ust gn 2011 - civil law preliminaries
TRANSCRIPT
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CIVIL LAW
GOLDEN NOTES 2011 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW MANILA
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Academic Year 2011‐2012 CIVIL LAW STUDENT COUNCIL
Lester John A. Lomeda President Wilfredo T. Bonilla, Jr. Vice‐President Raissa S. Saipudin Secretary Bernadette Faustine C. Balao Treasurer Marc Mikhaele J. Santos Auditor Victor Lorenzo L. Villanuea Public Relations Officer
TEAM: BAR‐OPS 2011
Diane Camilla R. Borja Chairperson Carlo Artemus V. Diaz Vice‐Chairperson Mary Grace L. Javier Secretary Ronn Robby D. Rosales Logistics Committee Head Mark Arthur M. Catabona Asst. Logistics Committee Head Angeli P. Albaña Finance Committee Head Vicente Jan O. Platon III Hotel Accommodations Head Kimverly A. Ong Asst. Hotel Accommodations Head
The UST GOLDEN NOTES is a student-edited work of the University of Santo Tomas, Faculty of Civil Law. It is updated annually. Communications regarding the NOTES should be addressed to the Academics Committee of the Team: Bar-Ops.
ADDRESS: Team Bar-Ops Academics Committee Faculty of Civil Law University of Santo Tomas España, Manila 1008
TEL. NO.: (02) 731-4027 (02) 4061611 loc. 8578
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2011 ACADEMICS COMMITTEE Lester Jay Alan E. Flores II Chairperson Karen Joy G. Sabugo Vice‐Chair for Academics John Henry C. Mendoza Vice‐Chair for Academics Jeanelle C. Lee Vice‐Chair for Administration and Finance Theena C. Martinez Vice‐Chair for Layout and Design Earl Louie M. Masacayan Vice‐Chair for Layout and Design
CIVIL LAW COMMITTEE Alfredo B. Dimafelix II Civil Law Committee Head
Karen Feliz G. Supnad Asst. Civil Law Committee Head Lamberto L. Santos III Asst. Civil Law Committee Head Paul Elbert E. Amon Member Alston Anarna Member Ozan J. Fulleros Member Cecilio M. Jimeno, Jr. Member Ismael Sarangaya, Jr. Member Loise Rae G. Naval Contributor Monica Jucom Contributor
ADVISER
Atty. Elmer T. Rabuya
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FACULTY OF CIVIL LAW
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
Academic Year 2011‐2012
ACADEMIC OFFICIALS
Atty. NILO T. DIVINA Dean
Rev. Fr. ISIDRO C. ABAÑO, O.P. Regent
Atty. ARTHUR B. CAPILI Faculty Secretary
Atty. ELGIN MICHAEL C. PEREZ Legal Counsel
UST Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion Legal Aid Clinic
Judge PHILIP A. AGUINALDO SWDB Coordinator
LENY G. GADIANA, RGC Guidance Counselor
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Our deepest appreciation to our
Mentors & Inspiration
Justice Oswaldo D. Agcaoili
Judge Myra B. Quiambao
Atty. Augusto K. Aligada Jr.
Atty. Alden Francis C. Gonzales
Atty. Carla E. Santamaria – Seña
Atty. Rene B. Gorospe
Atty. Irvin Joseph M. Fabella
Atty. Teofilo R. Ragadio
Atty. Vincent Z. Bolivar
Atty. Alberto A. Palacios
Atty. Elmer T. Rabuya
For activating our magnets of curiosity, knowledge and wisdom
and helping us understand the intricate
sphere of Civil Law.
