The War in Europe and North AfricaThe War in Europe and North Africa

The Main Idea

After entering World War II, the United States focused first on the war in Europe.

Questions you should be able to answer…

• How and why did the Allies fight the Battle of the Atlantic?

• What were the key events of the war in the Soviet Union?

• What did American forces accomplish in North Africa and Italy?

• What were the events and significance of the Allies’ D-Day invasion of France?

How and why did the Allies fight the Battle of the How and why did the Allies fight the Battle of the Atlantic?Atlantic?

Defeating the Axis Powers depended on control of the seas. The Atlantic needed to be kept safe for shipping so that soldiers and goods could be transported from the United States to the other Allied nations.

Germany had a very powerful navy including with new surface ships (including the giant Bismarck) and U-boats.

German used new tactics to increase U-boat effectiveness such as the so-called wolf pack. U-boats sent hundreds of ships and tons of supplies to the bottom of the sea. At the same time, the German navy lost few of their boats.

The entry of the United States into the war would help turn the tide in the Battle of the Atlantic.

Bismarck – Hitler’s Bismarck – Hitler’s pride…pride…

The The AtlanticAtlantic

Allied ships and aircraft

Cracking the Enigma

• American shipyards began producing new ships at an amazing rate.

• The new ships were used to form larger, better-equipped convoys, which cut down on the effectiveness of U-boat attacks.

• Allied aircraft protected convoys from the air.

• The Allies broke the German code system, which was called the Enigma.

• The Allies began to gain vital information about the locations and plans of U-boat formations.

• Finally, the Allies had an advantage over the Germans.

The Allies Fight the Battle of the AtlanticThe Allies Fight the Battle of the Atlantic

World War II in the Soviet Union World War II in the Soviet Union

1. Hitler broke his nonaggression pact with Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. The Soviets then joined the Allies as enemies of the Axis Powers. At first the Soviets seemed unable to stop the German blitzkrieg;

however, the bitterly cold Russian winter proved a great ally. Still, the Germans held a vast portion of the western Soviet Union

and besieged the city of Leningrad.

2. The Germans attacked Stalingrad in August 1942. The Soviets refused to let Stalingrad fall, and Hitler suffered a

stunning defeat in early 1943.

3. Stalingrad marked the beginning of Germany’s collapse in the Soviet Union. Soviet forces pushed Germany out of Russia, but lost 12 million

soldiers and millions of civilians.

American Forces in North Africa and ItalyAmerican Forces in North Africa and Italy

Why was North Africa important?By controlling North Africa, the British could protect shipping on the Mediterranean Sea. They needed the ability to ship oil from the Middle East through the Suez Canal.

What was the result of fighting in North Africa?Italy could not drive the British from Egypt. Hitler sent troops under the direction of Erwin Rommel – nicknamed the Desert Fox. After a back-and-forth battle for North Africa, the Allied forces handed the Germans a major defeat at the battle of El Alamein.

What happened in Italy?British and American forces invaded Italy in 1943. The Italian people forced Mussolini from power, but Hitler rushed into Italy to stop the Allies.

North AfricaNorth Africa

D-Day: The Invasion of FranceD-Day: The Invasion of France

To end the war as quickly as possible, the Allies planned Operation Overlord—a large invasion of mainland France.

The Allies landed at Normandy on June 6, 1944—called D-Day—and began to march on France.

The Battle of the Bulge became a symbol of American strength and determination.

Operation Overlord

• Planned invasion of France from the beaches of Normandy

• General Omar Bradley led the American troops.

• Good planning and speed were vital.

• Americans were concerned about the V1 flying bomb and the V2 rocket.

D-Day

• June 6, 1944

• Allied force of 3.5 million soldiers

• Germans were slow to respond

• Estimated 10,000 Allied casualties, including 6,600 Americans

• The Allies landed almost 1 million soldiers and 180,000 vehicles.

