uses of local plant biodiversity among the tribal ...€¦ · lanatum, arisaema flavum, primula...

Research ArticleUses of Local Plant Biodiversity among theTribal Communities of Pangi Valley of District Chamba inCold Desert Himalaya India

Pawan Kumar Rana12 Puneet Kumar1 Vijay Kumar Singhal1 and Jai Chand Rana2

1 Department of Botany Punjabi University Patiala Punjab 147002 India2National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Regional Station Phagli Shimla 171003 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Pawan Kumar Rana pawanbotanygmailcom

Received 14 August 2013 Accepted 23 December 2013 Published 17 February 2014

Academic Editors K Mikami and Y Shoyama

Copyright copy 2014 Pawan Kumar Rana et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

Pangi Valley is the interior most tribal area in Himachal Pradesh of Northwest Himalaya An ethnobotanical investigation isattempted to highlight the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants being used by the tribes of Pangi Valley Various localitiesvisited in the valley 2-3 times in a year and ethnobotanical information was collected through interviews with elderly peoplewomen shepherds and local vaids duringMay 2009 to September 2013This paper documented 67 plant species from 59 genera and36 families along with their botanical name local name family name habit medicinal parts used and traditional usage includingthe use of 35 plants with new ethnomedicinal and other use from the study area for the first timeWild plants represent an importantpart of their medicinal dietary handicraft fuel wood veterinary and fodder components These tribal inhabitants and migrantsdepend on the wild plant resources for food medicines fuel fibre timber and household articles for their livelihood security Thepresent study documents and contributes significant ethnobotanical information from the remote high altitude and difficult regionof the world which remains cut off from rest of the world for 6-7 months due to heavy snowfall

1 Introduction

The cold arid region of India also called ldquoTrans Himalayanregionrdquo lies in the western edge of theHimalayas It comprisesLadakh in JampK Lahaul and Spiti Kinnaur Pangi Valley ofdistrict Chamba in Himachal Pradesh and Niti and NelongValley of Uttarakhand The vegetation here is subjected toextreme climatic conditions such as temperature variation(low temperature) scanty rainfall speedy winds exposure toultraviolet radiations reduced oxygen levels low humidityand many small glaciers Pangi Valley a subdivision ofChamba district is the remote high-altitudinal area and oneof the most beautiful valley in the Northwest HimalayaThe river Chandrabhaga flows through deep narrow gorgesin the Pangi Valley It originates from Baralacha glacier inLahaul-Spiti and enters in Pangi Valley near Karhu NalaIt becomes the Chenab when it joins the Marau River atBhandera Kot 12 km from Kishtwar town in Jammu and

Kashmir The Valley has recently been connected by roadvia Sach Pass at a height of 4350m the highest roadin Himachal Pradesh It is also the shortest route fromChamba to Killar (170 km) and is open for vehicular trafficbetween mid June and September but it remained closeddue to heavy snowfall at other times of the year One canapproach the Valley via Chamba-Manali-Killar (680 km) andChamba-Jammu-Doda-Gulabgarh-Killar (570 km) but theseare very long routes compared to the Chamba-Sach Pass-Killar route The old trade routes still exist which connectPangi Valley to Ladakh of Zanskar range in the adjoiningstate of Jammu and Kashmir Practically all the people livein small and fairly isolated villages The languages spokenby the people are Pangwali and Bhoti Both Hinduism andBudhism are practised in the valley The tribal people ofPangi are called the ldquoPangwalrdquo The high altitudinal villagesof Pangi Valley are called Bhatories and their residents arereferred to as ldquobhotsrdquo These people are mostly Buddhists

Hindawi Publishing Corporatione Scientific World JournalVolume 2014 Article ID 753289 15 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552014753289

