v bvb

Previous Issue: 3 July 2007 Next Planned Update: 17 January 2012 Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin of 18 Primary contact: Anezi, Mohammed Ali on 966-3-8746122

Copyright©Saudi Aramco 2007. All rights reserved.

Materials System Specification

01-SAMSS-035 19 August 2007 API Line Pipe

Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee Members Anezi, Mohammed Ali, Chairman Rumaih, Abdullah Mohammad, Vice Chairman Burgess, Brian Wayne Cruz, Czar Ivan Tecson Lobley, Graham Russel Niemeyer, Dennis Charles Moore, Mark Andrew Rao, Sanyasi Nasri, Nadhir Ibrahim Tems, Robin Douglas Kermad, Abdelhak Buraiki, Iyad Abdulrazzak Omari, Ahmad Saleh Nuaim, Tareq Abdulaziz Mehdi, Mauyed Sahib Stark, Gregory Dalton Abdul Hadi, Abdul Latif Ibrahim Mugbel, Wajdi Mohammad

Saudi Aramco DeskTop Standards Table of Contents I Scope............................................................. 2 II Conflicts and Deviations................................ 2 III References.................................................... 2 IV Modifications to API SPEC 5L....................... 4 Appendix B – Repair of Defects by Welding....... 16 Appendix F – Supplementary Requirements...... 16

Document Responsibility: Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee 01-SAMSS-035 Issue Date: 19 August 2007 Next Planned Update: 17 January 2012 API Line Pipe

of 18

I Scope

This Specification covers seamless and submerged-arc welded (SAW), straight-seam and spiral-seam, steel line pipe manufactured in accordance with API Specification 5L (43rd Edition, 2004) to Product Specification Level 2. Unless stated in the purchase order, all pipes shall be suitable for sour service.

Spiral-seam SAW pipe shall be limited to nominal diameter size of 16 inches or larger.

Unless stated to the contrary in the Purchase Order, pipe manufactured to this specification must be suitable for external coating with fusion bonded epoxy per 09-SAMSS-089. If the pipe will be internally coated 09-SAMSS-091 shall be followed, and this requirement shall be so stated in the Purchase Order. See paragraphs 4.2, 7.5 and 7.8.14.

II Conflicts and Deviations

A. Any conflicts between this specification and other applicable Saudi Aramco Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs), Engineering Standards (SAESs), Standard Drawings (SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be resolved in writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through the Manager, Consulting Services Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.

B. Direct all requests to deviate from this specification in writing to the Company or Buyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302 and forward such requests to the Manager, Consulting Services Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.

III References

The manufacture and purchase of material covered by this specification shall comply with the latest edition of the references listed below, as noted.

A. Saudi Aramco References

Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure

SAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirement

Saudi Aramco Materials System Specifications

01-SAMSS-016 Qualification of Pipeline and Pressure Vessel Steels for Resistance to Hydrogen-Induced Cracking


of 18

01-SAMSS-022 Fracture Control Testing Procedures for Line Pipe

09-SAMSS-089 Shop-Applied External Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coating for Steel Line Pipes

09-SAMSS-091 Qualification Requirements for Shop-Applied Internal FBE Coatings

Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard

SAES-A-301 Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Corrosion Cracking

Saudi Aramco Inspection Requirements

Form 175-010700 Pipe: Beveled End, Seamless or Submerged Arc Welded, Straight or Spiral Seam, Carbon Steel Pipe Size ≥ 6"

Saudi Aramco Standard Drawing

AB-036386 Hardness Testing for Welding Procedure

B. Industry Codes and Standards

American Petroleum Institute

API SPEC 5L Specification for Line Pipe

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME SEC IX Qualification Standard for Welding and Brazing Procedures, Welders, Brazers, and Welding and Brazing Operators

American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification

ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel

American Society for Testing and Materials

ASTM A20 General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels

ASTM A106 Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service


of 18

ASTM G39 Practice for Preparation and Use of Beam Stress Corrosion Test Specimen

ASTM E92 Test Method for Vicker Hardness of Metallic Materials

ASTM E112 Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Gain Size

ASTM E709 Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination

International Standardization Organization

ISO 9000 - 9004 Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards

ISO 12094 Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes-Ultrasonic testing for the detection of laminar imperfections in the strip/plates used in the manufacture of welded tubes

