v isit from the icelandic architect association indoor environment lars gunnarsen
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V isit from the Icelandic Architect Association Indoor environment Lars Gunnarsen Danish Building Research Institute. Pleasure Comfort Produktivity Sickliness Avoidance of dangers Reproduction possible. Indoor climate research. Indoor climate exposures. Temperature Draft Dampness - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Visit from the Icelandic Architect Association
Indoor environment
Lars GunnarsenDanish Building Research Institute
Indoo
r cl
imate
rese
arc
h
Pleasure
Comfort
Produktivity
Sickliness
Avoidance of dangersReproduction possible
Cumulative chart of time spent at home for different age groups
Danes spend in average 16.3 hours at home on a weekday
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
242220181614121086420
Average number of hours at home per weekday
Pe
rso
ns
(%
)
16-24 25-44 45-66 67-79 80+
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200
Area per occupant (m2 /person)
Pe
rso
ns
(%
)
Cumulative chart of dwelling area
Average dwelling area is 48,9m2 per person and 123,9m2
per household
Introduction Cost of the indoor climate 2500 euro/m2. Half of all investments
Building envelope Volume/surface: 0.5 m. Many microclimates
Ventilation 0.5-5 h-1. 0.3 – 3 l/s m2 floor
Adverse effects of the indoor climate contra its protective effects
Intake fractions (single person) An apple 80% A cigarette (the smoker) 30% Air pollution from candle 0.01% Air pollution from car in street 0.00000001% Air pollution from power plant 10 -14
Definitions
The definition of Health:
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
•Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19-22 June, 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States
Indoor climate is here defined as:
All building related exposures that may impact the health of building occupants
Indoor air
O2: 20,85 %
CO2: 0,035%
H2O: 1,3%
(Volume)
Exhalation air:
O2: 15,3 %
CO2: 3,6%
H2O: 6,2%
(volume)
Produktion:
CO2: 17 l/h
H2O: 0,07 kg/h
Sensibel varme: 100 W
Consumption:
Indoor air: 375 l/h
(10,8 kg/døgn)
O2: 20,6 l/h
Adult human in sedentary activity(1,2 met)
Lars Gunnarsen
Annoyance, symptomsand diseases
Poor indoor climate may result in annoyance and symptoms.
Infectious diseases may to some degree be prevented by effective ventilation and large indoor space per occupant.
Some indoor exposures impact the suffering of people with astma and allergy but the knowledge about importance of the indoor exposures for acquiring the diseases is rudimentary.
At least four exposures indoor may lead to cancer. They are radon, environmental tobacco smoke, other combustion products and formaldehyde.
Cardiovascular diseases may be developed as a result of exposure to environmental smoke and high levels of particle pollution. Noise and probably poor lighting may give stress that also may lead to cardiovascular diseases.
Productivity is low in a poor indoor climate.
Annoyances, symptoms and diseases
Annoyance within last 14 days
At home
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Noise from neighbors
Cold at feet
Noise from traffic
Temperature too high or low
Draft
Odor or stale air
Noise from installations
Vibrations
Dwelling too dark
Noise from industry
Bad drinking water
Static electricity
Infra- or low frequency sound
Skin irritation from hot water
At least one
Annoyed (%)
Little or much annoyed
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Noise in room
Dry air
Stale air
Tobacco smoke
Changing temperatures
Dust/dirt
Noise from other rooms
Draft
Little space
Static electricity
Bad illumination
High temperature
Unpleasant odor
Low temperature
Glare
Cold at feet
Noise from outside
Annoyed (%)
Several times per week or daily
At work
Symptoms last 14 days – At homeBrauer og Mikkelsen, 2002
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Dry skin
Stuffy/runny nose
Lethargy
Headache
Nose irritation
Cough
Eye irritation
Blushing face
Throat irritation
Difficulties concentrating
Wheeze
Hoarseness
Difficulties breathing
Prevalence (%)
Symptoms last 14 days – At workBrauer og Mikkelsen, 2002
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Dry skin
Stuffy/runny nose
Lethargy
Headache
Nose irritation
Cough
Eye irritation
Blushing face
Throat irritation
Difficulties concentrating
Wheeze
Hoarseness
Difficulties breathing
Prevalence (%)
Indoor airborne exposures
• Radon
• Human bioeffluents
• Chemical substances
• Odors
• Asbestos
• Tobacco smoke
• Particles from indoor sources (High temperature surfaces, candles,
cooking)
• Particles from outside
• Allergens of indoor origin (House dust mites, furred animals, moulds)
• Allergens from outside (pollen)
• Viruses and bacteria
Impact of outdoor sources forparticle exposure indoor
1.