2 The Scientific World Journal

and have Tibet-Mongolian features Adjoining hills of PangiValley towards the southern side are visited frequently bymigratory pastoralist tribal Gaddis and nomadic Gujjarswith their herds These migrants go to higher altitudes insummer along with their herds in search of grazing groundand meadows They also collect different parts of variousmedicinal and aromatic plants for their earnings Local songsdance (Nati by gents andGhurei by ladies) and locally brewedliquor ldquopaatarrdquo play a significant role on the life style of thepeople of Pangi Valley One of the major festivals celebratedin the mid of February is ldquoJukarurdquo praying to local god ordeities with words of celebration and thanks for helping thepeople to survive the harsh winter One is compelled to thinkof how and why people thought of settling down in thismost inaccessible part of the state The vegetation of Pangican be broadly categorized into three types- HimalayanTemperate ForestsmdashAt low altitude between 1900ndash2800mthe vegetation is typically of Himalayan temperate typePinus gerardiana Cedrus deodara Pinus wallichiana Piceasmithiana Abies spectabilis Taxus baccata ssp wallichi-ana Juniperus macropoda Populus ciliata Salix viminalisCrataegus songarica and Acer pentapomicum forming thetop canopy The second storey is constituted by FraxinusxanthoxyloidesRhus succedana Parrotiopsis jacquemontianaand Olea ferruginea Shrubby and scrub elements includespecies of Berberis lycium Ribes orientale R nigrum Rosawebbiana Viburnum cotonifolium Lonicera quinquelocu-laris Hippophae rhamnoides Myricaria squamosa Daphneoleoides Rubus saxatilis and Sorbus foliosa Rabdosia rugosaEphedra gerardiana Artemisia brevifolia A maritima andAparviflora form dense scrubs covering vast tracts of slopes inthe region At altitude between 2800ndash3800m the vegetationis subalpine type represented by Allium humile Buniumpersicum Carum carvi Geranium wallichianum Angelicaglauca Bupleurum falcatum Elsholtzia ciliata Heracleumlanatum Arisaema flavum Primula denticulata P macro-phylla Saussurea costus S auriculata Tanacetum gracile Ttomentosum T tenuifolium Impatiens glandulifera Arnebiabenthamii Eritrichium canum Ranunculus laetus R hirtellusRhododendron campanulatum Ribes orientale R alpestrePolygonatum multiflorum P verticillatum Plantago depressaLepidium latifolium Polygonum sibiricum Potentilla atrosan-guinea Anemone obtusifolia Aconitum ferox A falconeriDactylorhiza hatagirea Picrorhiza kurroa Pedicularis pecti-nata Elymus dahuricus Aesculus indica Corylus jacquemon-tii and Juglans regia Alpine zone ranging from 3800monwards the vegetation is mainly dominated by speciesof Betula utilis Rhododendron campanulatum Myricariasquamosa Capparis himalayensis Cassiope fastigiata Cortiadepressa Selinium tenuifolium Heracleum wallichii Inularoyleana Saussurea graminifolia S obvallata S gossypiphoraArnebia euchroma Corydalis meifolia Iris kumaonensis Frit-illaria roylei Polygonum affine Rhododendron anthopogonRheum spiciforme R moorcroftianum Rhodiola imbricataRheum australe Picrorhiza kurroa Aconitum heterophyl-lum A rotundifolium A violaceum A spicatum Elymusnutans E dahuricus Delphinium cashmerianum D vestitumand Nardostachys grandiflora Other herbaceous vegetationconsists of Saussurea jacea Triglochin maritima Aquilegia

fragrans Potentilla sppOnosma hispidum Spinosa stracheyiGeranium wallichianum Jurinea macrocephela Picrorhizakurroa Dracocephalum heterophyllum Impatiens brachycen-tra and Primula macrophylla Covering an area of 103 sq kmSaichu Tuan Nala Wild Life Sanctuary has been establishedin the valley for the protection and conservation of wildlifeThewild animals found in the valley are ibex himalayan tahrbrown bear black bear musk deer snow leopard and bharalThe birds include themonal and koklas pheasants himalayanwestern tragopan snow peacock snow pigeon and chukorThis area was difficult to explore due to its remotenessdifficult geographic condition and poor connectivity viaroads due to heavy snow fall during winter season whichkeeps the area cut off from rest of the world for nearly sixto seven months These tribal inhabitants and migrants aredependent on the wild plant resources for medicines foodfuel fibre timber and household articles to a great extentfor their livelihood security The area due to its remotenessand difficult geographic conditions has not been included inthe earlier floristic surveys of Chamba district by Singh andSharma [1] So far very few workers have visited the area fortaxonomical studies [2] and for some cytological studies ofdicot plants [3ndash9] No information on traditional use of plantresources of Pangi Valley and its adjoining areas is availableso far Keeping in view the nonavailability of ethnobotanicalinformation strong belief of local people in traditionaltherapy and scope for inventorization of new medicinal andcommon use the present study was designed to providecomprehensive information on traditional phytotherapy andethnobotanical information in cold desert region of PangiValley in Northwest Himalaya

