Community Health Global Network (CHGN)

Uttarakhand Disability Situation Analysis

Sana-e-Zehra Haidry (310730)

The University of Melbourne

Acknowledgement

This report is a compilation of information collected from variety of resources. It aims to

create awareness about the current situation regarding disabilities amongst the people of /

member cluster organizations of Community Health Global Network (CHGN) of

Uttarakhand.

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Table of Content

1. Introduction

2. Uttarakhand Health & Population Policy

3. Background

Definition and Classification of Disability

4. Prevalence

Distribution Of Pwds In India And Predominant Forms Of Disability

Socio-Economic Profiling

5. Stake Holders

Stakeholder Categories

6. Legislation

Policies For Disability In India

7. Health Of Pwds

Causes Of Disability In India

Age Of Onset Of Disability:

Use Of Health Services By Pwd

Factors Affecting Pwd Access To Health Care

8. Education Of Pwds

9. Employement Of Pwds

10. Service Providers And Services Available1

11. References/Resources

12. Annexure

Profile of Non-Governmental Organizations of/for Persons with

Disabilities

1 Who engage in disability specific activities and/or are working on mainstreaming disability into their activities

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INTRODUCTION

Uttarakhand, formerly part of Uttarpardesh became the 27th state of the Republic of India

on November 9, 2000. Most of the northern parts of the state are part of Greater

Himalayan ranges, covered by the high Himalayan peaks and glaciers. According to

Census 2001, the total population of Uttarakhand is 8,489,349 and out of this 194769

persons are living with disability. The Department of Social Welfare is the concerned

authority for the welfare of People with Disability (PWD) in Uttarakhand.

{http://punarbhava.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=593&Itemid=549}

UTTARAKHAND HEALTH & POPULATION POLICY

Policy Objectives 

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To address the health issuses of Uttarakhand, Government formulated a comprehensive,

integrated, state-specific health and population policy. Many of these policy targets are

related to the disability prevention.

Health Objectives

Eradicate polio by 2007.

Reduce the level of leprosy to below 1 per 10,000 population by December 2007

(Uttarakhand has achieved P/R -0.72/10000)

Reduce mortality from tuberculosis, malaria, and other vector and water-borne

diseases by 50 percent by 2010.

Reduce prevalence of blindness from around 1 to 0.3 percent by 2010.

Reduce Iodine Deficiency Disorder (IDD) by 50 percent of the present level by

2010.

Reduce RTIs to below 10 percent among men and women by 2007.

Increase awareness on HIV/AIDS.

In the 11th five year plan (2007-2012) the objective of Directorate of Medical Health &

Family Welfare is "Health for All".

Under this

To provide medical heath services in states remotest and disadvantaged blocks

3080 new subcenters will be established 275 new PHCs 35 new CHCs

Apart from the above in district Bageshwar and Champawat specialist hospitals

will be established.

To reduce neo natal mortality, neo natal intensive care units will be established in

all districts, in order to reduce neo natal mortality.

To establish & strengthen emergency services in 10 district hospitals situated in

national road routes in order to respond to road accidents and natural disasters.

Further, it is proposed to establish 5 new blood banks.

To strengthen paramedical staff and to train nurses, a nursing institute will be

established in Dehradun.

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To serve difficult and disadvantaged areas 10 Mobile Hospital Vans will be

acquired.

BACKGROUND

The term “persons with disabilities” applies to all persons who have long-term physical,

mental, intellectual or sensory impairments that, in the face of various negative attitudes

or physical obstacles, may prevent those persons from participating fully in society.

However, this is not an exhaustive definition of those who may claim protection under

the Convention; nor does this definition exclude broader categories of persons with

disabilities found in national law, including persons with short-term disabilities or

persons who had disabilities in the past.

A person with disabilities may be regarded as such in one society or setting, but not in

another. In most parts of the world, there are deep and persistent negative stereotypes and

prejudices against persons with certain conditions and differences. These attitudes

determine who is considered to be a person with a disability and perpetuate the negative

image of persons with disabilities. The language used to refer to persons with disabilities

plays a significant role in creating and maintaining negative stereotypes. Terms such as

“crippled” or “mentally retarded” are clearly derogative. Others, such as “wheelchair-

bound,” emphasize the disability rather than the person. Historically, society has often

failed to use the terms that persons with disabilities use to define themselves or has

forced people to define themselves using terms with which they are uncomfortable.

Approximately 10 per cent of the world’s population lives with a disability—the world’s

largest minority. This number is increasing because of population growth, medical

advances and the ageing process (WHO). It is estimated that 20 per cent of the world’s

poorest people have a disability and tend to be regarded in their own communities as the

most disadvantaged (World Bank). Disability rates are significantly higher among groups

with lower educational attainment in the countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-

operation and Development (OECD). On average, 19 per cent of less-educated people

have disabilities, compared to 11 per cent among better-educated people (OECD).

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Mortality for children with disabilities may be as high as 80 per cent in countries where

under-five mortality, as a whole, has fallen to below 20 per cent. In some cases, it seems

as if disabled children are being “weeded out.” (Department for International

Development, United Kingdom)

Definition and Classification of Disability

India ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on October 1,

2007. The drafters of this Convention were clear that disability should be seen as the

result of the interaction between a person and his/her environment, that disability is not

something that resides in the individual as the result of some impairment. This

Convention recognizes that disability is an evolving concept and that legislation may be

adapted to reflect positive changes within society. Persons with Disabilities in India are

defined according to The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of

Rights and Full Participation) Act of 1995 and are identified in seven categories of

disability:

1. Blindness

Refers to a condition where a person suffers from any of the following conditions,

namely:

Total absence of sight

Visual acuity not exceeding 6/60 or 20/200 (Snellen) in the better eye with

correcting lenses

Limitation of the field of vision subtending an angle of 20 degree or worse

2. Low Vision

"Person with low vision" means a person with impairment of visual functioning

even after treatment or standard refractive correction but who uses or is

potentially capable of using vision for the planning or execution of a task with

appropriate assistive device.

