vacuum based photon detectors

1

University of California Los Angeles

Department of Physics and Astronomy

arisakaphysicsuclaedu

Vacuum basedPhoton Detectors

Katsushi Arisaka

10282012 Katsushi Arisaka UCLA

2

Outline Concept of Photomultiplier Basic Properties

QE Gain Time Response Imperfect Behavior of PMT

Linearity Uniformity Noisehellip Other Vacuum Devices

Hybrid PDAPD Applications

Energy Resolution Summary


3

Concept of PMT


4

PMT (Photomultiplier Tube)


Katsushi Arisaka UCLA 51028201211200 of 20rdquo PMTs

Super-Kamiokande


>

Operation of Head-On Type PMT

signal light-gtphotoelectron photoelectron-gtDy1 electron-gt multiplication

cascade multiplication electric signal from anode

10282012 Katsushi Arisaka UCLA 7

Katsushi Arisaka UCLA 810282012

Structure of Linear-focus PMT

Mesh Anode Last Dynode

Photo CathodeSecond Last DynodeFirst Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG


Principle of Silicon Photodiode

Gain = 10 QE ~ 100 Extremely

Stable Large

Dynamic Range


FAQWhy still PMT Why not Silicon

Photodiode

Intrinsically high gainLow noise ndash photon countingFast speedLarge area

butPoor Quantum EfficiencyBulkyExpensive

11

Purpose of Photon Detector

Observe all the quantities of photons as accurate as possible The number of photons E Arrival time of photons T Position of photons X Y Z

Primary purpose of vacuum detectors Very small number of photons lt 100 photons Accurate time of photons lt 10 nsec


12

Basic Properties


Outline

Fundamental Parameters of PMT Quantum Efficiency (QE) Photoelectron Collection Efficiency (CE) Gain (G) Excess Noise Factor (ENF)

How to Measure These Parameters

Energy Resolution (E)


14

Quantum Efficiency (QE)


Quantum Efficiency (QE)Definition

The single most important quantityN

NPhotonsInsident

ronsPhotoelectEmittedQE

pe

)_(

)_(


QE curves of 6 types

01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP

Extended RedMultialkali (S-25)

Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs

Quantum Efficiency with 6 types of Photocathodes

VUV UV Visible Infra-Red



Typical QE

BialkaliSb-Rb-CsSb-K-Cs

18

Transmittance of windows

popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive

Wavelength is Shorter


FAQ

Why is QE limited to ~40 at best

Competing two factorsbull Absorption of photonbull Emission of photo-electrons

Isotropic emission of photo-electrons


FAQHow can we measure QE

Connect all the dynodes and the anodeSupply more than +100V for 100

collection efficiencyMeasure the cathode current (IC)Compare IC with that of a reference

photon-detector with known QE


UCLA QE System

Reference PMT PMT with unknown QE

Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference

unknownreferenceunknown I

IQEQE

10282012 21Katsushi Arisaka UCLA

22

UCLA Vacuum UV QE System

PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu



Propagation Chain of Absolute Calibration of Photon Detectors

Cryogenic Radiometer

Trap Detector

Pyroelectric Detector

Laser(s)

NIST standard UV Si PD

Reference PMTReal Light Source

Monochromator

UV LEDXe LampLaser(s)

Particle Beam

Real experiments PMTs in our detectors

Light BeamScattered Light

NIST

us


Standard Light Beam


NIST High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR)

Photon energy is converted to heat

Heat is compared with resistive (Ohmic) heating

0021 accuracy at 1mW

This is the origin of absolute photon intensity


Trap Detector

Front View Bottom View

NIST Standards Quantum efficiencies of typical Si InGaAs and Ge photodiodes


Sk (Cathode Sensitivity)and Skb (Cathode Blue Sensitivity)

Filter for Skb Lump for Sk10282012 Katsushi Arisaka UCLA 27

Collection Efficiency (CE)

Definition

)_()_1___(

ronsPhotoelectEmittedDynodestbycapturedPECE


FAQ

How can we measure Collection Efficiency

Measure the Cathode current (IC)Add 10-5 ND filter in front of PMTMeasure the counting rate of the single

PE (S)Take the ratio of S1610-19 105IC


Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)

Definition

bull Often confused as QE by ldquoPhysicistsrdquo

CEQEPhotonsInsident

DynodestbycapturedPEDQE

)_(

)_1___(


FAQHow can we measure Detective QE

Use a weak pulsed light source (so that gt90 pulse gives the pedestal)