D-Day: The Invasion of FranceD-Day: The Invasion of France

Battle of the Bulge

• Surprise offensive by Germans

• Key moment came at the Belgium city of Bastogne.

• Lieutenant General George S. Patton provided relief for the soldiers at Bastogne.

• Symbol of American strength and determination

The HolocaustThe Holocaust

The Main Idea

During the Holocaust, Germany’s Nazi government systematically murdered some 6 million Jews and 5 million

others in Europe.

Reading Focus

• What was the history of the Nazi anti-Semitism?

• What was the Nazi government’s Final Solution?

• How did the United States respond to the Holocaust?

The History of Nazi Anti-SemitismThe History of Nazi Anti-Semitism

• Told Germans that they came from a superior race – the Aryans

• Used the Jews as a scapegoat – someone to blame for Germany’s woes after World War I

Anti-Semitism

• Hostility toward or prejudice against Jews

Hitler’s Views

• Jews lived in Germany for 1,600 years.

• Hostility toward Jews existed since the Middle Ages.

• Anti-Jewish Nazi laws mirrored medieval efforts to humiliate Jews.

• Anti-Semitism changed from prejudice based on religion to hatred based on ancestry.

Historyof Jews

in Germany

Hitler in Power

• Began campaign against Jews soon after becoming chancellor

• Established a series of anti-Semitic laws intended to drive Jews from Germany

• Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship and took away most civil and economic rights.

• Laws defined who was a Jew.

Attacks on Jews

• Many Germans supported Hitler’s anti-Semitic ideas.

• Discrimination and violent attacks against Jews continued.

• Anti-Jewish riots broke out in an attack called Kristallnacht.

• Jews were sent to concentration camps, killed, and fined for the attack.

Nazi Anti-SemitismNazi Anti-Semitism

Fleeing Germany • Over 100,000

managed to leave Germany after Kristallnacht.

• Others found it difficult to leave the country as Nazi laws had left many without money or property.

• Many countries were unwilling to take in poor immigrants.

• The United States limited the number of Germans immigrants.

The Nazi Government’s Final SolutionThe Nazi Government’s Final Solution

World War II brought many of Europe’s 9 million Jews under the control of World War II brought many of Europe’s 9 million Jews under the control of the Nazi SS.the Nazi SS.

Concentration camps were built in Germany and in other countries that Concentration camps were built in Germany and in other countries that the Germans occupied.the Germans occupied. The camps were prisons for Jews and others considered enemies of Hitler’s The camps were prisons for Jews and others considered enemies of Hitler’s

regime.regime. Conditions in the camps were horrific.Conditions in the camps were horrific.

The Nazis also establishedThe Nazis also established ghettos ghettos to control and punish Jews. to control and punish Jews. Ghettos are neighborhoods in a city to which a group of people are confined.Ghettos are neighborhoods in a city to which a group of people are confined. Life in the Jewish ghettos was desperate.Life in the Jewish ghettos was desperate. The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland.The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland.

In 1941 Hitler called for the total destruction of all of Europe’s Jews.In 1941 Hitler called for the total destruction of all of Europe’s Jews. At first mobile killing units—At first mobile killing units—EinsatzgruppenEinsatzgruppen—massacred Jews.—massacred Jews. Then, Nazi officials adopted a plan known as the Final Solution.Then, Nazi officials adopted a plan known as the Final Solution.

Camps

• Prisons for Jews, prisoners-of-war, and enemies of the Nazi regime

• Inmates received little food and were forced to labor.

• The combination of overwork and starvation was intended to kill.

• Punishment for minor offenses was swift, sure, and deadly.

Ghettos

• Walls or fences kept the Jews inside and those trying to leave were shot.

• Food was scarce; starvation was rampant.

• Diseases spread rapidly.

• The worst ghetto was in Warsaw, Poland.

• Some Jews in the Warsaw ghetto—the Jewish Fighting Organization—fought back.

