utilization of orange (citrus reticulata) peelings into
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By:
JEAN Siangco TOLENTINO
CHEYENNE CHRISTINE Maglinte VILLAMOR
UTILIZATION OF ORANGE (Citrus
Reticulata) PEELINGS INTO
HANDMADE PAPER
Background of the Study
Paper is a sheet of interlaced fibers, usually cellulose
fibers from plants that are formed by pulping the fibers and
causing them to felt to form solid surface. It is a necessity in
modern civilization and the development of machinery for its
high-speed production has been largely responsible for the
increase in literacy and the raising of educational levels of
people throughout the world (Redmond, 2007).Orange (Citrus Reticulata) has become the most
commonly grown fruit in the world. This study attempts to
use orange peelings as another source of cellulose fibers for
paper production. Since peelings are discarded materials,
the paper will not incur big expenses and will also help
lessen the garbage which is one of the major problems in the
country.
Statement of the Problem
Main Problem: This study aims to produce paper by utilizing orange peelings.Specific Problems:
1. What are the characteristics of orange peeling paper in terms of:
a) color b) texture c) odord) breaking strength
2. What is the acceptability of orange peeling paper?
3. Is there a significant difference among the different samples
in terms of:a) colorb) texturec) odord) acceptabilitye) breaking strength
Hypotheses
A paper can be developed from orange peelings.
There is no significant difference among the different
samples of orange peelings in terms of their
characteristics and acceptability.
Scope and Delimitations of the
Study
This study is limited to the use of orange peelings in
the production of paper with different proportion of orange
peelings and waste paper. It utilizes alum, starch and also
caustic soda. Thirty 4th year students of the Integrated
Developmental School that were randomly selected evaluated
the products with the use of a Score Card and Hedonic Scale.
This study was conducted from June 2009 to March 2010, at
the researcher’s residence. Breaking strength was also
identified by standard procedure in the laboratory of IDS. The
data gathered were interpreted using Sign-test for the over-all
acceptability and t-test for the breaking strength.
Methodology
Figure 1. Summarized Diagram for the Procedures Done in the Experiment
Product Development
Data Gathering & Organization(Mean/Table)
Product Evaluation & Testing(Sensory Evaluation: Color, Odor,
Texture, Overall Acceptability& Breaking Strength)
Interpretation of Results(Mean/Sign Test/t -test)
For Sample C, 2 cups waste paper
For Sample B, 1 cup of orange peelings and 1
cup waste paper
For Sample A, 2 cups of Orange Peelings
only
Preparation of Sample & Materials
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Sample A, which is made from orange peelings
without waste paper, was not evaluated since it was a
failure and the product produced was not paper; it was
chalk- like and brittle.
Characteristics Sample B Sample C
Color3.33
(greenish)4.77
(white)
Texture2.27
(rough)2.40
(rough)
Odor2.47
(unpleasant)2.47
(unpleasant)Table 1 shows the physical characteristics of the different
samples of paper from orange peelings in terms of color, odor and
texture. Sample B has a greenish color. Its texture is rough because
some of the peelings were not thoroughly blended. It has an
unpleasant smell because of the scent of orange peelings and also
because it was boiled in the clay pot. Sample C has a white color
because it was purely made from waste paper and no orange peelings
are added. It has a rough texture because it was not thoroughly
blended and it has an unpleasant smell because it was also boiled in
the clay pot.
Table 1. Characteristics of Paper from Orange Peelings
Characteristics Sample B Sample C
Over-all Acceptability5.90
(Like Slightly)6.70
(Like Moderately)
Table 2 shows the overall acceptability of the paper based
on the evaluation of the respondents. In Sample B, the
respondents like it slightly because of its greenish color even
though it has an unpleasant smell and it was rough. In Sample C,
the respondents like it moderately because of its white color.
Overall, Sample C is the most accepted product.
Table 2. General Acceptability of the Orange Peelings Paper
Trials Sample B Sample C
1 731.12 740.87
2 731.12 649.88
3 740.87 726.08
Mean 734.37 705.61
Table 3. Breaking Strength of Different Samples( N/m2 )
Table 3 shows the breaking strength of the two samples in
three trials. Weights were used in doing the experiment and then
the breaking strength of the paper was calculated. It is shown that
sample B has greater breaking strength from Sample C since it had
the raw material (orange peelings) and Sample C only had waste
paper.
n rcritical r Remarks
Color 30 9 44 < 9
(Ho is rejected)
Odor 16 3 88 > 3
( Ho is not rejected)
Texture 13 2 33 > 2
(Ho is not rejected)
Acceptability 23 6 11 < 6
( Ho is rejected)
The significant differences of the characteristics between the
two samples were also obtained using the sign-test. In Table 4, it is
shown that there is a significant difference in color and acceptability
since Ho is rejected. There is no significant difference in the odor
and texture of the two samples.
Table 4. Values Needed in Obtaining the Significant Difference( Sign Test)
α = 0.05
α d.f tcritical t Remarks0.05 4 2.132 1.01 1.01 < 2.132
(Ho is not rejected)
Table 10. Values Needed in Obtaining the Significant Difference( t- test)
The significant difference of the breaking strength
between the two samples was obtained using the t-test. It was
concluded that there is no significant difference between the
two samples in terms of breaking strength.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION and
RECOMMENDATIONS
A) Summary
This study aims to produce paper from orange
peelings. There were three samples produced and each has
its own proportion of orange peelings and waste paper. The
samples made have good characteristics in terms of color,
texture and odor except for Sample A. Sample A has two
cups of orange peelings, Sample B has 1 cup of orange
peelings and 1 cup waste paper and Sample C has no
orange peelings but instead 2 cups of waste paper.
The Score Card and Hedonic Scale were used by the
thirty evaluators to rate the characteristics and acceptability
of the paper and breaking strength was also calculated.
In the experiment, the researchers used constant
amount of starch, caustic soda and alum while varying the
proportions of orange peelings for each sample. The peelings
were boiled and soaked in caustic soda so that it is soft and
easy to blend. Additive solutions were added after it was
washed with running water to make the slurry and now ready
for the final process which is placing it on the mold and
deckle. It was spread out using a sponge so that it would be
even and is dried until it turns into paper.
B) ConclusionThe researchers conclude that orange peelings could
be a source of raw material in making paper provided that
it will be mixed with waste paper. The paper produced was
more of a decorative paper because of its rough texture
and color.The products showed different characteristics.
Sample A, from 1oo% orange peelings, did not have the
characteristics of a paper. The characteristics of Sample B
are greenish, rough and unpleasant odor. The
characteristics of Sample C are white, rough, and
unpleasant odor. Both samples were made into paper but
more of a decorative paper. Sample C was the most
accepted sample among the products.
Using sign-test, the researchers conclude that there
is a significant difference between the two samples in terms
of color and acceptability. There is no significant difference
between the two samples in terms of its odor and texture.
Using t-test, it is concluded that there is no significant
difference between the two samples in terms of breaking
strength.
The breaking strength of products was also obtained
by doing three trials. Sample B has an average breaking
strength of 734.37 N/m2 and Sample C has an average
breaking strength of 705.61 N/m2. This shows that Sample
B has greater breaking strength than Sample C. This
means that paper from orange peelings with waste paper is
stronger than paper from waste paper alone.
C) Recommendations
The researchers recommend using raw materials
which are rich in fiber. If future researchers will
conduct this experiment, the researchers recommend to
use more orange peelings and to use bleach and also to
improve the amount of additives used. Improvements in
the proportion of the raw material are also
recommended to have a better product.
-end-