ISO 13663 Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes-Ultrasonic testing of the area adjacent to the weld seam for the detection of laminar imperfections

ISO 3183-3 Petroleum and natural gas industries-steel pipes for pipelines- Part 3: Pipes of requirement Class C

IV Modifications to API SPEC 5L

The following paragraph numbers refer to API SPEC 5L, which is the basis of this specification. The text in each paragraph below is an addition or modifications to API SPEC 5L, as noted. Paragraph numbers not appearing in API SPEC 5L are new paragraphs to be inserted in numerical order.

1.2 Product Specification Level [modification]

All pipes shall be manufactured to PSL 2, with the additional requirements contained in this specification.

1.3 Grades [modification]

Pipe manufactured as Grade X60 or X65 (for sour and non-sour) may be substituted for a lower grade if it meets all requirements for the lower grade except maximum yield strength. API SPEC 5L Grade X70 may be


of 18

substituted for a lower strength grade only for non-sour service. The pipe shall be marked with the actual grade.

Commentary Note:

Maximum design metal temperature limitation established in ASME piping code for X-grade pipe shall be noted when substituting the B-grade pipe.

4 Information to be Supplied by the Purchaser

4.2 Optional Requirements [addition]

Indicate in the Purchase Order only when required:

a) Suitable for internal coating; automatic welding required. (See Scope, 7.2, 7.5, and 7.8.14)

b) Suitable for automatic welding (See 7.2)

c) Qualification for resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking (See Appendix F)

d) Non-sour service (See 10.1.4)

5 Process of Manufacture and Material

5.1 Process of Manufacture [addition]

Welded pipe shall be made by the automatic submerged-arc process (fusion welded) in accordance with API SPEC 5L, paragraphs 5.1.3.5 or 5.1.3.11 with a minimum of two welding passes on the outside and one on the inside. (Use of two or more wires is accepted as equal to two welding passes). For wall thickness 7.9 mm and less, one outside welding pass may be acceptable upon approval by the Buyer. Double seam pipe is not acceptable for size smaller than 60 inch nominal diameter. The steel shall be fully killed and shall conform to the fine grain size requirement of ASTM A20.

5.1.1 Seamless Process [addition]

Seamless Grade B pipe shall meet the requirements of ASTM A106 in addition to the requirements of API SPEC 5L and this specification. The primary compatibility item is the requirement for killed steel and 0.10% minimum silicon content. For other properties, the more restrictive specification applies in each case.

Exception:

For pipe size 14 and larger, not for automatic welding, O.D. tolerances on the pipe body and ends shall be in accordance with API SPEC 5L only.


of 18

The manufacturing processes and Inspection Tests Plan (ITP) shall be submitted prior to the start of work to Saudi Aramco Vendor Inspection Division/Quality Control Unit for approval.

5.1.2 Welding Processes [addition]

The manufacturing Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) shall document, as a minimum, all essential variables listed in API SPEC 5L, Appendix C, and those listed below. A complete product test as required by API SPEC 5L shall verify that the WPS is acceptable. The actual material details and welding parameters shall be documented in a Procedure Qualification Record (PQR).

All testing shall be in compliance with this standard.

A Only electrodes and fluxes identified on the WPS shall be used.

B All electrodes and fluxes shall be properly stored to prevent moisture absorption, as recommended by the electrode and flux manufacturer.

C When making the skelp end weld for spiral welded pipe, runoff for start and stop may extend up to one inch at either end onto the base metal.

D Repair welding procedures for the weld seam shall meet the essential requirements and testing of API SPEC 5L, Appendix B & C, or ASME SEC IX, at the option of the manufacturer. Only electrodes identified on the repair welding procedure shall be used.

E The welding procedures shall be available for review by Saudi Aramco representative upon request.

F The manufacturer, trade name and type of weld wires and fluxes used for the PQR shall be specified on the WPS as essential variables.

G The heat input specified on the WPS shall not be less than 90% of that qualified by the production test and shall not exceed that qualified by the production test.