Concentration Camps, Ghettos, Concentration Camps, Ghettos, and the Final Solutionand the Final Solution

The Final Solution • Genocide – the killing

of an entire people

• Involved building 6 new extermination camps for Jews

• Inmates were exposed to poison gas in specially built chambers.

• 3 million Jews died in extermination camps.

• 3 million Jews and 5 million others were killed by the Nazi using other means.

The American response to the HolocaustThe American response to the Holocaust

Despite knowing about Hitler’s policies toward the Jews Despite knowing about Hitler’s policies toward the Jews and events such as and events such as Kristallnacht,Kristallnacht, American immigration American immigration limited the number of Jews who could move to the United limited the number of Jews who could move to the United States.States.

In 1942, Americans officials began to hear about what was In 1942, Americans officials began to hear about what was happening to the Jews in Europe and specifically about happening to the Jews in Europe and specifically about Hitler’s Final Solution.Hitler’s Final Solution. The Americans were doubtful at first and thought the reports The Americans were doubtful at first and thought the reports

might just be war rumors.might just be war rumors.

Finally in 1944, Roosevelt created the Finally in 1944, Roosevelt created the War Refugee War Refugee BoardBoard.. Through this board, the United States was able to help Through this board, the United States was able to help

200,000 Jews.200,000 Jews.

The American ResponseThe American Response

Liberating the Nazi CampsLiberating the Nazi Camps

In 1944, Soviet troops began to In 1944, Soviet troops began to discover some of the Nazi discover some of the Nazi death camps. By 1945 they death camps. By 1945 they reached the huge reached the huge extermination camp at extermination camp at Auschwitz.Auschwitz.

Their reports gave proof of Their reports gave proof of Hitler’s terrible plan.Hitler’s terrible plan.

Also in 1945, American soldiers Also in 1945, American soldiers came upon concentration came upon concentration camps.camps.

Many camp inmates died after Many camp inmates died after being rescued, but some were being rescued, but some were still strong enough to survive.still strong enough to survive.

The Nuremberg trialsThe Nuremberg trials

Many Nazis faced trial for their Many Nazis faced trial for their roles in the roles in the HolocaustHolocaust..

The court was located at The court was located at Nuremberg, Germany.Nuremberg, Germany.

The court was called the The court was called the International Military Tribunal.International Military Tribunal.

Twenty two Nazis were tried Twenty two Nazis were tried for war crimes, including for war crimes, including Hermann GöeringHermann Göering..

Since Nuremberg, several Since Nuremberg, several Nazis have been captured and Nazis have been captured and tried in different courts, tried in different courts, including Israel.including Israel.

The War in the PacificThe War in the Pacific

The Main Idea

After early defeats in the Pacific, the United States gained the upper hand and began to fight its way island by island to Japan.

Reading Focus

• Why did the Allies experience a slow start in the Pacific?

• How did the Allies bring about a shift in their fortunes in the Pacific?

• What were the major events that marked Allied progress in the late stages of the Pacific war?

A Slow Start in the Pacific A Slow Start in the Pacific

The attack on Pearl Harbor did significant damage to the U.S. Pacific Fleet The attack on Pearl Harbor did significant damage to the U.S. Pacific Fleet and it took months to overcome the attack.and it took months to overcome the attack.

The Allies decided to focus their energy and resources on defeating the The Allies decided to focus their energy and resources on defeating the Axis in Europe.Axis in Europe.

The Japanese won a quick string of impressive victories following Pearl The Japanese won a quick string of impressive victories following Pearl Harbor. Harbor. Drove American forces from Wake Island and GuamDrove American forces from Wake Island and Guam Captured the British stronghold at Hong KongCaptured the British stronghold at Hong Kong Took control of the Dutch East Indies (known as Indonesia today) and Took control of the Dutch East Indies (known as Indonesia today) and

British BorneoBritish Borneo Damaged the Allied navies in the Battle of Java SeaDamaged the Allied navies in the Battle of Java Sea Conquered British-controlled BurmaConquered British-controlled Burma

The Japanese soldiers were highly skilled and well trained.The Japanese soldiers were highly skilled and well trained. The Japanese military had excellent equipment.The Japanese military had excellent equipment.

