V. The Early Twentieth V. The Early Twentieth Century and the Century and the Women’s MovementWomen’s Movement

1. The United States joined in the race 1. The United States joined in the race to take overseas colonies at the turn of to take overseas colonies at the turn of

the century.the century. TrueTrue In the late 1800’s, European nations engaged in a In the late 1800’s, European nations engaged in a

new form of new form of imperialismimperialism where they divided up where they divided up most of the undeveloped world. This included most of the undeveloped world. This included much of Africa, the Middle East and southern much of Africa, the Middle East and southern Asia.Asia.

The United States already had taken possession The United States already had taken possession of Hawaii and other Pacific Islands. Then, in 1898, of Hawaii and other Pacific Islands. Then, in 1898, in an effort to “liberate” Cuba from Spain’s control in an effort to “liberate” Cuba from Spain’s control (egged on by stories exaggerated by the “yellow (egged on by stories exaggerated by the “yellow journalism” in the newspapers), the United States journalism” in the newspapers), the United States fought and won the Spanish-American War.fought and won the Spanish-American War.

This brought in additional territory, including This brought in additional territory, including Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and limited Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and limited authority over Cuba. It took two bloody years to authority over Cuba. It took two bloody years to put down the revolt that then occurred in the put down the revolt that then occurred in the Philippines.Philippines.

2. The first 20 years of the 2. The first 20 years of the twentieth century were dominated twentieth century were dominated

by big business and politically by big business and politically conservative interests.conservative interests. FalseFalse These 20 years were dominated by a reform movement with These 20 years were dominated by a reform movement with

roots in the growing middle classes. This was called the roots in the growing middle classes. This was called the Progressive MovementProgressive Movement and it operated on the local, state and it operated on the local, state and federal levels.and federal levels.

In the White House, it was led by presidents Theodore In the White House, it was led by presidents Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), William Howard Taft (1909-1913) and Roosevelt (1901-1909), William Howard Taft (1909-1913) and Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921).Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921).

It resulted in much legislation including laws designed to It resulted in much legislation including laws designed to break up monopolistic trusts.break up monopolistic trusts. protect consumers from harmful products.protect consumers from harmful products. regulate the nation’s banks.regulate the nation’s banks. create a federal income tax.create a federal income tax. give a greater political voice to the people, including the direct give a greater political voice to the people, including the direct

election of senators.election of senators. protect the environment.protect the environment.

Overall, this represented a significant break from our Overall, this represented a significant break from our laissez faire traditions and a major increase in the role of laissez faire traditions and a major increase in the role of government.government.

3. Theodore Roosevelt is 3. Theodore Roosevelt is significant because he drastically significant because he drastically

reduced the role of the federal reduced the role of the federal government in people’s lives.government in people’s lives.

FalseFalse Teddy Roosevelt was the youngest Teddy Roosevelt was the youngest

president in our nation’s history and president in our nation’s history and one of the most energetic.one of the most energetic.

He offered a “square deal” to labor He offered a “square deal” to labor unions in the way that he handled a unions in the way that he handled a coal mining strike. He aggressively coal mining strike. He aggressively broke up monopolistic trusts, broke up monopolistic trusts, passed legislation to protect passed legislation to protect consumers and began a national consumers and began a national conservation movement. In conservation movement. In international affairs, he won a Nobel international affairs, he won a Nobel Peace Prize, acquired the land to dig Peace Prize, acquired the land to dig the Panama Canal and added the the Panama Canal and added the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. This drastically expanded Doctrine. This drastically expanded the U.S. presence in Latin America.the U.S. presence in Latin America.

President Theodore Roosevelt President Theodore Roosevelt dramatically changed the role of the dramatically changed the role of the American presidency.American presidency.

4. By the start of World War I 4. By the start of World War I in 1914, the United States had in 1914, the United States had

become the most become the most industrialized nation in the industrialized nation in the

world.world. TrueTrue In terms of gross domestic product, In terms of gross domestic product,

which is the sum total of what a which is the sum total of what a nation produces in terms of goods nation produces in terms of goods and services, the United States was and services, the United States was the world’s most productive nation the world’s most productive nation in the world by 1914. We have in the world by 1914. We have never looked back,never looked back,

However, tension built by rising However, tension built by rising nationalism, imperialism, militarism nationalism, imperialism, militarism and alliances had allowed a single and alliances had allowed a single assassination to start the Great War assassination to start the Great War (World War One) in 1914.(World War One) in 1914.