H Recycling of crushed slag or contaminated flux is not permitted.

I Every batch of "G" consumable, if used, will receive a product test.

J The manufacturing welding process is limited to submerged arc welding (SAW).

5.1.3 Tack Weld (Modification): Tack welds shall be limited to Gas Metal Arc Welded (GMAW) and Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) and such welding


of 18

conditions shall be recorded and appear as part of the production welding procedure.

5.2 Cold Expansion [addition]

SAW straight-seam pipe shall be cold expanded at least 0.8% of the pipe circumference, but shall not exceed 1.5%.

Heat-treatment of pipe may be used in lieu of cold expansion, provided that heat treatment does not cause any adverse effect on the mechanical properties and pipe roundness.

Commentary Note:

Cold expansion of 0.8% - 1.2% has been found effective in controlling pipe dimensional and roundness tolerances, and minimizing residual stresses resulted from pipe forming and welding operation.

6 Material Requirements

6.1.1 Chemical Composition [modification]

The product analysis shall not exceed the following:

Silicon : .0.38% for SAW and 0.40% for seamless

Titanium : 0.04%

Vanadium : 0.08%

Boron content shall be shown in the heat analysis or product analysis and shall not exceed 0.0005%.

6.1.3 Carbon Equivalent

6.1.3.2 Maximum Carbon Equivalent [modification]

The carbon equivalent shall not exceed the maximum limits tabulated below, unless approved by the Chairman of the Saudi Aramco Welding Standards Committee or the Chairman of the Saudi Aramco Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee.


of 18

Wall Thickness (mm)

Maximum C.E. (IIW) Value

For C > 0.12%

Maximum C.E. (Pcm) Value

For C ≤ 0.12% ≤ 9.5 0.43 0.24

12.7 0.40 0.22

15.9 0.39 0.22

19.1 0.37 0.21

22.2 0.36 0.20

25.4 0.34 0.19

31.8 0.35 0.19

38.1 0.36 0.20

44.5 0.37 0.21

50.8 0.38 0.22

The maximum C.E. value for intermediate wall thickness shall be interpolated linearly.

If a C.E. deviation from the above table is accepted for any order, each pipe length shall be marked in accordance with paragraph 10.1 showing the actual C.E. value. The value shall be marked on each end on both the I.D. and O.D. (i.e., four locations).

For thicknesses in excess of 50.8 mm, the C.E. value shall be proposed by the vendor and shall be approved by the Chairman of the Saudi Aramco Welding Standards Committee or the Chairman of the Saudi Aramco Materials and Corrosion Control Standards Committee. The C.E. value shall be marked on each pipe as described in the paragraph above.

6.2.1 Tensile Properties [addition]

The finished pipe (after all heat treatment and expanding or sizing operations) shall conform to the requirements of Paragraph 6.2.1 in API SPEC 5L for the grade as indicated in the Purchase Order.

6.2.5.3 Supplementary Fracture Toughness Tests [addition]

Fracture toughness tests shall be made in accordance with the requirements of 01-SAMSS-022 when indicated in the Purchase Order. If 01-SAMSS-022 is specified, the Purchase Order shall also indicate the Class of fluid service and for Class IV shall specify the API SPEC 5L SR5B minimum average absorbed energy requirement. All tests shall be conducted at 0◦ C unless stated otherwise in the purchase order.


of 18

6.3 Macro Residual Stress Test [addition]

Spiral welded pipe shall meet the testing and minimum acceptance criterion set forth in this paragraph. The residual stress test shall be done after the hydrostatic test.

6.3.1 Test Frequency

One specimen shall be tested for each grade, size and wall thickness at the beginning of production. In addition, the first produced pipe shall be tested after changing the production line equipment settings.

6.3.2 Test Specimen

The specimen consists of a 150 mm wide ring cut from the end of a pipe, Figure 2. The specimen may be either flame cut or sawed from the parent pipe.

6.3.3 Testing

The specimen ring shall be cut, by flame or sawing, parallel to the longitudinal axis. The cut shall be 180 degrees from the spiral weld. Prior to cutting the ring, fiducial marks shall be placed on either side of the proposed cut location.