The PhilippinesThe Philippines

Japan invaded the American-controlled islands of the Philippines in December 1941.

General Douglas MacArthur led the defense of the islands.

MacArthur’s troops were no match for the Japanese and he retreated to the Bataan Peninsula. Although he called for reinforcements, war planners decided sending ships was too risky.

In April 1942, the 10,000 American and 60,000 Filipino troops on Bataan surrendered.

Thousands of these captured soldiers died when the Japanese forced them to march through the steaming forests of Bataan. This became known as the Bataan Death March.

James Doolittle

Fortunes Shift in the Pacific

• Army Lieutenant Colonel

• Led a group of 16 American bombers on a daring air raid of Tokyo and several other Japanese cities

• Doolittle’s raid did not do major damage to the Japanese targets, but it did give the American people something to celebrate and worried Japan’s leaders.

• Victory in the Battle of Coral Sea

• Victory in the Battle of Midway

Allied Advances in the PacificAllied Advances in the Pacific

Fortunes Shift in the PacificFortunes Shift in the Pacific

Battle of Coral SeaBattle of Coral SeaJapan prepared to invade Japan prepared to invade

New Guinea.New Guinea.U.S. Admiral U.S. Admiral Chester Chester

NimitzNimitz sent two aircraft sent two aircraft carriers to stop the attack.carriers to stop the attack.

The Americans lost an The Americans lost an aircraft carrier in the aircraft carrier in the battle but stopped the battle but stopped the Japanese attack.Japanese attack.

First time the Japanese First time the Japanese advance had been haltedadvance had been halted

Battle of MidwayBattle of MidwayJapan tried to lure the Japan tried to lure the

Americans into a large sea Americans into a large sea battle around Midway battle around Midway Island.Island.

Naval officers had broken Naval officers had broken a Japanese code and a Japanese code and learned of the plan.learned of the plan.

Nimitz devised a plan to Nimitz devised a plan to thwart the attack and thwart the attack and placed his 3 aircraft placed his 3 aircraft carriers carefully.carriers carefully.

The Americans destroyed The Americans destroyed 3 of the 4 Japanese 3 of the 4 Japanese carriers and won a major carriers and won a major victory.victory.

Allied Progress in the PacificAllied Progress in the Pacific

1.1. Gained control of territory in the Solomon Islands to protect Gained control of territory in the Solomon Islands to protect AustraliaAustralia

2.2. Used powerful combination of land, sea, and air forces to capture Used powerful combination of land, sea, and air forces to capture key islandskey islands

3.3. Captured locations in the Gilbert, Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana Captured locations in the Gilbert, Marshall, Caroline, and Mariana islandsislands

4.4. Took advantage of American industrial power by replacing ships Took advantage of American industrial power by replacing ships and aircrafts, which Japan was unable to doand aircrafts, which Japan was unable to do

5.5. European successes allowed more resources to be made European successes allowed more resources to be made available in the Pacific.available in the Pacific.

6.6. Recaptured the PhilippinesRecaptured the Philippines

7.7. Captured strategic Japanese islands of Iwo Jima and OkinawaCaptured strategic Japanese islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Guadalcanal

• Allies wanted to gain control of the Solomon Islands to protect Australia.

• Key goal was the capture of an island called Guadalcanal

• American forces fought for 6 months and finally defeated the Japanese.

Navajo Code Talkers

• Hundreds of Native Americans of the Navajo nation served in the Marines as code talkers.

• They translated messages into a coded version of the Navajo language.

• Japanese code-breakers never figured it out.