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3. Leprosy-cured

Means any person who has been cured of leprosy but is suffering from

Loss of sensation in hands or feet as well as loss of sensation and paresis in the

eye and eye-lid but with no manifest deformity

Manifest deformity and paresis but having sufficient mobility in their hands and

feet to enable them to engage in normal economic activity

Extreme physical deformity as well as advanced age which prevents him from

undertaking any gainful occupation, and the expression "leprosy cured" shall be

construed accordingly

4. Hearing Impairment

Loss of sixty decibels or more in the better ear in the conversational range of

frequencies

5. Locomotor/Movement Disability

Means disability of the bones, joints or muscles leading to substantial restriction

of the movement of the limbs or any form of cerebral palsy

6. Intellectually Disabled

Means a conduction of arrested or incomplete development of mind of a person

which is specially characterized by sub-normality of the intelligence

7. Mental Illness

Means any mental disorder other than intellectually disabled

This act provides for both preventive and promotional aspects of rehabilitation like

education, employment and vocational training, job reservation, research and manpower

development, creation of barrier-free environment, rehabilitation of persons with

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disability, unemployment allowance for the disabled, special insurance scheme for the

disabled employees and establishment of homes for persons with severe disability etc.

India follows a twin track approach in dealing with disabilities. A twin track approach

is the leading strategy in making development inclusive to people with disabilities. It is

essential in meeting the Millennium Development Goals and protecting disabled people’s

rights. A twin track approach to disability asks for specific action in policies to support

people with disabilities, in addition to mainstream attention for disability in all policy

areas. The global numbers on disabled people that are officially put forward by the World

Health Organisation (WHO) and UNESCO are alarming. Alongside mainstream attention

for disability, special attention for people with disabilities in development co-operation is

essential to meet the Millennium Development Goals in 2015. Moreover, the twin track

approach assures protection of disabled people’s human rights.

PREVALENCE

Distribution of PWDs in India and Predominant forms of disability

As per the 2001 census more than 21 million people (i.e. 2.1% of population) are

suffering from disabilities in India. 12.6 million males and 9.3 million females. Among

the five types of disabilities on which data has been collected, 48.5% were visual of the

reminders 27.9% were related to movement, 10.3% were related to mental, 7.5% to

speech and 5.8% to hearing. The disabled by sex follow a similar pattern except for that

the proportion of disabled females is higher in the category in seeing and in hearing.

Across the country, the highest number of disabled has been reported from the state

of Uttar Pradesh (3.6 million). 194,769 PWDs were recorded in Uttarakhand

including visual 85,668, speech 16,749, hearing 15,990, movement 56,474 and mental

19,888. Significant numbers of disabled have also been reported from the state like Bihar

(1.9 million), West Bengal (1.8million), Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra (1.6 million each).

Tamil Nadu is the only state, which has a higher number of disabled females than males.

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Among the states, Arunachal Pradesh has the highest proportion of disabled males

(66.6%) and lowest proportion of female disabled. Status of disability in India as per

various variables is well depicted through these graphs (http://punarbhava.in/):

 

 

 

   

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Socio-economic profiling

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Disabled people also have significantly lower employment rates than average, and this

gap has been increasing over the past 15 years. The large majority of PWD in India are

capable of productive work. Despite this fact, the employment rate of disabled people is

lower (about 60 percent on average) than in the general population, with the gap

widening in the 1990s. Those in rural areas and the better educated (those with post

graduate education or vocational training) have relatively better prospects of employment

relative to other disabled people. People with certain types of disabilities, e.g. hearing,

speech and locomotor disabilities, and those with disability since birth also have better

chances of employment. Mental illness and particularly mental retardation have a strong

negative impact on the probability of being employed, even in cases where such

disabilities are not severe. Public sector initiatives have had only very marginal impact on

employment outcomes for disabled people.

STAKE HOLDERS

Any person, group or organization that is affected by or affects the structure and

operations related to disabilities, are stakeholders.

Stakeholder Categories

Consumer and family groups

Representatives or associations of persons with disabilities and their families, mutual help

groups, advocacy organizations representing the interests of people with disabilities.

General health workers

Representatives from different types of general health facilities, as well as trade unions

and other organizations that represent their interests.

Providers

Managers and administrators of public and private services and institutions concerned

with disabilities.

Government agencies

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Including heads of government and ministries of internal affairs, finance, trade and

industry, justice, police, health, education, employment (labour), environment, housing,

and social welfare, and local governments, municipalities and parliaments.

Academic institutions

Especially those that train psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, social workers, other

health professionals and technicians.

Professional associations

Such as those of psychiatrists, psychologists, general practitioners, nurses, occupational

therapists and social workers. - Profit and not-for-profit professional non-governmental

organizations (NGOs): including those involved in a variety of work related to mental

health and those specifically providing care, treatment and rehabilitation services to

persons with disabilities and mental disorders.

Traditional health workers

Healers associated with traditional, religious and alternative systems of health.

Other special interest groups

Such as minority organizations, including groups representing indigenous ethnic

minorities.

Other people and groups

e.g. national and local leaders, politicians, political parties, trade unions and the business

community.

LEGISLATION

Policies for disability in India

India has a long experience of policy and practice with respect to disability, including

collection of census information on disability from as early as 1872, and special schools

and institutions operating since the 19th century. Like many countries, it also had specific

provision for people with mental illness and retardation under the Indian Lunacy Act of

1912. The Constitution of India acknowledged also general state obligations to PWD in

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Article 41, and the State List under “Relief of the disabled and unemployable”.

Subsequently, specific measures such as employment concessions were introduced from

the 1960s. However, it was not until the 1980s that policy commitment to full

participation of PWD in Indian society evolved. The outcomes of this policy shift were

realized in several key pieces of legislation discussed below:

1. The Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992 –

Provides for regulation and monitoring of the training of professionals and personnel in

the field of rehabilitation, promoting research in the field of rehabilitation and special

education, and the maintenance of the central rehabilitation register (Foundation for

International Training and regional and Sustainable Development Department, 2005,

p.7).

