NATIVE AMERICAN LEGENDSHerbs, Plants, and Healing Properties

People on all continents have used thousands of indigenous plants for treatment of ailments since prehistoric times. By watching animals, these ancient peoples learned what herbs and plants would work for various conditions. The use of plants as medicines predates written human history; but, the earliest archeological evidence indicates that a 60,000 year-old Neanderthal burial site yielded large amounts of pollen from plants that were later known to have been used in herbal remedies.

The written record of herbs dates back over 5,000 years to the Sumerians, who described well-established medicinal uses for such plants as laurel, caraway, and thyme. Ancient Egyptian medicine of 1000 B.C. are known to have used garlic, opium, castor oil, coriander, mint, indigo, and other herbs for medicine. The Old Testament of the Bible also mentions herb use and cultivation of such plants as mandrake, vetch, caraway, wheat, barley, and rye.

Zuni Healer grinding medicine, Edward S. Curtis, 1925.This image available for prints and downloads HERE.

Herbalism, sometimes referred to as folk medicine, botanical medicine, herbal medicine, and herbology, not only utilizes plants, plant extracts, but, also fungal and animal products, minerals, and shells.

Today, herbs are available in tablets, capsules, powders, teas, extracts and fresh or dried plants. Many of these can be very beneficial; however, cautions should be taken when taking any utilizing these powerful supplements. Some can actually cause health problems, especially as they interact with other drugs. It is recommended to consult your doctor before using herbal supplements, always follow label directions, and be especially cautious if you are pregnant or nursing.

Below is a long list of many of the herbs and plants used in history, as well as today, in Native American remedies and across the world. This list is far from complete and we recommend that you further research any herbal supplements before taking them.

All plants are our brothers and sisters.They talk to us and if we listen, we can hear them.

- Arapaho Proverb

Alfalfa - Known officially as Medicago Sativa, Alfalfa is a flowering plant in the pea family. Grown all over the world, it has been utilized in herbal medicine for centuries. High in protein, calcium, plus other minerals, vitamins in the B group, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin K, it is best known to relieve digestive disturbances. Native Americans used it to promote blood clotting and treat jaundice. It is used for numerous medical issues today, including arthritis, muscle

problems, to reduce blood sugar levels, eliminate toxins increase energy, bone strength, bladder and kidney problems, and easing menopause symptoms.Avoid alfalfa is you have an auto-immune problem, as it has been known to aggravate these types of disorders.

American Ginseng - Officially known as Panax Quinquefolius, this herb is of the ivy family and native to the hardwood forests of eastern North America. Used by Native Americans long before Europeans arrived, it was used not only to heal a wide variety of ailments; but, also for spiritual and ceremonial purposes. Recognized as one of the five most valuable plant medicines by the Seneca, traditional uses included flu, colds, fever, sinus problems, to reduce swelling, and as a laxative. The herb was smoked like tobacco by the Iroquois, and used in sweat baths by the Seminole. It was also dried for use in teas and tonics by the Cherokee, Mohegan, and Potawatomi for a variety of medicinal purposes. Some tribes used at as a body rub. Another not so common use was using the herb to attract a mate, such as the Meskwaki women to gain a husband, and Pawnee men who used Ginsing as a love charm. Europeans quickly saw its benefits in the early 1700's, so much so that French traders in Quebec, who had contracted with local Indians to purchase  the ginseng they could find, effectively eliminated out the native stands of the herb around Montreal.

American Hemp - See Indian Hemp

Allspice - Formally known as Pimenta Dioica, this fragrant spice is not only used in cooking and seasoning, but also as an herbal remedy. Also known as Jamaica Pepper, Kurundu, Myrtle Pepper, Pimenta, Clove Pepper, and Newspice, it owes its healing powers to "eugenol," a chemical component in its oil that aids digestion and is an effective pain reliever. It's dried unripe berries have long been used in teas for treatment of colds, menstrual cramps, upset stomach, indigestion, flatulence, diabetes, toothaches, and relief of muscle aches and pains. The berries have also been crushed and made into poultices and salves and applied directly to bruises, sore joints, aching muscles.

American Licorice - Officially known as Glycyrrhiza Lepidota, and sometimes called wild licorice, it is native to most of North America, from central Canada south through the United States to California, Texas and Virginia, but absent from the southeastern states. Its roots have been widely used by a number of Native American tribes in teas for the treatment of cough, diarrhea, chest pain, fever, stomach aches, and to speed the delivery of the placenta after childbirth. It is also used as a wash or poultice on swelling. The chewed root is retained in the mouth as a treatment for toothache and sore throats. The mashed leaves are used as a poultice on sores.Also See:

Cherokee MedicineHerbal BalmsHerbal Insect RepellantHerbal TeasHerbal RemediesNative American MedicinePatent Medicine & the Popular Medicine Show

American Mistletoe - Specifically known as Phoradendron Leucarpum, this is a species of mistletoe which is native to the United States and Mexico. Its common names include Eastern Mistletoe, Hairy Mistletoe, Oak Mistletoe, Pacific Mistletoe, or Western Mistletoe. Druids in Europe used another species of mistletoe some 1,500 years ago for convulsions, delirium, hysteria, neuralgia, and heart conditions. Native Americans used Phoradendron in similar ways for blood pressure, lung problems, epilepsy, headache, abortions and as a contraceptive. The Cherokee made a tea ooze that was used to bathe the head for headache and the tuberculosis. The Mendocino Indians often used the root to induce abortions and to prevent conception. Other uses included chewing on the root for toothaches, rubbing the body with a decoction of leave for painful limbs and joints. It was also used by some tribes in religious ceremonies. The plant is considered as poisoness and should be used with caution.

Antelope Sage - Formally known as Eriogonum Jamesii, this herb is a species of wild buckwheat also known as James' Buckwheat. Native to southwestern North America, in Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Nebraska; it was often used as a contraceptive by Native Americans, such as the Navajo. The women would drink one cup of a decoction of the root during menstruation. A decoction of the whole plant has also been used to ease the pain of childbirth, and the root was chewed or used in teas as a cardiac medicine, for stomach aches, and depression. Some made a wash that was used for sore eyes.

Arnica - A member of the sunflower family, one species, called Arnica Montana, has been used for centuries by both Europeans and Native Americans as a topical cream or ointment to soothe muscle aches, reduce inflammation, treat sprains and bruises, and heal wounds.Arnica should not be taken internally as it has caused severe and even fatal poisoning.

Ashwagandha - Formally known as Withania Somnifera, it is also called Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry, Ajagandha, Kanaje Hindi, Amukkara, and Samm, it is native to the country of India and has a long list of medicinal problems it is used for. Ashwagandha is one of the most widespread tranquillizers used in India, where it holds a position of importance similar to ginseng in China. It acts mainly on the reproductive and nervous systems, having a rejuvenate effect on the body, and is used to improve vitality and aid recovery after chronic illness. The whole plant, especially the leaves and the root bark, are used as an antibiotic, a phrodisiac, diuretic, narcotic, and sedative. It is used to treat post-partum difficulties, nervous exhaustion, insomnia, impotence, infertility, multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue, dehydration, bone weakness, muscle weakness and tension, loose teeth, constipation, senility, memory loss, and rheumatism. Externally it has been applied as a poultice to boils, swelling and other painful areas. Caution is advised in the use of this plant since it is toxic.

Aspen - Aspen trees are native to cold regions with cool summers. In North America, this includes the far north portions and extending south at high altitudes in the mountains. There are several varieties of Aspen trees, one of which -- the Quaking Aspen, which was used by both Native Americans and early pioneers to treat fever, scurvy, cough, pain, and as an anti-inflammatory. The inner bark of this tree contains salicin, a substance similar to the active ingredient in aspirin.

Astragalus - A large genus of about 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, it is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names include milk-vetch (most species), locoweed (some species in the western U.S.), and goat's-thorn. Used in both traditional Chinese and Native American remedies, the dried roots was often in combination with other herbs, to strengthen

the body against disease. Traditional medicinal uses included the treatment of colds, flu, infection, allergies, asthma, fatigue, anemia, wounds, heart and kidney disease, hepatitus, stomach ulcers, and digestive disorders. It is also thought to help protect the body from diseases such as cancer and diabetes and is also used to protect and support the immune system, for preventing colds, upper respiratory infections, lower blood pressure, treat diabetes, and to protect the liver.

Atractylodes - Long used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, this herb is used for indigestion, stomachache, bloating, fluid retention, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, allergies, and rheumatism. It is used with other herbs for treating lung cancer, and kidney problems.

Bee Pollen - Used for centuries by different cultures around the world, it is one of the oldest health foods utilized by man as a dietary supplement and physical rejuvenator. Containing more than 96 different nutrients, it's dust-sized seed is found on the stamen of all flower blossoms and collected by bees as they move from flower to flower. The pollen is usually collected by placing a special device at the entrance of beehives that brushes it from the hind legs of the bees into a collection vessel. Mixed with food or drinks, it is known as an energy source, can act as an appetite suppressant, improve sexual health, treat reproductive system problems, including PMS; aids digestion, strengthens the immune system, enhances memory and has also been known to help with hay fever. Use caution if you have not taken bee pollen before, as people who have found to be allergic, can have an anaphylactic reaction. Do not use bee pollen if you know you are allergic to bee stings.

Beeswax - Taken from the honeycomb of bees, Beeswax has been used for centuries for all types of purposes, from embalming, to candles, ointment, cosmetic products and more. In fold medicine, it also formed the basis for many healing salves. Honey bees were introduced  to North America in the early seventeenth century and Native Americans called them "white man's flies," since their presence indicated a colonist settlement nearby. However, the indigenous people of the Americas had utilized wild bees in their  products for many hundreds of years. It was and still is used for making medical ointments, when mixed with herbs, and as a balm for burns. It is also said to dilate blood vessels, thereby improving blood circulation.

Beeswax should only be used externally. It can cause blockage of the intestines of swallowed.

Blackberry - Officially called Rubus Fruticosus, its root-bark and leaves, have long been used in the healing of a number of medical problems. Making a tea from the root is often used to sooth stomach problems, dysentery, and diarrhea, has been found to be helpful in reducing

Black Gum - Scientifically known as Nyssa Sylvatica, this tree is native to  eastern North America, from New England and southern Ontario south to central Florida and eastern Texas. It is also commonly known as Black Tupelo, Pepperide, or simply Gum or Tupelo. Its fruit, bark, and roots have been used by Native Americans as a bath, as well as in decoctions to induce vomiting, eliminate worms in children, and treat eye problems. Cherokee healers used a mild tea made from small pieces of the bark and twigs to relieve chest pain.

Black Raspberry - Formally known as Rubus Occidentalis, it is also known as wild black raspberry, black caps, black cap raspberry, thimbleberry, and scotch cap. Roots of the shrub, which are boiled into tea or chewed, have been found to be cathartic, and effective in the treatment of gonorrhea, cough, and toothache. They have also been used as a wash for sore eyes, ulcers, boils, and sores. The Pawnee, Omaha, and Dakota tribes boiled the root bark to treat dysentery. The highly astringent leaves have been used in the treatment of bowel complaints. A decoction of the roots, stems and leaves has been used in the treatment of whooping cough.

Black Cohosh - Officially known as Cimicifuga Racemosa, this white-blooming plant from the buttercup family is native to the woodlands throughout Eastern North America. Also called black bugbane, black snakeroot, rattle weed, and fairy candle. Native Americans, including the Winnebago, Dakota, and the Oklahoma Delaware, were known to have used the root of the plant in teas to heal various problems including gynecological, sore throats, cough, headache, kidney problems and depression. The Cherokee, on the other hand, used the roots to make an alcohol beverage. Externally, the herb was often combined with others and blown over patients during rituals, and used in sweat baths. Today, it continues to be used for gynecological problems, including pre-menstrual tension and menopause, as well as arthritis, aches, colds, nervous conditions, respiratory ailments, Tinnitus, and Sciatica.

Black Elderberry - See Elder.

Bloodroot - Officially known as Sanguinaria Canadensis, it has also been called bloodwort, red puccoon root, Indian plant, pauson, and tetterwort. Indigenous to the hardwood forests of the eastern part of North America, the roots of the flowering plant have long been used in Native American medicinal remedies to treat respiratory and digestive problems, dipththeria, sore throat, bronchial problems, rheumatism, and used as a pain reliever and sedative. Externally, it was used for ringworm, burns, and as an insect repellent. Fresh roots were made into washes, poultices, snuffs, dental powders, and salves. Unfortunately, we now know that the plant is toxic as it produces morphine-like benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, primarily the toxin sanguinarine. It has been classified as unsafe by the Food and Drug Administration, as people in the past have died from over intake. It can also irritate mucous membranes and result in diarrhea, intestinal colic, vomiting, and total collapse. In the past, the red sap of the root were also used as a dye by many tribes and the Appalachia Indians were known to have carried as

a charm to ward off evil spirits.

Blue Cohosh - Formally called Caulophyllum Thalictroides, and also known as squaw root and papoose root, this flowering plant is found in hardwood forests from Manitoba, Canada and Oklahoma east to the Atlantic Ocean.

Native Americans have long used the root in teas and tonics to treat rheumatism, dropsy, colic, cramps, hiccough, epilepsy, female reproductive issues, uterine problems, and to induce labor, and ease the pain of childbirth. Many Native American tribes and later, European herbologists and mid-wives, used Blue Cohosh in conjunction with other herbs and remedies for abortive and contraceptive purposes.

