FUNCTIONAL PROBLEMS OF THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED A RESEARCH APPROAETC(U)

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Tabl I

FACTORB SCOU.S * AS AI'MICTION Or ACLIT CATYGORY

f'dl 1 part tally LegallIy$ ightw8 Slightod aIInd F,* P***

1400, v41

-.oa -.19 .25 5.0?. P'.0l

vttf trpi.S I.2 I.1 .2 5.77, P'.01

Sr~~ftt "g 5.7 8.5 12.08, P..0l

"490100 t#OVteWt ago%* 40446s. Per factors "e veI I as for the0%M'e %jfiIe. hhc *,Cotes indiCate greater difficulty.

*~O.te.~of rtopam * %.W4,.~~ Of t vvtV rtartdod a, *t*11tic.1li *ignificant If the

~.~Is~edp&4&1jTr yen 1e'0s than, Or equal to .05; all such values04.

~*Iofr*.i 1&"~4pnc tw" fro derised froe standardized factor scorin~g

.ffir~te. www.t,. dirwuloa and magnitude of differences between

etiwp mwv~p *to WtatsIw.) It is evidont that major areas of func-

tienal COPeihliuur Ote ia*OttAftly (ffeCted by aCUIty, With the Indepen-&"W 1lti** *kill* S"d the s4r variable shoving greatest impact.

let enet 1*_*tCo* ii.. direction of effect was as predicted--although

fmll* siehtod 1041iidals to. this *,~lo hae sm Acuitv defictts.

troev ae. fat I~c testricted foattienaily than partially sightted sub-

jett-o tho latter. it# ltsa are leot limited then, the legally blind.

Wamv 3ewew-*r" camrieen at* me, all three subsets differ *S-

voifiesatIv wit% reopet to *cote* an the first factor and an the sumary

verabi.. twoer. each compati*o yield no signilficant d1fferences

-10-

betwoom fltUy and partially a.1htod sbjects to orisatetios. "ability.054 *ecltl Perception, housiwi, the partially Sigted end thw le&ely

blind differ Stiicaotly anal three wassuro..

iNowakne vial.. variables, toe rootra.:. expla very litl vant-agio oS ft awda oatta. Visual pathology yielded a ota.ftfi.1u

effect calif on the mooar of *mel mobility CP*.0.0 p-.05) i.%e

utttal* to the diabeolic rettsopatby' taucom." Mnd '"Otbe Cote-pveto* farad for worse than the root.* hura:llm of twasuWet ye. tomwd

t0 wCCGIM fot 01MRSIUMS di ffrmc.* 44 OCIOtOG em the bus6 trawfl

tlo116411a~, dwrsttos 1. poottivell related to tatilsoaI Ceplitiv.the" *kth loapv owperlswv et sainemm ropontus. fewr dttiI*34104

to thase domolse.Dumoqapic vettbl.e aimiedmm "a adoted tor estamit,.3

wolation to htilei 91ta. OeecWWOIAr 4 W* VS* foun to ow tie

*treavot awplunten Vortblo go 16Le w., 6tsfweMtis f*Ve ot .*ottactor *to"* as well 66the Gainr *4t*s b-ette ot ~.avtw* of

wrlc* with 04M as the ledepoodkot fact*# are 06inrISAe I*. table

At thawe data eU eer, to ftot f e pecitit toott lauu demise

60 t*eeI)* VION16lt IM!"wed VINVS aie V~bt4taI'P ON teat. It1ed

tka their sawe pews. to .Sly of d~al MMMAOI Isawb) I* $Met

ftamoal touh#l1tv auntbb to (emi. cebjcto. flow Strummitios

Of SWe64WtIOAt ittetincIM iM t1e *Mm dlIrCtl4 la cm til" fettewaerb"SO to go"Mu ottf m dtfreinooa the womost Vwii~*.