The act also registers professionals/personnel working in the area of disability and

conducts bridge courses for those teachers/rehabilitation workers with prior experience

but no formal training in the field of disability (Disabled people’s organisations-

Denmark, 2002, p.24).

2. The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full

Participation) Act, 1995 –

It is a comprehensive legislation that spells out the responsibility of the State toward the

prevention of disabilities; protection of rights of persons with disabilities; and provision

of medical care, education, training, employment, and rehabilitation to persons with

disabilities. The Act also includes a commitment to create barrier free environments for

persons with disabilities, and owns the responsibility to remove any discrimination

against persons with disabilities in sharing development benefits and to counteract any

situation resulting in abuse and exploitation of persons with disabilities (Foundation for

International Training and regional and Sustainable Development Department, 2005, p.6;

Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs, 1996).

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3. The National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental

Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act, 1999 –

Under this Act, provisions have been made to appoint guardians for persons over the age

of 18 years with autism, mental retardation, or multiple disabilities in the event of death

or illness of their primary caregiver (Foundation for International Training and regional

and Sustainable Development Department, 2005, p.7).

HEALTH aspects of Disability in India

In India disability is seen within a disease framework. Hence, PWD are viewed as

“patients” in need of “treatment”. Empirical evidence also comes predominantly from the

medical discipline, focusing on causes of disability and clinical trials; although some

recent studies have focused on poverty correlates and social stigma issues that affect

PWD. There is little information on access to health for PWD or their general and

disability-specific health needs - except whether “treatment” was sought for the

disability. Moreover, data do not allow an analysis of supply and quality of services

available to PWD, and the extent to which this affects demand.

Causes of Disability in India

Age of onset of disability:

The age profile of disability onset varies sharply by category of disability. Some notable

patterns stand out: onset of mental disabilities is concentrated in childhood and 20-30,

resulting in the lowest average age of onset. Mental Retardation is more focused on the

earliest years and mental illness becomes more pronounced in young adulthood. In

contrast, visual disabilities are much more associated with ageing, and have the oldest

mean age of onset. Whilst hearing disabilities exhibit a more pronounced dual peak, they

are also on average subject to later average onset. Both locomotor and speech disabilities

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are more concentrated in younger ages also, with the highest onset in the early years of

life in both cases, and a more noticeable second wave of onset for speech disabilities

around age 60.

The main causes of visual disabilities are primarily age-related, with cataract and other

age-related issues being the chief causes. The major share of visual disability is thus

preventable and occurs due to lack of treatment. In a national estimate, Dandona et al

estimate that almost two-thirds of blindness is preventable or treatable. If there is no

change in the current trend of blindness, the study estimates that the number of blind

persons in India would increase to 24.1 million in 2010, and to 31.6 million in 2020. If

effective strategies are put in place to eliminate cataract, blindness in 15.6 million

persons would be prevented by 2020, and 78 million blind person-years. Similarly, if

effective strategies are implemented to eliminate refractive error blindness and corneal

disease/glaucoma, another 7.8 million persons would be prevented from being blind in

2020, and 111 million blind person-years.

Table 3.1: Causes of Visual Disabilities (for Individuals with Single Disability (i.e

Visual Only)

Cause Percent

Cataract 23.4

Old age 23.0

Corneal opacity/other eye errors 20.0

Not Known 9.8

Other 5.6

Glaucoma 5.3

Burns or injury 4.7

Small pox 4.1

Medical/surgical intervention 2.6

Childhood diarrhea 0.7

Sore eyes after first month 0.9

Source: Das (2006), based on NSS 58th round.

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The major cause for both speech and hearing disabilities is illness and disease. In

addition, over 21 percent of all hearing disabilities are due to old age. The importance of

non-specific causes in these categories highlights that disability is intrinsically related to

other public health issues, and that increasing access to better quality care is an important

step towards reducing disabilities. This has implications not only for prevention but for

diagnostic facilities and technology, and referral and rehabilitation services.

Causes of Hearing and Speech Disabilities - 2002

Table 3.4: Causes of Locomotor Disability - 2002

Percent Cause - Hearing Disability Cause - Speech Disability Percent 21.3 Old age Voice disorder 12.6 18.6 Discharge Paralysis 11.9 8.7 Other Other 8.3 5.3 Burns and injury Burns and injury 0.9 2.1 Noise Cleft palate 4.5 1.6 Medical/surgical intervention Medical/surgical intervention 3.8 0.7 Rubella Mental illness 2.8

0.01 Not Known Hearing Impairment 1.6 23.0 Other illness Old age 1.1 Other illness 25.2 Not Known 21.7

Cause Percent Polio 30.9 Burns and Injury 28.5 Other illness and disease

12.7

Stroke 6.3 Not Known 4.5 Other 4.5 Arthritis 3.0 Old age 2.8 Leprosy 2.2 Medical/surgical intervention

2.2

Cerebral Palsy 2.1 TB 0.4

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Source: Das (2006), based on NSS 58th round.

Movement disability is the category which is undergoing the most rapid change in causal

profile. For the current group of locomotor disabled people, polio remains the highest

single cause, accounting for almost a third of all locomotor disability. However, burns

and injuries are also a major share, and once more non-specific causes account for over

20 percent of total.

Table 3.5: Causes of

Mental Disability -

2002

Other 41.65

Not known 36.31

Serious illness

in childhood

11.97

Head injury in

childhood

3.83

Heredity 3.17

Pregnancy/birth

related

3.01

Source: Das (2006),

using NSS 58th round

Estimates of mental disabilities in India remain particularly problematic. This is driven

by various challenges, including identification skills of health providers, families and

surveyors, and stronger social stigma attached to such conditions. A large proportion of

mental disability in India is preventable, including disabilities arise from prenatal

incidents, maternal illhealth, malnutrition, traffic accidents or workplace injuries. The

many causes of disability, and the unclear genesis of some disabilities, make it difficult to

define comprehensively the scope of interventions and public policies that impact the

level and nature of disability in India.