Boneset - Officially called Eupatorium Perfoliatum, is part of the aster family and contains up to 60 species. Native to temperate regions of North America, it has also been called  ague weed, feverwort, thoroughwort or snakeroot.  Though it has been found to be poisonous, it was used by the Iroquoise, Delaware, Cherokee, Mohegan, and Menominee to treat colds and fever. The Alabama used it for stomach aches and the Cherokee, as a laxative. High in magnesium, calcium, niacin, and phosphorus, it has also been effective in the treatment of dengue fever, arthritis, certain infectious diseases, migraines, intestinal worms, flu, malaria, and diarrhea. Generally used in a tea, dried leaves rather than fresh leaves, will eliminate the potentially toxic chemicals. Caution is advised as the toxic compounds can cause liver damage. Side effects include muscular tremors, weakness, and constipation; and overdoses may be deadly.

Boswellia - Also known as frankincense, Boswellia has been used for thousands of years. Native to India, it is a type of treeknown for its fragrant resin which has many pharmacological uses particularly as anti-inflammatories. It has been used in the treatment of asthma, fever, rheumatism, gastrointestinal problems, depression, arthritis, inflammatory bronchial infection, jaundice, ringworm, skin diseases, syphillis, and stomach ache. It has also been used as an expectorant, antiseptic, to lower cholesterol, and reduce body weight. It should not be used by the pregnant, breast-feeding women and children.

Broom Snakeweed - Officially known as Gutierrezia Sarothrae, it is native to the west and southwest portions of the United States, and is also simply called snakeweed. Southwestern Indians and Mexicans used it for multiple treatments. The Blackfoot boiled the roots and inhaled the steam for respiratory ailments, the Comanche used the leaves in a decoction for whooping cough. The Sioux used it for colds, cough, and vertigo. Others used the fresh flowers or roots for diarrhea, as bath for fever, as a poultice for bruises, sores, rheumatism. It was probably most widely used by the Navajo, who used it for headache, on wounds, applied it to insect stings and snake bites, utilized a decoction of the root for painful urination, stomachache, colds, fever, and promote the expulsion of the placenta after childbirth. If was often used as an ingredient in sweat baths and sweat lodges.

Buck Brush - A common name for some 50-60 species of North American shrubs, it is officially called Ceanothus. The genus is confined to North America, the center of its distribution in California, with some species in the eastern United States, southeast Canada, and extending as far south as Guatemala. One species, Ceanothus Velutinus, was known as Red Root by many Native American tribes and was used for cysts, fibroid tumors, inflammation, and mouth and throat problems. Today, it has also been found to be effective in treating high blood pressure and lymphatic blockages. Another called Hummingbird Blossoms by the Cherokee was used for a diuretic to stimulate kidney function. Ceanothus Integerrimus has been used by North American tribes to ease childbirth.Ceanothus Sanguineus, commonly known as Buckbrush Chaparral or for treating inflamed tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes, non-fibrous cysts, enlarged spleens, menstrual bleeding, nosebleeds, hemorrhoids, and ulcers, as well as to relieve nervousness. Poultices were used to treat burns, sores and wounds. The Miwok Indians of California were known to have made baskets from Ceanothus branches and early early pioneers used the plant as a substitute for black tea.

Buckthorn - A genus of shrubs or small trees in the Rhamnaceae family, they are native throughout the temperate and subtropical Northern Hemisphere, and also more locally in the

subtropical Southern Hemisphere in parts of Africa and South America. Only the buckthorn bark is used for medicinal purposes. Known from the 14th century, Buckthorn is especially administrated as a laxative or purgative. It has also been used for liver health, for obesity, rheumatism, headache, allergies, hepatitis, intestinal worms, and skin diseases such as acne,  eczema, and psoriasis.

Buckwheat - Formally called Fagopyrum Esculentum, this plant is not a grain, but produces a fruit seed that is a great source of fiber, maganese and magnesium. Though it tastes somewhat bitter, it has long been used as both a food and in herbal remedies. It has been known to lower blood pressure and strengthen blood vessels and has been used to stop bleeding, treat diarrhea, dysentery, skin lesions, and a wide range of circulatory problems.

Buffaloberry - Officially called as Shepherdia, there are three species called Silver Buffaloberry (Shepherdia Argentea,) Canada Buffaloberry or Russet Buffaloberry (Shepherdia Canadensis,) and Round-leaf Buffaloberry Shepherdia Rotundifolia. These small shrubs with bitter tasting berries are native to northern and western North America. Also called soapberry, bullberry, rabbitberry, chaparral berry, silverleaf, and soopolallie, the berries and other parts of the plant have long been used as food, medicine, and dye. Of the three types, the Russet Bufalloberry had the most uses. Very often used for food, it was popular in the productions of  “Indian ice cream,” which was a frothy desert made of hot water, buffaloberries, and sugar. It was also used for other beverages, preserves, porridge, sauces, dried cakes and more. Parts of the plant as well as the berries were used to treat constipation, tuberculosis, cuts, arthritis, venereal diseases, stomach troubles, fever boils , gallstones,

toothache, headache, and a gynecological problems. Buffaloberries are edible, but quite sour, and afterwards leave the mouth a little dry. The berries are commonly eaten raw, but only after the first frost has naturally sweetened them, and then in moderation. Overindulgence can cause diarrhea and may be fatal.

Burdock - Officially called Arctium Lappa, this plant is a member of the sunflower family, and is also known as Cocklebur and Bardana. Though it originated in Eurasia, it was adopted and used by Native Americans for centuries. Its roots have long been eaten around the world as a vegetable and has many medicinal uses in treatment gastrointestinal ailments and respiratory problems. Native American uses included crushing the roots and leaves for skin care, including sores and ulcers, and treating  rheumatism by the Cherokee, Maliseet, Menominee, Micmac, and Chippewa tribes. The Iroquois where known to use the roots to aid in circulation and and to purify the blood. The Potawatomi also used it as a blood purifier and general tonic in teas. Rich in chromium, iron, magnesium, thiamin, phosphorus, patassium, vitamin A, and zinc, the Indians also utilized it as food, drying the roots to add to soups, and using the young leaves as greens. Many tribes also utilized burdock in ceremonial uses. This herb should be avoided if pregnant or nursing.Calamus Root - See Sweetflag

Cardinal Flower - Formally called Lobelia Cardinalis, this plant with bright red flowers is native to the Americas, from southeastern Canada south through the eastern and southwestern United States, Mexico and Central America. Native Americans used the root to heal intestinal ailments, worms, epilepsy, typhoid, cramps, and syphilis. Leaf tea was used for cold, bronchial problems, croup, nosebleed, fever, headache, and rheumatism. A poultice of the roots has been used on hard to heal sores and applied to the head to relieve the pain of headache. The Penobscot tribe smoked the dried leaves as a substitute for tobacco. As a member of the Lobelia family, it is considered to be potentially toxic, but the degree of toxicity is unknown. The sap of the plant has been known to cause skin irritation.

Cascara Sagrada - Officially called Rhamnus Purshiana, it comes from a species of Buckthorn tree native to western North America from southern British Columbia south to central California, and inland to western Montana. Also known as Cascara Buckthorn, Chitticum Bark, Sacred Bark, and Bearberry, dried and aged bark is used primarily for bowel problems. It has powerful laxative effect and is believed to improve the muscle tone of the colon walls. The dried bark can be made into tea, although it tastes bitter. Fresh cascara bark should not be used, because it can cause bloody diarrhea and vomiting. It should be

aged for at least one year or put through a special heat treatment.

Catnip/Catmint - Officially called Nepeta Cataria, it is also known as catswort. Although native to Europe, Asia, and Africa, it is now also common in North America. The herb has a long history of medicinal use for its soothing properties and has also been known to have a slightly numbing effect. Consumed in teas, used in poultices, and smoked. Stems and leaves, used fresh or dried, are used to make an aromatic herb tea, which has been found to be effective treating disorders of the digestive system, reducing fever, treating colds, flu, and infant colic. It has also been found to be useful in the treatment of restlessness and nervousness. Externally, salves are made from the leaves and applied to bruises, especially black eyes. Raw young leaves, which have a mint-like flavor, have often been used as seasoning in salads and cooked foods. When isolating the oil of the plant, it has been found to deter insects, mice and rats.

Cattail - Officially called Typha, there are about  11 species mostly found in wetland habitats of the Northern Hemisphere. It is also commonly known by several names including Bullrush, Reedmace, Punks, and Corndog Grass. These were often used to make a nutritious and energy-rich food source which was processed into flour. Pollen was also collected from mature male flowers and used as a flour supplement or thickener. In Native American herbal medicine, various species were used in poultices applied to burns, wounds infection, sprains, boils, and swelling. Internally, it was used for abdominal cramps, kidney stones, whooping cough, cysts, gonorrhea, and diarrhea. Specifically, the Apache used the pollen in a number of remedies; the Dakota, Ponca, and Pawnee used it for dressing burns and scalds; the Algonquin to treat infection, the Cahuilla for bleeding wounds. The Cheyenne were also known to have used leaves in their Sun Dance ceremony.

Cat's Claw - Officially known as Uncaria Tomentosa, it is also sometimes called Cat's Nail. A tropical vine that grows in the rainforest and jungles of South America and Asia, it has been used for medicinal purposes for more than two thousand years as a general health tonic, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory agent, gastrointestinal and urinary tract problems, diarrhea, rheumatic disorders, respiratory problems, acne, and, diabetes. Current studies also show it may have positive effects on, and can boost the body's immune system, treatment in Aids, diabetes, PMS, chronic fatigue syndrome, prostate conditions, and cancer.

Cayenne - Formally known as Capsicum, it is also commonly known as Chili Pepper, Hot Pepper, Red Pepper, Tabasco Pepper, Pimiento, Mexican Chili, and many other local names. It is native to the Americas, where they have been cultivated for thousands of years by the people in the tropical regions and are now cultivated worldwide. Used as both a food and for medicinal purposes, it was best known for treatment of circulatory and digestive problems. Other conditions it was used for was rheumatism, arthritis, chronic nerve pain, shingles, diabetes, stomach ailments, heart disease, varicose veins, headache, menstrual cramps, and asthma. It was also used as a gargle for throat irritation. Externally, it was applied to wounds to increase blood flow and numb the pain. More recently, it has been used for lower blood pressure and cholesterol.

Chamomile - A common name for several daisy-like plants, they are best known for their ability to be made into a tea which is commonly used to help with sleep. They are also known to be used for gynecologic complaints, including PMS and cramps; treating stomach and intestinal cramps and problems, nausea, and stomach flu. It is also an excellent calming agent and well suited for babies and children.

Chasteberry - Officially known as Vitex agnus-catus, this is the fruit of the Chaste tree and has been used for thousands of years to help reduce the symptoms menstrual problems and to stimulate the production of breast milk. Also known as chaste-tree berry, vitex, and monk’s pepper, it was reportedly used by monks in the middle ages to decrease sexual desire and preserve chastity, hence the name. However, it is now clear that the herb does not affect sex drive. The berries and flowers were used in teas for PMS, to ease menopausal symptoms, for breast pain, acne, fertility. Today, it has also been found to be effective as an anti-inflammatory, bone strength, and epilepsy. Pregnant or breast-feeding women should not take chasteberry.

Chokecherry - Officially known as Prunus Virginiana, it is also called Western Chokecherry, Black Chokecherry, and Wild Cherry. Varieties can be found all over the United States and Canada. Numerous tribes including the Mohawk, Huron, Miami, Delaware, Cree, Ojibwe, Penobscot, Iroquois, Chippewa, and others have long used the tree as a source of food and medicine. In early American medicine, it was considered one of the most important native drugs, ranked along with Sassafras. The berries were collected and dried for later consumption and the bark of the tree was used in the treatment of small pox, scurvy, soreness of the chest and throat, lung hemorrhages, cough, colds, inflammation of the bowel, diarrhea, stomach cramps, cholera, digestive problems, gangrenous wounds, sores, pains, severe burns and wounds. When Europeans arrived in America, they learned from the Indians about the health properties of chokeberry and began to use it to treat cough, colds, consumption, and malaria, burns and wounds. There are minor differences between the varieties, including the color of the fruit ranging from red to purple to black. Though the berries are obviously edible, caution should be used because the pit can be poisonous if consumed in large enough quantities.

Chlorella - A genus of single-celled green algae that has shown promise as having anti-tumor properties, and effectiveness in cancer prevention, immune system support, weight control, reducing high blood pressure, lowering cholesterol levels, and accelerating wound healing.

Chickweed - Officially known as Stellaria Media and Stellaria Pubera, its probable origin is Eurasia but is now established all over the world. In North America, it is widespread from the Brooks Range in Alaska to all points south.  Also known as Common Chickweeds, Star Chickweed, and Mouse-ear Chickweed, they have been used for both food and medicine.  High in vitamins and minerals, the whole plant has been used as an astringent, antihistamine, diuretic, and expectorant, as well as treating constipation, cough, cystitis, and kidney and urinary tract complaints. Externally, poultices have been used to treat rheumatic pains, wounds,

ulcers, roseola, itching skin conditions, cuts, minor burns, eczema, and rashes.

Cinnamon Bark - Obtained from the inner bark of several trees from the genus Cinnamomum that are native to southeast Asia, the use of cinnamon dates back over 4,000 years and is also mentioned in the Bible. It has a broad range of historical health applications in different cultures, and over those years has been used to boost cognitive function and memory, treat rheumatism, colds, diarrhea, diabetes, toothache, help with digestion, and relieving certain menstrual disorders. Regularly drinking tea made from the bark of Sri Lanka cinnamon is thought to be beneficial to oxidative stress related illnesses as it contains significant antioxidant potential.

