UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (http://dare.uva.nl)

UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)

The dynamics of ambivalence: Cognitive, affective, and physical consequences of evaluativeconflict

Schneider, I.K.

Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA):Schneider, I. K. (2013). The dynamics of ambivalence: Cognitive, affective, and physical consequences ofevaluative conflict.

General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s),other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).

Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, statingyour reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Askthe Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam,The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible.

Download date: 03 Jan 2021

111

ReferencesAmbivalence (n.d.) In Online Etymology Dictionary.

Retrieved from http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=ambivalence&allowed_in_frame=0

Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence: A test of three key hypotheses. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1421-1432. DOI: 10.1177/0146167200263009

Auster, P. (2002). The book of illusions. New York: NY. Henry HoltBargh, J.A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., & Pratto, F. (1992). The

generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 893-912. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.893

Barsalou, L.W, Niedenthal, P.M., Barbey, A.K., & Ruppert, J.A. (2003). Social embodiment. The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 43, 43-92. DOI: 10.1016/S0079-7421(03)01011-9

Bass, A.R. 7 Rosen, H. (1969). Some potential moderator variables in attitude research. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 29, 331 -348. DOI: 10.1177/001316446902900208

Breckler, S. (1994). A comparison of numerical indexes for measuring attitude ambivalence. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 350 -365. DOI: 10.1177/00131644940-54002009

Budner, S. (1962). Intolerance of ambiguity as a personality variable. Journal of Personality, 30, 29-50. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1962.tb02303.x

Cacioppo, J. T., Petty, R. E., Losch, M. E., & Kim, H. S. (1986). Electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 260-268. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.50.2.260

Calbris, G. (2008). From left to right: Coverbal gestures and their

112

symbolic use of space. In A. Cienki & C. Müller (Eds.), Metaphor and gesture (pp. 27–53). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: John Benjamins

Cassasanto, D. (2009). Embodiment of abstract concepts: Good and bad in right- and left-handers. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 138,351-367. DOI: 10.1037/a0015854

Chatterjee, A., Southwood, M.H., & Basilico, D. (1999). Verbs, events and spatial representations. Neuropsychologica, 37, 395 -402. DOI: 10.1016/S0028-3932(98)00108-0

Chatterjee, A. (2011). Directional asymmetries in cognition: What’s left to writeabout? In T.W. Schubert & A. Mass (Eds.), Spatial dimensions of social thought (pp. 189-210). Boston (USA) /Berlin (Germany): Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co.

Cisek, P. & Kalaska, J.F. (2010). Neural mechanisms for interacting with a world full of action choices. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 33, 269 - 298. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135409

Clark, R.A, Bryant, A. L., Pua, Y., McCrory, P., Bennell, K., & Hunt, M. (2010).Validity and reliability of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for assessment of standing balance. Gait & Posture, 31, 307-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.11.012

Conner, M., & Sparks, P. (2002). Ambivalence and attitudes. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology, 12, 37-70. Chichester, UK: Wiley. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.012

Constans, J.I., Penn, D.L., Ihen, G.H. & Hope, D.A. (1999). Interpretive biases for ambiguous stimuli in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 643-651. DOI: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00180-6

Darwin, C. R. (1899). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray. Ebook (1998).

Dale, R. and Duran, N. D. (2011), The cognitive dynamics of negated sentence verification. Cognitive Science, 35, 983–996. DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01164.x

113

de Liver, Y., van der Pligt, J., & Wigboldus, D. (2007). Positive and negative associations underlying ambivalent attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 319-326. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.02.012

de Liver, Y. N. (2007). Ambivalence. On the how and when of attitudinal conflict Doctoral dissertation, University of Amsterdam.

Eagly, H. & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL, US: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.

Eerland A., Guadalupe T.M., Franken I.H.A., Zwaan R.A. (2012). Posture as index for approach-avoidance behavior. PLoS ONE, 7, 31291. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031291

Eerland, A., Guadalupe, T.M., & Zwaan, R.A. (2011). Leaning to the left makes the Eiffel Tower seem smaller: Posture-modulated estimation. Psychological Science, 22, 1511-1514. DOI: 10.1177/0956797611420731

Emmons, R. A. (1996). Strivings and feeling: Personal goals and subjective well-being. In P. M. Gollwitzer & J. A. Bargh (Eds), The Psychology of Action: Linking Cognition and Motivation to Behavior (pp. 313-37). New York: Guilford.

Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229–238. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.50.2.229

Feldman, J. M., & Lynch, J. G. (1988). Self-generated validity and other effects of measurement on belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 421–435. DOI: 10.1037//0021-9010.73.3.421

Förster, J., & Strack, F. (1997). Motor actions in retrieval of valenced information: A motor congruence effect. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85, 1419-27. DOI: 10.2466/pms.1997.85.3f.1419

Freeman, J.B. & Ambady, N. (2009). Motions of the hand expose the partial and parallel activation of stereotypes. Psychological Science, 20, 1183 – 1188. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02422.x

114

Freeman, J.B. & Ambady, N. (2010). Mousetracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method. Behavior Research Methods, 1, 226 - 241. DOI: 10.3758/BRM.42.1.226

Freeman J.B., Dale R., Farmer, T.A. (2011). Hand in motion reveals mind inmotion. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1-6. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00059

Freeman. J.B. & Dale, R. (2012). Assessing bimodality to detect the presence of adual cognitive process. Behavior Research Methods, 1-15. DOI: 10.3758/s13428-012-0225-x

Fredrickson, B.L., Tugade, M.M., Waugh, C.E. & Larkin, G.R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365 – 376. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.365

Gardner, P. L. (1987). Measuring ambivalence to science. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 24, 241-7. DOI: 10.1002/tea.3660240305

Godin, G., Sheeran, P., Conner, M., & Germain, M. (2008). Asking questions changes behavior: Mere measurement effects on frequency of blood donation. Health Psychology, 27, 179-184. DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.2.179

Goldin-Meadow, S., Nusbaum, H., Kelly, & S. D., Wagner, S. (2011). Explaining math: Gesturing lightens the load. Psychological Science, 12, 516-522. DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00395

Greenwald, A. G., Carnot, C. G., Beach, R., & Young, B. (1987). Increased voting behaviour by asking people if they expect to vote. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, 315–318. DOI: 10.1037//0021-9010.72.2.315

Hass, R. G., Katz, I., Rizzo, N., Bailey, J., & Moore, L. (1992). When racial ambivalence evokes negative affect, using a disguised measure of mood. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,

115

18, 786-797. DOI: 10.1177/0146167292186015Heider, F. (1946). Attitudes and cognitive organization. Journal of

Psychology, 21, 107-112. DOI: 10.1080/00223980.1946.9917275Hillman, C. H., Rosengren, K. S., & Smith, D. P. (2004). Emotion and

motivated behavior: Postural adjustments to affective picture viewing. Biological Psychology, 66, 51-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.07.005

Izard, C.E., Libero, D.Z., Putnam P., & Haynes, O.M. (1993). Stability of emotions experiences and their relation to traits of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 847 - 860. DOI: 10.1037/00223514.64.5.847

Jonas, K., Diehl, M., & Broemer, P. (1997). Effects of attitudinal ambivalence on information processing and attitude-intention consistency. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 190-210. DOI: 10.1006/jesp.1996.1317

Jonas, K., Broemer, P., & Diehl, M. (2000). Attitudinal ambivalence. European Review of Social Psychology, 11, 35-74. DOI: 10.1080/14792779943000125

Jostmann, N. B., Lakens, D., & Schubert, T. W. (2009). Weight as an embodiment of importance. Psychological Science, 9, 1169-1174. DOI: 10.1111/j.14679280.2009.02426.x

Kaplan, K. J. (1972). On the ambivalence–indifference problem in attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 361-372. DOI: 10.1037/h0032590

Katz, I., & Hass, R. G. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893-905. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.893

Kuhnen, U. (2010). Manipulation checks as manipulation: Another look at the ease-of-retrieval heuristic. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 47-58. DOI: 10.1177/0146167209346746

Kaplan, K. J. (1972). On the ambivalence–indifference problem in

116

attitude theory and measurement: A suggested modification of the semantic differential technique. Psychological Bulletin, 77, 361-372. DOI: 10.1037/h0032590

Lakens, D, Semin, G., & Garrido, M. (2001). The sound of time: cross-modal convergence in the spatial structuring of time. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 437-443. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.09.020

Lakens, D., Schneider, I. K., Jostmann, N. B., & Schubert, T. W. (2011). Telling things apart: The distance between response keys influences categorization times. Psychological Science, 22, 887-90. DOI: 10.1177/0956797611412391

Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Lang, P.J., Bradley, M.M., & Cuthbert, B.N. (2008). International affective picture system (IAPS): Affective ratings of pictures and instruction manual. Technical Report A-8. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Larsen, J.T., Norris, C. J., McGraw, A.P., Hawkley, L.C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2009). The evaluative space grid: A single-item measure of positivity and negativity. Cognition & Emotion, 23, 453-480. DOI: 10.1080/02699930801994054

Lavine, H., Thomsen, C. J., Zanna, M. P., & Borgida, E. (1998). On the primacy of affect in the determination of attitudes and behavior: The moderating role of affective–cognitive ambivalence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 389-421. DOI: 10.1006/jesp.1998.1357

Luce, M. F. (1998). Choosing to avoid: Coping with negatively emotion-laden consumer decisions. Journal of Consumer Research, 24, 409-433.

