using solar energy continuously through day and night for methane reforming – an experimental...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN
EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION
J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler
ECCE10 – 1701 01.10.2015
![Page 2: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Temperature in °C
Mo
le-%
CH4
CO2CO
H2
H2O
Background on Methane Reforming
• Primary source of industrial hydrogen• Feedstock is typically natural gas
• Other possible feedstocks: biogas, refinery gas, coke oven gas
• Heat input needed at 700-900 C• Products (syngas) useful for synthesis of
other fuels (Fischer-Tropsch)• Catalyst required for kinetic reasons
04 2 2 298CH H O 3H CO 206 kj/molKH
04 2 2 298CH CO 2H 2CO 247 kj/molKH
Steam Reforming:
Dry Reforming:
2 ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 3: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Traditional Methane Reforming
04 2 2 298CH H O 3H CO 206 kj/molKH
800 °C30%
800 °C
3 ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 4: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Solar Methane Reforming
04 2 2 298CH H O 3H CO 206 kj/molKH
800 °C30%
42% increased output
4 ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 5: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Why use solar energy to produce chemical fuels?
1)Long term storage
2)Easy to transport
3)Compatible with current infrastructure
4)Uses in transportation
5 ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 6: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Solar Methane Reforming Background
Directly irradiated Indirectly heated
Source: R. Tamme, 2002, SOLASYS – Final Report
+ High efficiency– High cost– Technically challenging
+ Consists of existing / simplerprocess units
Technically easy? Efficiency potential unknown
Concept first proposed in 1982 by Chubb of U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 7: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Indirect Experimental Studies
ASTERIX (CIEMAT/DLR, 1991)170 kW, 68-93% Conversion
DCORE (CSIRO, 2009) 200 kWSCORE (CSIRO, 1999) 25 kW
WIS, 2003, 480 kW
Sodium Vapor HTF (WIS/SNL 1983)20 kW
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 8: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Direct Experimental Studies
INHA-DISH1, 20105 kW 60% conversion
DIAPR (porcupine), WIS, 201085% conversion
Particle concept, WIS, 2009
SOLBIOPOLYSY, 2008, 250 kW, landfill gas
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 9: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
CAESAR – SNL/DLR 1987 – 100kW
Solar Power (kW)
Receiver Efficiency (%)
Chemical Efficiency (%)
Methane Conversion (%)
Radially Uniform Absorber74.8 21.7 20.8 60.078.7 43.8 28.5 51.686.3 39.7 25.2 48.888.8 44.0 29.0 45.6105.7 79.3 50.7 45.9115.7 85.6 54.4 39.1Radially Non-Uniform Absorber64.1 67.3 46.3 66.072.1 65.9 44.9 68.576.9 62.7 43.6 69.597.3 68.7 45.3 52.4
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 10: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
SOLASYS: DLR/WIS/Ormat, 220 kW, >90% conversion
Source: R. Tamme, 2002, SOLASYS – Final Report
4.9 bar 7.5 barMeasured CH4 Conversion 72.0% 70.5%Calculated CH4 Conversion 73.2% 65.0%
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 11: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
SOLREF: DLR/WIS – 400 kW, 950 °C, 15 bar
Included novel catalytic system suitable for biogas, landfill gas, and high CO2 natural gas
94.6% Conversion
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 12: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al. 12
Theoretical Efficiency Analysis
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Eff
icie
ncy
Hot Air Temperature in °C
Overall Receiver-Reactor Process
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
Sha
re o
f el
ectr
icit
y pr
oduc
tion
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6E
ffic
ienc
y
Hot Air Temperature in °C
Overall Receiver Process
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
Sha
re o
f el
ectr
icit
y pr
oduc
tion
Indirect Direct
650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
0.12
0.16
0.20
0.24
0.28
0.32
OVCR OVR TCR CVR
Pro
cess
Eff
icie
ncy
Hot Air Temperature in °C
• Energy balance (flow sheet) analysis
• Directly and indirectly heated receiver concepts (separate models)
• Annual efficiency calculated with hourly irradiation data
![Page 13: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Direct and Indirect Concepts
Directly Irradiated Catalyst Indirectly Heated with Air HTF
Technical Difficulties Window, Catalyst-Absorber Low Heat Transfer Rate
Dynamic Behavior Fast Slow
Heat Losses Moderate High
Heat Storage Difficult Easy
Hybridization (burners) Difficult Easy
Coupling with CSP Plant Difficult Easy
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 14: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Reactor: SiSiC - honeycomb structure with catalyst coating (Rh)
Contisol Project
CO + H2 Hot air
Cold air CH4 + steam + CO2
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al. 14
![Page 15: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Contisol Project
Thermal StorageDaytime
Thermal StorageNighttime
Hot air to storage
Hot air from storage
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al. 15
![Page 16: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Modeling Results
Concept 3D Computational DomainApplied Heat Flux
Reactants side Air side
Daytime Operation
Nighttime Operation
Reactants side Air side
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 17: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Experimental Setup
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 18: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Experimental Setup (simplified to thermal testing)
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 19: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Experimental PreparationPorous Silicon Carbide Monolith
Infiltrated (dense)Monolith
TC’s Mounted“Canning” Mounted
Channels Closed
Monolith Sealed and Mounted
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 20: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
ExperimentsGas coolers ReactorAir Preheater Radiation Shield
Reactant Preheater
Pressure Sensors
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 21: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Experiments
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 22: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
ExperimentalResults
06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:000
200
400
600
800
1000
Time
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Absorber FrontAbsorber Middle
Absorber Back
Side Inlet
Side Outlet
Straight InletStraight Outlet
06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:00-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time
T
(°C
)
Side Stream
Straight Stream
06:00:00 09:00:00 12:00:00 15:00:00 18:00:000
100
200
300
400
Time
Flo
w R
ate
(l/m
in)
Straight Inlet
Side InletStraight Outlet
Side Outlet
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 23: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Experimental Investigation• Used statistical design of experiments procedure (using Origin software)• Identified key variables
• Gas flow rate (x2)• Gas inlet temperature (x2)• Monolith front temperature
• Even with 3 values of each variable, 243 runs needed to fully describe system (full factorial)
• Optimally distributed input parameter set over 23 runs• Regression and co-variance analysis used to determine impact on efficiency of
each varible• Performance prediction of receiver fit by statistical model with R2 > 0.99
𝑇 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 24: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Experimental Investigation Results (all CI 95%)ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 25: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Experimental Investigation Results (all CI 95%)
• Flow rates are less important at high monolith temperatures (re-radiation dominates)
• Flow rates are more important to the efficiency than inlet temperatures
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 26: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Leakage Problem
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 27: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Future Advancements• 3-D printing of Inconel monolith
Test Sample, DLR, 17.09.2015
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 28: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Future Advancements• 3-D printing of Inconel monolith• Acid etching of surface required
Test Sample, DLR, 17.09.2015
Before Etching
AfterEtching
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.
![Page 29: USING SOLAR ENERGY CONTINUOUSLY THROUGH DAY AND NIGHT FOR METHANE REFORMING – AN EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION J. L. Lapp, M. Lange, M. Roeb, C. Sattler ECCE10](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bf9f1a28abf838c94dff/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Conclusions
• 41% upgrade of useful fuel energy with solar energy• Indirect and direct concepts• High conversion demonstrated, flexibility has not• New concept (CONTISOL) has been modeled• Thermal experiments begun• Major challenge is leakage• Will address in next steps
Thermal Storage
ECCE10-1701 01 October 2015 Lapp et al.