Cloves - Known officially as Syzygium Aromaticum, these aromatic dried flower buds are native to Indonesia and used as a spice and in medicinal remedies. Some uses include toothache, bad breath, cough, skin infection, gum problems, indigestion, flatulence, nausea, and heartburn. It also has anti-oxidant properties.

Club Moss - Officially called Lycopodiopsida, this herb has several other names including Clubfoot Moss, Foxtail, Ground Pine, Running Club Moss, Staghorn, Vegetable Sulfur, and Wolf's Claw. Medicinal use of the club moss started quite early in Europe, and may have begun as early as the Middle Ages for many herbal remedies. The old name of Vegetable Sulfur refers to the highly flammable oil contained in the powder. It has been used to treat kidney stones, urinary tract infections, as a diuretic.

Coltsfoot - Scientifically known as Tussilago Farfara, this dandelion looking plant has been used medicinally throughout the world for thousands of years. Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician and pharmacologist, who lived from 40-90 AD, recommended it for cough and asthma. Known by several other names, including British Tobacco, Bullsfoot, Butterbur, Coughwort, Flower Velure, Horsehoof, and others, it was native to several locations in Europe and Asia. It was introduced to the Americas by early colonists and now grows in North America, from Kentucky and Tennessee northward to Ontario and Quebec in Canada; as well as west of the Mississippi River in the Minnesota and Washington. Its leaves were usually smoked for cough, bronchitis, whooping cough, and other respiratory disorders. Crushed leaves were also used in teas and tonics for flu, pleurisy, sore throat, inflammation, fever, diarrhea, and indigestion. Crushed leaves and flowers were also used externally for various skin disorders, insect bites, inflammation, burns, skin ulcers, and sores. Today, it has been found that  coltsfoot contains an alkaloid that promotes tumor growth and has resulted in liver health concerns. For this reason, its use as medicine may not be advisable.Coneflower - See Echinacea

Cotton - Of the genus Gossypium, cotton is native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa, and India. Roots, leaves, and seeds have been used in the treatment of urinary problems, to aid the contraction of the uterus after child birth, excessive bleeding during menstruation, for healing wounds and burns, dysentery, and diarrhea. The Alabama and Koasati tribes made a tea of the roots of the plant to relieve the pains of labor.

Creosote Bush - Officially, the plant is called Larrea Tridentata and many refer to it as "chaparral" as a medicinal herb. It is prominent in the deserts of the south and western U.S. A tea of the leaves was made by Native Americans of the Southwest and used as a treatment for respiratory problems, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, chicken pox, dysmenorrhea, and snakebite. Unfortunately, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued warnings about the health hazards of ingesting chaparral today as it is said their is a risk of liver and kidney damage.

Damiana - Officially known as Turnera Diffusa, the small aromatic shrub is native to southwestern Texas, southern California, Central America, Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean. It has long been claimed to have a stimulating effect on libido, and its use as an aphrodisiac has continued into modern times. It has also been used to increase energy, to improve digestion, and in the treatment of asthma, depression, impotence, menstrual problems, anxiety, nervousness, and constipation. 

Dandelion - Officially called Taraxacum Officinale, it is known by most people as a common weed; but to herbalists, for its many culinary and medicinal uses. Rich in vitamins A, B complex, C, and D, as well as minerals such as iron, potassium, and zinc its leaves have often been used to flavor food and teas, its roots in coffee substitutes, and the flowers, to make certain wines. In traditional medicine, dandelion roots and leaves were used to treat liver problems, kidney disease, swelling, skin problems, heartburn, and stomach upset. A tea of the roots was drunk for heartburn by the Pillager Ojibwas and the Mohegan tribe drank a tea of the leaves as a general health tonic. The Chinese used it to treat digestive disorders, appendicitis, and breast problems (such as inflammation or lack of milk flow). In Europe, herbalists incorporated it into remedies for fever,boils, eye problems, diabetes, and diarrhea. Today, dandelion roots are mainly used as an appetite stimulant, a diuretic, digestive aid, and for liver and gallbladder functions.

Devil's Claw - Formally called Harpagophytum Procumbens, this plant, native to southern Africa, is also called Grapple Plant, Harpagon, Wood Spider, and Devil's Club. Used for thousands of years by indigenous people of that country, it was used to treat fever, rheumatoid arthritis, skin conditions, and conditions involving the gallbladder, pancreas, stomach and kidneys; as well as a numbing agent. Later it brought to Europe and utilized primarily to improve digestion and treat arthritis. After it was brought to the Americas, the Indians of British Columbia utilized a tea of the root bark to offset the effects of diabetes. The roots and tubors are still used today to reduce swelling, joint disease, arthritis, gout, back pain, headache, constipation, diarrhea, sores, skin conditions, and as an appetite stimulant. Devil's claw should not be used by woman

who are or may be pregnant, as it is believed to cause uterine contractions.

Dogbane - See Indian Hemp

Dogwood - Scientifically known as Cornus Florida, this flowering tree native to the U.S. can be found from Maine to Florida and west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Texas. Having several other common names including American Dogwood, Boxwood, Budwood, Cornelian Tree, Flowering Dogwood, Green Ozier, and others, its inner bark, berries, and twigs have long been used in Native American remedies. Primarily it was used internally to treat malaria, fever, pneumonia, colds, and diarrhea; as well as improving digestion and appetite. Externally, poultices were used to heal ulcers and sores. In the early 19th Century, a report was made that Native Americans in Virginia were remarkable for their white teeth. They utilized twigs as chewing sticks, which acted as a toothpick and chewing brush. The Iroquois were known to use the twigs in a tonic for gonorrhea and the the Cherokee chewed the bark for headache and used a decoction of bark to treat childhood afflictions such as worms, measles, and diarrhea. They also made poultices, which were also used for wounds, and other skin disorders. The Menominee used the bark in enemas, and the Arikara mixed it the bearberry to make a sacred tobacco. It was widely used in the South during the Civil War for malarial fever and chronic diarrhea.

Dong Quai - Officially called Angelica Sinensis, and also known as Chinese Angelica, Dang Gui, the Female Ginseng, and Tang Kuei, the root has been used for more than a thousand years as a spice, tonic, and medicine in China, Korea, and Japan. In traditional medicine, it was usually combined with other herbs to treat women's reproductive problems including PMS and cramps, improve circulation, and ease menopausal symptoms. It has also been found to be effective in treating weakness after childbirth, chronic nasal or sinus congestion, fibroid tumors, high blood pressure, fibrocystic breast disease, rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, allergies, constipation, shingles, hepatitis, and  headache. Studies today suggest that it may also reduce pain, dilate blood vessels, and stimulate and relax uterine muscles.

Eastern Skunk Cabbage - Known officially as Symplocarpus Foetidus, it is also called Clumpfoot Cabbage, Foetid Pothos, Meadow Cabbage, Polecat Weed, or Swamp Cabbage; but, is most commonly known as simply Skunk Cabbage. It is a low growing, foul smelling plant that prefers wetlands and can be found naturally in the eastern U.S. from Minnesota east

and south to North Carolina and Tennessee. It was used extensively as a medicinal plant by the Winnebago and Dakota tribes to stimulate the removal of phlegm in asthma. It was also used as a seasoning and magical talisman by various tribes. From 1820 to 1882, it was used in pharmaceutical products as the drug "dracontium," to treat respiratory diseases, nervous disorders, rheumatism, and dropsy. It should not be eaten raw because its roots are toxic and the leaves can burn the mouth. However, the leaves may be dried and used in soups and stews.

Echinacea - A flowering plant in the daisy family, it is also referred to as purple coneflower, passion flower, and simply, coneflower. Growing in eastern and central North America in moist to dry prairies and open wooded areas, it was widely used by the Plains Indians to treat infection and wounds and for its general medicinal qualities. The plant was used by chewing on the root or in tea for internal problems or  pulverizing it for external wounds. In addition to its use as a medical remedy, it was often used in rituals by the Omaha and Winnebago tribes; and the Cheyenne were known to have used the herb during their traditional Sun Dance ceremonies.

Others throughout history have used echinacea to treat scarlet fever, syphilis, malaria, blood poisoning, diphtheria, tension, earache, cough, insomnia, toothaches, and snake and insect bites. Generally, it reportedly increases resistance to infection. It was very popular in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries, but its use began to decline after the introduction of antibiotics. Today, the herb is used to reduce and shorten the duration of the common cold and flu, sore throat, and fever. Many herbalists also recommend it to help boost the immune system and help the body fight infection.

Elder - Known officially as Sambucus, this species of tall shrubs and small trees are in the Honeysuckle family. Several species are native to North America and Europe, but the most commonly used among North American tribes is Sambucus Canadensis, or the Black Elderberry. The ripening elderberries have long been used as both a food and in medicinal remedies. In food, the berries were used to produce syrup, with water in a fruit drink, and in alcoholic beverages and wine. Traditional herbal medicine utilized the berries and dried flowers in teas and tonics to treat constipation and flu. The Cherokee and Delaware made a tea from the dried flowers to sweat out toxins. The Seminole and Indians used the berries to make a tonic wine and other tribes, such as the  Iroquois, Dakota, Omaha, and Ponca to make a refreshing summer fruit drink. The branches of the tree were often removed in the spring to produce hollow tubes that are used as flutes and whistles, arrow shafts, skewers and toys. However, this is discouraged today due to the possibility of cyanide poisoning. Unripened berries contain a toxic alkaloid and should not be used. The leaves, twigs, branches, seeds and roots also contain a cyanide agent, therefore, overindulgence should be avoided in order to not create a toxic build up of cyanide in the body.

Elderberries - See Elder

Eleuthero - Technically called Eleutherococcus Senticosus, this small, woody shrub is native to Northeastern Asia, southeastern Siberia and the Korean Peninsula; however, it has been adapted to grow in the the damp forests of British Columbia, Canada as well as the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, and northern California. Also going by the common names of Siberian Ginseng, Devil's Bush, Devil's Shrub, Pepperbrush, Prickly Eleutherococcus, Touch-Me-Not,  Wild Pepper, and more, its use in herbal medicine goes back to 190 A.D. when the Chinese began to use it. Over the years, its dried roots have been used to treat colds, flu, fatigue, and immune system, and increase endurance. People with medicated high blood pressure should consult their doctor before using. Do not take to close to bedtime, as it can cause insomnia. cough drops, toothpaste and decongestants. It also has insect repellent properties. Topical ointments containing eucalyptus oil have been used in traditional Aboriginal medicines to heal wounds, fungal infection, reduce teas containing small amounts of leave were used to reduce fever cough, colds, sore throats, bronchitis, and sinusitis. Sometimes, the vapors were utilized for the same purposes. Its uses soon spread throughout the world. Today, it is also used to treat diabetes, as an antiseptic, and continues to be found in many lozenges, cough syrups, rubs, and vapor baths throughout the United States and Europe.

Evening Primrose - Officially known as Oenothera and Onagraceae, this is a genus of about 125 species of flowering plants that are native to North and South America. Also commonly known as Suncups or Sundrops, it has long been used as both a food and in medicinal remedies. The young roots, which have a peppery flavor, can be eaten like a vegetable, and the shoots in a salad. The whole plant was used in decoctions to treat asthma, cough, digestive disorders, and as a pain-killer. Poultices were also made to ease bruises, reduce wounds. For food, the Apache were known to have used it in soups and sauces; while the tribes for medicine included treating muscle strain, boils, for strength, and to reduce "overfatness."

Fendler's Bladderpod - Officially known as Lesquerella fendleri, this is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by several common names, including Yellowtop. It was used for a variety of purposes by Native Americans including the Hopi, who used the root to treat snakebite, as a gynecological aid after childbirth, and to induce vomiting. The Navajo and Kayenta tribes used a poultice of the roots which was applied to sore eyes. The Navajo also used it as a snuff to clear nasal passages, a poultice of crushed leaves

for toothache, and to treat spider bites.

Fennel was smoked by the the Hopi Indians as a substitute for tobacco. Photo by Edward S. Curtis, 1907.

This image available for prints and downloads HERE

Fennel - Formally known as Foeniculum Vulgare, this highly aromatic and flavorful herb has long been used in cooking and in medicinal remedies. Native to the shores of the Mediterranean, it later traveled to many parts of the world. It was first introduced to North America by Spanish missionaries for cultivation in their medicinal gardens, and was later brought by English settlers. In Puritan folk medicine fennel was taken as a digestive aid. The seeds, leaves, and roots of fennel are safe and edible; however, the essential oil, extracted from the seeds, can be toxic, even in small amounts. Over the years, it has been used as a digestive aid, remedy for flatulence, to promote appetite, and increase the flow of breast milk in nursing mothers. Teas and tonics of the seeds and leaves were used to ease stomach pains, treat colic in infants, for cough, colds, respiratory problems, and constipation. Externally poultices and washes were made for sore eyes. The Hopi tribe smoked the plant as a substitute for tobacco.

Fenugreek - Officially called Trigonella Foenum-Graecum, this plant is native to the Mediterranean region, Ukraine, India, and China.

Also known by the common names of Greek Hay Seed and Bird's Foot, its leaves are used as an herb and its seed, often called methi, is utilized as a spice. In early times, dried fenugreek seeds were used medicinally in traditional Indian, Greek, and Arabian medicine.

Ancient Egyptians used fenugreek to induce childbirth. It also has a history of use as a gastrointestinal remedy, a mild laxative, for dyspepsia, respiratory problems, loss of appetite, and stomach complaints. Externally, it was utilized topically to treat boils, wounds, and eczema. It has also been used as a mild antiseptic. Recent studies have also indicated effectiveness in lowering cholesterol and reducing glucose levels in people with diabetes.