Measure the counting rate of the single PE (S)

Compare S with that of PMT with known DQE


32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types

lt SIZE gt 12 inch amp 1-18 inchlt Features gt Compact Relatively Cheap

lt SIZE gt 38 inch ~ 20 inchlt Features gt Variety of sizes Direct coupling

lt SIDE-ON TYPE gt lt HEAD-ON TYPE gt


Dynode Structures ndash Side-on vs Head-on

CIRCULAR CAGE

CompactFast time response(mainly for Side-On PMT)

Good CE(Good uniformity)Slow time response

BOX amp GRID

lt SIDE-ON gtlt HEAD-ON gt


LINEAR FOCUSED (CC+BOX)

Fast time responseGood pulse linearity

VENETIAN BLIND

Large dynode areaBetter uniformity

Dynode Structures ndash Linear Focus vs Venetian Blind

Larger DY1 is used in recent new PMTs (Box amp Line)


Metal Channel PMT

CompactFast time responsePosition sensitive

PMT with Metal Channel Dynode

16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh

MCP (Micro Channel Plate)

Gain = 100 - 1000

( 5 ndash 10 μm ϕ)


MCP

39

MCP PMT


MCP PMTImage Intensifier

Principle of Image Intensifier

httpwwwe-radiographynetradtechiintensifierspdf


Effect of Magnetic Fields

MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG


Secondary electron Emission

HV06


Gain (GP)

Definition by Physicists

nPG 321

(i = Gain of the i-th dynode)

nP HVG 60



FAQ

How can we measure the Gain (GP) of our definition


Measure the center of the mass of Single PE charge distribution of the Anode signal (QA)

Take the ratio of QA1610-19

47

Single PE distribution



Gain (GI)

Definition by Industries

nI CEG 321



FAQHow do manufactures measure the

real Gain (GI)

Measure the Cathode current (IC) Add 10-5 ND filter in front of PMT Measure the Anode current (IA) Take the ratio of IA105IC

PI GCEG


Gain vs Voltage Curve

Physicists Definition

GP=δ1bullδ2bullhellip bullδn

Industries Definition

GI=CEbullδ1bullδ2bullhellip bullδn

CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis


270 Auger-SD PMTs HV for G=2105

UCLA vs Photonis

HV varies from PMT to PMT

Photonis is Higher than UCLA (due to CE)

CE varies from PMT to PMT

UCLA

Photonis


FAQ

Why is the Gain so different from PMT to PMT at the fixed HV

At given HV each may be 10 different Then Gain could be an order of magnitude

different (G = 123 n)


FAQ

What is the maximum allowed HV for stable PMT operation

It can be checked by Dark Current behavior


Gain and Dark Current vs HV

ThermalPhotoelectronEmission

LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect


Temperature Dependence of Anode Sensitivity

-04oC

56

Two Types of Voltage Divider

lt-HV Operationgt

lt+HV OperationgtPulse operation only

No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response

TTSTransit Time Spread

(Variation of Transit Time)

Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform

Rise 15 nsFall 27 ns



Typical TTS (Transit Time Spread)


Transit Time vs HV

Higher VoltageFaster Transit Time

61

Time Properties (R11410)


6210282012

Time Resolution vs Sensitive Area

HPD

SiPM

Katsushi Arisaka UCLA

63

Imperfect Behavior of PMT



Uncertainties Specific to PMTsPMTs are not perfect There are many

issues to be concerned

Non Linearity Cathode and Anode Uniformity Effect of Magnetic Field Temperature Dependence Dark Counts After Pulse Rate Dependence Long-term Stability

65

Linearity



PMT Non LinearityNon Linearity is the effect of the space charge

mainly between the last and the second last dynode


Photo Cathode Second Last Dynode

First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity

What is Pulse Linearity Relation between radiation energy and PMT output

Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()

PMT output peak current (mA)PMT output

Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68

Block Diagram for Double-Pulsed Mode

Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity



Optimization of Anode Pulse Linearity

10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70

Linearity at different gainsLow gain (1000V) High gain (1500V)


71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light

SLIT shapeIncident light

Large size ofIncident light


73

Cathode Uniformity (3 inch PMT)


74

Anode Uniformity (3 inch PMT)


75

Collection Efficiency (=AnodeCathode)

(KA0044)


76

Effect of Magnetic Field


7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD



Typical Magnetic Field Effect

Earth B-Field


xy

z

Effect of Magnetic Field on Liner-focus 2rdquo PMT

Hamamatsu 2rdquo PMT (R7281-01)