2 Materials and Methods

Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out from May 2009to September 2012 when the area is snow-free Differ-ent localities visited in the Pangi valley 2-3 times a yearto document the utilization of medicinal plants (Figure 1)including Tarela (1850m) Bairagarh (1900m) Salooni(1950m) Dind (2100m) Bhandal (2200m) Devi Kothi(2400m) Shour (2400m) Hillour (2450m) Mindhal(2500m) Muhani (2600m) Sahali (2600m) Saichu-Nala (2650m) Killar (2650m) Chask (3150m) Twan(3300m) Satrundi (3300m) Kala Ban (3350m) HillourDhar (3350m) Udeen (3400m) Sural-Bhatori (3400m)Kumar-Bhatori (3400m) Chask-Bhatori (3600m) Bagotu(4100m) Singh-Marh Dhar (4300m) and Sach Pass(4350m) and Shakoli (3200m) Shitikar (3650m) andUrgos (3800m) in Miyar Valley First-hand information ontraditional knowledge related to plant resource utilization bythe inhabitants of the valley is gathered through interviewswith elderly people women shepherds and local vaidsInformation about the local names of the plants partsused ailments treated mode of administration and curativeproperties was recorded The plants were identified by Floraof Lahaul-Spiti [10] and Flora of ChambaDistrict [1] Besidesthe plants were also compared to the samples preservedin the Herbarium (PUN) (PUN is the Herbarium Code of

The Scientific World Journal 3

N

Figure 1 Location map of Pangi Valley in District Chamba (HP) Northwest Himalaya showing visited localities

Roots 1304

Fruits 1304

Stems 1739

Leaves 3913

Flowers782

Wood 454 Seeds 347Bark 157

Figure 2 Percentage of plant parts used for medicinal and otherimportant uses

Department of Botany Punjabi University Patiala as perldquoIndex Herbariorumrdquo by Holmgren and Holmgren (1998)maintained by the Department of Botany Punjabi UniversityPatiala and also the Herbaria of Botanical Survey of Indiaand Forest Research Institute Dehra Dun UttarakhandVoucher specimens of the ethnobotanically studied specieswere deposited in the Herbarium Department of BotanyPunjabi University Patiala (PUN) Plants are enumeratedin alphabetical order followed by accession number habitfamily local names parts used and mode of preparation

3 Results

This paper documented for the first time traditional uses of 67plant species from 59 genera and 36 families along with theirbotanical name local name family habit plant part usedand local usage of application from the remote interior andtribal area of Pangi Valley and its adjoining areas of districtChamba from cold desert region of Northwest Himalaya Allthe plants are studied ethnobotanically for the first time fromthe tribal area Plants belong to 36 families of which theAsteraceae are represented by seven species PapilionaceaeRanunculaceae Rosaceae and Polygonaceae are represented

by five species each Caprifoliaceae and Lamiaceae arerepresented by three species and Apiaceae BerberidaceaeCaryophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Morinaceae and Scro-phulariaceae by two species each Araliaceae BalsaminaceaeBoraginaceae Buxaceae Cuscutaceae Datiscaceae Elaeag-naceae Gentianaceae Loranthaceae Malvaceae MoraceaeOleaceae Phytolaccaceae Rubiaceae Salicaceae Saxifra-gaceae Smilacaceae Solanaceae Ulmaceae Urticaceae Vale-rianaceae and Violaceae are represented by one species Itis very important to underline that great majority of theplants grow wild Only two wild plants Inula racemosa andSaussurea costus are domesticated and cultivated for medic-inal or commercial purposes However people also tryingto grow some medicinal plants such as Aconitum hetero-phyllum PodophyllumhexandrumAngelica glauca Valerianajatamansi and Picrorhiza kurroa as kitchen garden plantsat high altitudinal villages of Sural-Bhatroi Hudan-Bhatorriand Devi Kothi for their use and marketing purpose at locallevel Different parts of the plants in powdered formplantextractsdecoctionsconcoction or paste are administered invarious human ailments and other uses in their daily life Inmost of the cases leaves are used followed by stems fruitsroots and flowers Wood seeds and bark are the least usedplant parts (Figure 2) The information on scientific namelocal name of the plant plant part used and mode of prepa-ration has been provided in alphabetical order in Table 1The plant uses can be divided into four main categoriesmedicinal use (36 species) human food and food aromatizer(22 species) agricultural and veterinary use including plantsas fodder (17 species) and domestic and handicrafts uses (16species) (Figure 3)The plants are usedmedicinally for curingfever cough arthritis joint pain abdominal parasites jaun-dice snake bite and a number of other diseases Aerial parts(8209) are the most frequently used than the undergroundparts (1791) Despite the ban from the government rootsof Aconitum violaceum Angelica glauca Berberis lyciumInula racemosa Picrorhiza kurroa Podophyllum hexandrumSaussurea costus Fritillaria cirrhosa and Valeriana jatamansiare exploited heavily and sold to the middlemen or localcontractors to fulfill the other household needs Formulationsof these plants are prescribed in paste form powder formjuice form decoction form bandages and smoke form Paste