Feverfew - Technically called Tanacetum Parthenium, this traditional medicinal herb is a member of the sunflower family, and is occasionally grown for ornament. Native to Eurasia, cultivation has long since spread throughout the world. The word "feverfew" derives from the Latin febrifugia, meaning "fever reducer," and it has long been used for reducing fever, as well as treating headaches -- especially migraines, arthritis and digestive problems. It has also been used to treat menstrual irregularities, labor difficulties, skin conditions, stomach aches, and asthma. Feverfew may alter the effects of some prescription and nonprescription medications and should not be used without first consulting your doctor. Long-term use followed by abrupt discontinuation may induce a withdrawal syndrome featuring rebound headaches and muscle and joint pains. Allergic reactions can occur in persons allergic to ingredients of feverfew and should not be used by women who are pregnant.

Feverwort  - Officially called Triosteum Perfoliatum, this course, leafy herb of the honeysuckle family is also known as Horse Gentian, Fever-root, Wild Coffee, and Tinker's Weed. It has been used throughout the years to treat diarrhea, nausea, flu, nervous symptoms,  joint stiffness, back pain, itching welts, and pleurisy. The Cherokee also drank a decoction of the herb to cure fever. Boneset is also sometimes called Feverwort.

Galangal - Belonging to the ginger family of plants, it is also called Blue Ginger, Gao Liang, and Laos, and has both culinary and medicinal uses. Originating in Indonesia, it was brought to Europe around the 9th century. Its use in herbal medicine has long been known for its warming and comforting effects on the digestion, similar to other ginger related herbs. Its mild spicy taste make it a very

soothing herb used throughout the years to treat abdominal pain, vomiting, hiccups, diarrhea, flatulence, canker sores, sore gums, and motion sickness.

Garcinia Cambogia - Scientifically known as Garcina Gummi-Gutta, this subtropical plant is native to Indonesia and is also called Gambooge, Brindall Berry, Malabar Tamarind, Garcinia, Citrin, Gardinia Kola, Mangosteen Oil Tree, and others. This flowering evergreen tree produces a yellow oval-shaped fruit that resembles small pumpkins, of which the rind has long been used in herbal medicines. Through the years it has been used to treatswelling, delayed menstruation, constipation, worms, rheumatism, bowel complaints, energy, endurance, gastric ulcers, diarrhea, dysentry, and as an appetite suppressant. Not recommended for those with diabetes, people suffering any dementia syndrome, or pregnant and lactating women.Gentiana - A genus of flowering plants belonging to the Gentianaceae family, which has more than 400 species. Common names include Bitter Root, Bitter Wort, Gal Weed, Yellow Gentian, Sampsons Snakeroot, Longdan, and Qin Jiao. Growing in alpine habitats all over the world, most species have pretty, deep blue flowers. Though it has an extremely bitter taste, it was commonly used by Native Americans to treat digestive ailments and as an appetite stimulator. Various species were also used to treat Malaria, stimulate menstruation, and to rid the body of worms. It was also used topically to treat wounds and painful inflammation, one species of which, the Catawba Indians used the roots in hot water on aching backs. Gentian consumption may cause irritation in persons who have ulcers, and may also cause headache, nausea or vomiting.

Geranium - Of the Pelargonium species, there are about 200 types of Geraniums found throughout the world. Other common names include Scented Geranium and Stork's Bill. In traditional folk medicine, scented geranium leaves were used in teas to treat ulcers, headache. In Native American medicine, the Cherokee were known to have boiled geranium root together with wild grape, which was used to rinse the mouths of children affected with thrush. The Chippewa and Ottawa tribes boiled the entire geranium plant and drank the tea for diarrhea.

Ginger Root - The root of the the Zingiber Officinale plant, it is consumed throughout the world as both a medicine and a spice. Ginger cultivation began in South Asia and has since spread to East Africa and the Caribbean. It has long been used for digestive problems and nausea, specifically motion sickness, heartburn, bloating, flatulence, and gastrointestinal problems. It is also a known remedy for colic, irritable bowel, loss of appetite, chills, cold, flu, poor circulation, menstrual cramps, stomach cramps, fever, headache, toothache, cough, and bronchitis. A powerful anti-inflammatory herb, it has also been used for arthritis, joint problems, rheumatism, and tendonitis. It also is reportedly effective in lowering cholesterol and blood pressure and prevention of  internal blood clots.

Ginkgo Biloba - Believed to be one of the most ancient species of trees still in existence, Ginkgo Biloba trees are grown in Korea, China, southern France, and in the eastern and southern United States. The trees can live as long as 1,000 years and their leaves have long been used for food and medical treatments.It is most commonly used to treat the elderly for disorientation, depression, memory loss, headache, dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, tinnitus, and vertigo because of its positive effects as a circulatory aid. It has also been found to be effective for circulation problems, ADHD, cramps, high blood pressure and as an antioxidant.

Ginseng - Numerous species belonging to the Panax genus can be found throughout the world and their roots and leaves have long been used throughout history in herbal medicines. Several species grow around the world, including Panax Ginseng, Siberian Ginseng, and American Ginseng. Though some are preferred for specific benefits, all are considered to have similar properties. The name Panax is derived from the Greek word panacea meaning, "all healing." The mostly commonly used is Panax Ginseng, also called Asian or Korean Ginseng. Native to China, Korea, and Russia, it has been an important herbal remedy in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years, primarily as a treatment for weakness and fatigue. Over the years, it has also been used in a variety of other ailments including diabetes, sexual dysfunction in men, reduce stress, boost energy, enhance memory, and stimulate the immune system. Research has shown specific effects that support the central nervous system, liver function, lung function and circulatory system. The root is most often available in dried form, either whole or sliced; however, Ginseng leaves and stems, although not as highly prized, are also used in dried form.

Glucomannan - A sugar made from the root of the Konjac Plant, it is a dietary fiber that has been long used in Asia in traditional foods such as noodles and tofu. It's known uses in medicinal medicine include treatment ofconstipation and Type 2 diabetes, as well as lowering cholesterol, and for weight loss. It is not recommended for use by pregnant or breast-feeding women.

Goldenrod - Officially called Solidago Canadensis or Solidago Virgaurea, Goldenrod has long been used topically for wound healing. It has also been used to treat tuberculosis, diabetes, enlargement of the liver, gout, hemorrhoids, internal bleeding, asthma, arthritis, colds, flu, kidney stones, bladder and urinary inflammation, allergies, laryngitis and sore throat, mouth ulcers, cuts and abrasions. It has the ability to fight off infection because it has both antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory elements.

Goldenseal - Officially known as Hydrastis Canadensis, this herb of the Buttercup family is also known as Yellow Root, Orange Root, Puccoon, Ground Raspberry, and Wild Curcuma. Native to southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States, it was traditionally used by Native Americans to treat skin disorders, digestive problems, liver conditions, diarrhea, as a stimulant, and for eye irritations. The Cherokee were also known to have pounded the large rootstock with bear fat and smeared it on their bodies as an insect repellent. The herb was introduced to early colonists for medical use by the Iroquois. It has also been used for infections of the mucus membranes, including the mouth, sinuses, throat, intestines, stomach, urinary tract, and vagina; as well as for minor wound healing, colds, flu, bladder infections, and sinus and chest congestion. Goldenseal should not be taken by pregnant women.

Green Hellebore - See Hellebore

Green Tea - Made solely with the leaves of Camellia Sinensis, Green Tea originates from China and has long been associated with Asian cultures, though it has become more widespread in the West. It has been consumed throughout the ages in India, China, Japan, and Thailand, where it has long been used as a stimulate, a diuretic, to control bleeding, heal wounds, improve heart health, treat flatulence, promote digestion, regulate blood sugar, and improve mental processes. More recently it has been used to lower cholesterol, promote weight loss, and to treat cancer diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and liver disease. It may also be useful in inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis, as well as treating colds and flu.

Grapefruit - A subtropical citrus tree grown throughout the world, it is known for its bitter fruit. Not only is it known as an  excellent source of many nutrients which contribute to a healthy diet, its seeds, pulp, and inner rind have been found to be helpful in fighting both bacterial and fungal infections. A good source of vitamin C, grapefruit also contains beneficial antioxidants, and evidence shows it can help lower cholesterol, can prevent kidney stones and protect against colon cancer. The vitamins and nutrients found in grapefruit peel have been used to settle stomach aches. Grapefruit seed extracts have been utilized as a preventative when people travel to places where the water is questionable. It also has a cleansing effect on the kidneys, is said to help reduce obesity, and has been used to treat muscle fatigue, stiffness, acne, fluid retention, increase circulation, and as an antiseptic and astringent.

Greenbriar - Officially known as Smilax Bona-Nox, it is a member of the larger Smilax family of more than 300 species. Also known by several other names such as Bullbriar, Catbriar, Horsebriar, Prickly-ivys, and Pull Out a Sticker to the Cherokee, it grows in temperate zones, tropics and subtropics worldwide. The flowering plants, many of which are woody and/or thorny, its root has often been used as a diuretic, the treatment of

dropsy, urinary complaints, and as a blood purifier. Tea made from the roots has been used to help the expelling of afterbirth, and as a general tonic for the treatment of rheumatism and stomach problems. Stem prickles were often rubbed on the skin as a counter-irritant to relieve localized pains, muscle cramps and twitching and poultices and salves were made from the leaves and bark for application on minor sores, boils, burns, and arthritis. Sarsparilla also a member of the larger Smilax family.

Guarana - A climbing plant native to the Amazon Basin, it contains caffeine, and is generally used as a mild stimulant. Other uses over the years include treating headache, mild depression, chronic diarrhea, fatigue, arthritis, urinary tract irritation. Similar to coffee, it stimulates the nervous system,  boosts energy, increases metabolism, and reduces hunger. Traditionally, it was also used to prevent malaria and dysentery, and as an aphrodisiac

Gymnema Sylvestre - An herb native to the tropical forests India, it has been used there as a natural treatment for diabetes for nearly 2,000 years. Also called Cowplant, the whole plant is used in decoctions to control blood sugar, reduce cholesterol, and treat  snake bites, malaria, digestive problems, constipation, cough, fever, and urinary conditions.

Hawthorn - Of the Crataegus species, Hawthorn has been used to treat heart disease as far back as the 1st century. By the early 1800's, American doctors were using it to treat circulatory disorders and respiratory illnesses. Traditionally, the berries were used to treat heart problems ranging from irregular heart beat, high blood pressure chest pain, hardening of the arteries, and heart failure. Today, the leaves and flowers are used medicinally, and there is good evidence that hawthorn can treat mild-to-moderate heart failure. Animal and laboratory studies report hawthorn contains antioxidants.

Hellebores - Commonly known as Hellebore, these flowering plants were native to Eurasia, there are approximately 20 species, many of which are poisonous. Also known as Bugbane, Devil’s Bite, Earth Gall, Indian Poke, Itchweed, and Tickleweed, it has long been used in old medicinal remedies, but is no longer used today as the herb has been found to be severely toxic and has numerous severe side effects, even in therapeutic dosages. Historically, American Hellebore was used internally to treat pneumonia, peritonitis, epilepsy, pain, asthma, colds, cholera, croup, consumption, dyspepsia, fever, hypertension, herpes, gout, headache, inflammation, whooping cough, sciatica, rheumatism, shingles, toothache, scrofulous, tumors, and typhus. It was used as a gargle for throat infections and tonsillitis and externally for skin irritations. The Cherokee were known to have used the green hellebore to relive body pains.

Hibiscus - A genus of flowering plants in the Mallow family, this showy plant, which grows all over the world, has long been used in traditional herbal medicines dating back to Roman times. There are more than 250 species of herbs, shrubs, and trees of the Mallow or Malvaceae family; but, the most commonly used for medicinal purposes are Hibiscus Sabdariffa, commonly known as the Roselle; Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis, also called China Rose and Common Hibiscus; and Hibiscus Syriacus, known as the Rose of Sharon. Utilizing all parts of the plant, Roselle has been used for fever, high blood pressure, and cough; Common Hibiscus used mainly for respiratory problems, but is also for skin disorders. Used externally as an emollient, and internally for gastrointestinal disorders. Other uses over the years have included treatment for constipation, skin conditions, hemorrhoids, menstrual cramps,  wounds, tuberculosis, PMS, stomach problems, headache, as well as easing labor pains, and lowering blood pressure.

Honeysuckle - Formally called Lonicera, there are hundreds of species of honeysuckle, which have been used in traditional herbal remedies for thousands of years. The fruit, juice of the plant, stems, flowers, and leaves have been used to treat bee stings, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, mumps, hepatitis, or upper respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia, skin infections, tumors, dysentery, colds, sores, viruses, headache, sore throat, fever, and blood pressure. It has also been found to have antibacterial, anti-toxin, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, and purifying properties.

Hops - Native throughout Europe and Asia, the female flower clusters, commonly called seed cones or strobiles, have long been known as the flavoring and stability agent in beer. However, they were also used in traditional herbal medicine for a variety of conditions. Because of its bitter ingredients, it has long been used as a digestive aid, as well as relieving tension, and as a sleep aid.

Sometimes used alone, but, most often utilized with other herbs, they were also used to treat anxiety, restlessness, to soothe muscles. In popular folk medicine, a sachet filled with hops was often used inside a pillow, where the aromatic properties of the herb would help a person fall asleep. In Native American

remedies, the Mohegan tribe were known to have prepared a sedative medicine that was applied to toothache; the Dakota people used a tea to relieve pains of the digestive organs, and the Menominee tribe regarded a related species of hops as a general panacea.