‐ Academics Committee 2011
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D I S C L A I M E R
The risk of use, non‐use and misuse of this material shall be borne solely
by the user.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SYLLABUS FOR 2011 BAR EXAMINATIONS CIVIL LAW
November 13, 2011
(Second Sunday, Morning)
I. Effect and Application of Laws – New Civil Code A. When law takes effect………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 1 B. Ignorance of the Law…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 C. Retroactivity of Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 D. Mandatory or Prohibitory Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 E. Waiver of Rights ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 F. Repeal of Laws……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4 G. Judicial Decisions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4 H. Duty to Render Judgment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………5 I. Presumption and Applicability of Custom…………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 J. Legal Periods………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5 K. Applicability of Penal Laws ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 L. Conflict of Laws………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 II. Human Relations – New Civil Code A. NCC Art. 19‐22, relative to breach of promise to marry……………………………………………………………... 9 B. Independent Civil Actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10 C. Prejudicial Questions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 PERSONS I. Persons and Personality A. Capacity to Act…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….11 B. Domicile and residence of person, NCC 50‐51…………………………………………………………………………… 14 II. Marriage A. Requisites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14 B. Effect of Marriage celebrated abroad and foreign divorce………………………………………………………….. 18 C. Void and Voidable marriages……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 III. Legal Separation
A. Grounds, Art. 55, Republic Act. 9262, Anti‐Violence Against Women and Children……………………. 31 B. Defenses……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..33 C. Cooling‐off Period……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34 D. Reconciliation efforts………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….34 E. Confession of Judgment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………35 F. Effects of Filing Petition……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35 G. Effects of pendency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35 H. Effects of legal separation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….36 I. Reconciliation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….37
IV. Rights and Obligations Between Husband and Wife A. Essential Obligations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..39 B. Family domicile …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………39 C. Support……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….39 D. Management of household…………………………………………………………………………………………………………40 E. Effect of neglect of duty………………………………………………………………………………………………………………40 F. Exercise of profession………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….40
V. Property Relations of the Spouses A. Marriage Settlements………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
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B. Donations by Reason of Marriage……………………………………………………………………………………………… 41 C. Void donations by the spouses………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 41 D. Absolute Community of property………………………………………………………………………………………………. 44 E. Conjugal Partnership of Gains……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 48 F. Separation of Property of the Spouses and Administration of Common Property by One Spouse During the Marriage…………………………………………………………. 51 G. Regime of Separation of Property………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51 H. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage …………………………………………………………………………. 52
VI. The Family A. The Family as an Institution……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55 B. The Family Home………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 56
VII. Paternity and Filiation A. Legitimate Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
B. Proof of Filiation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 60 C. Illegitimate Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 62 D. Legitimated Children…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
VIII. Adoption A. Domestic Adoption Law (RA 8552) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 64 B. The Law on Inter‐ Country Adoption (RA 8043) …………………………………………………………………………. 67 IX. Support
A. What it Comprises………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 68 B. Who are Obliged ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 69 C. Support during marriage litigation……………………………………………………………………………………………… 70 D. Amount……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71 E. When Demandable…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 71 F. Options………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71 G. Attachment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 71
X. Parental Authority A. General Provisions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 72 B. Substitute and Special Parental Authority…………………………………………………………………………………. 75 C. Effect of Parental Authority upon the Persons of the Children………………………………………………….. 75 D. Effects of Parental Authority upon the Property of the Children……………………………………………….. 76 E. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority……………………………………………………………………… 77
XI. Emancipation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 77 XII. Summary Judicial Proceedings in the Family Law………………………………………………………………………………… 77 XIII. Final Provisions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 78 XIV. Funeral………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 78 XV. Use of surnames ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 79 XVI. Absence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 83 A. Provisional measures in Case of Absence……………………………………………………………………………………. 83
B. Declaration of Absence………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83 C. Administration of the Property of the Absentee………………………………………………………………………… 83 D. Presumption of Death………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 84
XVII. Civil Registrar A. Arts. 407‐413…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 87 B. RA 9048; Clerical errors……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 87 C. Rule 108, Rules of Court……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 88
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PROPERTY I. Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 89 II. Classification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….89