As the world went to war, those who As the world went to war, those who recognized America’s economic recognized America’s economic strength wondered if it would strength wondered if it would translate into military strength.translate into military strength.

5. The United States honored its 5. The United States honored its treaty with France and England by treaty with France and England by joining them in fighting World War joining them in fighting World War

One in 1914.One in 1914. FalseFalse In 1914, the United States was still In 1914, the United States was still

practicing the policy of Isolationism. practicing the policy of Isolationism. Therefore, we remained officially neutral.Therefore, we remained officially neutral.

By 1917, the Germans had taken the By 1917, the Germans had taken the desperate gamble of unleashing their desperate gamble of unleashing their submarines on American shipping to submarines on American shipping to starve the English into surrender. Along starve the English into surrender. Along with the Zimmermann Note, where the with the Zimmermann Note, where the Germans had allegedly asked Mexico for Germans had allegedly asked Mexico for an alliance against the United States, this an alliance against the United States, this would encourage President Wilson to would encourage President Wilson to ask for a formal declaration of war.ask for a formal declaration of war.

In April, 1917, the United States joined In April, 1917, the United States joined the Allies in World War I. Along with the Allies in World War I. Along with England, France and Italy, the U.S. was England, France and Italy, the U.S. was now at war against the Central Powers of now at war against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Turks.Ottoman Turks.

6. World War One was 6. World War One was characterized by long, costly characterized by long, costly

battles dominated by weapons battles dominated by weapons which represented the latest which represented the latest

modern technology.modern technology. TrueTrue World War One was the World War One was the

world’s first modern, world’s first modern, industrialized war. It industrialized war. It included a number of new included a number of new weapons including the weapons including the submarine, the airplane, submarine, the airplane, poisonous gas, exploding poisonous gas, exploding artillery shells and the artillery shells and the machine gun.machine gun.

The result was long, costly The result was long, costly battles characterized by battles characterized by trench warfaretrench warfare..

During the war, over During the war, over 10,000,000 soldiers died. 10,000,000 soldiers died. Roughly 120,000 were Roughly 120,000 were American.American.

7. Since America fought in the war to 7. Since America fought in the war to “make the world safe for democracy”, “make the world safe for democracy”, the war encouraged the government to the war encouraged the government to finally grant women the right to vote.finally grant women the right to vote.

TrueTrue To drum up support for the To drum up support for the

war, President Wilson war, President Wilson worked to convince the worked to convince the American people that the American people that the war was being fought in war was being fought in support of democratic support of democratic values.values.

This gave a moral impetus to This gave a moral impetus to the Women’s Suffrage the Women’s Suffrage Movement.Movement.

In 1920, the 19In 1920, the 19thth Amendment Amendment giving women the right to giving women the right to vote was ratified.vote was ratified.

““The right of citizens of The right of citizens of the United States to the United States to vote shall not be denied vote shall not be denied or abridged by the or abridged by the United States or by any United States or by any State on account of State on account of sex.”sex.”

8. One reason why women did not 8. One reason why women did not receive the right to vote until receive the right to vote until

1920 was because of the lack of 1920 was because of the lack of any organized female leadership.any organized female leadership.

FalseFalse Women suffragettes were Women suffragettes were

divided into separate divided into separate organizations. Some preferred organizations. Some preferred to work for the right to vote to work for the right to vote within individual states. Others within individual states. Others wanted a constitutional wanted a constitutional amendment that would apply to amendment that would apply to the entire nation.the entire nation.

Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were two of the more militant leaders.two of the more militant leaders.

Their efforts to lead a hunger Their efforts to lead a hunger strike provided effective strike provided effective leadership behind their cause.leadership behind their cause.

9. The United States played a 9. The United States played a vital role in placing many vital role in placing many

tough restrictions on Germany tough restrictions on Germany at the end of World War One.at the end of World War One.

FalseFalse When President Wilson attended When President Wilson attended

the Versailles Peace Conference, the Versailles Peace Conference, he mostly pushed for the creation he mostly pushed for the creation of a League of Nations and other of a League of Nations and other idealistic principles outlined in his idealistic principles outlined in his 14 Points.14 Points.