Ihee. settee" "Am P Oly be moiderstoed Is Peon of diffatifte oft tole

90414altatI.. That 1a m, WSMa te 01p tW VWW MrdesilmU uspreaWMtfd

Is tbu. sowle my hew boem eMWIaIMi to oecept &*NMdemg md mv set

be"e beqalWe as pr a low of Iaqemimi funcileat Okille moet

as Ottme mpoe. bids twm 4~in le thina em-*Og *m- 46

too otheg basE, of el0 seualttom ow pow banS..-. to the wvi -olom by wimioly Uiqie ova i of llt lasts dImpnieme em&

Ot" -e -g ~p it e wmfl bed (at to* lot 1wmm. Speelf lell?.'a" VWIy OWs em 1000 Wp rt eutWO usWt Of NAMNN l Ca epability them

bed boom empested. Pow fte putpsem of them ws ilyi, aw ams ttemt*d

FACTOR sCoSeS AS AVLmmux4 or sex or swuimr

Factor Sk..owua. .. p*

ofat ~t k) - .1) .2 p*r

MO I) Itll

Ob"AtfalltpW~ E a.fffcosa ela ~ %

s m.vm Scl $~d *3.249

00M.l010d Pt~bab1Iity W40 Ia.. thit at eq90l to .04~ Sll W(*N 'VtW.E

*t, tabled.

00 ta4 (Wflel WAt table tvpfwinMl Wos I*$th wtt.AW dl.amult. ad aim **IV old Ml-". 21-%91 W0.?' 7109), tweptill).

So del t..d, 400 01we had a $10Ifleast affect an the ftmry 'vatleble(P'lSAGO.001)l and tottter 5, mrmtt~ activities (".0,P-.011. to3 tolatio las m, Wiet ImI pe"tIt ipat los, the loutr 8 aall dif let Irao ~ movit with Twimurt twbJecte rwpertle .. los 6-tatlaso ptlIltted. wwwvwt, the inry varlable mo *core* fat

the Ol Olr~ VVOld awe vittUM~I Oqutwsiat Affi dilfwe VV6St4tIAlt1Iraf the 9*1*lat ' tMWOM61 6000l ObtAII&d let Wfttft &V M.bJ*Ct2dad vewth. Otheu deps~t maae abowd $1atit pat te!s althowothe 4111fewlimea SO" "t. StAttit~ ee 10 ,fICAt. Pet 0S00

indepoodooteift *k1m ills (fNctor 1) *to#"e shwwd bogtA yew 4mworklog ago adults to bo rawi~twelt advassaws4 to adw4f loo Vt~i the

old and wery Did tF-z.%4. pw. 0 71 .Uducatt Wee 416 aloe90 upu4da a eatodorlAl vri1blv too, the..

analy.... qwb).ct. bving Sweep"d as Ckv k&646 Ot towiwr C%", "ed Iva*

ikas a %J&h Otb~o dpl. had 94.eple0d high *Cboul. Of bAd t.~

oehool ing hewed biab oebool. Liko SSW group, .4.ett IMM lvotl"~%twit toast diftewrus"V Vo the i44inr"w oa~er F-). .Gs.O) aO

factow S. tbw ouru of roeftatietal parttrtP44tt (V.66e P-.01)4

to addition it Istlew 0d factor 5. bus a tr-(P4.16 'I. to

wv~vin Issane dii fee ur atirlbea"Ir to Owe very *harp couat*

beuwous *core gtained lot thoose% NWo adot Comprlotod hiagh echnl a0"00014., the foMer heist 0"4000iV d*Sad*'Aataged. I4OMst, CAf#eertecdam blob low#r S10,000 per Yuar). wadis (SS,000-SIO,000) or low (below01.000). we,* 1ess perwusiwe to lt.h effect, bet liii. Wdocattos y1eld0d

ovoteiui advantais, for %labor 0ocioecososlC levels. to particular,sigsiltict effvect* were obtaised for 1mm.w an measures of recroatiopalactivities (7*t.&, pt.Ol) ad geseral orietation P..,P'.O5) withtow loest INFO" grow reportIs mest Seious difficultiees to thesed0"489. Pleally. @~srat attestation (factor 2) faree Were' Asoaffected by houehold Situations (P4.07, p-.05); iate-reetagel, those

eke lived ts larger hoseeholds fared worse to this funtitonal statusdoweio the* eite these who lived SIGN* or those tow lived ouly with

ow. other, a saes.. Mmi result is perhaps msplaised by the greater0"11861l1t191 ofaaeisatc from others is larger *"$*hoelds, saking

acquisit ion of locatilual skills IS* necessary. LIving arremm thad meother effect. a the depeudent sessurew studied.