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Use of Health Services by PWD

Persons with disabilities face problems in obtaining adequate health services. The

physical access to health service is a major hurdle for people with disabilities to reach

and utilize these services. Also, the employment-based private insurance system

adversely affects access to private health insurance, particularly for individuals with

disabilities who are self-employed or employed by small firms; limitations in the range of

services covered under public programs may require that an individual be

institutionalized to receive needed services, people with disabilities often forego

employment opportunities in order to maintain public health insurance; and the range of

services covered by insurance often restricts coverage of services important for persons

with disabilities to achieve independence.

The most interesting set of services being offered to PWD in India are Community

Based Rehabilitation (CBR), which has been effective in rural areas in addressing the

primary care and therapeutic needs of people with PWD. Surprisingly, this mode of

service delivery is missing from the PWD Act. CBR has been promoted with particular

strength in south India, often with initial international funding through NGOs. At the

same time, CBR strategies have constantly been evolving in response to changing needs,

times and criticisms. Despite this, CBR has to date been implemented in only around 100

(of around 600 total) districts, and only 6 percent of villages have coverage of

rehabilitation services within 10 kilometres.

While there is no single CBR model, most CBR initiatives share a range of common

objectives and features, i.e. to: (i) deinstitutionalize medical care, working with PWD in

their communities; (ii) expand PWD access to rehabilitation services; (iii) demedicalize

social responses to disability and thereby help reduce social stigma; and (iv) shift

investments away from curative to preventive measures. The concept is institutionally

flexible and can be operationalized by communities, NGOs and government, separately

or in partnerships. Local level identification, training and technology development is

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encouraged, involving not only disabled people and their families but teachers, healers

and religious leaders.

Factors affecting PWD access to health care

It is clear that much remains to be done to improve the response of health systems to

disability, both in terms of prevention and in terms of access to treatment and

rehabilitation services. While specific interventions and services for prevention and

treatment of disability are needed, improvements in the general public health and health

delivery systems will have the most significant benefits in the area of disability: The

analysis points to one overwhelming conclusion: the major share of disability is caused

by poor access to health services, malnutrition and diseases that are particular to

developing countries. Thus, prevention of disability is intrinsically related to reform of

the public health system. It is also clear that prevention of disability is also dependent on

policies and actions outside the health system, including in the areas of road and

workplace safety, water and sanitation, and nutritional interventions. Given capacity

constraints, improving the health sector’s response to disability may most feasibly happen

in two phases. The first phase would concentrate on scaling up the community. This

would include an improved certification system, promotion of CBR (including awareness

raising and stigma reduction), and enhancing micronutrient supplementation (including

food fortification) and immunization. The supply side interventions would also need to

include health workforce interventions, training of general duty medical officers in

disability certification, and of community volunteers. The second phase would focus on

improved referral systems between levels of the health system, including increased

supply of therapists and support for establishment of therapy centers in rural areas. It

would also likely involve networking of hospitals and specialized centres, possibly with

support from the private corporate sector.

EDUCATION OF PWDS

Education is critical to expanding the life prospects of people with disabilities. In

addition, the socialization of children with disabilities (CWD) through education assumes

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an unusually important role in societies such as India where social exclusion of PWD is

significant. Despite its importance, educational outcomes for children and adults with

disabilities remain very poor. Illiteracy rates both for all PWD and for school-age

disabled children remain much higher than the general population, and school attendance

among school age CWD massively lags behind that of non-disabled children. Disability

is a cause of 30% non school attendees. International evidence suggests that the

educational outcomes of non-disabled students can also be improved by inclusion of

CWD in integrated classes.

In India, almost three quarters of those with severe disabilities are illiterate, and even for

those with mild disabilities, the illiteracy rate is around half. For the severely disabled,

just over 10 percent have achieved middle school or higher education, while even for

moderately disabled people the share is only 20 percent.

CWD education attendance and attainment by severity, 2002

Educational indicator Severe

PWD

Moderate PWD Mild PWD

Goes to school 25.7% 56.3% 67.9%

Illiterate 72.2% 42.6% 34.9%

Primary or less 26.4% 52.0% 58.2%

Middle 1.5% 5.3% 6.8%

Secondary 0.0% 0.1% 0.0%

Higher 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Source: NSS, 58th round. Bank staff estimates.

More than most areas of policy with regard to people with disabilities, the education

sector has been relatively progressive in policy terms. It has also in principle committed

to a progressive menu of options for delivering education to children with special needs.

However, it is clearly struggling to turn policy into effective practice for a variety of

reasons. It seems that there is a major need to get the basics right: identify children with

disabilities more effectively; make the content and format of what they learn relevant and

accessible; have resources available with adequate outreach to teachers and children; and

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work through various channels to convince families and communities that educating

children with disabilities is worthwhile. However, all this needs strategic direction on

inclusive education at state and lower levels of the system which in most states still

appears to be lacking to date, though examples such as Gujarat and Tamil Nadu provide

guidance on how this can begin to happen.

Since the implementation of the Persons with Disability Act (PWD), 1995 India has

overcome a major ‘legislative hurdle’ to promote inclusive education (Sharma &

Deppeler 2005). According to National Sample Survey Organisation (2003) the number

of persons with disability in India was estimated to be 18.49 million during July to

December, 2002. They formed about 1.8 percent of the total population. About 55

percent of persons with disability in India were illiterate and about 9 percent completed

‘secondary and above’ level of education. There have been programs initiated by the

Indian government in collaboration with UNICEF, for example, the Project Integrated

Education for the Disabled (PIED) (Singal, 2005) launched in 1987 and with UNESCO,

the Teacher Education Pack launched in 1991 (Singal, 2005) which laid emphasis on

training both in-service and pre-service teachers’ in meeting the needs of persons with

disabilities. On the perceived success of PIED Ministry of Welfare, Central Government

of India, in 1974 launched Integrated Education of Disabled Children (IEDC)

(Kalyanpur, 2008), which supported the retention and integration of children with

disabilities in regular classrooms (Sharma & Deppeler, 2005). According to Singal

(2005) these programs have failed to sustain these initiatives and have been unable to

upscale to a national level. One of the reasons for the failure of IEDC was non

availability of trained and experienced teachers (Rane, 1983, cited in Sharma &

Deppeler, 2005). In response to these concerns the government of India implemented the

Education for All (EFA) initiative, the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) in 2003 and

developed policies on the education of people with disabilities such as; The Right to

Education Bill 2005, The Action Plan for Inclusion in Education of Children and Youth

with Disabilities (IECYD) 2005, and the National Policy for Persons with Disabilities,

2006 (Kalyanpur, 2008, p. 244).