Table1Ethn

omedicinalandEthn

obotanicaluses

ofplantspecies

inPang

iValleyandits

adjoiningareaso

fdistric

tChamba

ofHim

achalP

radesh

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological

usesbiologicalactivitieschemicalconstituents

Angelicagla

ucaEd

gew

(Herb)58760

Apiaceae

Chura

Roots

Drie

drootsinpo

wderedform

areu

sedforjoint

painsa

ndin

feverUsedto

cure

coug

hgastrointestinalcomplaintssto

machachea

ndrheumatism

Rootsa

rebu

rnttosm

okea

ndfumigations

are

used

tokeep

snakes

away

from

inhabitatio

nPo

wderedrootsu

sedas

spiceinvario

usrecepies

toprovidep

leasantaromaa

ndflavour

tofoodlowast

Dysenterygastricstomachdisordervom

iting

[11ndash14]

Essentialoils

(120573-phelland

rene120572

-cadinol)lacton

ecoum

arin

(I)iso

imperatorin

prangolarin

furocoum

arins[15]Ro

otsa

rebu

rnttoremovethe

snakes

whenthey

enterthe

house[16]

Aconitu

mheterophyllum

Wallex

Royle(Herb)

51397

Ranu

nculaceae

Atis

Roots

Root

powderisu

sedforfeverandabdo

minalpain

Alkaloidsatisinehetisineheteratisineatise

nol

heteroph

yllisine[

17]hetid

ineatidinehetisinon

ebenzothteratising

F-dihydroatisine

[1415]

Aconitu

mviolaceum

Jacq

exStapf(Herb)58295

Ranu

nculaceae

mdashRo

ots

Drie

drootsinpo

wderedform

areu

sedforjoint

painslowast

Antipyreticabd

ominalpainantidote

anti-inflammatory[18]

ArtemisiamaritimaL

(Herb)58440

Asteraceae

Saici

Aeria

lparts

Decoctio

nisprepared

after

boiling

thea

erial

partsinwaterTon

icused

toremovea

bdom

inal

parasites

ofchild

ren

Con

sidered

antiseptic

bloo

dpu

rifier

andverm

ifugelowast

Gastriccomplaints[1319]abd

ominalpains[20]

indigestion[1221]Anthelm

intic

[17]

ArtemisiaparvifloraL

(Herb)51734

Asteraceae

Sham

barb

ooti

Aeria

lparts

Decoctio

nisused

againststomachachea

lsoverm

ifugePasteisused

forc

utsa

ndwou

nds

Asthmaepilepsynervou

sdiso

rderspepticulcersskin

diseasessoresinsectrepellent

andsto

machache[13]

Theleafp

asteisappliedon

cutsandwou

ndstocheck

bleeding

[22]L

eavesc

ontain

essentialoilup

to035

Infusio

nof

leaves

givento

asthmanervou

sand

spasmod

icaffectio

nsR

ootsused

astonica

ndantiseptic

[15]

Astra

galush

imalayanus

Klotz(Herb)58789

Papilio

naceae

Kayabachtp

Flow

ers

Seeds

Powderedseedsa

ndflo

wersg

iven

instr

angu

ryInhabitant

ofLahaul-spitialso

usep

owderedseedsa

ndflo

wersg

iven

instr

angu

ry[14

]Astra

galusrhizanthu

sRo

ylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)