Ie two Psychuoc Sal, werabloe, perceived tat lunece of visualiapeirit as Instrmetal sd qualitative aspects, of daily If(*. alsoserved as Isapeudint. factor. is siailar ialyses of vartawe. Per-

calved lufisince, of Imstatt anability to carry out v oo dailytaska accunted for very litl variaties Is depeadeat measures offWactionel. states. Oaly scem as the ilimninat iou factor (factor 4)Shoed sig.ificant effects (?-3.14, pc.04)t observed differaftce. wereIs the mapected direct ion, those reporting that the Impeirnut hadlittle of so effect OR rousise took perforinm. eshibitiag least

toooca lapaiUMvWoSlon 9"14giv af lt* abased a .wbuiestt.I r,0l.4te-

to lab~s 4. t~wfte 6csioam lb. tho OMWY "ablo 06 WII 46 d0POR&0se

"Ps00r0 a of at ocslalts (factor I$, taIosJvAI8. probl.

ttactow 4) ad kow.b.Id taok& (itaior 4) stv 4istpticastl differ-

volaled 01 lk41& prnbo"WOS vaariabtu. to Owrt CA* dittoremes'

&to to low predicted d4toglef. a poshlef IbuI 4Sa rupu.Isdw&4 aseftm.

an albvr depeeds fore 1sktich ghe dittot"OO tws set el .1811-

tklealvp 011plitied. 7beir .4gewwasc dcC 1teU go, howofe,

ref Ited to She verl 01remg.effuecta the wnsary wariablo. imdeuita

the We#v p Iortasglati5 onship beteiv oubjicive a*6emml of qvoat -

tauve effect* ad funcilosat capabilile'. &ad tflatiIos of iwwrwv

visuall kwpiire Suject,.

Table

FACtOR Scorn. AS A FSCI too OfPE1CIWO IWACT Of VISUAL INWAIRMT 00 QUALIIV Of LIFE

leterferve Isturferes Now LittleFactor a crest Wal I Sousebet or 11 af fect 7'. "P*'

I ($(moralorientatlos. .07 -. 17 -. 30 3.12. pr.0S

preblow) .22 .14 -. 22 3."w, P-.O5

G (householdtasks) .12 .0) -. 27 2.97. P..OS

SWUWM scOuE W.2 55.6 S1.5 10.14. P-.001

349 5) it

*Seem reprset S m *ss tr factoots well as for theosinry variables, higher mores ladicete greater dif ficulty.

**Dogrs of freod". a 2,200.*alve of I were regatied as stat istically higmificant if the

associated probability was kmw than or equal to .0S; all such valuesare tabled.

to old*# ft*dallf go eS Wmt gbafto feraiisokkP6 4 a iniliiv.rioi.

tomwl to# pwpe4." of eriilg etta~es at Vivic4s **irt**Io toAl.*

*oagaelf MWd to cabi4 *ofn.m Ot ari .1wt ilet ~W464se~s 0

an ggisa Own' RAgOA lot to* stow~ toal 614twa 0#46MWO1 V5eI44i~ab

do. goo vt*t"I. d~0arblt. Od p~wbe~ecal w*riablv* ""ilewd *a iIAe

p.'sdvs tagiero to gW ~I**&* Jfmiq 4~V1004. I& she Oque-. ~.iies1. .~r gbW tollesvio chao" "I*. WAA' Vtwif. 60rat gem Ot

i89aifes. W4d 06WA44 lik(.so of u ewbpima WO4'R 44ere 44 ab.amM"a *~u.

Oariabloei; *"e v** Ifagd &0 a dw etttalsble rOPOW60oo& lugWW of qVw.

