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Using a drone and photogrammetry software to create orthomosaic images and 3D models
of aircraft accident sites
ISASI Seminar, Reykjavik, 19 October 2016
Stuart HawkinsSenior Inspector of Air Accidents (Engineering)UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB)
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Presentation Outline
• How the AAIB started using drones• The uses and benefits of drones at
accident sites• Photogrammetry - example orthomosaic
and 3D model of an accident site• How photogrammetry software works • Photogrammetry measurement accuracy• Photogrammetry with ground-based
images• The Future
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How the AAIB started using drones
DJI Phantom 2 Vision, Feb 2014
DJI Phantom 2 Vision Plus, July 2014
DJI Inspire, Sep 2015
X5 camera upgrade (Pro)
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First use of an AAIB drone at an accident site March 2014
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Phantom 2 Vision aerial image
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Phantom 2 Vision aerial image - cropped
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Surveying site and tree damage
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Surveying impact marks on buildings
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Surveying runway marks
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Uses for a drone at an accident site• Wreckage survey• Wreckage search• Tree/object height determinations• Flight path reconstruction/visualisation• Site safety assessments
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Flight path visualisation
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Site safety (video)
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Video
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Benefits of drones over manned aircraft• Less expensive to operate• Drones can be deployed immediately on
arrival• Images and video viewed live on site• Investigator has full control over images
taken• Drone can be flown close to trees and
wreckage without disturbance from rotordownwash
• Operate in low cloud and low vis conditions• Drone can be programmed to take
overlapping geo-tagged images forphotogrammetry
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Photogrammetry - Orthomosaic
Constructed from 59 images taken from a height of 50m (165 ft)40 megapixel mosaic100m x 190m area
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Orthomosaic – zoomed in
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Photogrammetry - 3D model
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A link to this video will be added after 8 December 2016 after the investigation report has been published.
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How photogrammetry software works
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How photogrammetry software works
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How to capture images for photogrammetryDrone programmed to fly a grid pattern taking overlapping images
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How to capture images for photogrammetryActual grid pattern flown and images taken (red dots)59 images captured in 7 minutes
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3D point cloud
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3D mesh
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Import into Google Earth
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Photogrammetry - Measurements
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Bullseye
28 cm dia
Measurement accuracy trial
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DJI Inspire Pro40 m height10 min flight75 images105 x 98 m area
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Measurement accuracy trial – zoomed in
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Measurement accuracy trial
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Distance
Tape Measurement
(m)
Pix4D Measurement
(m)Difference
(m)% Difference
to tape
Pix4D Measurement with scale 1-2 added
(m)
Difference to tape with scale 1-2
added (m)
1-2 13.48 13.44 0.04 0.3% 13.48 0.00
2-3 13.34 13.30 0.04 0.3% 13.34 0.00
3-4 9.91 9.87 0.04 0.4% 9.91 0.00
4-5 9.12 9.09 0.03 0.3% 9.12 0.00
5-6 11.20 11.16 0.04 0.4% 11.19 0.01
6-1 15.43 15.41 0.02 0.1% 15.44 -0.01
3m E-W 3.00 2.98 0.02 0.7% 2.99 0.01
3m N-S 3.00 2.99 0.01 0.3% 3.00 0.00
Distance
Tape Measurement
(m)
Pix4D Measurement
(m)Difference
(m)% Difference
to tape
1-2 13.48 13.44 0.04 0.3%
2-3 13.34 13.30 0.04 0.3%
3-4 9.91 9.87 0.04 0.4%
4-5 9.12 9.09 0.03 0.3%
5-6 11.20 11.16 0.04 0.4%
6-1 15.43 15.41 0.02 0.1%
3m E-W 3.00 2.98 0.02 0.7%
3m N-S 3.00 2.99 0.01 0.3%
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Photogrammetry with ground-based images
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Using DJI Osmo gyro-stabilised 4k video camera with extension stick
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Photogrammetry with ground based images
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35 images using Canon Powershot G11 still camera (10 MP images)
Video
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Photogrammetry vs laser scan
Laser scan
Pix4d using drone
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Benefits of photogrammetry
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• 3D model of accident site• Useful for briefing people• Useful for ‘re-visiting’ the site when
writing the report or re-analysing ground marks
• Useful for obtaining site measurements (saves time onsite)
• Orthomosaic of accident site• Serves as a wreckage plot (saves you
time on site drawing one)• Use it as a map to organise recovery• Use it to search for missing wreckage
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The Future• Large drones
• Fly long distance to remote or hazardous accident sites
• Micro drones– Follow-me drones
• Delivery drones
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The Future – Micro drones
Micro drone 2.0, $85
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