Maass, A., Suitner, C., Favaretto, X. & Cignacci, M. (2009). Groups in space: Stereotypes and the spatial agency bias. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 496-504. DOI: 10.1016/j.

117

jesp.2009.01.004Maio, G. R., Bernard, M., & Esses, V. M. (2001). Effects of

intergroup ambivalence on information processing: The role of physiological arousal. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 4, 355-372. DOI: 10.1177/1368430201004004005

Mehrabian, A. (1968). Inference of attitudes from the posture, orientation, and distance of a communicator. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 296-308. DOI: 10.1037/h0025906

Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., Bar-On, N., & Ein-Dor, T. (2010). The pushes and pulls of close relationships: Attachment insecurities and relational ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 450-468. DOI: 10.1037/a0017366

Miles, L. K., Nind, L. K., & Macrae, C. N. (2010). Moving through time. Psychological Science, 21(2), 222-223. DOI: 10.1177/0956797609359333

Newby-Clark, I. R., McGregor, I., & Zanna, M. P. (2002). Thinking and caring about cognitive inconsistency: When and for whom does attitudinal ambivalence feel uncomfortable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 157-166. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.82.2.157

Nisbett, R. E.& Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231

Nordgren, L., van Harreveld, F., & van der Pligt, J. (2006). Ambivalence, discomfort, and motivated information processing. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 252-258. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2005.04.004

Ortony, A., Clore, G.L., & Collins, A. (1988). The Cognitive Structure of Emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511571299.

Petty, R. E., Tormala, Z. L., Briñol, P., & Jarvis, W. B. G. (2006). Implicit ambivalence from attitude change: An exploration of

118

the PAST Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 21–41. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.21

Phaf, R.H. & Rotteveel, M. (2009). Looking at the bright side: The affective monitoring of direction. Emotion, 9, 729-733. DOI: 10.1037/a0016308

Phaf, R.H., & Rotteveel, M. (2012). Affective monitoring: A generic model for affect elicitation. Frontiers in Psychology, 47. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyq.2012.00047

Povey, R., Wellens, B., & Conner, M. (2001). Attitudes towards following meat, vegetarian and vegan diets: An examination of the role of ambivalence. Appetite, 37, 15-26.

Price, T. F., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2010). Approach motivational body postures lean toward left frontal brain activity. Psychophysiology, 48, 718–722. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01127.x

Price, T.F., Peterson, C., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2012). The emotive neuroscience of embodiment. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 27-37. DOI: 10.1007/s11031-0119258-1

Priester, J. R., & Petty, R. E. (1996). The gradual threshold model of ambivalence: Relating the positive and negative bases of attitudes to subjective ambivalence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 431-449. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.3.431

Proulx, T., Inzlicht, M., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2012). Understanding all inconsistency compensation as a palliative response to violated expectations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16, 285-291. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.04.002

Rauscher, F. H., Krauss, R. M., & Chen, Y. (1996). Gesture, speech, and lexical access: The role of lexical movements in speech production. Psychological Science, 7, 226-231. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1996.tb00364.x

Restle, F. (1970). Speed of adding and comparing numbers. Journal of Experimental Psy chology, 83, 274 -278. DOI: 10.1037/h0028573

119

Roelofs, K., Hagenaars, M. a, & Stins, J. (2010). Facing freeze: social threat induces bodily freeze in humans. Psychological Science, 21, 1575-81. DOI: 10.1177/0956797610384746

Roster, M.A. & Richins, C.L. (2009). Ambivalence and attitudes in consumer replacement decisions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 19, 48-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcps.2008.12.008

Rotteveel, M., & Phaf, R.H. (2004). Automatic affective evaluation does not aautomatically predispose for arm flexion and extension. Emotion, 4, 156-172.

SAS Institute Inc. (1989). SAS/STAT user’s guide. Cary, NC.Schneider, I.K., Eerland, A., van Harreveld, F., Rotteveel, M., van

der Pligt, J., van der Stoep, N. & Zwaan, R.A. (in press). One way and the other: The bi-directional relationship between ambivalence and body movement. Psychological Science.

Schneider, I.K., van Harreveld, F., & Rotteveel, M. (2012) Not all neutrals are created equal: Ambivalence predicts arousal in neutral-valence International Affective Picture Set images. Manuscript in preparation.