Catueal lW"I* vast* Iston livies arranmmal powvIS- 1i"Cq

as foolift 14*1k Op#VI.Vin(#* OW~ PWFt4mS,4 i4V'N "* ql U1i11 (A 311 Werfe

gheaed ao dwo voriables rerwovause tw o at b#V' folemeoirie.l leiVI.4

and low ui-u Pl thol.'e **liable Was owittd bov.!Isw It fouplogem*4

WVT 1111lV vAftiaso Is dppndsot oriorvei owl would gre"Ct tPo qVn i~

*Vt of pfedicltftn als

TWe tennIS.so veefated provided CortV40efloia of tru#Alqa otie"

from biveriage esalrses on fuauimal state$*. lb. prveliclaf voe144.

)rot I* expla.ined from 0 pvrenat to 19 percent of O1W veS ot to t f its'-

twoal capabilitIes and liatilons. %ioce tho-ft. *04lt... prOvided

little new Information. oaly hue resul1t' of r""%9100 Ile *amr

oesr n predic tor voilablvo are ptrented below (table W~ A* stblv

5 kodicote"'. the independent factors Ocirta lot a 011 fic-Sol t pt-~

tion of the total variation to overall fantional %tots (p-.G01). is

this analysis. acuity teds to be a seiiificant predIctor of 1teneral

functional difficulty& however, "s would be epected on the basis of onal.-

so* of varioe., It figured mimt* subststialiv (pt.01) itt the eicplsi.-

tion of difficulty to the greeal living skill. domain. ASIng demgra-

phic variables, sa ad education tome observed to be etronGest predic-tore of gaimeral functional statue; as to the analyses of variance, bringfemale wsa associated with greater limitation (p<.01) while better .4.-

cation was predictive of greater capability (p'.OI). finally. the sub-

jectie asessmnent of impact of visual Impairment on quality of lifeme fowed to cotribute mest laportantly to variation in overall func-tional status (p'. .001).

USItCTIsX Of GVWMM nI~C!k 1A $T

469M*"S "U"M~ @V VIWAL. WOWAAIUIC AW MpCWle~t I*#a~5st

proelg Vsw1 (41 il

19brls. of *$&*.I 44"mo -. 60~.u

ttas eftmsm

Pcwawd Impect em qultyae I(

late pecrm aes

little or eo affect

ifuplaimed wariamee (mitiple, 22) *.22, r 2.25**, df *1), 10)

t 4%

4M se 4446 t tog~s"I 4"10. 0. Wo~b 1 %444 6o

*do Ik b19WS00140 #~n*4ug. Poo.'w I-"!" #"W s tfW4PV0MI.* to*

lte *W*%S. S. 91e.*.' ~mSW4.* V14Grogee e0g 16W, USml ofwv fWASWO vf f-

pfobleM.. tiold tooltltva PechISS. an *0 a. teAtea it bP..sv*"a~rm% IN01 probi... t gave S~t tbat CAe boot be ISKV#Vtvtwd

p*~a fUItPt gtu" Irnta *11it sipaid nd11eim 1I1 f041" t11.

of comidetablo 12mpittam to# rebMiaMGN *facdie it *W4sset. 1%01Istertest or effort* culd 0011461, ad praol ti iwl* be Orp..I&VAdratoet1pt*f atE ctivites 40.8" *"o Ii tractinsa, b"40601 toftka) ta~wtten drum" lip"e of device* (eMg. 00" If less).

Amog the feactIOsa.I da* eaWplomwd capabilities within tOe(%tat tut (cnsti tuted 67 factors I throuh 4) 90 soot ste..art tothe mStrtesce ot ao indepenenwt sniattnrllIt(*. Vle theefactos wets, topreseted by to Itin siot of whichl posed VISual diffi.cettlee, for a arabtant 1.1 prope toes of Mhe subjects. oat* reading andwiting we're freqmeti, Cited so presewtIrPg prr'bef ce ttsnngh these tvoactivities *to neithor toted as vaceptlioai? sve twt. eftirptionsallyhighy correlated witb the firt factor. to out view tisl Incongruence- Uns either that partially *Ioted poisons are used to thlakiag of

Visual, envimmfttal adeptat lea ptableve t i ati narrow terM (0.0t.,as ase-viewims difficulties) or that they art uswawe of the possibili-ties fr Intervention directed tovemr other types of activities.