A. Hidden Treasure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 89 B. Right of Accession……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….90 C. By Object…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 101 D. By Owner…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 104 E. By Nature…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 105
III. Ownership A. Right in general ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 106 B. Modes of acquiring ownership…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110 C. Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..110
IV. Accession A. Right to hidden treasure…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 110
B. General Rules……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 110
V. Quieting of title to/interest in and removal/prevention of cloud over title to/interest in real property A. Requirement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115 B. Distinction between quieting title and removing/preventing a cloud………………………………………… 115 C. Prescription/non‐prescription of action…………………………………………………………………………………….. 115
VI. Co‐ownership A. Characteristics of co‐ownership…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 116 B. Source of co‐ownership………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 118 C. Rights of co‐owners…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 120 D. Termination/extinguishment……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 120
VII. Possession A. Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 126
B. Acquisition of Possession……………………………………………………………………………………………………….......127 C. Effects of Possession………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 128 D. Loss or Unlawful Deprivation of a Movable………………………………………………………………………………… 130 E. In concept of owner, holder, in one’s own name, in name of another……………………………………….. 132 F. Rights of the possessor……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 132 G. Loss/termination……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 134
VIII. Usufruct A. Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 134 B. Classification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 135 C. Rights and obligations of Usufructuary………………………………………………………………………………………. 136 D. Rights of the owner……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140 E. Extinction/termination………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141
IX. Easements A. Characteristics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 141 B. Classification……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 143 C. Modes of Acquiring Easements………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 150
X. Nuisance……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 151 XI. Action to Quiet Title………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………153 XII. Modes of Acquiring Ownership A. Occupation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 154
B. Donation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 155
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PRESCRIPTION I. Definition
A. Acquisitive ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 166 B. Extinctive…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 170
II. No Prescription Applicable A. By Offender……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171 B. Registered Lands………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171 C. Art. 1143, NCC…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171 D. Action to quiet title if plaintiff in possession……………………………………………………………………………….. 171 E. Void contracts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 171 F. Action to demand partition …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 171 G. Property of public dominion……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171
III. Prescription or Limitation of Actions A. To recover movables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 171 B. To recover immovables……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171 C. Other actions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 171
IV. Interruption………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 172 V. Nuisance A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 172
B. Classification……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 172 C. Remedies…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 172
OBLIGATIONS I. Definition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173 II. Elements of an Obligation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173 III. Different Kinds of Prestations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 173 IV. Classification of Obligations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 174 V. Sources of Obligations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 175 VI. Nature and Effect of obligations A. Obligation to give………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 178
B. Obligation to do or not to do……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 179 C. Breaches of obligations……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 180 D. Remedies available to creditor in cases of breach………………………………………………………………………. 186
VII. Kinds of civil obligations A. Pure……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 188 B. Conditional…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 188 C. Obligation with a period or a term…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 192 D. Alternative or Facultative ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 193
VIII. Joint and Solidary obligation A. Joint (divisible) obligation ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 195 B. Joint Indivisible Obligation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195 C. Solidary obligation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 195 D. Divisible and Indivisible……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197 E. Obligations with a Penal Clause………………………………………………………………………………………………… 197
IX. Extinguishment of Obligations A. Payment…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 198 B. Loss of Determinate Thing Due or Impossibility or difficulty of performance……………………………… 205 C. Condonation or Remission of Debt……………………………………………………………………………………………… 206
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D. Confusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 207 E. Compensation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 207 F. Novation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 210
CONTRACTS I. Essential Requisites……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 212 II. Kinds of Contracts
A. Consensual…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 216 B. Real…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 216 C. Formal or Solemn………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217
III. Formality ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 217 IV. Defective Contracts