Horehound - Technically called Marrubium Vulgare, this plant of the Mint family, is a native to Europe, but is now naturalized throughout North and South America. Having several common names including Bull's blood, Eye of the Star, Houndsbane, Devil's Eye, Hog Bean, Poison Tobacco, and others, it has long been used to treat digestive disorders, as well as a number of other ailments. Horehound has medicinally substantiated value as a cough suppressant and expectorant and is still used in making cough drops and cough syrups. Other uses include treatment of constipation, gastric problems, indigestion, flatulence, painful menstruation, bronchitis, asthma cough, colds, nausea, tuberculosis, whooping cough, and as a sedative and appetite stimulant. Externally, it has been used as a cleansing agent for wounds, and to treat skin disorders, sores, abrasions. People with gastritis or peptic ulcer disorders should use it cautiously. Children have been poisoned by eating the seeds.

Horse Gentian - See Feverwort

Horsemint - Officially known as Mentha Longifolia, this is a species of the Mint family native to Europe and Asia, it has long been valued for its antiseptic properties and effect on the digestion. Leaves and flowering stems have also been used in teas and tonics to treat fever, headache, inflammation, chills, colic, menstrual disorders, flatulence, congestion, cough, colds, and urinary tract infections. It has also been used as a stimulant and to induce labor. Externally, it was used on wounds. Leaves and stems were often added to boiling water and the vapors inhaled to relieve nasal and bronchial congestion. In Native American Medicine, the Catawba tribe crushed and steeped fresh horsemint leaves in cold water and drank the infusion to allay back pain. Other tribes used horsemint for fever, inflammation, and chills. Should not be used by pregnant women.

Indian Hemp - Formally known as Apocynum Cannabinum, and also called American Hemp, Dogbane, Amy Root, Hemp Dogbane, Rheumatism Root, and Wild Cotton, this is a type of marijuana. Native throughout much of North America, it grows in Gravelly or sandy soil, mainly near stream, and is known as a common weed of cultivated land. Primarily used by Native Americans for its fiber numerous tribes used it for making clothes, twine, bags, linen, and paper. Though it is a poisonous plant that can cause cardiac arrest if ingested, it was also common in Native American herbal remedies. Its boiled roots were made into teas to treat syphilis, rheumatism, intestinal worms, fever, asthma, and dysentery. The Prairie Potawatomi also utilized it as a heart medicine, kidney problems and dropsy.

Indian Paintbrush - Officially known as Castilleja, and also called Prairie-fire, this is a genus of about 200 species of Broomrape family, that are native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes. The flowers of Indian Paintbrush are edible and sweet, and were consumed in moderation by various Native American tribes as a condiment with other fresh greens. These plants can be potentially very toxic if the roots or green parts of the plant are consumed. It has similar health benefits to consuming garlic if only the flowers are eaten in small

amounts and in moderation. The Chippewa Indians are know the use Indian Paintbrush as a medicine to treat rheumatism and as a bath rinse to make their hair glossy. Both applications are useful due to it's selenium content. Nevada Indian tribes used the plant to treat sexually-transmitted diseases and to enhance the immune system and Hopi women drank a tea of the whole Indian paintbrush to "Dry up the menstrual flow."

James' Buckwheat - See Antelope Sage.Juniper - Officially known as Juniperus Communis, this evergreen shrub found on mountains and heaths throughout Europe, Southwest Asia, and North America.

The female trees bears cones that produce small round bluish-black berries, that when fully ripe were eaten raw or in teas for the treatment of digestive disorders, kidney, bladder and urinary tract problems, arthritis, gout, gum disease, dandruff, gonorrhea, diarrhea, high blood pressure, and rheumatic conditions. Beware that large doses can irritate the urinary passage. Externally, it is applied as a diluted oil, having a slightly warming effect and found effective for treatment on arthritic joints and wounds. Pregnant women should not use Juniper as it has been known to cause miscarriage.

Jiaogulan - Technically called Gynostemma Pentaphyllum, this herbe native to Asia, has also been called Twisting-vine Orchid, Southern Ginseng, and praised as Xiancao, "Immortality" Herb, it has many health-giving qualities and anti-aging effects. It has been found to lower cholesterol and high blood pressure, strengthen immune systems, inhibit cancer growth, improve reproductive and digestive systems, mental and liver functions, and stress-related symptoms.

Kava Kava - Technically known as Piper Methysticum, it is a tall shrub in the pepper family that grows in the South Pacific islands. Also called Kawa, Kew, Yagona, and Sakau, it has been used there for thousands of years as a folk remedy and as a social and ceremonial beverage. Most commonly, the roots of the plant are used to produce a drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. Others chew the root to relieve symptoms of throat pain. Also used to treat anxiety and insomnia.

Kola Nut - Also called Cola, this is the nut of the Kola Tree, native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. The kola nut has a bitter flavor and contains caffeine and has long been chewed in many West African cultures in traditional spiritual practices and ceremonies. For medicinal purposes it has been used to treat whooping cough, asthma, bronchial problems, anxiety, depression, to boost energy, and as an appetite suppressant. In the 1800s, a pharmacist in Georgia took extracts of kola and coca and mixed them with sugar, other ingredients, and carbonated water to invent the first cola soft drink - Coca Cola. Coca was prohibited from soft drinks in the U.S. after 1904, but Coca-Cola still uses kola in its original recipe. Kola nut should be used with caution and should not be taken over long period, which has been found to have carcinogenic results. Side effects include anxiety, dizziness or nervousness. It is not recommended for pregnant or nursing women. People with intestinal or stomach ulcers, those who are sensitive to stimulants or caffeine, and people who suffer from high blood pressure, heart disorders should avoid using this seed. Today, kola nut is still used as an alternative medicine mainly due to its antidepressant properties.

Lavender - Officially called Lavandula, there are 39 species of these flowering plants in the mint family and its documented use dates back to Roman times. It has long been used balms salves, perfumes, cosmetics, topical applications, and as a fragrance in bath products. Its flowers yield abundant nectar from which bees make a high-quality honey, which is marketed worldwide as a premium product. Flowers can be candied and are sometimes used as cake decorations. It is also used to flavor baked goods and desserts. Essential oil of lavender has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been found to beneficial in treating insomnia, hair loss, anxiety, depression, headache, fatigue, stress, and postoperative pain. During World War I, it was used in hospitals to disinfect floors and walls. Externally, infusions have been used on insect bites, burns, and acne.

Lecithin - A generic term used to designate any group of yellow-brownish fatty substances occurring in animal and plant tissues, it is found in foods like eggs, liver, soybeans, wheat germ, butter and peanuts. It has

been found to be especially important to the health of the brain and heart systems. Supplements are said to also be beneficial for the nervous and circulatory systems, in digestion, for weight loss, liver and reproductive systems, to improve memory, for healthy hair and skin, and to treat gallstones.

Lemon Balm - Native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region, this member of the mint family, is now grown all over the world. Officially known as Melissa Officinalis, it is considered a "calming" herb and has been used as far back as the Middle Ages to reduce stress and anxiety, promote sleep, improve appetite, and ease pain and discomfort from indigestion, including gas, bloating, and colic. Even before the Middle Ages, lemon balm was steeped in wine to lift the spirits, help heal wounds, and treat insect bites. Today, lemon balm is often combined with other calming, soothing herbs, such as Valerian, Chamomile, and Hops, to help promote relaxation. It is also used in creams to treat cold sores.

Lemongrass - Native to warm temperate and tropical regions, this genus of about 55 species of tall grasses are known as Cymbopogon. Common names include Barbed Wire Grass, Silky Heads, Citronella Grass, and Fever Grass, amongst many others. In addition to its medicinal properties it has been widely used as a herb in Asian cuisine, in teas, soups and curries. As it has anti-fungal properties, it has also been used as a pesticide and a preservative. Only the fresh or dried leaves of lemongrass, and the essential oil derived from them, are used in medicine, to treat cough, cuts, asthma, bladder disorders. relieve headache, and promote sweating.

Licorice Root - Formally called Glycyrrhiza Glabra, this root is known best for its flavoring in candies, foods, and beverages.. Native to southern Europe and parts of Asia, it has also been called licorice, sweet root, and gan zao (Chinese Licorice). Over the years, it has been used to treat stomach ulcers, bronchitis, sore throat, hepatitis, heartburn, colic, liver disorders, malaria, tuberculosis, food poisoning, and chronic fatigue.

Maca - Officially known as Lepidium Meyenii, this plant is native to the  high Andes of Peru and Bolivia. It has been harvested and used by humans for centuries, consumed as a food and for medicinal purposes. It is also known as "Peruvian Ginseng," despite the fact that it is not a member of the Ginseng family, but, because of its reputation for increasing strength, stamina, energy, libido, and sexual function. It is also said to be beneficial in treating fatigue, infertility, symptoms of menopause, and cancer.

Marshmallow Root - Officially known as Althea Officinalis, this perennial herb is native to Europe and western Asia. Also known as Marshmallow Plant, Mallow, White Mallow, Common Marshmallow, the it has a long history dating back thousands of years as an herbal remedy for cough, sore throat, mouth ulcers, and respiratory problems such as bronchitis and whooping cough. The ancient Egyptians were known to have used it  in a honey-sweetened confection for sore throat. Other beneficial uses include treatment for diarrhea, indigestion, and for weight loss. External uses have shown to be effective as well for swelling, cuts, wounds, boils, eczema, and psoriasis. The flowers and young leaves can be eaten, and are often added to salads or are boiled and fried.

Mayapple - Officially known as Podophyllum Peltatum, this plant native to wooded areas of eastern North America, it went by a number of other names including American Mandrake, Ducks Foot, Ground Lemon, Hog Apple, Indian Apple, Love Apple, Racoon Berry, Umbrella Plant, and others. The ripened fruit is edible in moderate amounts, though when consumed in large amounts the fruit is poisonous. All other parts of the plant are poisonous. The Mayapple is surrounded by folklore. It was said to have been used by witches as a poison, and took on the name of Witch's Umbrella. The English version of this plant, called Manroot (mandrake,) was believed to be alive and its screams when pulled from the ground would render a man permanently insane. The edible fruit was used extensively by Native Americans, eaten raw, cooked or made into jams, jellies, marmalades, and pies. Though other parts of the plant are toxic, Indian Healers obviously knew what they were doing, as they used the roots of the plants as a laxative, to treat worms, and for liver function. Externally, they used it to treat snakebite, warts, and some skin conditions.They also used it as an insecticide on their crops. Later, Mayapple was used as an ingredient in Carter’s Little Liver Pills. Because of its toxicity, this herb should

only be used by professional Herbalists.

Milk-vetch - See Astragalus.

Milkweed - Formally known as Asclepias Syriaca, this herb, named for its milky juice is also known as Common Milkweed, Common Silkweed, Cottonweed, Silkweed, Wild Cotton, Virginia-Silk, and Silky Swallowwort.  Though it can be toxic if not prepared properly, Milkweed was used as a food and medicine, as well as in making cords, ropes, and a coarse cloth. The young shoots, stems, flower buds, immature fruits, and roots of butterfly milkweed were boiled and eaten as a vegetable by various indigenous groups of eastern and mid-western America. The Meskwaki tribe steamed the flower buds as a food source, which was nutritious but not considered very flavorful. The Cherokee drank an infusion of common milkweed root and Virgin's Bower (Clematis species) for backache. They also used the plant as a laxative, an antidote for dropsy, and an infusion of the root for venereal diseases. The Meskwaki and Mohaw used a decoction as a contraceptive; the Iroquois and Navajo to prevent problems after childbirth; and the Chippewa, to produce postpartum milk flow. Other uses included treatment for stomach problems, female issues, chest discomfort, and externally to on warts, ringworm, and bee stings. Warning: Milkweed may be toxic when taken internally, without sufficient preparation.

Mint - Known officially as Mentha, it originated in Asia and the Mediterranean region, but, today there are several varieties which are grown all over the world. Fresh or dried leaves have long been used in teas, beverages, jellies, syrups, candies, and ice creams, as well as in certain cuisines. It has also been long used to treat indigestion, respiratory problems, heartburn, colds, flu, allergies, headache, and as a mild sedative. Externally, it has been used to treat minor burns, itching, acne, and skin irritations. The Cherokee were known to have used the leaves and stems to lower high blood pressure.

Mountain Hemlock - See Native Hemlock

Mullein - Officially known as genus Verbascum, and also known as velvet plants, this species of flowering plants are native to Europe and Asia, and were first introduced to America by the Europeans. A tobacco-like plant and one of the oldest herbs, it has a long history of use as a medicine, used to treat asthma and respiratory disorders. Native Americans, including the Menominee, Forest Potawatomi, Mohegan, and Penobscot often inhaled the smoke from smoldering mullein roots and leaves to soothe asthma attacks, chest congestion, and other respiratory disorders. The roots can be made into a warm decoction for soaking swollen feet, reducing swelling in joints or other areas, and can sooth painful tissues. It is particularly useful to the mucous membranes. The Catawba Indians used a sweetened syrup from the boiled root, which they gave to their children for cough. A tea can be made from the flowers for a mild sedative. Extracts made from the plant's flowers are used in the treatment of ear infections, and one species, called Great Mullein, is used as a herbal remedy for sore throat, cough, and lung diseases.