Earth B-Field


Edge Effect of Magnetic Shields

For effective shieldingwe need extra mu-metalin front

81

Dark Count



Temperature Dependence of Dark Current

83

Dark Count Rate vs Temperature


84

After Pulse



After Pulse (R11410)


After Pulse by Helium

Helium Contaminated PMT from MACRO

gt 10

87

Long Term Stability



Typical Long-term Stability

From Hamamatsu PMT Handbook

89

Other Vacuum Devices





Stable Large

Dynamic Range


APD (Avalanche Photodiode)

High Gain (100-1000) High QE (~70)Then why not replace PMTsDrawbacks

lt2 ENFgt2 Effectively QE lt35 Extremely Sensitive to Temperature and

Voltage change Difficult to manufacture uniform large area


In vacuum Silicon Photodiode instead of dynodes

High Gain (1000-3000) we can count 1-5 photoelectrons

Then why not replace PMTs

HPD (Hybrid Photodiode)

Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012

CMS Detector under 4 Tesla

4 TeslaEM Hadron

APD HPDKatsushi Arisaka UCLA

9410282012

CMS HCAL Multi pixel HPD 　 (DEP)

PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow

Photocathode (-10 kV)

e

19 channel pixel layout

pixel size 54 mm flat-flatgap between pixels 004 mm

34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012

The pixel HPD by DEP (for LHCb)

Advantages of this hybrid pixel structurelow noise excellent resolution of single photoelectronshigh channel numberdensity

DEP The Netherlands



Hamamatsu Hybrid APD

Single Channel HAPD

64 Channel HAPD+ Readout

1 2 3 hellip Photo-electron Distribution


12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons

True photon counting

Decay Time Measurement by HAPD


Time Resolution = 80 psec

FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100

Leica HyD Detector for Confocal Microscope


HamamatsuCompact HAPDwith GaAsP


8 inch HAPD by Hamamatsu

New releaseat NSS 2012


Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank

Xe 20 ton (10 ton) 40Ar 70 ton (50 ton)

15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar

MAX G3 Dark Matter Detector

Photo Cathode(-6 kV)

APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)


QUPID (QUartz Photon Intensifying Detector)


Made by Synthetic Silica only

104

Production Version QUPID


1 2 and 3 PE Distribution with 2m cable


2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)


Intevac Electron Bombarded CMOS


EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution



Anode Signal (E) Definition

p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)

(N = No of Incident Photons)(Npe = No of Photo-electrons)

11010282012

In ideal case

In reality

ndash N Number of incident photonsndash QE Quantum Efficiencyndash CE Collection Efficiencyndash ENF Excess Noise Factor (from Dynodes)ndash ENC Equivalent Noise Charge (Readout Noise)ndash G Gain


NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G



Excess Noise Factor (ENF) Definition

In case of PMT

How to measure Set Npe = 10-20 (for nice Gaussian) Measure E of the Gaussian distribution ENF is given by

2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2


Single PE Distribution

of the single PE distribution is given by

Thus ENF is related to Peak to Valley Ratio

1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle


Single PE Distribution To see single PE

tune light intensity so that gt90 gives pedestal

If 1 gtgt5 ENFlt14 Clear single PE can be seen

The true position is given by the ldquoCenter of Massrdquo including signal below the pedestal


ENF vs PV Ratio of 270 Auger-SD PMTs


FAQ

When should we use PMT and when should we use Silicon Photodiode

Depends on intensity of photons Depends on speed of signals


Resolution of Hybrid Photodiode (HPD)

HPD can count 1 2 3hellip PE separately 1 gt1000 ENF=10

But it is still suffering from poor QE We can never beat the Poisson statistics

200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N



Energy Resolution vs N

Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss

onResolution (over Poisson Limit)

PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD



FAQrsquos Why do we have to operate each PMT at different

HV Why is PMT response non-uniform over surface What is the cause of non-linearity How stable is PMT How often should we

calibrate Every minute Every day What external facts could change the Gain of

PMT What could damage PMTs permanently


More FAQrsquos What is the source of dark current and dark

pulse Are they correlated Why is PMT still the best for photon counting

application Why is APD or HPD not widely used Then who uses APD or HPD Why is the signal of PMT so fast

125

Closing RemarksPMTs are still used in many applications for good

reasons Intrinsically high gain Extremely low noise ndash photon counting Fast speed ( lt 1 ns) Large area ( gtgt 5 inch)