6.3.4 Computation of Macro Residual Stress

The change in circumference after cutting shall be measured using the fiducial marks established on the specimen prior to severing. The assumed residual stress shall be computed using the following formula.

2R566.12CtE

=S (1)

where: S = residual stress in MPa (psi)

C = ± change in circumference, mm (in)

t = nominal thickness, mm (in)

E = 200,000 MPa (29 x 106 psi)

R = nominal pipe radius mm (in)

6.3.5 Acceptance Criterion

The computed macro residual stress shall not exceed ±10% of the specified minimum yield strength of the pipe.


of 18

6.3.6 Retests

Retest criteria are the same as for tensile tests. (See API SPEC 5L 9.12.2)

6.3.7 Reporting

All residual stress results shall be recorded as part of the mill report.

6.4 Hardness Tests [addition]

6.4.1 Hardness tests shall be conducted on cross-section samples of finished pipe. For sizes up through 12 inches nominal diameter, test one pipe per 200 lengths. For sizes greater than 12 inches nominal diameter, test one pipe per 100 lengths. For all sizes, test at least one pipe per heat.

6.4.2 At least one transverse specimen shall be removed from each tested pipe length. The specimen shall be polished.

6.4.3 For seamless pipe, at least four hardness measurements shall be made in each of the following locations on the polished specimen cross-sections:

a) 1.5 mm -0 + 0.5 mm from the O.D. surface

b) 1.5 mm -0 + 0.5 mm from the I.D. surface,

c) at the midwall.

(Total of 12 indentations)

6.4.4 For SAW pipe, hardness measurements shall be made at 1.5 mm ± 0.5 mm from the O.D. and from the I.D. surfaces. Each traverse shall consist of indentations in accordance with Figure 1, as follows:

a) Two indentations in the weld metal

b) Three indentations in the heat-affected zones on both sides of the weld, and

c) Two indentations in the parent metal on both sides of the weld.

6.4.5 Only Vickers hardness testers shall be used. The maximum hardness measured shall not exceed 250 HV using 5 or 10 kg load.

6.4.6 Retest criteria are the same as for tensile tests. (See API SPEC 5L 9.12.2 and 9.13)

6.5 Sour Service [Addition]

Welded pipe (SAW), intended for sour service shall conform to the requirements of 01-SAMSS-016.


of 18

7 Dimensions, Weights, Lengths, Defects, and End Finishes

7.2 Diameter [addition]

7.2.1 On SAW pipe, local out-of-roundness (deviation from the normal cylindrical contour) in the form of peaking or flattening of the seam shall not exceed 3.0 mm. See 7.2.3 below.

7.2.2 Pipe that is to be joined using pipeline field automatic welding systems

Pipe that is designated in the Purchase Order as "Suitable for Automatic Welding" shall meet the following additional requirements:

(a) For straight seam or spirally welded pipe, the outside weld reinforcement shall be ground flush at the weld seam with the pipe surface for a minimum longitudinal distance of 130 mm from each end of the pipe. After grinding, wall thickness dimension shall be nominal plus or minus API allowable tolerances.

Commentary Note:

Removal of outside weld reinforcement from the pipe ends is needed to facilitate the movement of the automatic ultrasonic probe as part of pipeline field automatic welding requirement.

(b) The difference in outside or inside diameter, at the ends, between any two lengths of the same Line Item shall not exceed 1.6 mm for 75% of the pipes produced.

(c) Out-of-Roundness at the ends shall not exceed 1.0% of specified (nominal) O.D. For pipe with D/t < 75, the difference between maximum diameter and minimum diameter shall not exceed 6 mm.

(d) On SAW pipe for automatic welding, local out-of-roundness (deviation from the normal cylindrical contour) in the form of peaking or flattening of the seam shall not exceed 1.6 mm at the end of the pipe. See 7.2.3 below.

