using icons to find documents: simplicity is critical author: michael d. byrne report: yang kun, ou
TRANSCRIPT
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Using icons to find documents: Simplicity is critical
Author: Michael D. Byrne
Report: Yang Kun, Ou
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Introduction
• This paper outlines the factors involved in icon search and proposes a model of the process
• An experiment was conducted which suggests that the most important factor in searching for files is the type of icons used
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Reference
• Jones and Dumais [1986] have done research demonstrating that it is difficult for people to find documents based on “spatial filing”
• Byrne [1991] suggests that pictures on icons do have an effect on people’s ability to find documents: they slow people down
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Method
• Subjects– 45 undergraduates students– 這些受測者對於電腦是熟悉
• Apparatus/Materials– All instructions and stimuli presented to subjects o
n an Apple Mac
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Design
• There were five factors evaluated, one of which as between subjects and the rest within
• The between subjects factor was icon type, and subjects were randomly assigned to one of three levels
• The three levels correspond to the levels used in the 1991 Byrne study (figure 1.)
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Icon types (actual size)
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Design
• The second factor, a within-subjects factor, was set size (6,12,18,24)
• Match level (1,2,3) had a different meaning in each set size
• The amount of knowledge the subject had about the Search, picture knowledge and file name knowledge
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Design
• There were three levels of icon knowledge provided– “none,” meant that no special information was
provided to help the subject infer the target icon before the trial
– “some,” meant the subject was provided with the name of the application used to create the target document, which subjects could then use to infer the correct icon
– “icon,” meant that the subject was explicitly given the icon to be found
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Design
• The file name knowledge factor was varied with two levels:– “yes,” meaning the subject was explicitly given the
name of the target– “no,” meaning the name of the target could have
been any word found in the document description
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Design
• Thus, a fully-crossed design yielded 72 cells (4 x 3 x 3 x 2) for each subject
• There were 15 subjects used per icon type (45 subjects total) for a grand total of 3240 observations
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Procedures and Stimuli
• Subjects were given three practice trials and then 72 experimental trials
• The first stage, subjects brief description of that document
• The second stage, random give 15 lowercase character. If the string was typed incorrectly, the subject was given a new string to type
• When he subject clicked on a button labeled “Ready,” the icon display appeared and the subject attempted to click on the correct icon as quickly as possible
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Procedures and Stimuli
• The location of the target icon was randomly selected for each trial
• Distractor names were randomly selected without replacement from a list of 525 names until the list was exhausted
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Results
• The mean of the data was 4.36 seconds with a standard deviation of 6.61 seconds
• Trial outside of three SD from the mean were considered outliers and were discarded
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Results
• The icon type by set size interaction was significant, F(6, 26)= 3.13, p=.007 (Figure 2)
• Icon type also interacted with picture knowledge, F(4,84) =3.51, p = .011 (Figure 3)
• Icon type interacted with file name knowledge, F(2,42) =4.34, p = .019 (Table 1)
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Time vs. Set size by icon type
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Time vs. Picture knowledge by icon type
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Icon type by file name knowledge means
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Results
• Icon type interacted with match level,
F(4,84) = 8.21, p < .001
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Match level
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Discussion
• Clearly, one of the most important factors in icon search is the type of icon used
• Simple icons clearly outperform blank and complex icons, especially with larger set sizes
• Complex icons are consistently worse than even blank icons
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Discussion
• Simple icons are more effective with larger set sizes, allow effective use of icon knowledge, are less affected by a lack of file name knowledge