Native Hemlock - Officially called Tsuga, this is type of Conifer tree in the Pine family. Unlike poison hemlock (conium), the species of Tsuga are not poisonous. Western Hemlock, technically called west coast of North America. It was often used by area tribes as a dye, for tanning hides, making baskets and wooden items. The pitch was often applied topically as a poultice or slave for colds and to prevent sunburn. A decoction of pounded bark was also used in the treatment of hemorrhages. Another species, commonly known as Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga Mertensiana) was also used by Native Americans. The Menominee and the Forest Potawatomi used the inner bark and twigs it in a tea to relieve colds and fever. It was also used to treatflu, kidney or bladder problems, diarrhea, as a gargle for mouth and throat problems, and externally to wash sores and ulcers.

Oak - Scientifically called Quercus, these trees and shrubs have about 600 species found all over the world. Its fruit, the acorn, was a staple of many Native American cultures and the inner bark of the tree was used for a variety of ailments. Acorns are an ideal food for those with degenerative, wasting diseases such as tuberculosis, and when it was rampant in the early 19th century, acorn porridge was often prescribed. Native Americans used the inner bark of the oak to make a bitter decoction used in the treatment of diarrhea, a gargle for sore throats, kidney and bladder problems, viruses, and menstrual bleeding. Poultices were also used for skin problems, ringworm, burns, sores, sprains, and swelling.

Oat Straw - Formally known as Avena Sativa, it is also commonly known as Groats, Herb Oats, Oatgrass, and Wild Oats. Oats have been an elemental food source for both humans and animals since prehistoric times. It has also long been used in the treatment of a number medical problems such as lowering cholesterol, increasing of vigor and stamina, nervousness, exhaustion, insomnia, and digestive problems. More recently, it has been found to be affective in treating multiple sclerosis. ADHD, cancer, tumors, and diabetes.

Olive Oil - Obtained from the olive, a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin, Olive Oil has long been used in cooking, cosmetics, medicines, soap, and as a fuel for traditional oil lamps. Due to its high content of fatty acids and anti-oxidative substances, it has long been utilized in cooking and in traditional medicines. Olive oil when used in food assists digestion, and prevent constipation. A spoonful has been used to relieve throat troubles. It has long been used as a moisturizer and cleanser on skin. Today's studies suggest that using olive oil in food, rather than other types of oils, can provide protective effects against certain malignant tumors, cancer, and reduce the risk of heart disease

Osha - Formally known as Ligusticum Porteri, it is also called Porter's Licorice Root, Osha Root, Bear Root, Colorado Cough Root. In some Native American cultures it is called Bear Root and Bear Medicine. Of the celery family, this aromatic plant grows in the mountain woodlands throughout the Southwest. The whole plant has been used medicinally, however the thick taproots are most highly valued. Having a wide variety of medicinal properties and highly valued, it was commonly traded among Native Americans, so tribes far removed from the plants indigenous area, also utilized the herb in their ceremonies and medicines. Osha roots, either fresh or dried were in teas, tonics, and chewed for internal use and made into poultices and salves for external use. It has long been known to have warming properties which were used against cold and chills and to stimulate circulation. Salves and liniments were used for sore muscles, body aches, rheumatism, and arthritis, and because of its strong smell was used as a snake and insect repellent by the Apache and Indians, and to treat insect and spider bites. Internally it was used for digestive problems, respiratory problems, headache, cold and flu systems, fever, heartburn, and sinusitis. Many tribes also used the Osha root as incense for purification and during ceremonies. The Chiricahua and Mescelero Apache use the aromatic root with chilies as a culinary spice to flavor meat.

Partridgeberry - Officially called Mitchella Repens, it is native to America and is also known by the common names of Deerberry, One-berry, Squaw Vine, and Winter Clover. Although primarily employed in medicines, Partridgeberry had additional uses among Native American tribes, including ceremonial smoke, a love potion and as a food when the berries were eaten or used in sauces, breads, and cakes. Many Native Americans, including the Cherokee made a tea of the boiled leaves, that was drank during the final weeks of pregnancy to ease childbirth. Nursing mothers applied a lotion made from the leaves to their breasts to relieve soreness. Early colonists also used the tea as an aid in childbirth and as a remedy for menstrual cramps. It has also been used to treat menstrual pains and cramps, regulate menstruation, and to induce childbirth. It may also be effective as an abortifacient and should not be used by pregnant women.

Passion Flower - Officially called Passiflora, it is also commonly known as Passion Vine. Consisting of 500 species of flowering plants, it is found all over the world, but nine species are  native to the USA, found from Ohio to the north, west to California and south to the Florida Keys. One species, commonly called Maypop, has a long history of use among Native Americans that and were adapted by early European colonists. The leaves and roots were used to make a tea to treat insomnia, anxiety, hysteria, seizures, and epilepsy. It has also been used to treat depression, hyperactivity, tension, and muscle pain, as well as in poultices for injuries, wounds, boils, and earache. Do not take passionflower if you are pregnant or breastfeeding.

Pau d'arco - Scientifically known as Tabebuia Avellanedae, this herb, native to South America, has long been used to treat a wide range of conditions. Traditionally, it has been used to treat pain, arthritis, inflammation of

the prostate gland, fever, dysentery, boils and ulcers, and various cancers. Today, it has been found to have active compounds that kill some bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. It has flu.

Pennyroyal – Scientifically called Mentha Pulegium, this member of the Mint family has long been used as a culinary herb and folk remedy. It was commonly used as a cooking herb by the Greeks and Romans and the Greeks also used it in making wine. American Pennyroyal is also known as Mock Pennyroyal, Mosquito Plant, Fleabane, Tickweed, and Stinking Balm. In colonial America with was used to eradicate pests, including snakes. Though it is known to be toxic, American Pennyroyal was used extensively by Native Americans to treat headache, stomach aches, itching, watery eyes, fever, and to stimulate menstrual flow. Externally, they crushed the leaves and applied it to the skin as an insect repellant. It it has also been used to treat flatulence, gall ailments, gout, hepatitis, gums, tumors, and as an abortifacient. Pennyroyal should not be used in any way by pregnant women. Over ingestion of this herb has caused death.

Peppermint - Formally known as Mentha Piperita, it is a hybrid mint, a cross between the watermint (Mentha aquatica) and spearmint (Mentha spicata). Iindigenous to Europe, is now widespread throughout the world. It has a long tradition of medicinal use, with archaeological evidence placing its use at least as far back as ten thousand years ago. Most often known as a flavoring for gum toothpaste, and tea, is has also been long used used to soothe upset stomach, heartburn, and aid in digestion. Because it has a calming and numbing effect, it has been used to treat headache, skin irritations, anxiety, depression, nausea, diarrhea, menstrual cramps, and flatulence. Externally, it has been used in chest rubs for the treatment of colds. Later it was found to be effective in boosting mental powers and energy, morning sickness, and irritable bowel syndrome. Do not give peppermint to an infant or small child as it has known to cause life-threatening breathing problems.

Persimmon - An edible fruit of a number of species of trees in the genus Diospyros in the ebony wood family (Ebenaceae), persimmons are eaten fresh, dried, raw, or cooked. They have also long been used in traditional Asian Medicine in teas for stopping hiccups, bed-wetting, constipation, fever, and improve circulation. They have also been found to be beneficial in preventing heart attack, stroke, to reduce fluid retention and for high blood pressure.  In the U.S., the Catawba were known to have stripped the bark from the tree, boiled it in water, to use as a mouth rinse for thrush and other conditions.

Pinon - Officially called Penus Edulis, this member of the Pine family is native to the U.S. found in Colorado, southern Wyoming, eastern and central Utah, northern Arizona, New Mexico, and the Guadalupe Mountains in westernmost Texas. The edible seeds and pine nuts were extensively collected by Native Americans, with some tribes referring to it as the “tree of life.” In addition to utilizing the tree for food and wood, it was often used for ceremonial purposes such as girl's puberty rites by the Mescalero Apache and the Navajo in their  Evilway ceremony. For medicinal purposes, it was used to treat colds by inhaling smoke from the needles or from burning resin. The Navajo used a poultice of buds to apply to burns, as well as using the heated resin to remove facial hair. The Zuni used the piñon for several medicinal applications including consuming the needles or using them in an infusion to promote sweating. They also ground the resin for skin infections, cuts, and sores, and as an antiseptic. They also chewed the needles to treat syphilis, after which they would drink large quantites of water, take a mile run and upon return, would be wrapped in several blankets and made to sweat profusely. The Spanish New Mexicans treated the same disease by mixing the piñon pitch with whiskey and brown sugar.

Plantain - Scientifically called Plantago Major, it also has several other common names including Ripple Grass, Waybread, Snakeweed, Cuckoo's Bread, Englishman's Foot, White Man's Foot, and others. It was considered to be one of the nine sacred herbs by the ancient Saxon people and has a long history of use as an alternative medicine dating back to ancient times. Native to northern and central Asia and Europe, there are more than 200 species. Early colonists brought plantain to North America as one of their favored healing remedies and Native Americans soon called it White Man's Foot, as it is often found growing along well-trodden foot paths. Native Americans quickly adopted many of the traditional European uses for this beneficial herb. The leaves and seeds were used for a number of remedies - to draw out the poison of rattlesnake bite, soothe  rheumatic pain, as a poultice to treat battle wounds, sores, insect bites, bronchitis, tuberculosis, sore throat, laryngitis, urinary infections, digestive problems, and a blood purifying tonic. The root of the herb was used to relieve toothache and the juice to relieve earache.

Pleurisy Root - Officially called Asclepias Tuberosa, this is a species of Milkweed native to eastern North America, also known by several other names including Butterfly Weed, Canada Root, Flux Root, Swallow-Wort, Tuber Root, White Root, Wind Root, and Orange Milkweed. It has long been found to be an  effective treatment for a many respiratory disorders due to its ability to decrease inflammation. It has been used to relieve cough, pleurisy (lung inflammation), pneumonia, disorders of the uterus, pain, spasms, bronchitis, flu, to ease breathing, and promote sweating. The Natchez tribe were known to have drank a tea of the boiled

roots as a remedy for pneumonia and to promote the expulsion of phlegm.

Poke - Formally known as Phytolacca Americana, this perennial herb is a native plant of the eastern United States. It has several other common names including American Nightshade, Poke Weed, Inkberry, Pigeon Berry, Pocan Bush, Redweed, and others. Though parts of this plant are highly toxic to livestock and humans, and is considered a major pest by farmers, some parts of the plant have long been used for food and medicine. Historically, it has been used to treat syphilis, diphtheria, cancer, asthma, intestinal worms, cramps, stomach ulcers, to improve digestive, urinary, and immune systems; inflammation, as a purgative. Externally, poultices and washes were used on skin conditions, arthritis, rheumatism, abscesses, swelling, pain, sprains, and hemorrhoids. As this herb is toxic, it requires a professional training for use.

Prickly Pear Cactus - Scientifically known as Oppuntia Engelmanni, this plant has the distinction of being a vegetable, fruit, and flower, which has been used for both food and medicine. Common across the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, it is also known by several common names, including Cow's Tongue Cactus, Desert Prickly Pear, Texas Prickly Pear, and others. Native Americans used the younger pads for food and mature pads were used as a poultice for wounds, burns, boils, to stop bleeding, swollen prostate, and as an an antiseptic. Internally, teas were made to treat urinary tract infections, tuberculosis, immune system. It has also been found to be beneficial in lowering cholesterol, and preventing diet-related cardiovascular disease and adult onset diabetes.

Psyllium Seed Husk - Also known as Ispaghula, Isabgol, or Psyllium, these husks are portions of the seeds of the plant Plantago Ovata, a native of India. A fiber rich supplement, it has been known to relieve constipation, bowel and colon problems, diarrhea and hemorrhoids. It also improves digestion and is thought to be  beneficial in lowering blood cholesterol.

Rabbit Tobacco - Formally called Gnaphalium Obtusifolium, it is also known as Cherokee Tobacco, Indian Posey, Old Field Balsam, Sweet Everlasting, Cudweed, Poverty Weed, Fussy Gussy, and Sweet White Balsam. It grows most anywhere -- in pastures, woodland, on prairies, and in thickets in the eastern states, east of Colorado. Utilizing the stem, leaves, and flowers, it has long been used for a variety of medicinal purposes by Native Americans including asthma, colds, cough, flu, pneumonia, bronchitis, diarrhea, as an insect repellant, sleep aide, and numerous other uses. It was often smoked in place of tobacco by both Native Americans and early settlers, and contains no nicotine. The smoke was thought to have held a spiritual or mystic power for many Indians. The Cheyenne often dropped the leaves on hot coals and the Cherokee were known to have used it in sweat baths. The cold remedy, as a poultice applied to the throat for mumps, and as a sedative; the Koasati for fever; the Menominee for headache and a psychological aid when dried leaves were steamed as an inhalant for "foolishness." Many tribes thought that the smoke had a restorative power that could revive the unconscious or paralyzed. When a poultice was made, it was used on bruises, and skin and mouth sores. The Cherokee also made a salve of the herb which they mixed with lard and rubbed on the chest to relieve congestion and induce sweating. Juice from the plant had a reputation as an aphrodisiac as well as an anti-venereal potion. In teas, it is said to induce sleep, help migraines, sinus troubles, cough, asthma, stomach problems, is a mild nerve sedative, and increase appetite.

Ragleaf Bahia - Officially known as Bahia Dissecta, this flowering plant in the daisy family, is also commonly known as yellow ragweed or yellow ragleaf, it was also called Twisted Medicine by the Navajo tribe. Native to the southwestern United States as far north as Wyoming, as well as northern Mexico, it was used in teas by several tribes as a contraceptive.