7.2.3 One acceptable method of determining local out-of-roundness is measurement of the maximum gap between a template and the pipe exterior. The template must conform to a circle of the pipe's nominal diameter and the length of the template must be one-fourth of the nominal diameter, except that it need not be over 200 mm. Weld reinforcement may be removed for the measurement or the template may have a groove to accommodate the weld seam or another reliable alternative method shall be used. For spiral-seam pipe, a 200 mm straight template parallel to the pipe axis may be used.


of 18

7.5 Length [modification]

7.5.1 Length shall be as specified in the Purchase Order, with tolerances shown in API SPEC 5L Table 11 unless specified otherwise (see 7.5.3). If the length is not specified in the Purchase Order, 12-meter lengths shall be supplied with tolerances shown in API SPEC 5L Table 11, except that:

a) No pipe lengths less than 10.0 m will be accepted.

b) Pipe lengths less than 11.6 m shall not exceed 2% of the total line item quantity.

c) If the pipe is identified in the Purchase Order as being intended for subsequent internal coating, the maximum length of any individual pipe shall be 12.8 m.

7.5.2 The total length of pipe supplied per item on an order shall not be less than the amount ordered and shall not exceed the amount ordered by more than three lengths, except by agreement. Quantity tolerances for very small orders are by agreement between the manufacturer and Buyer Representative.

7.5.3 For pipes intended for subsea applications, the pipe length shall be 12.2 m (40 ft) nominal length. No pipe shall be longer than 12.8 m (42 ft) nor shorter than 11.6 m (38 ft). These length restrictions shall be stated in the purchase order.

7.8 Workmanship and Defects

7.8.14 Other Defects [addition]

For pipe that is intended to be subsequently coated (See Section I), the surfaces to be coated shall be essentially free of scabs, slivers, cold laps, burrs or other surface defects that would impair the coating.

Inclusions or particles that are detrimental to welding, including tungsten carbide inclusions rolled into the surface, shall be considered to be defects regardless of depth and processed as permitted by API SPEC 5L.

9 Inspection and Testing [addition]

Pipe purchased in accordance with this Specification is subject to the requirements of API SPEC 5L Appendix H and Saudi Aramco Inspection Form 175-010700.

9.4 Hydrostatic Tests


of 18

9.4.3 Test Pressures [modification]

Each length of pipe shall be given a mill hydrostatic test at the pressure indicated in the Purchase Order, or, in the absence of such a pressure in the Purchase Order, not less than the pressure necessary to obtain a hoop stress equal to 90% of the specified minimum yield strength of the material. Pipe furnished from Vendor inventory may be accepted with the standard API test pressure by negotiation.

The hydrostatic test shall be conducted after all manufacturing processes (including repairs and heat treatments) are completed.

Commentary Note:

Grinding repair per API SPEC 5L to remove discontinuity is acceptable after hydrostatic test.

9.8 Nondestructive Inspection

9.8.1 Qualification of Personnel [addition]

NDT personnel shall be qualified to ASNT SNT-TC-1A Level 1 or 2 according to their responsibilities. Level 1 personnel may set up the equipment, perform tests, and report the results. Supervision of Level 1 personnel and interpretation of results shall be done by Level 2 employees. The primary Level 3 employee such as company employee, outside consultant, or third party inspector shall be certified in accordance with ASNT CP-189 or by an independent certifying body acceptable to Saudi Aramco. Working practice for qualification shall be submitted to Saudi Aramco for approval.

9.8.3 Methods of Inspection (Weld Inspection) [modification]

The full length of every welded seam shall be examined as required by API SPEC 5L paragraph 9.8.3 except that fluoroscopic examination is not acceptable. If this examination is done before the hydrostatic test, the Buyer's Inspector may, at his sole discretion, require re-examinations by manual ultrasonic method of any questionable areas after the hydrostatic test. Means shall be provided to mark the pipe when the nondestructive inspection equipment indicates an imperfection is present so that anomalous areas can be readily identified.

Locations showing indications above the allowable limits may be re-examined by the manual ultrasonic method. If no defects are located during re-examination, the original findings may be ignored.


of 18

Additional scanning may be required by the Buyer's Representative to check questionable areas.

9.8.5.7 Ultrasonic Testing for the detection of laminar imperfection on the strip/plate edges [addition]

9.8.5.7.1 The plate/strip edges or areas adjacent to the weld seam shall be 100% ultrasonically inspected over a minimum band width of 25 mm for the detection of laminar imperfections. The testing method shall be conducted in accordance with ISO 12094 or ISO 13663, as appropriate. The acceptance limits shall be in accordance with Table D.2 of ISO 3183-3.