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Policy Implementation: Case Study of Inclusive Education

In spite of these efforts, UNESCO (1999) reports indicated that the implementation of

inclusive education in India remained at a very preliminary stage. This evidence is

consistent with other experiences of developing countries where inclusive education has

been legislatively adopted but educational and other benefits of inclusion have not been

achieved (Eleweke & Rodda, 2002). Some of the reasons posited for the lack of progress

towards inclusive education, include: 1) the shortage of trained teachers at pre-service

level (Kalyanpur, 2008; Sharma & Deppeler, 2005; Singal, 2005), and 2) the existence of

‘categorical’ disabilities model, which emphasises training of ‘specialist teachers’ and

‘special schools’ for student placement (Kisanji, 1993). In India, people having children

with disabilities think that the most appropriate option for educating children with

disabilities is still considered to be special schools (Alur & Natarajan, 2000). In India

educational institutions have traditionally focused on preparing the pre-service teachers to

teach in either regular classes or in special education facilities. This has resulted in most

teachers in regular schools believing that they do not have the required skills to cater for

students with special needs in their classrooms (Thirumurthy & Jayaraman, 2007; Sharma

& Deppeler, 2005). As the movement towards inclusive education for children with

disabilities has gained momentum in India (Parasuram, 2006), successful implementation

of such policies largely depends on teachers having the knowledge, skills and

competencies necessary to make it work (Winter, 2006). The importance of requirements

for trained professionals has been emphasised in order to provide meaningful educational

services to students with special needs in regular classrooms (Eleweke & Rodda, 2002).

As India is the worlds second most populous country substantial resources will be

required to address the challenges of providing inclusive education to all children.

EMPLOYEMENT OF PWDS

Employment is a critical element of independent living, and previous research has found

that it is a primary aspiration of people with disabilities in India. The large majority of

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PWD in India are capable of productive work, in the bulk of cases without the need for

aids or appliances. All categories of PWD have employment rates below the general

population average. However, employment rates vary sharply by type of disability, with

those with mental illness, mental retardation and visual disabilities having very low

employment rates at one extreme and those with hearing disabilities with employment

rates around 94 percent of the rate of the general working age population, and those with

speech and locomotor disabilities having employment rates above those of the average

for disabled people. In addition, those with more severe disabilities have an employment

rate around 22 percent (about 10 percentage points) below those with moderate

disabilities, or around 45 percent below the rate of the general population.

SERVICE PROVIDERS AND SERVICES AVAILABLE 2

In Uttar Pardesh:

Uttar Pradesh Special Schools

Pragnarayan Mook Badhir Vidyalaya Sasni Gate Aligarh - 202001 Uttar Pradesh 

U.P. Deaf And Dumb Institute 4/7, Malviya Road George Town Allahabad - 211002 Uttar Pradesh

Govt. Deaf And Dumb School Civil Lines Bareilly Bareilly - 243003 Uttar Pradesh 

Rajkiya Mook Badhir Vidyalaya Jaynarayan Varma Road Fatehagarh Fatehagarh - Uttar Pradesh 

Asha Vidyalay For The Deaf 252, G.T. Road Ghaziabad - 201001 Uttar Pradesh 

Rajkiya Mook Badhir Vidyalaya Mohalla Humayunpur Po. Gorakhnath Gorakhpur - 273015 Uttar Pradesh 

Institute Of Speech, Hearing & Mental Health 239, 'M' Block 

 Jyoti School For The Deaf Bithoor Kalan Bithoor 

2 Who engage in disability specific activities and/or are working on mainstreaming disability into their activities

25

Kidwainagar Kanpur - 208011 Uttar Pradesh 

Kanpur - 209201 Uttar Pradesh 

Adarsh Mook Badhir Vidyalaya Lakhimpur Kheri - 262601 Uttar Pradesh 

Ashok Public Sch.For Blind & Deaf Children 130 'K' Shakti Nagar Faizabad Road Lucknow - Uttar Pradesh 

N.C. Chaturvedi School For The Deaf Aishbagh Tilak Nagar Lucknow - 226004 Uttar Pradesh 

Sarswati Normal School For The Deaf 273/54 Rajendra Nagar Lucknow - 226004 Uttar Pradesh 

Shishu Seva Dham Badhir Vidyalaya Mii/26, Mahavidya Colony Iind Phase Mathura - 281003 Uttar Pradesh 

Mook Badhir Vidyalaya 221, West End Road Meerut Cantt Meerut - 250001 Uttar Pradesh 

Roorkee School For The Deaf University Of Roorkee Roorkee - 247667 Uttar Pradesh 

Saraswati Dral School For The Deaf 13, Station Road Near Poojan Hotel Sitapur - 261001 Uttar Pradesh 

Bimal Chandra Ghosh School For Deaf D-53/104-A, Chhot GaibiVaranasi - 221010 Uttar Pradesh 

Nav Vani Shool For Hearing Impaired Koirajpur Po.Harahua Varanasi - 221105 Uttar Pradesh 

 

Uttar Pradesh Vocational Training Centres

Address Of The Vocational Training Centre

Course Being Offered

Pragnarayan Mook Badhir Vidyalaya Sasni GateAligarh - 202001 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring,  Book Binding 

26

U.P. Deaf And Dumb Institute4/7, Malviya Road George Town Allahabad - 211002 Uttar Pradesh

Tailoring, Carpentary,  Canning 

Govt. Deaf And Dumb School Civil Lines Bareilly Bareilly - 243003 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring, Cutting, Carpentary, Cane Work 