However PMTs are not perfect There are many issues to be concerned Cathode and Anode Uniformity Non Linearity Effect of Magnetic Field Long-term Stability


126

References

Hamamatsu PMT Handbook httpsaleshamamatsucomassets

applicationsETDpmt_handbook_completepdf

Special thanks to Yuji Yoshizawa at Hamamatsu Photonics


Vacuum based Photon Detectors

Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)


Quantum Efficiency (QE) (2)


Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector

NIST Standards Quantum efficiencies of typical Si InGaAs and

Sk (Cathode Sensitivity) and Skb (Cathode Blue Sensitivity)


FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT

Structure of Linear-focus PMT (2)


Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)


270 Auger-SD PMTs HV for G=2105 UCLA vs Photonis

FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV




Uncertainties Specific to PMTs

Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity





Effect of Magnetic Fields (2)




Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability



Principle of Silicon Photodiode (2)




Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)


Excess Noise Factor (ENF)


Single PE Distribution (2)


FAQ (10)


Summary Table


Resolution (over Poisson Limit)

Summary

Purpose of Photon Detector (2)

Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

2

Outline Concept of Photomultiplier Basic Properties

QE Gain Time Response Imperfect Behavior of PMT

Linearity Uniformity Noisehellip Other Vacuum Devices

Hybrid PDAPD Applications

Energy Resolution Summary


3

Concept of PMT


4




Super-Kamiokande


>









Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG




Stable Large

Dynamic Range



Photodiode



11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

3

Concept of PMT


4




Super-Kamiokande


>









Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG




Stable Large

Dynamic Range



Photodiode



11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

4




Super-Kamiokande


>









Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG




Stable Large

Dynamic Range



Photodiode



11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


Super-Kamiokande


>









Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG




Stable Large

Dynamic Range



Photodiode



11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


>









Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG




Stable Large

Dynamic Range



Photodiode



11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References









Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG




Stable Large

Dynamic Range



Photodiode



11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




Stable Large

Dynamic Range



Photodiode



11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



Photodiode



11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

11





12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

12

Basic Properties


Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

Outline





14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

14





NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



NPhotonsInsident


pe

)_(

)_(



01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


01

1

10

100

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength (nm)

QE

()

Cs-Te

GaAsP


Multialkali (S-20)

Bialkali GaAs





Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


Typical QE


18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

18


popular

VisibleUVVUV

More Expensive



FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

FAQ










UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References






UCLA QE System


Xe Lamp

Source PMT

Monochromator

Integrating Sphere

reference


IQEQE


22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

22


PDPMT

W LampD2 Lamp

MonochromatorUCLA

Hamamatsu





Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




Trap Detector


Laser(s)



Monochromator


Particle Beam



NIST

us


Standard Light Beam








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References








Trap Detector







Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References






Definition

)_()_1___(



FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

FAQ






Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


Definition


CEQEPhotonsInsident


)_(

)_1___(







32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References






32

Dynode Structure


PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

PMT Types






CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


CIRCULAR CAGE



BOX amp GRID





VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



VENETIAN BLIND





Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

Metal Channel PMT



16mm in dia

METAL CHANNEL

Pitch1mm

TO-8 type PMT


37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

37

Fine Mesh PMT


Fine Mesh


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


Gain = 100 - 1000



MCP

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

39

MCP PMT







MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References





MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD


42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

42

Gain of PMT





Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




Glass Window

Photons

QE

CE1

2

3

n

N

G = 123 n

E=NQECEG



HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


HV06


Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

Gain (GP)


nPG 321


nP HVG 60



FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


FAQ





47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

47




Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


Gain (GI)


nI CEG 321




real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



real Gain (GI)


PI GCEG







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References







CE=GIGP~80

GP by UCLA

GI by Photonis



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



UCLA vs Photonis




UCLA

Photonis


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


FAQ





FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


FAQ






LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




LeakageCurrent

FieldEffect



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



-04oC

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

56


lt-HV Operationgt


No DC output


57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

57

Time Response


58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

58

Time Response



Transit Time

RISE TIME10 to 90

FALL TIME90 to 10

Example ofWaveform






Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




Transit Time vs HV


61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

61



6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

6210282012


HPD

SiPM


63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

63







65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References





65

Linearity







First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References






First Dynode

Glass Window

Photons

QECol

1

2

3

n

N

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

67

Pulse Linearity


Devi

atio

n fro

m id

eal l

ine

()