Raspberry - Known by the biological names of Rubus Idaeus and Rosaceae, the leaves and fruits have a long tradition of use in pregnancy to strengthen and tone the uterine tissue, assisting contractions, and checking any hemorrhage during labor. As an astringent it is useful in a wide range of cases, including diarrhea,

and to alleviate the problems of the mouth, such as mouth sores, bleeding gums and inflammation. As a gargle to help sore throats. Fresh or dried leaves were also steeped in tea for digestive complaints and mild nausea.

Red Clover - Officially called Trifolium Pratense, this species of clover is native to Europe, Western Asia and northwest Africa, but, is planted and naturalized in many other regions. Traditionally, it has been used to treat cancer, whooping cough, respiratory problems, and skin inflammation, such as psoriasis and eczema; to "purify" the blood, improve circulation, and help cleanse the menopause and cardiovascular health.

Rhodiola - Known officially as Rhodiola Rosea, it is also known as Golden Root, Roseroot, Aaron's Rod. It grows in cold regions of the world, including the Rocky Mountains. It has long been used to improve mood and alleviate depression. It has also been found to improve physical and mental performance, reduce fatigue, stress, anxiety.

Rooibos - Native to South Africa, Rooibos is technically called Aspalathus Linearis, and commonly known as Red Bush, though it is not red. It has long been used in teas to help with nervous tension, allergies, digestive problems, infant colic, asthma, heartburn, stomach ulcers, nausea, and skin conditions.

Rose Hip - Also referred to as Rose Haw, it is officially known as Rosa Canina. There are more than 10,000 cultivated varieties of this fragrant rose plant which native of Europe and the Middle East. The rose hip is the fruit of the rose plant, that typically is red-to-orange, but ranges from dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips have long been used in foods as well as herbal remedies. Teas have been made to soothe cough, urinary tract problems, kidney issues, diarrhea, as an astringent, and to treat depressions, spasms, and inflammation.

Rosemary - Technically known as Rosmarinus Officinalis, this fragrant herb of the Mint family, with needle-like leaves is native to the Mediterranean region. It has long been used for culinary purposes as well as medicinally, to improve memory, relieve muscle pain and spasm, stimulate hair growth, and support the circulatory and nervous systems. It is also believed to increase menstrual flow, act as an abortifacient, treat indigestion, improve immune system. It also may have anti-cancer properties, help the liver and in the treatment of viruses.

Sage - Technically known as Salvia Officinalis, this small evergreen shrub is also known as garden sage and common sage. People have been cooking with sage for thousands of years and like other culinary herbs, it has long been thought to be a digestive aid and appetite stimulant. It has also been used for a variety of other medical conditions including flatulence, abdominal cramps, bloating, spasms, bleeding, diarrhea, colds and flu, cuts, bruises, irregular menstruation, tuberculosis,  stomach ache, excessive perspiration, and to aide in childbirth. It has also been helpful in menstrual cramps, to stop breast-milk production, menopause symptoms, cough, throat infections, and dandruff.

Saltbush - Officially known as Atriplex, there are several hundred species, also known as Orache. It includes many desert and seashore plants which are extremely tolerant of salt content in the ground. Their name derives from the fact that they retain salt in their leaves. Various species have long been used for a variety of health conditions, including pain, sores, spider and insect bites, rashes, stomach ache and more. It has also been used to purify water. The Hopi were known to burn and inhale the smoke for epilepsy and also used it in kiva fires for ceremonial medicine; the Paiute to boil the leave which they used for sore muscles and aches and a poultice was applied to the chest for colds. In addition to using for insect bites, the Navajo were known to have used the leaves for pain, cough, gastrointestinal problems, and as a toothache remedy.

Sarsaparilla - Scientifically called Smilax Regelii and Smilax Aspera, this perennial trailing vine with prickly stems is native to Central America and is most commonly known for its use in soft drinks. It's been used throughout the world for many centuries and in the 1400’s, it was introduced into European medicine by contact with the indigenous tribes in South America.

It has several beneficial uses in medicinal remedies including treatment for syphilis, to aid digestion, pain, blood cleansing, arthritis, colds, impotence, gonorrhea, rheumatism, wounds, fever, cough, hypertension, skin diseases, leprosy, and cancer. Like many other herbs, it has anti-oxidant properties. The Penobscot were known to have used pulverized dried sarsaparilla roots in combination with Sweetflag as a cough remedy.

Sassafras - Officially known as Sassafras Albidum, these small trees or shrubs native to the eastern North America From Maine to Ontario, south to Florida and Texas. Sassafras was used extensively for food and medicine by Native Americans long before European settlers arrived and its bark became one of the first exports of the New World. In early American folklore, explorers and settlers associated the pleasant aroma of the tree with healing and protection from evil influences, and extracts of the bark and roots soon became a panacea elixir sought by Europeans. Over the years, it has been used to treat measles, chicken pox, colds, flu, fever, as a blood purifier, and as a heart remedy.

Savory - Known officially as Satureja, Savory is a genus of aromatic plants of the Mint family, related to rosemary and thyme. There are about 30 species called savories, going by several names including Mountain Savory, Summer Savory, and Winter Savory. Summer savory, which is more highly prized as a spice and as a folk medicine, has long been believed to act as an aphrodisiac. It also has a number of uses in medicinal remedies including aiding the digestive system, and to treat flatulence, diarrhea, cough, and colic. Having warming effects it was also used on the chest for congestion.

Saw Palmetto - Scientifically known as Serenoa Serrulata, this small palm grows throughout southeastern parts of North America, and its berries have long been prized by people as well as wildlife. Native Americans have been using saw palmettos for a wide range of purposes including food; the leaves used to weave baskets and and ceremonial dance fans. The heartwood of the palms have been used for traditional medicinal purposes as well as pounded into flour. It has been used in remedies for diarrhea, abdominal pain, to aid digestion, cough, respiratory congestion, urinary tract inflammation, prostate health, sexual vigor, and to stimulate appetite.

Schisandra - Officially known as Magnolia Vine, is a genus of shrub that has many medicinal uses. It is a tonic herb that aids in helping people recover after an illness, can improve mood, protect the liver, improve sexual function, to treat skin irritations, hepatitus, respiratory conditions, cough, fatigue, and is an antioxidant. Laboratory studies also indicate it can help blood pressure, brain efficiency, nervous system, increase endurance and build strength.

Senna Leaves - Scientifically known as Arabic Sana, this is a large genus of flowering plants native throughout the tropics, with a small number of species reaching into temperate regions. It is known well as a laxative, and has been found to be helpful with the spleen, liver, anemia, typhoid, cholera, jaundice, gout, rheumatism, tumors, bronchitis, leprosy, dysentery, skin disorders, dyspepsia, and cough.

Shavegrass - Formally known as Equisetum Arvense, is also known as Horsetail, as well as Scouring Rush and Bottle Brush. First recommended by the ancient physician, Galen, several cultures have employed Shavegrass as a folk remedy for kidney and bladder troubles, arthritis, bleeding ulcers, tuberculosis, to treat wounds, and stop bleeding, making it a popular treatment for nosebleeds and hemorrhoids. It has also been used to to treat urinary problems, the prostate gland, and to stop bed wetting.

Skullcap - Officially called Scutellaria Lateriflora, this perennial herb in the mint family is native to North America and grows throughout Canada and the Northern United States. Also known as Blue Skullcap, Hoodwort, Virginian Skullcap, and Mad Dog, it was traditionally cultivated and used by Native American women for menstrual cycles, to stimulate the reproductive system. Some tribes used the herb in purification ceremonies. The Iroquois used an infusion of the root to keep the throat clear, while other tribes used some species as bitter tonics for the kidneys. It has also been found to relieve stress, support the nervous system, for insomnia, tension, and restlessness. A powerful medicinal herb, it is an anti-inflammatory, abortifacient, has been used as a sedative, for the treatment of epilepsy, hysteria, anxiety, throat infections, headache, pain, anxiety, convulsions, and more. Pregnant women should not take Skullcap.

Skunk Cabbage - See Eastern Skunk Cabbage and Western Skunk Cabbage

Slippery Elm - Technically called Ulmus Rubra, the Slippery Elm, is a species of elm native to eastern North America, from southeast North Dakota, east to southern Quebec, south to northernmost Florida, and west to eastern Texas. The tree had many traditional uses by Native Americans including using the inner bark fiber for thread, bow strings, ropes, clothing and more; the wood was used for numerous purposes, and the bark and leaves in washes and teas for medical purposes.

Treatments included digestive disorders, gastrointestinal conditions, sore throats, ulcers, gout, arthritis, stomach ache, intestinal worms, cough, and bronchitis, and other respiratory irritations. Whole bark was also used as an abortifacient, but, sometimes had serious consequences, including the death of the mother. Washes were used to treat skin conditions, vaginitis, hemorrhoids, toothaches, and spider bites.

Spearmint - Officially called Mentha Spicata, and also known as  (Spear Mint or Spearmint) is a species of mint native to much of Europe and southwest Asia, Garden Mint, Menthol Mint, Mint, Sage Of Bethlehem, Silver Mint, and Spear Mint, it is native to Central Europe, but, is now naturalized throughout the U.S. and Canada. A medicinal herb tea made from the fresh or dried leaves has a very pleasant and refreshing taste, and has been used in the  treatment of fever, bronchitis, chills, cramps, chronic gastritis, common cold, headache, indigestion, morning sickness, motion sickness, nasal congestion, nausea, and painful menstruation. Externally, it has been used for bruises, stiffness, muscle soreness and rheumatism.

Spirulina - A type of blue-green algae that is rich in protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant that boosts the immune system and helps protect against allergic reactions. It is also said to be effective for infection, liver, and certain types of cancer.

Star Anise- Officially known as Illicium Verum, this is the fruit of a small tree that grows in Asia. Having a licorice-like flavor, it it used as a spice in cooking and also in medical remedies. It has been used to treat rheumatism, colic, flatulence, headache,  nausea, vomiting, gastric distress, flu, cough, whooping cough, to stimulate the appetite, aid digestion, and increase the production of milk in new mothers. Some folk remedies recommend it to facilitate birth and to increase the libido, as well as to relieve menopausal discomforts.

Star Grass - Formally known as Hypoxis, it has often been called African Star Grass and African Potato, as it is native to South Africa. Having several species, the roots have long been used by traditional healers in the treatment of urinary infections, heart weakness, internal tumors, and nervous disorders. One species in particular, Hypoxis Hemerocallidea, has been called a "wonder herb" and "miracle cure," is said to alleviate many immune related ailments such as the common cold, flu, arthritis, tumors, and cancer. The Catawba tribe used a species in a tea for dysentery.

Stevia - A genus of about 240 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family, it is native to subtropical and tropical regions from western North America to South America. The species, Stevia Rebaudiana, commonly known as Sweetleaf and Sugarleaf, has long been used as a sweetener, as well as in treating heartburn, obesity, flatulence, diabetes, and hypertension.

Stiff Goldenrod - Officially called Oligoneuron Rigidum, and also known as Prairie Goldenrod Rigid Goldenrod. The leaves and blossoms have been found to be an effective antiseptic, astringent and to stop bleeding. It has long been a valuable remedy in the treatment of all kinds of hemorrhages. Often the flowers were ground into a lotion and used by Native Americans to treat bee stings.

St. John's Wort - Officially known as Hypericum Perforatum, and also known as Tipton's Weed, Chase-devil, or Klamath Weed, St. John's Wort is most commonly used as an anti-depressant. It has also been used to relieve muscle problems, to reduce bruises, varicose veins, menopausal symptoms, and anxiety.

Stoneseed - Technically known as Lithospermum Officinale, this genus of plants belonging to the Boraginaceae family is also commonly known as Gromwell. The mature seeds have long been ground into a powder and used to treat bladder stones, arthritis, as a sedative. Many Native Americans, such as the Shoshoni, also used its roots as a contraceptive. A syrup made from a decoction of the root and stems was also used in the treatment of eruptive diseases such as smallpox, measles and itch.

Sumac - Scientifically called Rhus Glabra, this shrub is native to North America found in all 48 mainland states of USA and in southern Canada. Also called Dwarf Sumac, Mountain Sumac, Scarlet Sumac, Smooth Sumac, Upland Sumac, White Shoemake, Vinegar-tree, and Red Sumac, it was used extensively by Native

Americans for food and medicine. Young shoots, roots and fruit were eaten raw. The fruit was also cooked or made into a lemonade-like drink. Some Native American tribes believed that Sumac could foretell the weather and the changing of the seasons, so it was held as a sacred plant. An infusion of the bark or roots was used as an antiseptic, astringent, diuretic, and for the treatment of colds, diarrhea, fever, to increase the flow of breast milk, sore mouths and throats, and inflammation of the bladder and painful urination. An infusion of the leaves was used for asthma, diarrhea, and stomach aches. A poultice of the leaves and berries was used to treat skin rashes, burns, poison ivy, and skin eruptions. The powdered bark was often made into an antiseptic salve and the leaves were chewed for sore gums and rubbed on sore lips. The berries have been chewed as a remedy for bed-wetting. An infusion of the blossoms used as an eye wash for sore eyes. The milky latex from the plant is used as a salve on sores.Mild decoctions from the bark was also used as a gargle for sore throats. It has also been found to be useful in the treatment of late-onset diabetes, constipation, painful or difficult menstruation, and may have possible applications in the treatment of tuberculosis and some cancers.

Sweet Everlasting - See Rabbit Tobacco

Sweetflag - Officially known as Acorus Calamus, this plant, native to Southern Asia, is has long since been introduced to most parts of the world. Also called Calamus, Sweet Sedge and Myrtle Flag, it has a very long history of medicinal use in many herbal traditions. The root has been used to treat flatulence, colds, cough, heart disease, bowel problems, colic, cholera, menstrual problems, dropsy, headache, sore throat, spasms, toothache, and pain, and arthritis. Some Native American tribes considered the root a panacea; others thought it had mystic powers.