A. Rescissible Contracts ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 218 B. Voidable Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 222 C. Unenforceable Contracts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 225 D. Void Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 226
V. Effect of Contracts…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 227 SALES I. Introduction
A. Definition of Sales……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 229 B. Essential Requisites of a Contract of Sale…………………………………………………………………………………… 230 C. Stages of Contract of Sale …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 231 D. Obligations Created …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 235 E. Characteristics of a Contract of Sale……………………………………………………………………………………………. 236 F. Sale Distinguished From Other Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………. 236 G. Contract of Sale/Contract to Sell…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 237
II. Parties to a Contract of Sale A. Capacity of parties …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 238 B. Absolute incapacity……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..238 C. Relative incapacity: Married Persons ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 238 D. Special disqualifications………………………………………………………………………………………………………………240
III. Subject Matter A. Requisites of a valid subject matter ………………………………………………………………………………………… 241 B. Particular kinds………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 241
IV. Obligations of the Seller to Transfer Ownership A. Sale by a person not the owner at time of delivery ……………………………………………………………………. 242 B. Sale by a person having a voidable title……………………………………………………………………………………… 243
V. Price A. Meaning of price ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 243 B. Requisites for a valid price ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 243 C. How price is determined……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 243 D. Inadequacy of price……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244 E. When no price agreed…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 244 F. Manner of payment must be agreed upon………………………………………………………………………………….. 245 G. Earnest money vs. option money……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 245
VI. Formation of Contract of Sale……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 231
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A. Preparatory ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 231 B. Perfection…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 234 C. Formalities of the Contract ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 230
VII. Transfer of Ownership A. Manner of Transfer……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 247 B. When delivery does not transfer title……………………………………………………………………………………….. 248 C. Kinds of delivery ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 249 D. Double Sales……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….251 E. Property Registration Decree……………………………………………………………………………………………………….251
VIII. Risk of Loss A. General rule ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..252 B. When loss occurred before perfection…………………………………………………………………………………………252 C. When loss occurred at time of perfection ……………………………………………………………………………………252 D. When loss occurred after perfection but before delivery…………………………………………………………….252 E. When ownership is transferred ……………………………………………………………………………………………………247
IX. Documents of Title A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….253 B. Purpose of documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………………253 C. Negotiable documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………………253 D. Non‐negotiable documents of title………………………………………………………………………………………………253 E. Warranties of seller of documents of title…………………………………………………………………………………….253 F. Rules on levy/garnishment of goods…………………………………………………………………………………………….253
X. Remedies of an Unpaid Seller A. Definition of unpaid seller……………………………………………………………………………………………………………254 B. Remedies of unpaid seller…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….254
XI. Performance of Contract A. Delivery of thing sold……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………255 B. Payment of price………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…256,257
XII. Warranties A. Express warranties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….258 B. Implied warranties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….258 C. Effects of warranties…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….258 D. Effects of waivers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………260 E. Buyer’s options in case of breach of warranty ……………………………………………………………………………..262
XIII. Breach of Contract A. Remedies of the Seller ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..258 B. Recto Law: Sale of Movables on Installment………………………………………………………………………………..258 C. Remedies of the Buyer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………263
XIV. Extinguishment of the Sale A. Causes …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………264 B. Period of redemption ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….264 C. Exercise of the right to redeem ……………………………………………………………………………………………………265 D. Conventional redemption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….265 E. Legal redemption…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………265 F. Equitable mortgage ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..266 G. Distinguished from option to buy…………………………………………………………………………………………………267
XV. The Law on Sale of Subdivision and Condominium (PD 957)…………………………………………………………………268 XVI. The Condominium Act (RA 4726)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………272
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SUCCESSION I. General Provisions
A. Definition/What is transmitted…………………………………………………………………………………………………….280 B. Succession occurs at the moment of death………………………………………………………………………………….280 C. Kinds of Successors ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..282
II. Testamentary Succession A. Wills…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….284 B. Institution of Heirs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………299 C. Substitution of Heirs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………302 D. Conditional Testamentary Dispositions and Testamentary Dispositions with a Term ………………….305 E. Legitime ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………306
III. Legal or Intestate Succession A. General Provisions ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………321 B. Order of Intestate Succession ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..324