2.
3.
4.
0,0001 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Gas stove
Vira
Gasoline exhausts
Tobacco smoke
Diesel exhaust
Heated dust
Oxidation of chemicals
Fry fume
Bacteria spores
Wood stoves
Road abbration
Fungi spores
Bacteria
Cat allergene
House dust mite allergene
Pollen
Hair
Particle size (µm)Ångstrøm millimeter
Indoor air
O2: 20,85 %
CO2: 0,035%
H2O: 1,3%
(Volume)
exhalation air:
O2: 15,3 %
CO2: 3,6%
H2O: 6,2%
(volume)
Produktion:
CO2: 17 l/h
H2O: 0,07 kg/h
Sensibel varme: 100 W
Consumption:
Indoor air: 375 l/h
(10,8 kg/døgn)
O2: 20,6 l/h
Adult human in sedentary activity(1,2 met)
Lars Gunnarsen
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Ventilation rate (l/s pers)
Dis
sati
sfie
d (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 50 100 150
Ventilation (m3/cigarette)
Dis
sati
fied
(%
)
Choosing construction products
Only fo
r outd
oor use
Humidity, mould and mites
0 1 2 3None Weak Some Large
Mould odor None Weak Some Poverfull
Visible mould 0 m2 < 0,25 m2 0,25-3 m2 > 3 m
Hidden mould < 0,5 m2 1-3 m2 3-10 m2 < 10 m2
Mould growth in adjoining rooms - - - -
Growth in ventilation systems - - - -
Meget støv - - - -
Samlet - - - -
Risk of eksposure to mould
Humid air
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Temperature (oC)
Ab
so
lute
mo
istu
re (
g/k
g)
100%RH
20%RH
40%RH
60%RH
80%RH
Risk perception
General recommendations
Poor indoor climate may increase the risk of attracting infectious diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and maybe allergy
Avoid moisturizing construction products for a prolonged time
Smoking should not take place indoors
Outdoor paints and other construction products containing fungicides should not be used indoors
Persons suffering from allergies in particular suffer from a poor indoor climate.
When selecting construction products it is important to select products with low emissions both of odorous compounds but also of other adverse chemical compounds
Many ventilation systems should be better operated and maintained.
Authorities are recommended to immediately prioritize the following:
Targeted information campaigns about behavior to obtain good indoor air quality
Improved guidelines for monitoring of the indoor climate quality especially in homes
To identify homes with especially high radon concentrations and to reduce the exposure
To investigate the need for reduction of the exposure to formaldehyde, benzene and carbon dioxide in the indoor climate.
We need new knowledge about how the indoor climate affects us especially in the following fields
We need a major investigation of the importance for public heath of the indoor climate in dwellings
We need to develop new knowledge about the possibilities for reducing the annoyance caused by ventilation systems
We need to examine the health effects of exposure to particles indoors from ventilation and the possibilities for reduction of this exposure
Complex exposures related to building technology that may indicate increased risk of ill health
• Dampness
• Ventilation systems
• Building envelope
Dwellings
Open plan offices
Ventilation
Particles
Asthma and allergy
Dampness
Hot issues