Thistle: Of the genus called Silybum Adans, this flowering plant of the daisy family, are native to the Mediterranean regions of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Commonly called Milk Thistle, Marian Thistle, Mediterranean Thistle, Mary Thistle, and Holy Thistle, it has been used for some 2,000 years to treat chronic liver disease and protect the liver against toxins. It has also been used to treat hepatitis, cancer prevention and high cholesterol.

Tobacco - Officially called Nicotiana, there are over 60 species of tobacco, most of which are indigenous to Australia and America. The plants has long been important in Native American culture for social, religious, ceremonial purposes as well as in medicinal remedies. The leaves have long been used to treat pain, colic, kidney problems, dropsy, fever, colic, worms, convulsions, toothache, as an antidote for poison, skin conditions, boils, tuberculosis, vertigo, and to treat insect and snakebites.

Tribulus - Also called Puncture Vine and Goats Head, this herb has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Having an active compound called steroidal saponins, it is used for infertility, impotence, libido, skin conditions, muscle mass, infertility, urinary problems, and

as a gargle for mouth problems.

Uva Ursi - Officially known as Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, it is also known as Bearberry and Beargrape because bears like eating the fruit. It has been used medicinally since the second century and Native American were known to have used it for bladder and urinary tract infections. It has also been found to be effective for kidney problems, menstrual irregularities, cystitis, bloating, prostate inflammation, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, and spleen, pancreas, and small intestine disorders, and to remove toxins. Externally, it has been used for treatment of cuts, cold sores, herpes breakouts, and yeast infections. Pregnant women should not

use Uva Ursi.

Valerian Root - Scientifically called Valeriana Officinalis, this hardy perennial flowering plant has been used as a medicinal herb since at least the time of ancient Greece and Rome. Traditionally, it has been used as a sedative, hysteria stress, intestinal colic, cramps, insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, muscle relaxant, gastrointestinal pain, and irritable bowel syndrome.

Western Skunk Cabbage - Officially known as Lysichiton Americanus, it is also called Yellow Skunk Cabbage or Swamp Lantern. Found in swamps and wet woods in the Pacific Northeast, it has a "skunky" odor that permeates the area where the plant grows. Native Americans used the plant as a medicine for burns and injuries, and to cure sores.

Wild Rose - Of the Rosa family, there are hundreds of species that have been used medicinally for thousands of years. Other common names include Sweetbriar, Briar Rose, Brier Hip, Dogberry, Hip Fruit, Witch's Brier, and many others. The ripe fruit of the Wild Rose is a rich source of Vitamin C, and is a reliable preventative and cure for the common cold. A tea from the hips is a mild diuretic, and stimulates the bladder and kidneys. When the infusion of the petals is used, it is an ancient remedy for sore throats. Cherokee healers recommend a decoction of the roots for diarrhea. Other uses also include treatment for digestion, infection, gout, rheumatism, fever, and to promote the immune, reproductive, circulatory and nervous systems.

Western Hemlock - See Native Hemlock

Wheat Grass - Technically called Triticum Aestivum, Wheat Grass is a result of centuries of the cultivation of perennial wild grasses of temperate and cool regions. Use of wheatgrass has been reported to improve energy levels, strengthen the immune system and slow the development of various types of cancer. It has also been used to treat bronchitis, the common cold, cough, infection, anemia, and fever. In folk medicine it has been used in the treatment of cystitis, gout, chronic skin disorders, and constipation. It aids in digestion and has been found useful in colitis and other bowel conditions.

White Oak - See Oak

White Pine - Known as Pinus Strobus officially, and commonly as Deal Pine and Soft Pine, it is native to North America from Grows from Newfoundland to Georgia mountains and central Iowa, west to northern Illinois. The inner bark, young shoots, twigs, pitch, and leaves have long been used by Native Americans in medicinal remedies to treat colds, cough, flu, pneumonia, fever, heartburn, headache, arthritis, neuritis, bronchitis, croup, laryngitis, and kidney problems. Some Native American tribes used the inner bark or the sap as a poultice for wounds and sores. Pitch was used to "draw out" boils, splinters, abscesses, and it was also used for rheumatism, broken bones, cuts, bruises, and inflammation. A hot resin was sometimes spread on a hot cloth and applied for treating pneumonia, sciatic pains, and general muscular soreness.

White Willow  - Officially known as Salix Alba, this is a species of Willow native to Europe and western and central Asia. The use of willow bark dates back thousands of years, to the time of Hippocrates (400 BC) when patients were advised to chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation. It has long been used for the treatment of pain --particularly low back pain,  headache, and inflammatory conditions such as bursitis and tendinitis. Studies have identified several other components of willow bark that have antioxidant, fever-reducing,

antiseptic, and immune-boosting properties. Some Native American Indians burned willow stems and used the ashes to treat sore eyes.

Wild Black Cherry - Scientifically known as Prunus Serotina, it is also commonly called Black Cherry, Rum Cherry, Mountain Black Cherry, Black Choke, Choke Cherry, and others. It is native to eastern North America from eastern Canada through southern Quebec and Ontario; south through the eastern United States to Texas and central Florida; with small populations in Arizona and New Mexico; and in the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala. The dried inner bark was traditionally used in tea or syrup for cough, "blood tonic", fevers, colds, flu, laryngitis, cough, whooping cough, bronchitis, sore throats, asthma, high blood pressure, colic, edema, arthritis, diarrhea, lung ailments, eye inflammation, swollen lymph glands, tuberculosis, pneumonia, inflammatory fever diseases, and dyspepsia. It was also found useful for poor circulation, lack of appetite, and as a mild sedative. The Mohegan tribe allowed the ripe wild black cherry to ferment naturally in a jar about a year than then drank the juice to cure dysentery and the Meskwaki tribe were known to have made a sedative tea of the root bark. Note that the leaves and seed are poisonous.

Wild Cherry  - See Chokecherry

Wild Carrot - Technically known as Daucus Carota, it also has several other common names, including Bird's Nest, Bishop's Lace, and Queen Anne's Lace. A flowering plant native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia, it is naturalized to northeast North America and Australia. Like the cultivated carrot, the wild carrot root is edible while young, but quickly becomes too woody to consume. A teaspoon of crushed seeds has long been used as a form of birth control; its use for this purpose was first described by Hippocrates over 2,000 years ago. Traditional use includes the treatment of digestive disorders, kidney and bladder diseases, dropsy, flatulence, and menstrual problems. Ancient folk lore said that to cure epileptic seizures you should eat the dark colored middle flower. The flower was also used in ancient rituals an spells, for women to increase fertility and for men to increase potency and sexual desire. The Mohegan tribe were known to have steeped the blossoms in warm water to make a tea for diabetes. The root can induce uterine contractions and so should not be used by pregnant women.

Wild Garlic - Officially called Allium Sativum, it has been used throughout its history for both culinary and medicinal purposes. Leaves, flowers, and bulbs have been used to treat diarrhea, colic, indigestion, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, and loss of appetite. The juice is used to aid in weight loss and applied externally to rheumatic and arthritic joints. Garlic is also claimed to help prevent heart disease and cancer and lower cholesterol and high blood pressure.

Wild Ginger - Officially known as Asarum Canadense, it is also called Canada Wild Ginger and Canadian Snakeroot, it native to forests in eastern North America, from the Great Plains east to the Atlantic Coast, and from southeastern Canada south to the southeastern United States. Native Americans used the roots as a seasoning as well as a medicinal herb to treat dysentery, digestive problems, swollen breasts, cough, and colds, typhus, scarlet fever, nerves, sore throat, cramps, earache, headache, convulsions, asthma, tuberculosis, urinary disorders and venereal disease. They also used it as a stimulant and appetite enhancer.

Wild Lettuce - Formally known as Lactuca Virosa, it is also called Green Endive, Opium Lettuce, and Acrid Lettuce.Indigenous to North American, it was used for sedative purposes, especially in nervous complaints. The health benefits of wild lettuce tea have been well known for centuries, and some of therapeutic actions of this herb are mentioned in the ancient Egyptian writings and artwork. It has been used for treating dropsy, colic, insomnia, cough, anxiety, and stress.

Wild Yam - Also known as China Root, Colic Root, Devil's Bones, Mexican Wild Yam, Rheumatism Root, and Yuma, it is officially known as Dioscorea Villosa. There are more than 150 species of wild yam, many of them developing edible tubers like potatoes. It has long been used to treat menstrual cramps, ease childbirth, poor libido, muscle spasms, colic, menopausal symptoms, eczema, rheumatic conditions, and gallbladder problems.

Wild Onion - There are over 600 species of onion (Allium,) distributed all over Europe, North America, Northern Africa and Asia. The onion family also includes shallots, leeks, chives, and garlic. The plants can be used as ornamentals, vegetables, spices, or as medicine. They have been used to treat colds, cough, asthma, respiratory problems, bronchitis, and to repel insects.

Willow - Of the Salix family, there are about 400 species of these trees and shrubs. The leaves and bark of

the willow tree have been mentioned in ancient texts from Egypt and Greece for aches and fever. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments. This is because willows contain Salicin, a substance that chemically resembles aspirin. It has also been used to treat pain, headache, toothache, mouth sores, stomach problems, and diarrhea. The Pomo tribe boiled the inner root bark to use in tea to induce sweating in cases of chills and fever. In the south, the Natchez prepared their fever remedies from the bark of the red willow, while the Alabama and Indians plunged into willow root baths for the same purpose.

Witch Hazel - A proven astringent, it is produced from the leaves and bark of the North American Witch-hazel shrub, officially known as Hamamelis Virginiana. It grows naturally from Nova Scotia west to Ontario, Canada, and south to Florida and Texas in the United States and was widely used for medicinal purposes by American Indians. The Witch Hazel extract was made by boiling the stems of the shrub to treat sore musclex, cuts, insect bites, skin irritations, sores, bruises, stop bleeding. The muscle aches. Early Puritan settlers in New England adopted this remedy from the natives, and its use became widely established in the United States. It has also been found to be useful in treating acne, psoriasis, eczema, ingrown nails, cracked or blistered skin, poison ivy, varicose veins, hemorrhoids, and sunburn.

Wormwood - Officially called Artemisia Absinthium, it is also known as Absinthe and Green Ginger. Native to temperate regions of Eurasia and northern Africa, the leaves and flowering tops were gathered and dried to use in medicinal tonics for gastric pain, stomach ache, indigestion, labor pain, heartburn, and loss of appetite. The Yokia Indians were known to have used a tea of the boiled leaves of a local species of wormwood to cure bronchitis.

Yarrow - Technically known as Achillea Millefolium, it is native to the Northern Hemisphere and has commonly also been called Nosebleed Plant, Old Man's Pepper, Devil's Nettle, Thousand-leaf, and others. In Spanish-speaking New Mexico and southern Colorado, it is called Plumajillo, or "little feather," for the shape of the leaves. In antiquity, yarrow was known as Herbal Militaris, for its use in staunching the flow of blood from wounds. Yarrow has been traditionally used as a medicine, for its astringent effects. Decoctions have been used to treat inflammation, hemorrhoids, headache, colds, flu, stomach ache, digestion, and for its effect on the circulatory, digestive, and urinary systems. In the nineteenth century, Yarrow was said to have a greater number of indications than any other herb. The flowers were often steamed and inhaled to treat hay fever and asthma and in teas for respiratory problems, as a wash for eczema and other skin conditions; and in chest rubs for cold, flu, and inflamed joints. The leaves encourage clotting, so it has long been used for nosebleeds and on open wounds or cuts

Yellow Dock - Officially known as Rumex Crispus, this common weed of the Buckwheat family are originally introduced from Europe and are now naturalized throughout North America. Also known as Curly Dock, Sour Dock, and Narrow Dock, it was quickly adopted by Native Americans as a traditional medicine and food. Both the leaves and roots were used by different tribes throughout North America to treat constipation, purify the blood, ringworm, and for stomach aches. Externally, it was used for joint pain, itching, minor sores, diaper rash, and other skin irritations. The Navajo used the root as a tonic, considering it a "life medicine" and Cherokee herbalists prescribe a warm wash made from the decoction of crushed roots for a disinfectant.

Yellow Root - Officially called Xanthorhiza Simplicissima, this woody stemmed plant is native to the eastern United States from Maine south to northern Florida and west to Ohio and eastern Texas. While Yellow Root is toxic in large doses, Native Americans made a tea of it for treatment for mouth problems, stomach ulcers, stomach ache and used it externally on sores, skin conditions, and blood pressure and for liver health.                                               Yellow Spined Thistle - Officially called Cirsium Ochrocentrum, it is native to the central United States and has long been used by Native Americans in medicinal remedies. It was used in by the Zuni tribe for several purposes including as a contraceptive, and to treat syphilis and diabetes. The Kiowa also used the plant as wash for burns, sores, and other skin conditions.

Yerba Mate - Also spelled Erva Mate, this species of Holly is officially called Ilex Paraguariensis, is a species of Holly native to subtropical South America. It has a long history as a medicinal herb utilized for everything from increasing immunity and purifying the blood to minimizing stress and fighting insomnia. It has also been used as a tonic, diuretic, and as a stimulant to reduce fatigue, curb appetite, treat gastric and digestive problems, lower blood pressure, detoxifying the body, nerve pain, depression, insomnia, fever, obesity and to stimulate the nervous and muscular systems