Rajkiya Mook Badhir Vidyalaya Jaynarayan Varma Road Fatehagarh Fatehagarh - Uttar Pradesh 

Sewing 

Asha Vidyalay For The Deaf 252, G.T. Road Ghaziabad - 201001 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring, Welder, Art & Craft 

Rajkiya Mook Badhir Vidyalaya Mohalla Humayunpur Po. Gorakhnath Gorakhpur - 273015 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring, Drawing 

Adarsh Mook Badhir Vidyalaya Lakhimpur Kheri - 262601 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring, Embroidary 

Ashok Public Sch.For Blind & Deaf Children 130 'K' Shakti Nagar Faizabad Road Lucknow - Uttar Pradesh 

Stiching & Embroidary 

N.C. Chaturvedi School For The Deaf Aishbagh Tilak Nagar Lucknow - 226004 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring, Printing 

Sarswati Normal School For The Deaf 

Sewing 

27

273/54 Rajendra Nagar Lucknow - 226004 Uttar Pradesh 

Shishu Seva Dham Badhir Vidyalaya Mii/26, Mahavidya Colony Iind Phase Mathura - 281003 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring, Craft 

Mook Badhir Vidyalaya 221, West End Road Meerut Cantt Meerut - 250001 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring, Knitting 

Roorkee School For The Deaf University Of Roorkee Roorkee - 247667 Uttar Pradesh 

Comp.Trng.,Painting, Sketching, Photography,  Screen Printing, Carpentary, Cooking 

Saraswati Dral School For The Deaf 13, Station Road Near Poojan Hotel Sitapur - 261001 Uttar Pradesh

Tailoring & Craft 

District Rehabilitation Centre Referred To Institutions For Jagdishpur Sultanpur - 227809 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring, Candel Making 

Bimal Chandra Ghosh School For Deaf D-53/104-A, Varanasi - 221010 Uttar Pradesh 

Sewing, Knitting, Tailoring, Press Printing, Chhot Gaibi Printing, Carpentary, Dyeing. 

Nav Vani Shool For Hearing Impaired  Koirajpur Po.Harahua Varanasi - 221105 Uttar Pradesh 

Tailoring 

The Ministry Of Social Justice & Empowerment Is Entrusted With The Welfare, Social Justice & Empowerment Of Disadvantaged And Marginalised Section Of The Society Like Scheduled Caste, Backward Classes, Person With Disabilities, Aged Persons, And

28

Victims Of Drug Abuse Etc.

Basic Objective Of The Policies, Programmes, Law And Institution Of The Indian Welfare System Is To Bring The Target Groups Into The Main Stream Of Development By Making Them Self-Reliant

The Ministry Infrastructure Includes - National Institutes Rehabilitation Council Of India (Rci) National Handicapped Finance & Development Corporation (Nhfdc) Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation Of India (Alimco) National Trust For Welfare Of Persons With Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental

Retardation And Multiple Disabilities District Rehabilitation Centres (Drcs) Regional Rehabilitation Training Centres (Rrtcs) Office Of The Chief Commissioner For Persons With Disabilities

District Disability Rehabilitation Centres

{The Details Of The Above Are Available At Http://Punarbhava.In/Index.Php?Option=Com_Content&Task=View&Id=445&Itemid=454}

In India

Government organizations and public providers of facilities to PWDs:

1. Ali Yavar Jung National Instiute for the Hearing Handicapped

{http://ayjnihh.nic.in/aw/default.asp}

2. Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities {http://ccdisabilities.nic.in/}

3. Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment {http://socialjustice.nic.in/}

4. National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped (NIMH)

{http://www.nimhindia.org/}

5. National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped; National Institute for the

Visually Handicapped {http://institutions.education4india.com/4073/national-

institute-for-the-orthopaedically-handicapped/}

6. National Trust {http://www.thenationaltrust.in/}

7. Rehabilitation Council of India {http://www.rehabcouncil.nic.in/index.htm}

NGOs

Local disability service providers

29

1. Association for the Welfare of the Handicapped {http://awhfbd.org/main.htm}

2. Blind Peoples Association {http://www.senseintindia.org/htmls/bpa_ahm.html}

3. Devnar Foundation for the Blind {http://www.devnarfoundationfortheblind.org/}

4. Indian Institute of Cerebral Palsy {http://www.iicpindia.com/}

5. Jan Madhyam{http://www.disabilityworld.org/11 12_02/children/

janmadhyam .shtml}

6. Karnataka Parents' Association for Mentally Retarded Citizens

{http://www.kpamrc.org/}

7. Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation and Research Institute for the Handicapped

(MRIH) { http://www.ngosindia.com/a-z/mkrrih.htm}

8. National Center for Promotion of Barrier-Free Environment for Disabled Persons

{ www.samarthyaindia.com }

9. National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People

{ www.ncpedp.org }

10. National Federation of Parents' Associations for Persons with mental

Handicap/Retardation, Autism, Cerebral Palsy and Multiple Disabilities

(PARIVAAR) { http://www.udaan.org/parivaar/parivaar.html}

11. Spastics Society of Northern India (SSNI) {

http://www.ngosindia.com/a-z/tssni.htm}

12. Spastics Society of Tamil Nadu {http://www.spastn.org/}

13. SWEEKAAR Rehabilitation Institute for Handicapped

{http://www.india9.com/i9show/Sweekaar-Rehabilitation-Institute-for-

Handicapped-52621.htm}

14. Thakur Hari Prasad Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for the Mentally

Handicapped (THPI) {www.thakurhariprasad.org}

Schools (either with inclusive education, or special schools)