51203

Papilio

naceae

Zomoshing

Roots

Rootsu

sedas

fodd

erFo

dder

[14]

Berberislyc

eum

Royle

(Shrub

)58763

Berberidaceae

Kasm

alRo

otsa

ndste

m

Rootsjuice

isused

tocure

eyeinfectio

nStem

sare

used

tobrushtheteeth

tokillharm

ful

bacterialowast

Tocure

eyeinfectio

n[23]

Berginialigulata(W

all)

Engl(Herb)58784

Saxifragaceae

Shaprotri

Leaves

Leaves

areg

roun

dandfumes

areinh

aled

torecoverfrom

heavysneezing

Leavesa

reused

asldquoPattarrdquo

akindof

eco-friend

lydisposableplate

used

durin

gmarria

geandotherc

erem

onieslowast

CaC(

2)O(4)crystalinhibitio

ndiuretic

hyperm

agneseuricandantio

xidant

effectsandthis

study

ratio

nalizesItsmedicinaluseinurolith

iasis

[24]

Chenopodium

album

L(H

erb)58783

Chenop

odiaceae

Baathu

Leaves

and

seeds

Usedforb

othgreenandgrain

Who

leplantisu

sedforu

lcersswellin

gsandseminal

weakn

ess[25]indigestion[26]

used

forb

othforg

rain

andgreen[27]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Chenopodium

foliosum

Wall(H

erb)

58779

Chenop

odiaceae

mdashFruits

Redjuicyfruitsaree

aten

asitis

Indigestion[26]ripefruits

arem

ixed

with

grains

for

consum

ption[28]red

juicyinflo

rescence

iseaten[27]

Cicerm

icrophyllu

mBe

nth

(Herb)58785

Papilio

naceae

Chiri

Leaves

and

stems

Usedto

cure

mou

thinfectionlik

emou

thulcer

Fodd

erissuitedbestforc

owto

increase

milk

yieldlowast

Who

leplantisu

sedforincreasingmilk

prod

uctio

nand

asgeneralton

icforc

ows[25]sore

mou

thin

cattle

tong

ueinfection

jaun

dice

[26]immaturea

reeaten

potentialbreedingmaterialfor

cultivatedCicer[27]

Clem

atisgrataWall

(Herb)58458

Ranu

nculaceae

Bharani

Leaves

Leaves

areu

sedforthe

erup

tions

ofthep

imples

andbo

ilsL

eavesa

recrushedeither

with

water

orurineo

fcow

andap

asteismadea

ndthen

the

paste

isappliedon

theinfectedpartto

cure

the

infected

partlowast

Shoo

tsused

forringwormbaldn

essandas

antim

ycotic[29]

Crataegussongaric

aK

Koch

(Tree)58778

Rosaceae

Ping

yath

Fruitsand

woo

d

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

byscho

olchild

renandroad

sidelaborou

rsW

oodisused

tomakep

loug

hfor

fieldfruits

ares

oldto

contractorsa

t18ndash20

Rskg

Fruitsaree

diblea

ndconsidered

ascardio

tonicWoo

disheavyhardand

toug

handisused

form

akingtool

hand

smallets

andothersmallitemsAlso

used

asfuel

woo

dLeaves

areu

sedforfod

der[30]

Cuscutareflexa

Roxb

(Clim

ber)58484

Cuscutaceae

Amarbel

Who

leplant

Thep

lant

isused

injaun

diceL

adiesu

sedwho

leplantash

airton

icby

maceratingthep

lant

inBrassicaoillowast

Who

leplantextractisconsidered

asantiv

iral[31]a

ndanalgesic

[32]m

ethano

lextractof

stem

possesses

antib

acteria

lactivity

[32]

Datiscacann

abinaL

(Shrub

)58282

Datisc

aceae

Paharineem

Leaves

Theleavesa

reused

toprotectclothes

from

wormslowast

Fevera

ndgastr

ic[26]

Daturastram

onium

L(H

erb)58782

Solanaceae

Datura

Seeds

4-5seedsa

regrou

ndto

powe

redform

andadded

10ndash15liter

ofalcoho

ltoincrease

thee

ffectand

prop

ertie

slowastSofte

ning

oftheb

oilsandearache[

29]

