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Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material ( vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccines can prevent or ameliorate morbidity from infection

VACCINES It is an immuno biological substance designed to produce specific protection against a given disease . It stimulate the production of protective antibody & other immune mechanisms

Vaccines : Types Live attenuated vaccines Inactivated or killed vaccinesToxoidsCellular fractions Combinations

Live attenuated vaccines Prepared from live ( generally attenuated ) organisms .eg : BCG - Typhoid oral - bacterial Oral polio , Yellow fever , Measles , Rubella , Mumps , Chicken pox , Influenza - Viral

Inactivated or killed vaccines Organisms killed by heat or chemicals , when infected into the body stimulate active immunity Safe but generally less efficacious than live vaccines eg : Typhoid ,Cholera , Pertussis , c.s. meningitis , Plague - Bacteria Rabies , Salk ( polio ) , Hepatitis A & B , etc - Viral

Toxoids Certain organisms produce exotoxins, these toxins are detoxicated and used in the preparation of vaccines Highly efficacious & safeeg: Diphtheria, Tetanus - Bacterial

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Cellular fractions Vaccines which are prepared from extracted cellular fractions Duration of experience is limitted& their efficacy and safety is higheg: Meningococcal vaccine , Pneumococcal vaccine, Hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine

CombinationsIf more than one kind of immunising agent is included in the vaccine it is called mixed or combined vaccine eg: DPT- Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus DT- Diphtheria-tetanus Hepatitis A& B Hepatitis A & typhoid

COMPARISON OF KILLED &LIVE VACCINES

characterstic killed vaccine Live vaccineNo of dose MultipleSingleNeed for adjuvantYesNoDuration of immunityShorterLongerImmunoglobulins produsedIgGIgA &IgGStability at room temperatureHighLow

Vaccine reaction Common , minor , more serious - reactions Local reacton , fever & systemic symptoms can result as a part of immune responds .A successful vaccine reduces these reactions to a minimum while producing the best possible immunity.

VACCINE POSSIBLE MINOR ADVERSE REACTION BCGLocal reaction ( pain , swelling , redness )CHOLERAOral presentation - none DTPLocal reaction ( pain ,swelling , redness)Fever HEPATITIS A Local reaction (pain ,swelling ,redness)TETANUS Local reaction (pain swelling , redness)Malaise & non specific symptoms

Common side effects of any vaccine can include: Injection site reactions (pain, swelling and redness)Mild fever.Shivering.Fatigue.Headache.Muscle and joint pain.

Natonal Immunization SheduleThe first visit when infant is 6 weeks old 2 &3 rd visits - at intervals of 1 to 2 months Oral polio vaccine may be given concurrently with DPT

Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a vaccine. Immunising agents may be classified as vaccines , immunoglobulins & antisera Vaccines stimulate the body's own immune system to protect the person against subsequent infection or disease.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS

Human immunoglobulin system - 5 major classes - IgG , IgM , IgA , IgD , IgE & their subclasses IMMUNITY Immunity is defined as the capacity of the body to resist pathogenic agents.It is an ability of body to resist the entry of different types of foreignbodies.

Antisera or antitoxinsThe term antiserum is applied to materials prepared in animals Originally passive immunisation was achieved by the administration of antisera or antitoxins prepared from non human sources (horse) Administration of antisera may occasionally give rise to serum sickness & anaphylactic shock due to abnormal sensitivity of the recipient .

What is the difference between vaccination and immunisation?Vaccinationis when a vaccine is administered to you (usually by injection).Immunisationis what happens in your bodyafteryou have the vaccination. The vaccine stimulates your immune system so that it can recognise the disease and protect you from future infection (i.e. you become immune to the infection).Vaccination and immunisation are often used interchangeably but their meanings are not exactly the same.

MILESTONES IN VACCINATION

AYURVEDIC VIEW