1. Assisi School for the Deaf

2. DISHA Center for Special Education

3. The Center for Special Education

4. The Janey Centre for Special Education

30

Vocational Training Centers

1. Raghudeu Vocational Rehabilitation Centre

2. Sir Hurkisondas Nurrotamdas Hospital

3. Vocational Rehabilitation Centre for Handicapped Women

4. Vocational Rehabilitation Centre for the Handicapped

5. Vocational Rehabilitation Training Center for the Blind

6. Worth Trust

Hospitals/Rehabilitation Centers

1. Akshay Pratishthan Rehabilitation Center

2. District Disability Rehabilitation Centers

3. Sindhu Sevak Sangh-Jalaram Hospital

4. KKM Leprosy Rehabilitation Centre, Nala Pani Road, Dehradun

International

INGOs

1. Action Aid India (http://actionaidindia.org/camp_hiv.htm)

2. CBM (http://www.cbm.org.au/)

3. Disabled People's International (http://www.dpi.org/)

4. Handicap International (http://www.handicap-international.org.uk/)

5. Helen Keller Service Society for the Disabled (www.helen-keller.org)

6. Hope Worldwide (http://www.hopeww.org/NetCommunity/Page.aspx?pid=191)

7. Rehabilitation International (http://www.riglobal.org/)

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Resources

Asian Development Bank, Asian Development Outlook 2003, India, 2003

Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators 2003, Volume 34, 2003

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International Labour Office, Moving Forward Toward Decent Work for People with

Disabilities, Examples of good Practices in Vocational Training and Employment from

Asia and the Pacific, 2003

Japan International Cooperation Agency, Planning and Evaluation Department, Country

Profile on Disability, The Republic of India, March 2002

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Annual Report 2002-2003

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Country Report - India.

Office of the Registrar General, India. Census of India 2001. March 2001

Tamhane, V.M., Assistant Director, Office of the Registrar General and Census

Commissioner, India, Disability Related Question in Indian Census, February 2002

Vadan, Sundar R., Commissioner, Disabled Welfare, Empowerment of Differentially

Abled, Strategies For Implementation of Annual Action Plan 2003-2004 and Multi

Sectoral Coordination

Websites:

Asian Development Bank www.adb.org

Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities: www.ccdisabilities.nic.in

Daisy Consortium www.daisy.org

Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Programme Implementation

www.adb.org

Disability India Network www.disabilityindia.org

Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment: www.socialjustice.nic.in National Institute

for the Mentally Handicapped: www.nimhindia.org National Institute for the

Orthopaedically Handicapped www.india-future.com/nioh

National Institute for the Visually Handicapped www.nivh.org

National Trust www.nationaltrust.org.in

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Office of the Registrar General, Census of India www.censusindia.net Rehabilitation

Council of India: www.rehabcouncil.nic.in

Rehabilitation International www.rehab-international.org

The World Bank www.worldbank.org

United Nations www.un.org

United Nations Children's Fund www.unicef.org

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the

Pacific www.unescap.org

http://www.apcdproject.org/countryprofile/india/index.html

http://www.apcdproject.org/countryprofile/india/india_org.html

http://gov.ua.nic.in/uaglance/

http://punarbhava.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=229&Itemid=537

http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&id=1&chapter=4&lang=en

Annexure

Profile of Non-Governmental Organizations of/for Persons with Disabilities

Local Organizations

  Organization Address Phone/Fax

1. Association for the Welfare of the Handicapped

M Square Complex Pavamani Rd. PO Box 59 Calicut, Kerala

Tel: 91-0495-720-601Tel: 91-0495-720-028Email: awhelt@md3.vsnl.net.in

 This organization works for the advancement of the disabled and works in collaboration with the Alzheimer's Related Disorders Society and the Hemophilia Society. They serve PWDs that have the following types of disabilities; Cerebral palsy/spastic, hearing impaired, mentally handicapped, orthopedically impaired, slow learner and the visually impaired.

2. Blind Peoples Association

Dr. Vikram Sarabhai Road, Vastrapur, Ahmedabad 380015 Gujarat

Tel: 91-79-630-4070Fax: 91-79-630-0106

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The BPA was formed by a group of blind people in 1954 as a recreation club. Today, it serves not only the blind but people with all categories of disability − hearing impaired, mentally challenged, locomotor disabled, multiply disabled including deaf-blind, and the elderly. The organization has received the National Award and FICCI Award. They are recognized by the Rehabilitation Council of India, the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, CAPART, as a nodal agency.

3.Devnar Foundation for the Blind

www.devnarfoundationfortheblind.org

Plot No. 185, Road No.1West Marredpally, Secunderabad 500026

Tel: 91-40-27-803-686Fax: 91-40-27-703-686Email: saibaba_goud@hotmail.com

 

The Foundation was established in 1991 and currently operates a school with over 220 students housed in buildings owned by the Foundation and provides CBR programs, parental and genetic counseling and operates Braille printing presses. The Foundation also manages the Ramananda Centre for Advance Learning and Research for the visually impaired vocational training.

4. Indian Institute of Cerebral Palsy

P35/1, Taratolla Road, Kolkata 700088 West Bengal

Tel: 91-33-240-1348Fax: 91-33-240-1417

  The West Bengal Spastics Society was formed in May 1974 and became the Spastics Society of Eastern India in 1981 and is currently the Indian Institute of Cerebral Palsy. The Institute is a nationally recognized professional institute for training and research.

5. Jan Madhyam 148, Zamroodpur New Delhi 110048

Tel: 91-11-6474913Fax: 91-11-6473525Email: janmadhyam1@indiainfo.com

  Jan Madhyam provides disability awareness and holistic development through creative work and training programs, while integrating the disabled into their existing programs.

6. Karnataka Parents' Association for Mentally Retarded Citizens

AMH Compound Bangalore 560029

Tel: 91-656-3267Fax: 91-656-4608Email: jpkpamrc@vsnl.net

 The Association was formed in 1978 and began providing teacher training programs in the field of intellectual disabilities and specific learning disabilities and autism. Since its formation, the Association has trained over 1,000 special educators and provides three diploma courses. The Association also organizes workshops, seminars and awareness programs.

7. Manovikas Kendra Rehabilitation and Research Institute for the Handicapped (MRIH)

482 Madudah, Plot 1-24 Sec. J, Eastern Metropolitan

Tel:91-33-442-8275Fax: 91-33-442-8275 Email:mvkendra@cal2.vsnl.net.in

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www.manovikas.orgBypass Kolkata 700107

 The Institute has been in operation for over 28 years providing special education and vocational training while conducting early intervention and parental counseling. The Institute also operates a research and diagnostic unit and conducts CBR and prevention and public awareness campaigns

8.