IV. Provisions Common to Testate and Intestate Succession A. Right of Accretion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….324 B. Capacity to Succeed by Will or Intestacy ……………………………………………………………………………………..325 C. Acceptance and Repudiation of the Inheritance ………………………………………………………………………….328 D. Collation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..329 E. Partition and Distribution of Estate ……………………………………………………………………………………………..329
PARTNERSHIP I. Contract of partnership
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….331 B. Elements………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………331 C. Rules to determine existence……………………………………………………………………………………………………….333 D. How partnership is formed………………………………………………………………………………………………………….334 E. Partnership term………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….335 F. Universal vs. Particular; General vs. Limited…………………………………………………………………………………338 G. Partnership by estoppels……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..340 H. Partnership v. Joint Venture………………………………………………………………………………………………………..340 I. Professional partnership……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….341 J. Management………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..341
II. Rights and obligations of partnership……………………………………………………………………………………………………..344 III. Rights and obligations of partners among themselves……………………………………………………………………………344 IV. Obligations of partnership/partners to third persons…………………………………………………………………………….347 V. Dissolution……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..348 VI. Limited partnership
A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….353 B. How limited partnership is formed/amended………………………………………………………………………………353 C. Rights and obligations of a limited partner…………………………………………………………………………………..354
AGENCY I. Definition of agency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………358 II. Powers …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..360
A. To bind principal …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………360 B. Exception …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….362
III. Express vs. Implied Agency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….363
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IV. Agency by Estoppel…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…363 V. General vs. Special Agency……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..365 VI. Agency couched in general terms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..365 VII. Agency requiring special power of attorney………………………………………………………………………………………….365 VIII. Agency by operation of law…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………366 IX. Rights and Obligations of Principal………………………………………………………………………………………………………..366 X. Irrevocable agency …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………369 XI. Modes of extinguishment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………369 COMPROMISE I.Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………373 II. Void Compromise …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..373 III. Effect …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….373 CREDIT TRANSACTIONS I. Loan…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………376
A. Commodatum vs. Mutuum………………………………………………………………………………………………………….377 B. Obligations of Bailor and Bailee……………………………………………………………………………………………………380 C. Interest and the suspension of Usury Law……………………………………………………………………………………383
II. Deposit……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………386 A. Voluntary deposit…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………388 B. Necessary deposit………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..392 C. Judicial deposit…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….392
III. Guaranty and Suretyship A. Nature and extent of guaranty…………………………………………………………………………………………………….392 B. Effects of guaranty C. Extinguishment of guaranty…………………………………………………………………………………………………………399 D. Legal and judicial bonds……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….399
IV. Pledge A. Definition…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….403 B. Kinds…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….403 C. Essential requirements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………403 D. Obligation of pledgee…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..404 E. Rights of pledgor………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….407 F. Perfection ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………407 G. Foreclosure …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………408 H. Pledge by Operation of Law ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..408 I. Distinguished from Chattel Mortgage …………………………………………………………………………………………..409
V. Real Mortgage A. Definition and characteristics………………………………………………………………………………………………………410 B. Essential requisites………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………410 C. Foreclosure………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….412
VI. Antichresis A. Definition and characteristics………………………………………………………………………………………………………420 B. Obligations of antichretic creditor……………………………………………………………………………………………….422
VII. Chattel Mortgage A. Definition and characteristics………………………………………………………………………………………………………418 B. Registration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….419
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VIII. Quasi‐Contracts A. Negotiorum Gestio………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………422 B. Solutio Indebiti…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….423
IX. Concurrence and Preference of Credits A. Meaning of concurrence and preference……………………………………………………………………………………..424 B Classification of credits………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….424 C. Preferred Credits on Specific Movables D. Preferred Credit on Specific Immovables……………………………………………………………………………………..424 E. Exempt Property………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….425 F. Order of preference of credits………………………………………………………………………………………………………427
X. Insolvency Law A. Definition of insolvency……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….427 B. Suspension of payments………………………………………………………………………………………………………………427 C. Voluntary insolvency……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………430 D. Involuntary insolvency…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………431
LEASE I. Lease of things…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………440 II. Lease of work or services………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..445 III. Lease of rural and urban lands……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….446
A. Qualified persons…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………447 B. Registration………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….447 C. Prohibitions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….447
IV. Rights and obligations of lessor and lessee…………………………………………………………………………………………….448 V. Special rules for lease of rural/urban lands…………………………………………………………………………………………….449 VI. Household service………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...451 VII. Contract of labor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..451
