron pairs are as far apart as possible.
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Hybrid orbitals
In hybridization several atomic orbitals mix to form the same number of equivalent hybrid orbitals
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Sigma bonds
Formed along the axis that joins the atomic nuclei when two atomic nuclei combine to form a molecular orbital.
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Pi bond
Electron in pi bonds are found in sausage shaped regions above and below, or in front and behind the bond axis.
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Paramagnetic molecules
Show an attraction to an external magnetic field.
Molecules contain one or more unpaired electrons.
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Diamagnetic Molecules
Molecule is repelled by an external magnetic force.
Associated with paired electrons
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Electronegativity The ability of an atom in a
compound to draw electrons to itself.
Pauling electonegativity values Table 14.2 p.405
Large electronegativity differences correspond to ionic bonds