National Center for Promotion of Barrier-Free Environment for Disabled Persons (Samarthya)www.samarthyaindia.com

B-181, Mansarovar Garden, New Delhi

Email: samarthyaindia@yahoo.com and sanjeevsach@hotmail.comPhone: (91-11) 9810558321Fax: (91-11) 41019389

 Samarthya roughly translates as "Capability". Its prime goal is to encourage the innate potential of persons with disabilities, instill confidence and to sensitize and create awareness about disability related issues including accessibility. Its main motto is "Let's make the world accessible".

9.

National Centre for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People

www.ncpedp.org

25, Green Park Extension, Yusuf Sarai, New Delhi - 110016

Tel: 91-11-685-4306Fax: 91-11-696-3030Email: ncpedp@vsnl.com

  The NCPEDP is a non-profit organization working as an interface between government, industry, international agencies and the voluntary sectors towards increased employment opportunities for disabled people.

10.

National Federation of Parents' Associations for Persons with mental Handicap/Retardation, Autism, Cerebral Palsy and Multiple Disabilities (PARIVAAR)

A-2520 Netaji Nagar New Delhi 110023

Tel: 91-688-6708Fax: 91-331-6674Email:jagdishmehta@hotmail.com

  PARIVAAR was formed in 1995 and is recognized by the Government as an APEX organization representing over 100 parents' associations across India. The Federation is a member of Inclusion International, the world body of Parents' Associations of PWDs.

11. Spastics Society of Northern India (SSNI)

2, Balbir Saxena marg, Hauz Khas New Delhi

Tel: 91-656-9107Email: ssni@vsnl.net.in

 SSNI provides technical rehabilitation inputs, such as special education therapy, assessment, vocational training, rural and urban community based rehabilitation, awareness, advocacy. It receives some form of financial assistance or grants from the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.

12. Spastics Society of Tamil Nadu Opp.T.T.t.I. Taramani Rd. Chennai 600113

Tel: 91-40-235-4651, (02) 591 - 4242Fax: 91-44-235-0047

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Tamil Nadu, India

 

The Spastics Society of Tamil Nadu was founded in 1981 as a welfare provision organization. The Society is dedicated to the empowerment of people with disabilities through human resource development, community inclusion and participation. They aim to provide people with disabilities the best possible opportunity to participate in community life through education, employment and rehabilitation services. They operate three special education centers, which provide education at all levels to meet the needs of children with disabilities and are recognized as a State-level Training Center on disability for governmental personnel, ECCD and educational sectors.

13.

SWEEKAAR Rehabilitation Institute for Handicapped

www.sweekaar.org

Upkaar Complex, Upkaar Junction Secunderabad 500003 Andhra Pradesh

Tel: 91-40-2784-3338Fax: 91-40-2781-0731Email: info@sweekaar.org

  Sweekaar is a non-profit organization with over 26 years of service to the mentally handicapped, physically disabled, and others. The Institute services over 1,900 people per day in providing service delivery, training, awareness and community participation programs.

14.

Thakur Hari Prasad Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for the Mentally Handicapped (THPI)

www.thakurhariprasad.org

Vivekanandanagar, Dilsukhnagar Hyderabad 500060 A.P.

Tel: 91-40-404-4735Email: thpigyd@hotmail.com

 

THPI was established in 1968 as a rehabilitation center for children. Today it is an institute employing more than 250 professional and paraprofessionals in paediatrics, clinical psychology, special education, speech pathology, psychiatry, occupational, hydro, art and music therapies. In 1992, the THPI Community-Based Rural Project was established and serves approximately 36 villages.

International Organizations

  Organization Address Phone/Fax

1. ActionAid India C-88, South Ex. - II New Delhi-110 049 Tel: 91-11-516-40571

 

ActionAid India has been a development funding agency since 1972, and works with organizations to reach out to the marginalized and socially deprived sections in the country. ActionAid India works with a professional team located in 14 regional offices and the country head office in New Delhi. ActionAid supports approximately 300 voluntary organizations across India.

2. Disabled People's International

B5-199 Ground Floor Safdarjung Enclave New Delhi 110016

Tel: 91-11-617-6062Fax: 91-11-278-4146 Email:

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www.dpi.org ncped@nde.vsnl.net.in

 

Disabled Peoples' International is a network of national organizations or assemblies of disabled people, established to promote human rights of disabled people through full participation, equalization of opportunity and development. The goals of DPI are to promote the human rights of disabled persons, promote economic and social integration of disabled persons and develop and support organizations of disabled persons worldwide.

3. Helen Keller Service Society for the Disabled

Vizhiyagam, Viswanathapuram, Madurai, 625014 Thamil Nadu

Tel: 91-452-641446Fax: 91-452-641490

 The Helen Keller Service Society is a voluntary organization established in 1979. The organization implements service projects for the welfare of the disabled in Tamil Nadu, founded by Dr G Thiruvasagam for the service of people in the field of welfare of the disabled in rural areas.

4.Hope Worldwide

india.hopeworldwide.org

D-32 Jangpura Extention New Delhi 110014

Tel: 91-11-2431-4130Fax: 91-11-2431-9672 Email: mark_templer@hopeww.org

  Hope Worldwide began operations in India in 1991 and currently has over 80 programs across 17 cities that meet the needs of the urban poor including PWDs.

5.

Rehabilitation International

www.rehab-international.org

Thakur Hari Prasad Institute of Research and Rehab. for the Mentally Handicapped "Sishu Niketan" Vivekanand Nagar Dilsukh Nagar Hyderabad, 500660

Tel: 91-40-404-2143Fax: 91-40-404-5292 Email: thpihyd@hotmail.com

 Rehabilitation International is a worldwide network of people with disabilities, service providers and government agencies working together to improve the quality of life for disabled people and their families. Founded in 1922, it now has more than 200 member organizations in 90 nations.

Source: {http://apcdproject.org/countryprofile/india/india_org_non.html}

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