Schneider, I.K., van Harreveld, F., Rotteveel, M., & van der Pligt (2013). Knowing is feeling: Conflict awareness as a cause of ambivalence induced negative feelings. Unpublished manuscript.

Schneider, I.K., van Harreveld, F., & Rotteveel, M. (2013). Ambivalence in action: Unveiling the competition between opposing evaluations Manuscript submitted for publication. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Schwarz, N (1999). Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers. American Psychologist, 54, 93-105. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.2.93

Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359-1366. DOI:

120

10.1177/0956797611417632Smith, D.M., Schwarz, N., Roberts, T.R, & Ubel, P. A. (2006). Why

are you calling me? How study introductions change response patterns. Quality of Life Research, 15, 621-630.

Sparks, P., Conner, M., James, R., & Povey, R. (2001). Ambivalence about health-related behaviors: An exploration in the domain of food choice. British Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 43 - 68. DOI: 10.1348/135910701169052

Strack, F., Schwarz, N., Bless, H., Kübler, A. & Wänke, M. (1993). Awareness of the influence as a determinant of assimilation versus contrast. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 53-62. DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2420230105

Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating Conditions of the human smile: a non obtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768-77. DOI: 10.1037//00223514.54.5.768

Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Schwarz, N. (1988). Priming and communication: Social determinants of information use in judgments of life satisfaction. European Journal Of Social Psychology, 18, 429-442.

Thompson, M. M., Zanna, M. P., & Griffin, D. W. (1995). Let’s not be indifferent about (attitudinal) ambivalence. In R. E. Petty & J. A. Krosnick (Eds.), Attitude strength: Antecedents and consequences (pp. 361–386). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Topolinski. S., & Sparenberg, P. (2011). Turning the hands of time: Clockwise movement increases preference for novelty. Social Psychology and Personality Science. DOI: 10.1177/1948550611419266

Tracy, J. L., & Robins, R. W. (2004). Show your pride: evidence for a discrete emotion expression. Psychological Science, 15, 194-7. DOI: 10.1111/j.09567976.2004.01503008.x

van der Pligt, J., de Vries, N.K., Manstead, A.S.R, & van Harreveld, F. (2000). The importance of being selective: Weighing the role

121

of attribute importance in attitudinal judgment. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 135-200. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(00)80005-2

van Harreveld, F, van der Pligt, J., de Vries, N. K., Wenneker, C., & Verhue, D. (2004). Ambivalence and information integration in attitudinal judgment. British Journal of Social Psychology, 43, 431-447. DOI: 10.1348/0144666042037971

van Harreveld, F., van der Pligt, J. & de Liver, Y.N. (2009). The agony of ambivalence and ways to resolve it: Introducing the MAID model. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 45, 44 -61.

van Harreveld, F., Rutjens, B. T., Rotteveel, M., Nordgren, L. F., & van der Pligt, J. (2009). Feeling tense before jumping off the fence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 167-173. DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2008.08.015,

van Harreveld, F., Rutjens, B.T., Schneider, I.K., Nohlen, H. & Keskinis, K. (2012). In doubt and disorderly: Ambivalence promotes compensatory perceptions of order. Manuscript under revision.

Wallbott, H. G. (1998). Bodily expression of emotion. Emotion, 28, 879 -896. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(1998110)28:6<879::AID-EJSP901>3.0.CO;2-W

Wegener, D. T., Downing, J., Krosnick, J. A., & Petty, R. E. (1995). Measures and manipulations of strength-related properties of attitudes: Current practice and future directions. In R. E. Petty, & J. A. Krosnick (Eds), Attitude strength: antecedents and Consequences (pp. 456-87). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Wegner, D.M., Schneider, D.J., Carter III, S.R., & White, T.L. (1987). Paradoxical effects of thought suppressing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 5-13. DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.53.1.5

Wells, G.L. & Petty, R. E. (1980). The effects of overt head movements onpersuasion: Compatibility and incompatibility of responses. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 219-230.

122

DOI: 10.1207/s15324834basp0103_2Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S., & Schooler, T.Y. (2000). A model of dual

attitudes.Psychological Review, 107, 101-26. DOI:10.1037/0033-295X.107.1.101

Wojnowicz M.T., Ferguson M. J., Dale R., Spivey M. J. (2009). The self organization of explicit attitudes. Psychological Science, 20, 1428–1435. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02448.x

Zanna, M. P., Lepper, M. R., & Abelson, R.P. (1973). Attentional mechanisms in children’s devaluation of a forbidden activity in a forced-compliance situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 355-359. DOI: 10.1037/h0035119

Zwaan, R. A. & Taylor, L.J. (2006). Seeing, acting, understanding: Motor resonance in language comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 135, 1-11.