The Allies Make ProgressThe Allies Make Progress

The Philippines

• First major battle was the Battle of Leyte Gulf.

• The Allies destroyed most of Japan’s fleet.

• Japanese began using the kamikaze attack.

• After months of fighting, the Allies gained control of the Philippines.

Iwo Jima and OkinawaIwo Jima and Okinawa

Iwo JimaIwo JimaIn February 1945 In February 1945

American forces set out to American forces set out to capture Iwo Jima.capture Iwo Jima.

The island would provide The island would provide a good base to launch a good base to launch raids against major raids against major Japanese cities.Japanese cities.

For the first time, For the first time, Japanese soldiers were Japanese soldiers were fighting for and on fighting for and on Japanese land.Japanese land.

The Japanese fought The Japanese fought ferociously and refused to ferociously and refused to surrender.surrender.

The Allies eventually won.The Allies eventually won.

OkinawaOkinawaAllied troops invaded on Allied troops invaded on

April 1, 1945.April 1, 1945.The island was to be the The island was to be the

launching pad for the final launching pad for the final invasion of Japan.invasion of Japan.

It was a bloody battle; It was a bloody battle; more than 12,000 more than 12,000 American died at the American died at the Battle of Okinawa.Battle of Okinawa.

Like Iwo Jima, the Japanese Like Iwo Jima, the Japanese refused to surrender and refused to surrender and lost a staggering 110,000 lost a staggering 110,000 troops.troops.

Allies gained control of the Allies gained control of the island in June 1945.island in June 1945.

The Home FrontThe Home Front

The Main IdeaWhile millions of military men and women were serving in World

War II, Americans on the home front were making contributions of their own.

Reading Focus

• What sacrifices and struggles did Americans at home experience?

• How did the U.S. government seek to win American support for the war?

• What was Japanese internment?

• How did World War II help expand the role of the government in the lives of the American people?

Sacrifice and Struggle for Americans at HomeSacrifice and Struggle for Americans at Home

• Americans bought millions of dollars worth of war bonds.

• Over half of the population did their civic duty and bought war bonds.

ConservingFood

and otherGoods

• Americans planted victory gardens.

• The United States began rationing food items such as coffee, butter, sugar, and meat.

• Metal, glass, rubber, and gasoline were scarce goods.

• Americans held scrap drives to collect waste materials that might be used in the war effort.

Investing in

Victory

• Families dealt with the absence of loved ones by displaying a flag with a blue star.

• Americans read news accounts of the war with great interest (Ernie Pyle – newspaper journalist).

Paying thePersonal

Price

American Support for the WarAmerican Support for the War

Roosevelt called on the nation to protect the “four freedoms” – freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

The Office of War Information spread propaganda, or information and ideas designed to promote a cause. Examples included posters encouraging people to join the armed forces or to save gasoline. The OWI also warned the public about the dangers they faced.

Hollywood made a series of patriotic films that featured soldiers and workers on the home front.

Sometimes the drive to influence public attitudes led to conflict. For example, the Barnette ruling argued that Americans could not be forced to salute the flag.

Japanese American InternmentJapanese American Internment

Executive Order 9066Executive Order 9066After Pearl Harbor, military After Pearl Harbor, military

officials began to investigate the officials began to investigate the Japanese American community Japanese American community for signs of spying or other illegal for signs of spying or other illegal activity.activity.

It was recommended that all It was recommended that all people of Japanese background people of Japanese background be removed from the West Coast.be removed from the West Coast.

Order 9066 established military Order 9066 established military zones and could force people to zones and could force people to leave these zones.leave these zones.

Japanese Americans in California, Japanese Americans in California, Washington, Oregon, and Arizona Washington, Oregon, and Arizona were forced into were forced into internmentinternment camps.camps.

Many lost their homes and Many lost their homes and businesses.businesses.