1n fact, of all lowe Vision aide to see by subjects at intake*. 68percent were convst lornal loes or ham-hetld apgif lor.-devlces saotqpropristo for alleviating reading and writing problems. it contrast,a rehsabilitatiou approach sand sore broadly at the doomino described

W4u wumdd 410 ago*" 494 -. te0V * WN#0 ifl #04(if t4 .S4liAo 14%M(14I

ON"t1* 4W#V "01* IeoI.1*4 9*$UWw*46e ma 4*44l. 9W440,! 44WAI

4040 am osw togg*# .ibeOawa 440 4064 stwwI,04 *l1I&PM4 * 00

4*wft1A% 44#wft 440W. 6& Perewal *1r 6401041* %w *lI~$I P4,4640AW

%04M twv 0#068u0 leo-.f so ad"ai*40 1*w*%d Meg.m ~ e Ki4W-

ow ttss eo. Omiu low oeq3lbeo ot 4Vaidao, **f. waedawtw 40 foi~usq*l-

04 400uAWSlin tolo Seellft devl*SAW 006a *l.f tioW.041 got 14kto

teemWO~ 56l Om. temp14. 10 it.. tailor sageat ISWI04b lt*WsVtI'r'

vokopho 4164. Of oesflkll 0g iwl~tw*. #o tse tofqer erome Ia

a" e WO-ftat 40040weet os dwls 4 teo, r 04) #"st. ~sew

ectivit &red & to 0 ~el .1 ad 1~ tooI iietler. *115l later-

vieaw date Inicated that eaject* waft dl0sat st led viii thelt CV41troleel of social Petrlespoties ("V Crn&" el *.. 3s"). qt. 11t0

sat that peswrased the tater *tniatwi seed. ePieosloo *o that t%~s

#WWI* toolE be better dofleed and oaso.d. Por Ioetosce we %awnoted the iiheSlsMid tu ban trelI too *Atrowiw tomwfo toe P4,i

tteapamattif diffitmstm .1 the seeely vig"11V Iplred. Patlir

CinwidemabI7 owe late tes It needed about the barriers to soial

interactio I eated ot awtevated by visal 12mp lest. Cien that

the livesdtw w t tbe extensivenes ad coaplesity of actities

to time do, It Is nevertheless tler that their aleviation

empires a seftabilitat leo approach that demhslee devices sod sties...

edces awol sod Poychosoc 1.1 inte raet ion.

two tigptlg variables that sigft explain vriation to functional

eapabi11ty &d limitatieft led to tow Coaciusioo that for esch diominodif ferent Ina Pemkwt urssipificeotty 1sf iseoe functionali status.

b*W **ju Up *090 -. 410 **AR let. d1*lWW 985 r* p41st W4X P*

* q#**wit gow" el0ueld at.dt saw 00), S.W40"MIAM 4;33e444 41FW 444F

Ampf Sb. Owtom '0444U16~l "0404, Mti "wit 0" of 03.01 04SW414

446"fo Is* toglie# &* go Wi*4*1.t *0 ISV& 419. olmw Sittta* OAW4

40 to *k~ 0*4"1 #too Ino. ~lp9w *4 *0140WO %*W SI * R''*44

*4UM of wieue*10 OtR~ . R oftO44 ".elW sg*rn 4*q WW11 oaw

040400 t* W~t#*t*** **lea pu601464* 64ipser 40 469 S#u4

sR.'s &W#*#g 0.et4I 19r * s to uS.iool4 9% 11*0 t"0446- *ftW%4W

kgmu. *wls,# to OW19 W4u14 q*0 e#~ Ot 4* wts * *fdI~w* 450ft.