Commentary Note:

This testing is required to prevent blocking of the ultrasonic testing beam during weld inspection.

9.8.5.7.2 Ultrasonic Testing for the detection of laminar imperfection on the pipe body [addition]

The coverage of lamination detection shall be at least 25% of pipe surface. The acceptance criteria for laminar imperfection detected in sour and non-sour pipe shall be in accordance with Table D.2 of ISO 3183-3. Plates or skelps shall be ultrasonically inspected for laminations throughout the body, spaced 75 mm on center when scanning parallel to the major plate axis or 100 mm on center when scanned perpendicular to the major plate axis. Other equivalent search patterns may be used upon approval of the Buyer. Locations showing indications above the allowable limits may be re-examined by the manual ultrasonic method. If no defects are located during re-examination, the original findings may be ignored.

9.8.5.7.3 Full body rotary ultrasonic inspection of the finished pipes is an acceptable alternative to ultrasonic inspection of the plate or skelp. The acceptance criteria in paragraph 9.8.5.7.2 above shall apply.

9.9 Disposition of pipe containing defects [modification]: All rejected pipes shall be identified and segregated separately from acceptable pipes in accordance with ISO 9000 - 9004.

10 Marking

10.1 General [addition]

The area of the pipe to be marked shall be clean and dry. The markings shall be paint stenciled using a medium and protective varnish that will provide a legible marking for at least one year of outside storage. The varnish coating


of 18

shall be hard drying and the dry film thickness should not exceed 50 micrometers. The size of the lettering shall be commensurate with the diameter of the pipe, but in no case less than 19 mm in height for API markings and 13 mm in height for shipping markings.

10.1.4 Marking of Non-sour Service Pipe [addition]

SAW pipe purchased for non-sour service shall be identified by painting a white longitudinal stripe, 50 mm wide by 450 mm long, on the inside surface of both ends. This stripe is intended to provide identification until the pipe is installed.

10.3 Sequence of Markings [addition]

Each pipe shall be marked Saudi Aramco, followed by the destination, Purchase Order number/Item Number, heat number, and the Saudi Aramco 9COM or 9CAT stock number. If there is no assigned 9COM or 9CAT stock number, the pipe shall be marked "01-SAMSS-035."

10.3.10 Supplementary Requirements [addition]

For pipe which has been impact tested to 01-SAMSS-022, the class indicated in the Purchase Order shall be included in the markings.

Example: To indicate pipe that has been impact tested for Saudi Aramco Service Class IV, mark it: "01-SAMSS-022 Class IV".

11.1 Coatings

Pipe shall be supplied without mill coating unless specified otherwise in Purchase Order.

Revision Summary 17 January 2007 Major revision. 3 July 2007 Editorial revision to delete Section V. 19 August 2007 Minor revision.


of 18

Appendix B – Repair of Defects by Welding

B.1.2 Weld Seam of Welded Pipe

B.1.2.1 [modification] Defects in the weld after cold expansion shall not be repaired but rejected unless the section of pipe containing the defect can be cut off within the limits of requirements on lengths.

Appendix F – Supplementary Requirements

SR15 Test Certificates and Traceability for Line Pipe [addition]

Three copies of the required certificate(s) in the English language shall be furnished to Buyer's Representative. In addition to the data specified in SR 15.1, the following information is required:

1) A report of the residual stress tests required by paragraph 6.3 of this Specification for spiral welded pipe.

2) Hardness test results (Refer to paragraph 6.4).

3) Verification of compliance with paragraph 7.2.2 for automatic welding.

SR HIC Qualification for resistance to hydrogen-induced cracking shall be per 01-SAMSS-016 when indicated in the Purchase Order. This requirement does not apply to seamless pipe. (See 4.2)


of 18

Figure 1 – Hardness Testing for Welding Procedure Qualification (Ref: Std Drawing AB-036386)


of 18

Figure 2 – Split Ring Test to Estimate Macro Residual Stress for Spiral Pipe

v bvb

Documents