Using Media inUsing Media inMultimediaMultimedia

James D. LehmanJames D. Lehman

Educational TechnologyEducational Technology

School of EducationSchool of Education

Using MultimediaUsing Multimedia

Objectives forObjectives forToday’s PresentationToday’s Presentation

ObjectivesObjectives

Identify the major types of media that can Identify the major types of media that can be incorporated into multimedia.be incorporated into multimedia.

Describe basic utilization principles for Describe basic utilization principles for each medium.each medium.

Critically examine examples of the use of Critically examine examples of the use of various media in presentations.various media in presentations.

Using MultimediaUsing Multimedia

Types of MediaTypes of Media

Basic Media TypesBasic Media Types

TextText

GraphicsGraphics

AudioAudio

VideoVideo

TextText FontFont

• Typeface, e.g., times, Typeface, e.g., times, bookmanbookman, , couriercourier

• Size: Size: 24 pt24 pt, , 32 pt32 pt, , 48 pt48 pt StyleStyle

• BoldfaceBoldface, , italicsitalics, , underlinedunderlined• Shadowed or Shadowed or not shadowed

ColorColor• Text Text colorcolor

FontFont• Typeface, e.g., times, Typeface, e.g., times, bookmanbookman, , couriercourier

• Size: Size: 24 pt24 pt, , 32 pt32 pt, , 48 pt48 pt StyleStyle

• BoldfaceBoldface, , italicsitalics, , underlinedunderlined• Shadowed or Shadowed or not shadowed

ColorColor• Text Text colorcolor

TextText

What are the advantages and limitations of What are the advantages and limitations of text as a medium of information delivery in text as a medium of information delivery in multimedia?multimedia?

TextText

AdvantagesAdvantages• familiarfamiliar• source material source material

readily availablereadily available• easily producedeasily produced• flexibleflexible• efficient for many efficient for many

types of contenttypes of content• requires little spacerequires little space

LimitationsLimitations• reading level reading level

requiredrequired• prior knowledge prior knowledge

requiredrequired• non-visualnon-visual• limited interactivitylimited interactivity• can have transport-can have transport-

ability problemsability problems

GraphicsGraphics

Clip ArtClip Art

PicturesPictures

Figures/GraphsFigures/Graphs

AnimationsAnimations1stQtr

2ndQtr

0

20

40

60

1stQtr

2ndQtr

East

West

North

GraphicsGraphics

Clip ArtClip Art

PicturesPictures

Figures/GraphsFigures/Graphs

AnimationsAnimations1stQtr

2ndQtr

0

20

40

60

1stQtr

2ndQtr

East

West

North

GraphicsGraphics

Clip ArtClip Art

PicturesPictures

Figures/GraphsFigures/Graphs

AnimationsAnimations1stQtr

2ndQtr

0

20

40

60

1stQtr

2ndQtr

East

West

North

GraphicsGraphics

Clip ArtClip Art

PicturesPictures

Figures/GraphsFigures/Graphs

AnimationsAnimations1stQtr

2ndQtr

0

20

40

60

1stQtr

2ndQtr

East

West

North

GraphicsGraphics

What are the advantages and limitations of What are the advantages and limitations of graphics as a medium of information graphics as a medium of information delivery in multimedia?delivery in multimedia?

GraphicsGraphics

AdvantagesAdvantages• efficientefficient• gain attentiongain attention• can be used to can be used to

support textsupport text• enhance visual enhance visual

appealappeal

LimitationsLimitations• dealing with varying dealing with varying

formatsformats• storage demandsstorage demands• complex graphics complex graphics

may not aid learningmay not aid learning• non-relevant non-relevant

graphics can graphics can interfereinterfere

AudioAudio

Simple digital sounds (e.g., WAV files)Simple digital sounds (e.g., WAV files)

Digitally recorded speechDigitally recorded speech

Digital music files (e.g., MIDI)Digital music files (e.g., MIDI)

CD-audioCD-audio

AudioAudio

What are the advantages and limitations of What are the advantages and limitations of audio as a medium of information delivery audio as a medium of information delivery in multimedia?in multimedia?

AudioAudio

AdvantagesAdvantages• good for some good for some

realistic content or realistic content or language teachinglanguage teaching

• helps auditory helps auditory learnerslearners

• can set a moodcan set a mood• complements other complements other

mediamedia

LimitationsLimitations• dealing with dealing with

varying formatsvarying formats• high storage high storage

demandsdemands• may be problematic may be problematic

in some in some environmentsenvironments

VideoVideo

Analog video (e.g., videodisc -- requires Analog video (e.g., videodisc -- requires

special system and/or 2nd monitor)special system and/or 2nd monitor)

Digital video (e.g., QuickTime, AVI, Digital video (e.g., QuickTime, AVI,

MPEG)MPEG)

VideoVideo

What are the advantages and limitations of What are the advantages and limitations of video as a medium of information delivery video as a medium of information delivery in multimedia?in multimedia?