Japanese American LoyaltyJapanese American LoyaltyWhile interned, Japanese While interned, Japanese

Americans were forced to answer Americans were forced to answer questions about their loyalty to questions about their loyalty to the United States.the United States.

German and Italian Americans German and Italian Americans also faced restrictions.also faced restrictions.

Many young people from the Many young people from the camps joined the armed forces to camps joined the armed forces to prove their loyalty.prove their loyalty.

Not all Japanese Americans Not all Japanese Americans accepted their internment accepted their internment peacefully.peacefully.

Some mounted legal challenges Some mounted legal challenges such as such as Korematsu Korematsu v.v. United United States.States.

Korematsu Korematsu v.v. United States United States (1944) (1944)

The Supreme Court tried to find the right balance between The Supreme Court tried to find the right balance between the rights of Japanese Americans and wartime needs.the rights of Japanese Americans and wartime needs.

Fred Korematsu refused the executive order that relocated Fred Korematsu refused the executive order that relocated 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps. 110,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps. Korematsu was born in Oakland, California, and was an Korematsu was born in Oakland, California, and was an

American citizen.American citizen.He was arrested and then appealed his case to the Supreme He was arrested and then appealed his case to the Supreme

Court.Court.

The Supreme Court ruled against Korematsu stating that The Supreme Court ruled against Korematsu stating that the relocation order was justified as a temporary wartime the relocation order was justified as a temporary wartime measure.measure.He continued to work for civil rights and had his conviction He continued to work for civil rights and had his conviction

overturned in 1983.overturned in 1983.

New Roles for Federal Government New Roles for Federal Government

The Office of Price Administration placed limits on the The Office of Price Administration placed limits on the prices businesses could charge for products and materials.prices businesses could charge for products and materials.

The War Production Board made sure the military got the The War Production Board made sure the military got the products and resources it needed. products and resources it needed. The WPB placed limits on clothing manufacturers.The WPB placed limits on clothing manufacturers. The WPB placed restrictions on clothing. For examples, The WPB placed restrictions on clothing. For examples,

jackets were only allowed to be a certain length.jackets were only allowed to be a certain length.

Government spending during the war rose sharply. Most Government spending during the war rose sharply. Most of the money went to the armed forces. of the money went to the armed forces.

The government increased income tax rates to help pay The government increased income tax rates to help pay for the war. Millions paid income taxes for the very first for the war. Millions paid income taxes for the very first time.time.

World War II EndsWorld War II Ends

The Main Idea

While the Allies completed the defeat of the Axis Powers on the battlefield, Allied leaders were making plans for the postwar

world.

Reading Focus

• How did the Allies defeat Germany and win the war in Europe?

• How did the Allies defeat Japan and win the war in the Pacific?

• What challenges faced the United States after victory?

Winning the War in Europe Winning the War in Europe

After the Battle of the Bulge, Germany had few soldiers left to After the Battle of the Bulge, Germany had few soldiers left to defend the homeland. defend the homeland.

Germany faced 4 million Allied troops on its western border and Germany faced 4 million Allied troops on its western border and millions more Soviet troops to the east. millions more Soviet troops to the east.

The Big Three – Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin – The Big Three – Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin – met in Yalta to make plans for the end of the war and the peace met in Yalta to make plans for the end of the war and the peace that was to follow.that was to follow.

Allied forces made their way across the Rhine River, which was a Allied forces made their way across the Rhine River, which was a key barrier to the center of Germany. key barrier to the center of Germany.

Roosevelt decided to leave Berlin to the Soviets.Roosevelt decided to leave Berlin to the Soviets. In April of 1945 Hitler realized that the war was lost and In April of 1945 Hitler realized that the war was lost and

committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference

Allied leaders Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin—the so-called Big Three—met in the resort town of Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss the end of the war and the peace that was to follow.

A key goal was to determine what to do with Germany. The leaders agreed to divide the country into four sectors. The Americans, Soviets, British, and French would each occupy one of these sectors. Berlin was also divided into four sectors.