0- 1b40e *0000 ft*441 4*. 00 4WA IR.E 001t o*eI.O% f1$4* ot4

Sb. food. of 1*404 RW1 esk &tv. to 4*ts. elamJmlI-u0t* qq SIM40

1*0SR OW11*14V OljMOd *I$% 00f #W41061 *1*4.. %~04060m. 443

$to" *'u* .bu.4d be aittotvallme4ie frao 4%W ~ hl 44W8* ovwgwa

.99 0*j O~a 400Sw of; .916 ub.osqWig Sf 4SDIj ues. t.e

*4S4 "1 44 40to

0000,0100h vot SdSve of too" I.h OW fe. imp"fIMl 4A twl vots'

able. 1R CWIOI~tfte OtIOW 4400 MO* ii4.0 1VWS&1~ luAieses OEwo

9"~ d"~ eOWAles *ad 040tv" 1*..- ' * Ifte 4411140 pet "o 4900

Not 99"11't be 110"Q4 to V9U~t#O~AWO 1-0 *14 QWM Kt*vtQft It 4W"

w.'uWf.. # weewh 1* -040 to doectuS the Iwlistw ci.Stti

Oatlem to Ii% 01" tof #"ViMS* blob dad *( .111 lopee *Ito*, vag

pekat w "stablltt of CollettiW* bfev Orel do well &* ocli

vepstt mnvar. Sm% tefomttf UR ... d shelp detotmfo .w', to wtokuOft e f sot O *1 1MS lb4tUtO 00 9 AMA4£1- I5 0@0004- 10.*.~, t o

mli.o we .ig"lfintli I*Il~ov Ime qd*lie(md awto .ittvagl*

00 thm byt lat) to ptoa m o SOt I* mokptibie to Woeetl.

"Dowt Amolf.. IWAItat*d oot two an'w ~t lvv ae fal limiSt*-

tiem.e mised With tollac, to uttelo a %10~ sciveel 060"titla.

RhAI tse Is ef fete, them, *koala stt"S. odcet Easel cost 3mmtie

ntthert, ao wasa to mporgitant ptodicttet bm oqAteted. It is Wonh

estiug, haweer. Othe the laigmot fectiaul *tt.leatotmojfem som to

ocu boeme" the gel~e 1" a"dd 0ldet (I.. oiu O) Subjects, the

te atu"etti o ved me

Ot 000004 #*im4R.6 6%4*, ,-*u0 ***Wt~s %WA,~e 040DO4W* *0.4Wt

0* dSo siein 10WO to*4* 0-644 -4A *a* *~ 4I5 * *q

**SAO# t40410t ftl* 4inuqa0u S us'. ueu** 00490010 IUVIVC4 ASO,pt*$~. to **"&*#* $*as IN* .i4psiwinu toobe mo 4W4 *vIt of415.

tffsI~t In~# *30u fUpotvW 4U *#4 dW4*n* pomstmf 0te.~

to "0* me) 104 *5*o 1a4* I1 ~EI4 dopt5,6. **ftqtm*KA4

SON, 010WAVO It 6100 m00 .3..tin 1*49lue fta#4 4 40U%1 140010

0 9.#0*0 pe-t.34.IE. fout dogeeud tomd .t.I Ieiolu

Ci.WmiI*1 lne Se"I two ,uiobuiitaub .1 t4W *v*"*I*# I"Itvd

optonvatit vhu~tvmtIft. 11u,.fli3 lowe pon RA11' .*Wfd wh -oms etI~ 00lgd bof lam, vet~o" art ge vite, atv tteted by ept.=

ant.Iet With littlo *peiallaod low vssm ltIei4 ad t14e pvumaltv940toe Wft 0,9, %*"111, 6116 typitaltr mveiv" *evivv dmle"d f 't

tin. finttetI1.l *365. to mit tom 0"t NdIVI~nul. .Wa tteed

On to "Me tookma *1064 bet to subtitte ethee ploedtw W..WOS II *, CO towel I t @2140 ft 0e) *O GIs t Wt ettdp OfOpqu& SOON 81M" $CAIg OW100 10~et tbO 9WMowl 11"ItSd timeuw i4lPWRISawavesses that It a pentllp silhted pee.. I* met flatiu1~lY

bhi~ "*I** *Wom cams bli e ttetind io ambmel so tbat thae Pregae.

how. a moommal* theme of beft tabaLltad ithle the Stobtcd oc iet.