A. Obligation in case of death/injury of laborers………………………………………………………………………………452
VIII. Contract for piece of work……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………452 LAND TITLES AND DEEDS I. Torrens System………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454
A. Concept and background……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454 B. Certificate of Title………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..454
II. Regalian Doctrine A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….460 B. Effects………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….460 C. Concept of native title, time immemorial possession…………………………………………………………………..461
III. Citizenship Requirement A. Individuals and corporations………………………………………………………………………………………………………..461
IV. Original Registration A. Who may apply……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………463 B. Registration process and requirements..………………………………………………………………………………………466 C. Remedies……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..479 D. Cadastral registration…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..487
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V. Subsequent Registration A. Voluntary dealings……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….489 B. Involuntary dealings…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….489
VI. Non‐Registrable Properties……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………492 VII. Dealings with Unregistered Lands…………………………………………………………………………………………………………493 TORTS AND DAMAGES I. Principles
A. Abuse of Right; Elements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………....500 B. Unjust Enrichment……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….500 C. Liability without Fault…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..500 D. Acts Contrary to Law……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………501 E. Acts Contrary to Morals……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….501
II. Classification of Torts A. According to manner of commission: intentional, negligent and strict liability…………………………….502 B. According to scope: general or specific………………………………………………………………………………………..502
III. The Tortfeasor A. The Direct Tortfeasor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..502 B. Persons Made Responsible for Others………………………………………………………………………………………….503 C. Joint Tortfeasors (Art. 2194, Civil Code)……………………………………………………………………………………….511 IV. Act of Omission and Its Modalities A. Concept of Act………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....511 V. Proximate Cause
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….511 B. Cause in Fact………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..512 C. Legal Cause………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….512 D. Efficient Intervening Cause………………………………………………………………………………………………………….512 E. Cause vs. Condition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………513 F. Last Clear Chance…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………513
VI. Legal Injury A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….524 B. Elements of Right…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………524 C. Violation of Right or Legal Injury………………………………………………………………………………………………….514 D. Classes of Injury…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..514
VII. Intentional Torts A. General………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..515 B. Interference with rights to persons and property…………………………………………………………………………515 C. Interference with relations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..515
VIII. Negligence A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….529 B. Good Father of a Family or Reasonably Prudent Man…………………………………………………………………..530 C. Standard of Care………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….531 D. Unreasonable risk of Harm…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..532 E. Evidence……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….532 F. Presumption of Negligence…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..532 G. Defenses………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………533
IX. Special Liability in Particular Activities A. General………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..535
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B. Products Liability………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….535 C. Nuisance – NCC Arts. 694‐707………………………………………………………………………………………………………536 D. Violation of Constitutional Rights…………………………………………………………………………………………………537 E. Violation of Rights Committed by Public Officers………………………………………………………………………….537 F. Provinces, Cities and Municipalities……………………………………………………………………………………………..538 G. Owner of Motor Vehicle………………………………………………………………………………………………………………538 H. Proprietor of Building or Structure or Thing…………………………………………………………………………………538
X. Strict Liability A. Animals………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..538 B. Nuisance C. Products Liability
BOOK II – DAMAGES I. General Considerations
A. Classification………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..539
II. Actual and Compensatory Damages A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....541 B. Requisites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….541 C. Component Elements…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..542 D. Extent or scope of actual damages………………………………………………………………………………………………543
III. Moral Damages A. Concept ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………544 B. When recoverable …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......544
IV. Nominal Damages A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546 B. When awarded…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546
V. Temperate or Moderate Damages A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546 VI. Liquidated Damages
A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546 B. Rules governing in case of breach of contract………………………………………………………………………………546
VII. Exemplary or Corrective Damages A. Concept……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….546 B. When recovered…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..547 C. Requisites…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….547
VIII. Damages in Case of Death A. In crimes and quasi‐delicts causing death…………………………………………………………………………………….547 IX. Graduation of Damages A. Duty of Injured Party……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………548 B. Rules…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….548 X. Miscellaneous Rules A. Damages that cannot co‐exists…………………………………………………………………………………………………….549 B. Damages that must co‐exist…………………………………………………………………………………………………………549 C. Damages that must stand alone…………………………………………………………………………………………………..549 INDEX…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………550 BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...553