However, the other nations (Great However, the other nations (Great Britain, France and Italy) pushed Britain, France and Italy) pushed for such punitive measures as for such punitive measures as payment of huge reparations, loss payment of huge reparations, loss of land and overseas colonies and of land and overseas colonies and big restrictions on the German big restrictions on the German military.military.

Wilson got his League of Nations Wilson got his League of Nations but he had to accept the other but he had to accept the other terms as well.terms as well.

Terms of the Versailles TreatyTerms of the Versailles Treaty

The terms of the Treaty, which Germany had The terms of the Treaty, which Germany had no choice but to accept, were announced on no choice but to accept, were announced on May 7, 1919. Germany lost:May 7, 1919. Germany lost:

13% of its national territory 13% of its national territory All of its overseas colonies All of its overseas colonies 12.5% of its population 12.5% of its population 16% of its coalfields, and 48% of its iron and steel industry. 16% of its coalfields, and 48% of its iron and steel industry.

Territorial restrictions on GermanyTerritorial restrictions on Germany Alsace Lorraine yielded to France. Alsace Lorraine yielded to France. Saar coal fields placed under French control for Saar coal fields placed under French control for

15 years. 15 years. Part of Upper Silesia ceded to Poland. Part of Upper Silesia ceded to Poland.

Terms of the Versailles TreatyTerms of the Versailles Treaty Military restrictions on GermanyMilitary restrictions on Germany

The Rhineland to be a demilitarized zone. The Rhineland to be a demilitarized zone. The German armed forces cannot number more than 100,000 troops and no conscription. The German armed forces cannot number more than 100,000 troops and no conscription. Manufacturing of weapons is prohibited. Manufacturing of weapons is prohibited. Import and export of weapons is prohibited. Import and export of weapons is prohibited. Manufacture or stockpiling of poison gas is prohibited. Manufacture or stockpiling of poison gas is prohibited. Tanks are prohibited. Tanks are prohibited. Naval forces limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships (no more than 10,000 tons displacement each), 6 Naval forces limited to 15,000 men, 6 battleships (no more than 10,000 tons displacement each), 6

cruisers (no more than 6,000 tons displacement each), 12 destroyers (no more than 800 tons cruisers (no more than 6,000 tons displacement each), 12 destroyers (no more than 800 tons displacement each) and 12 torpedo boats (no more than 200 tons displacement each). displacement each) and 12 torpedo boats (no more than 200 tons displacement each).

Submarines are prohibited. Submarines are prohibited. Military aircraft are prohibited. Military aircraft are prohibited. Artillery is prohibited. Artillery is prohibited. Blockades on ports are prohibited. Blockades on ports are prohibited.

Legal restrictions on GermanyLegal restrictions on Germany Article 231: forced to accept sole responsibility of war and had to promise to make good all Article 231: forced to accept sole responsibility of war and had to promise to make good all

the damage done to civilian population of the allies. Also known as the "War Guilt Clause". the damage done to civilian population of the allies. Also known as the "War Guilt Clause". Article 227: former German emperor, Wilhelm II was charged with supreme offence against Article 227: former German emperor, Wilhelm II was charged with supreme offence against

international morality. He was to be tried as a war criminal. international morality. He was to be tried as a war criminal. Article 228-230: many were tried as war criminals. Some could not be tried as they were Article 228-230: many were tried as war criminals. Some could not be tried as they were

hiding. hiding.

Terms of the Versailles TreatyTerms of the Versailles Treaty

10. After the war, the United States turned inward 10. After the war, the United States turned inward to resume its phenomenal economic growth.to resume its phenomenal economic growth.

TrueTrue By 1920, the Progressive Movement By 1920, the Progressive Movement

was over and the nation turned to was over and the nation turned to conservative leadership. There was conservative leadership. There was little emphasis on reform throughout little emphasis on reform throughout the 1920’s.the 1920’s.

As for the Versailles Treaty, a As for the Versailles Treaty, a combination of President Wilson’s combination of President Wilson’s stubborn refusal to compromise and stubborn refusal to compromise and Congress’ desire to return to Congress’ desire to return to Isolationism led to the treaty never Isolationism led to the treaty never being ratified.being ratified.

The long term result was that the The long term result was that the United States never joined the United States never joined the League of Nations and therefore League of Nations and therefore played no leadership role in played no leadership role in preventing the rise of fascist preventing the rise of fascist dictators and the start of World War dictators and the start of World War Two.Two.