Ie Wagg o lo WIS .1 ClIVIC mNtglg ftm#0Wide I* evideme frI thie tfWA.llern#, the melIts of the maijem dioces" ebw etueyely

vagot Ote Mttu'mtim foessed an visal ehetatttlotie are,while ueesSMw7, lot Wael etnt. fo et oefli MW61hubilot. utbet,

daiphie OW poeheocial thetateet usi of the pemsm ma be

... etu'i~ ##OWN*U~I fell VtmUUh'* #0 00 *it 4064

* ~ ~ ~ ~ MOPMW dI~t lII14Vlft 49#0 OVAW $hS**~ .9SI~41

smd.~a~s i s#im~ hto*,~ ~Ui*4

I

"IIa

;r,• P

DOI

AP0440 -W INO%

guest... ~ 4 I, . , . 1es. "du OP IA. C*IW**,

9w. . 4 eS Ow4 *4 ft*r ft~wwom* 10 to*. V##M fkoi cow*..

-k*I C.. ft" "t . C OAWI 4w 0"ww"Ove. 111040 VOWi Iimikh.p 1 ~ Is1

C, Rof opo! - t(... i Mw.~es, uIVW''~*? .

Pft0# 11IM*. ftthl 91t OV .e '0OW Pfi~v VdW.' IveM4es

-,~t N,, * t w m too" W MN of selir S1tmmai tW7 Nest-ej**waweu #1 D,~ vb 8, n... so eI"sG ol awef 9.t16

L~n~f.~, V91. VU. Iwr~, I U. RkaAMm. and T. K. Bikson. , .

ika itsi 4~~Lp 1 MWitol Conter, Center for the Partially

4 ~ Final Report*~~A $W Uew.#41,, S116~i (Doparteent of Educaion). Santa

~~0*0 I"vp Cho in Porita41 1* $Igtto. Grant 14-P-5916619. June

( wIox. L, . 1tvw $***toil, Vio".Ilt lputred Population as a Market

~~L . *oW 90, *At*. "Dwa Vtwaatlv Impaired a* a Market for Sensory,%me *vW 4.wlu ert T~-I.and Setraoe for Partially Sighted

W.,u 'v* Vol. 67. so. 7. 1973. pp. 289-296.

Pvt t. 9, 13. '1.Pe.l1.I Sa o o re I-r te Ow 1 nd and Visual Iy Htand I-;a*0000." '- *~14 - j~i* V41. It. 1976, pp. 30-3.

La 0,~n P, U. Dtb ienfs1'em. of Mptale.- In 0. Kent, R. U~stenbasm

Lmolo*. Xt. P,. 'tVhe Pladelpla Cottiatic Center Mo'ral# Scat*: A

Lee I. ~m1.t.*of VI~sa A.~Ictrw to lllusiwtation. Contrast. andvrl*I~vW t lo Parti4eIy sIobed, 4rt~'e- ' -.rna4 C'f ~ *.

Wet U. No S.* 51977. pp. S28-536.

144,^O-!W 4P1 4: 4r U. S. Departownt offtolh ialo. mod Welfare. PONN.Administered by EK,

19"- 1 v@,

100-,44 !''t4 4*W*m .. ip'rs ~ ~ - 4 ~~,A,. -% ^4 AF 'l7&4t Xaattonal Center for Realth

stotletice. U. 1. sinpettammt of Ovuith, 2ducation, end Veliar* (KRA)tf1646l. lot. 11. ft. 201, north 117.

SOW-Sise. V. I.. A law Vio~ Its Impect on sit Agency,.Q4'. ofPmr~Pwew" t f~ 4* ivavuee Vol. 71, no. 5. 1977, pp. 197-202.

t~Ih.S.L.. '1hO of Group Strategies with the Vimially Impaired:A SWm.' owftq; 0, Vi~wa? rr~iitomp't lad pliftipwas, Vol. 72,we. 4, 1971, pp. 1)1-1)5.

ATE

LME