Radi

atio

n En

ergy

Ligh

t Int

ensi

ty


68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

68


Dim 1 Bright 4

Pulse Linearity




10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



10282012

(The last 3 stages)

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

70



71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

71

Uniformity


72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

72

Anode Uniformity

spot light




73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

73



74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

74



75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

75


(KA0044)


76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

76



7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

7710282012


MetalChannel

FineMesh

MCPPMT

SolidState

LinearFocus

HPDAPD




Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



Earth B-Field


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


xy

z



Earth B-Field




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




81

Dark Count




83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



83



84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

84

After Pulse







gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References






gt 10

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

87

Long Term Stability





89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




89






Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




Stable Large

Dynamic Range











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References











Photo Cathode

Silicon PDe-

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

9310282012


4 TeslaEM Hadron


9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

9410282012


PIN Diode array

Ceramic feedthrough

Fiber-OpticWindow


e



34 mm


9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

9510282012

LHCb experiment


RICHRICH

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

9610282012



DEP The Netherlands




Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



Single Channel HAPD




12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



12 3

4

5

6 Photo-electrons





FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




FWHM = 15 ns

No after pulse

Pulse Shape

Decay Time

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

100








Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References





Water Tank

LiquidScinti

Water Tank


15 m6 m

LiquidScinti

Xe Ar



APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References


APD (0 V)

Quartz

Quartz

Al coating

APD (0 V)





104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

104





2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



2 PE

3 PE

1 PE

G = 800 times 200 = 160000

TTS = 160 ps (FWHM)




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References




EBAPS by Intevac

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

108

Energy Resolution




p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



p

pol

IpeI

n

GDQEN

GCQEN

GNGQEN

CEQENE

321

(by Industries)

(by Physicists)


11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

11010282012

In ideal case

In reality



NN

NE

1

2ENF ENC

E N QE CE N QE CE G




In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



In case of PMT


2

2

Input

OutputENF

n

ENF

21211

1111

CENEENF pe 2





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References





1

111

21211_

ENF

E nPESingle









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References









FAQ







200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References





200 300 400 500 600ADC Channel

Pedestal

1 pe NIM A 442 (2000) 164-170

3 pe

2 pe

4 pe

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

11710282012

Summary Table

QE CE i ENF G ENC E

Ideal 10 10 1000 10 106 0 1N

PMT 035 09 10 13 106 200 38N

PD 07 10 - 10 1 200 14N+(280N)2

APD 07 10 2 20 100 200 29N+(29N)2

HPD 05 09 1000 10 103 200 22N+(04N)2

HAPD 05 09 1000 10 105 200 22N

SiPM 07 04 1000 13 106 1000 43N

VLPC 07 10 1000 10 105 200 14N




Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References



Noof Photons

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Ene

rgy

Res

olut

ion

0001

001

01

1

10

Poisson Limit

Photo Diode

APDHPD

PMT

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

11910282012

10

15

20

25

30

1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000Photon

Reso

lutio

n P

oiss


PMT (35 QE)

HPD (50 QE)

APD PD

HAPD

VLPC

SiPM

G-APD


120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

120

Summary


121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

121





12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

12210282012

Market Price

SiPM

Silicon

HPD











125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References










125





126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

126

References






Outline

Concept of PMT


Super-Kamiokande

Slide 6




FAQ


Basic Properties

Outline (2)




Typical QE


FAQ (2)

FAQ (3)

Slide 21

Slide 22



Trap Detector




FAQ (4)


FAQ (5)

Dynode Structure

PMT Types



Metal Channel PMT

Fine Mesh PMT


MCP PMT



Gain of PMT



Gain (GP)

FAQ (6)


Gain (GI)

FAQ (7)



FAQ (8)

FAQ (9)




Time Response

Time Response (2)


Transit Time vs HV





Linearity

PMT Non Linearity

Pulse Linearity

Slide 68


Slide 70

Uniformity

Anode Uniformity









Dark Count



After Pulse



Long Term Stability







Slide 94

LHCb experiment

Slide 96






Slide 102





EBAPS by Intevac

Energy Resolution

Anode Signal (E)






FAQ (10)


Summary Table



Summary


Market Price

FAQrsquos

More FAQrsquos

Closing Remarks

References

vacuum based photon detectors

Documents

anode10282012katsushi

nqeceg10282012katsushi

nsec10282012katsushi

earrival time of photons

quantities of photons

tposition of photons

small number of photons

fast time response