utilization of high bandwidth channels martin weiss
TRANSCRIPT
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Utilization of High Bandwidth Channels
Martin Weiss
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Slide 2
Objectives of this Meeting
Describe multiplexing techniques Identify the elements of the public
telephone network Describe the organization of the
public telephone network
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Slide 3
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Line 6Line 5Line 4Line 3Line 2Line 1
Time
Frequency
Guard Band
Transmission
Bandwidth
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Slide 4
Time Division MultiplexingFrequency
Time1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Framing
Samples from Lines
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Slide 5
North American Digital Multiplex Hierarchy
Common transmission rates–DS0 = 64 kbps–DS1 = 1.544 Mbps = 24 DS0's–DS3 = 44.736 Mbps = 28 DS1's = 672 DS0's
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Slide 6
ITU Digital Multiplex Hierarchy
Common transmission rates–E0 = 64 kbps–E1 = 2.048 Mbps = 30 E0's–E2 = 8.448 Mbps = 120 E0's–E3 = 34.368 Mbps = 480 E0's–E4 = 139.264 Mbps = 1920 E0's–E5 = 565.148 Mbps = 7680 E0's
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Slide 7
Structure of Digital Transmission - T1
Data is organized into Frames Frames are delimited by a Framing
Bit Frames of frames, called
Superframes, are also defined
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Slide 8
Structure of a T1 Frame
Channel 1
Channel 2
Channel 3
Channel 24
F
Frame length–24 channels * 8 bits/channel = 192 Bits
–Add 1 framing bit = 193 Bits
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Slide 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
11
2
1 1 1 1 1 10 0 0 0 00
Frame Number
Value of Framing Bit
Normal T1 Superframe Structure
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Slide 10
ESF Frame Structure
Frame Number
Contents of Framing Bit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101
11
2
D D C 0 D CC D 0 D 1D
19
20
21
22
D D C 1 D CC D 0 D 1D
13
14
15
16
17
18
23
24
D - Data Link Bits
C - CRC-6 Bits
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Slide 11
Components of a T1 Line
CSU CSU
IXC Network
USER
LEC 2 Network
LEC 1 Network
CSUUSER CSU
User's CPE
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Slide 12
Structure of the Public Network
Technical structure–Telephone network structure–Equipment requirements and configuration
Organizational Structure (US)–Local access–Long distance
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Slide 13
Initial Network Structure
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Slide 14
Intermediate Network Structure
Central
Office
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Slide 15
Expansion of the Intermediate Structure
Central
Office
Central
Office
Central
Office
Central
Office
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Slide 16
Toll Offices
Central
Office
Central
Office
Central
Office
Central
Office
Toll Offic
e
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Slide 17
Switching Hierarchy (Pre-Divestiture)Regional
CenterSectional
Center
Primary Center
Toll Center
Central OfficeLocal
Tandem
Office
High Usage Trunks
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Slide 18
Components of the Public Network
Local Loop
Switch
Multiplexer
Switch
Multiplexer
Transmission
System
PBX
Local Loop
Trunk Lines
Signalling
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Slide 19
Structure of the Public Network (1950s)
InsideWire
LocalLoop
CentralOffice
TandemOffice
Tariffed andRegulated
InterstateNetwork
State Federal
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Slide 20
Structure of the Public Network (1970s)
Tariffed andRegulated
InsideWire
LocalLoop
CentralOffice
AT&T’s TandemOffice
OCC’sTandemOffice
2 wire
4 wire
PCA
InterstateNetwork
InterstateNetwork
State Federal
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Slide 21
Structure of the Public Network (1980s)
Tariffed andRegulated
LocalLoop
CentralOffice
“Dominant” IXC’s POP
“Non-Dominant”IXC’s POP
4 wire
4 wire
EnhancedServiceProvider
InterLATANetwork
InterLATANetwork
State Federal
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Slide 22
Structure of the Public Network (Early 1990s)
Tariffed andRegulated
LocalLoop
LECCentralOffice
“Dominant” IXC’s POP
“Non-Dominant”IXC’s POP
4 wire
4 wire
EnhancedServiceProvider
CAPs/Cable TV/Wireless
OperatorServices Providers
ToIXC
InterLATANetwork
InterLATANetwork
State
Federal
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Slide 23
Structure of the Network (Late 1990s)
LocalLoop
LECCentralOffice
IXC’s POP
EnhancedServiceProvider
CAPsCATVWirelessIXC
OperatorServices Providers
ToIXC
InterLATANetwork
State
Federal
InterLATANetwork
LEC’s POP
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Slide 24
Telephone Competition (1893-1912)
LocalLoop Central
OfficeTandemOffice
InterstateNetwork
LocalLoop
CentralOffice
TandemOffice
Bell System
Non-Bell Company
Local Franchise
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Slide 25
Telephone Competition (1912-1921)
LocalLoop Central
OfficeTandemOffice
InterstateNetwork
LocalLoop
CentralOffice
Bell System
Non-Bell Company
Tariffed andRegulated
State
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Slide 26
Signalling in the Telephone Network
Traditional signalling Modern signalling Intelligent Network services
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Slide 27
Traditional Signalling Terminal to Switch Switch to Switch
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Slide 28
In-Band Signalling
Signalling Path and Message Path
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Slide 29
Out-of-Band Signalling
Message PathSignalling Path
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Slide 30
ITU Signalling System 7 (SS7)
New generation of signalling system
More capable than SS6 (CCIS) The Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) requires SS7
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Slide 31
SS7 Services: The Intelligent Network
Extensive Application of SS7 Technology
Custom Local Access Subscriber Services (CLASS)
Advanced Intelligent Network Services–More sophisticated applications of IN services