VideoVideo

AdvantagesAdvantages• familiar mediumfamiliar medium• good for realismgood for realism• good for showing good for showing

motion/processesmotion/processes• good for physical good for physical

and interpersonal and interpersonal skillsskills

• gains attentiongains attention

LimitationsLimitations• very high storage very high storage

demands (digital)demands (digital)

• dealing with varying dealing with varying formatsformats

• digital quality is digital quality is sometimes poorsometimes poor

• hard to produce; hard to produce; requires specialized requires specialized equipmentequipment

Using MultimediaUsing Multimedia

Basic MediaBasic MediaUtilization PrinciplesUtilization Principles

What are some utilization guidelines What are some utilization guidelines or principles for text?or principles for text?

Using TextUsing Text

Keep text simple, and write clearly.Keep text simple, and write clearly. Use correct spelling and grammar.Use correct spelling and grammar. Write at a level appropriate for the Write at a level appropriate for the

audience.audience. Use easily readable fonts. Pick a size Use easily readable fonts. Pick a size

appropriate to the application.appropriate to the application. Avoid uncommon fonts if portability is an Avoid uncommon fonts if portability is an

issue.issue. Don’t try to put too much on one screen.Don’t try to put too much on one screen.

Using TextUsing Text

Use a consistent layout. Use headings to Use a consistent layout. Use headings to organize and communicate.organize and communicate.

Leave plenty of “white” space.Leave plenty of “white” space. Use contrasting colors for text and Use contrasting colors for text and

background.background. Highlight Highlight importantimportant information, but use information, but use

highlighting highlighting sparingly.sparingly. Don’t use ALL CAPITALS.Don’t use ALL CAPITALS.

Using GraphicsUsing Graphics

Guidelines

What are some utilization What are some utilization guidelines or principles for guidelines or principles for graphics?graphics?

Using GraphicsUsing Graphics

Keep visuals simple; avoid excessive detail.Keep visuals simple; avoid excessive detail. Use a clear, uncluttered layout.Use a clear, uncluttered layout. Properly align and balance visual elements.Properly align and balance visual elements. Use graphics for interest and to illustrate Use graphics for interest and to illustrate

concepts, but avoid non-relevant visuals.concepts, but avoid non-relevant visuals. Use appropriate types of graphics for the Use appropriate types of graphics for the

content.content.

Using GraphicsUsing Graphics

Use textual elements with visuals when Use textual elements with visuals when appropriate.appropriate.

Use visuals to gain the user’s attention, e.g., Use visuals to gain the user’s attention, e.g., through surprise, interaction, or in other through surprise, interaction, or in other ways.ways.

Use pleasing, high contrast or Use pleasing, high contrast or complementary color combinations; use no complementary color combinations; use no more than 4-5 colors on-screen at once.more than 4-5 colors on-screen at once.

Using GraphicsUsing Graphics

Colors either opposite one another or Colors either opposite one another or adjacent to one another on a color wheel adjacent to one another on a color wheel tend to work well together.tend to work well together.

What are some utilization guidelines What are some utilization guidelines or principles for audio?or principles for audio?

Using AudioUsing Audio

Use audio to deliver content when Use audio to deliver content when appropriate (e.g., famous speech, heart appropriate (e.g., famous speech, heart sounds).sounds).

Use only the quality of digital audio (i.e. Use only the quality of digital audio (i.e. sampling rate) needed for the content. sampling rate) needed for the content.

Use sounds for emphasis, but avoid using Use sounds for emphasis, but avoid using negative sounds for feedback.negative sounds for feedback.

Using AudioUsing Audio

Use music in the background to enhance Use music in the background to enhance interest or set a tone. interest or set a tone.

Be sure sound quality and volume is Be sure sound quality and volume is adequate.adequate.

Make sure audio can be controlled or even Make sure audio can be controlled or even turned off through the software or turned off through the software or hardware.hardware.

What are some utilization guidelines What are some utilization guidelines or principles for video?or principles for video?

Using VideoUsing Video

Use video to deliver content with a high Use video to deliver content with a high degree of realism, to show degree of realism, to show motion/processes, or to show people.motion/processes, or to show people.

Use video for dramatic effect.Use video for dramatic effect. Use video for content that has a low Use video for content that has a low

potential for change (because of the potential for change (because of the production costs).production costs).

Using VideoUsing Video

When video quality is critical, analog video When video quality is critical, analog video (e.g.,videodisc) or MPEG is probably (e.g.,videodisc) or MPEG is probably preferred, but lesser digital formats (e.g., preferred, but lesser digital formats (e.g., QuickTime) work for much content.QuickTime) work for much content.

Use pacing and presentation changes in Use pacing and presentation changes in video to create interest.video to create interest.

Design digital video for the limitations of Design digital video for the limitations of the computer screen (e.g., sizing).the computer screen (e.g., sizing).

Using MultimediaUsing Multimedia

Some ExamplesSome Examples

Using MultimediaUsing Multimedia

THE ENDTHE END