Another agreement had to do with the fate of Poland and other Eastern European countries now occupied by the Soviets. Stalin agreed to hold elections in these countries after the war.

Stalin also said that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan three months after Germany was defeated.

Winning the War in EuropeWinning the War in Europe

Crossing the RhineCrossing the Rhine

Hitler ordered his troops Hitler ordered his troops to make a stand at the to make a stand at the Rhine River.Rhine River.

Despite the fact that the Despite the fact that the Germans blew up many Germans blew up many of the bridges across the of the bridges across the Rhine to slow the Allies, Rhine to slow the Allies, they managed to cross they managed to cross at Remagen.at Remagen.

The decision to defend The decision to defend the river turned out to be the river turned out to be one of Hitler’s military one of Hitler’s military mistakes.mistakes.

The Berlin QuestionThe Berlin Question

Some Allied leaders Some Allied leaders wanted to capture Berlin wanted to capture Berlin before the Soviets did.before the Soviets did.

Eisenhower decided not Eisenhower decided not to try to get to Berlin to try to get to Berlin before the Soviets.before the Soviets. He believed the battle He believed the battle

for Berlin would be for Berlin would be bloody.bloody.

Allied leaders had Allied leaders had already agreed on how already agreed on how to divide Berlin.to divide Berlin.

Hitler’s DeathHitler’s Death

On April 30, 1945, Hitler realized that all hope for a German victory was lost. He committed suicide in his Berlin bunker.

Berlin surrendered on May 2, 1945. Karl Dönitz, who had taken over as Germany’s leader, agreed to a surrender on May 7, which would take place the following day.

In the United States, May 8 was proclaimed V-E Day—Victory in Europe Day.

Winning the War in the Pacific Winning the War in the Pacific

The cost of capturing Okinawa were high.The cost of capturing Okinawa were high. High rates of battle-related psychological casualtiesHigh rates of battle-related psychological casualties Thousands suffered from battle fatigue and other disorders.Thousands suffered from battle fatigue and other disorders. Many dreaded the possibility of invading the major islands of Japan.Many dreaded the possibility of invading the major islands of Japan.

General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz developed plans for a massive General MacArthur and Admiral Nimitz developed plans for a massive invasion of Japan. invasion of Japan.

A new bombing tactic was used on Japanese cities, one designed to A new bombing tactic was used on Japanese cities, one designed to produce tremendous firestorms in the bombed area.produce tremendous firestorms in the bombed area.

Some Japanese leaders began to see the need for peace and began to Some Japanese leaders began to see the need for peace and began to contact the Soviet Union. contact the Soviet Union.

President President Harry S TrumanHarry S Truman decided to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. decided to drop an atomic bomb on Japan. Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.

The Atomic BombThe Atomic Bomb

Harry S Truman became president when Roosevelt died. He had to decide whether the United States should use the Manhattan Project’s atomic bomb.

After consulting with his advisors, Truman decided to drop the bomb on a Japanese city. There would be no warning.

On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped its atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima.

Despite the horror caused by the bomb, the Japanese did not surrender.

On August 9, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki. Even this did not bring an end to the war.

Finally, on August 15 – known from then on as V-J Day—the Japanese emperor Hirohito announced the end of the war.

United Nations

• Representatives from 50 countries met to form a new organization, the United Nations.

• The UN was meant to encourage cooperation among nations and to prevent wars.

Potsdam Conference

• Allied leaders met in the German city of Potsdam to discuss the spread of communism and Soviet influence in the postwar world.

• Truman hoped to get Stalin to live up to his promises from Yalta.

• Stalin did not do this.

Challenges after the WarChallenges after the War

Rebuilding

• MacArthur led efforts to help Japan rebuild its government and economy.

• Seven Japanese leaders were tried for war crimes.

• Rebuilding Europe caused tensions between the U.S and the Soviet Union.