Desmodium

elegans

DC

(Shrub

)58749

Papilio

naceae

Kathi

leaves

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erCa

rminativetonicdiureticchron

icfevercoug

hvomiting

asthm

aandin

snakebite

[29]

Elaeagnu

sconfer

taRo

xb

(Tree)58777

Elaeagnaceae

Gaihein

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Faste

rclearance

ofbloo

dalcoho

lafte

rthe

alcoho

lingestion[33]

Epilobium

aungustifolium

Lam(Herb)51634

Onagraceae

Dharshak

Roots

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent[14]

Gentia

namoorcroftian

aWallex

GD

on(H

erb)

58491

Gentia

naceae

mdashLeaves

Effectiv

efor

liver

prob

lem

Jaun

dice

[34]

Hederanepalen

sisC

Koch

(Clim

ber)58776

Araliaceae

Kurrai

Leaves

with

stems

Leaves

arec

onsid

ered

astonicfor

cattles

oused

asfodd

erlowast

Thed

riedbranches

andleaves

areg

roun

dandthe

powderisu

sedearly

inthem

orning

with

water

against

diabetes

[35]

Heracleu

mlanatum

Michx

(=Hc

andicans

Wallex

DC)(Herb)

58489

Apiaceae

Dun

duRo

ots

Groun

dedroot

paste

isused

insnakeb

itelowast

Itisused

totre

atfevera

ndabdo

minalcram

pscaused

bytheintestin

alworms

Plantisa

good

fodd

erforg

oatswhich

increasesm

ilkprod

uctio

nandmedicinallyitisused

forn

erve

disordersa

ndsexu

alprob

lems[25]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Impatiens

sulca

taL

(Herb)58718

Balsa

minaceae

Halva

Seed

and

leaves

Seedsa

reeatenby

scho

olchild

renandroad

side

labo

rersP

lant

issundriedandsto

redas

afod

der

with

otherg

rasses

forw

interseasonfor

consum

ptionto

domestic

cattlelowast

Urticariaeczem

apimplesand

abortifacient

[26]

InularacemosaHoo

kf

(Herb)58787

Asteraceae

mdashRo

ots

Itisused

totre

atasthmatre

atsto

machdisease

rheumatism

liver

complaint

Paste

ofrootsisu

sedto

cure

boils

[36]growingwild

earliernow

acultiv

ated

crop

ofther

egion[27]

Jasm

inum

officin

aleL

(Shrub

)58759

Oleaceae

Swain

Leaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

andste

msa

reused

inthem

arria

geceremon

iesa

saestheticvaluea

ndothersareu

sed

forreligious

purposeslowast

Leaves

andflo

wersa

reused

forc

ough

feverand

asbloo

dpu

rifier

[29]

Lactucadisse

ctaDD

on(H

erb)58602

Asteraceae

Dud

hil

Leaves

and

stems

Paste

isused

tocuresinfectio

nsof

female

externalgenitalorganslowast

Allelopathicpo

tential[37]

Lonicera

quinquelo

cularis

Hardw

(Sh

rub)58426

Caprifo

liaceae

Bakh

urStem

sleaves

and

fruits

Fruitjuice

isappliedto

cure

cracks

offoot

and

hand

sand

isalso

used

asfuel

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Anewirido

idglycoside

61015840-O

-beta-apiofurano

sylsw

erosidew

asiso

lated

from

thee

thanolicextracto

fthe

rootsa

long

with

thek

nown

compo

unds

loganinandsw

eroside[38]fre

shleaves

are

crushedandthee

xtractispo

ured

ineyes

tocure

the

cataractandto

improvev

ision

Fresh

leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erforg

oats[35]

Malva

negle

ctaWall

(Herb)58420

Malvaceae

Sonchal

Leaves

Leaves

ofStellariamediaandMalva

negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Malariabladd

erkidneydisorderlaxative[26]and

antio

besity[39]

Menthalongifolia

(L)

Hud

s(H

erb)58771

Lamiaceae

Marhend

riLeaves

with

stems

Apaste

isalso

madefrom

theleavesa

ndapplied

tobu

rstthe

boils

forp

usremovalL

eavesa

replaced

insid

ethe

containerc

ontainingseedsto

killandpreventthe

attack

ofinsectso

nthes

tored

seedsleaves

with

stemsa

realso

placed

insid

ethe

catte

riestoprotectthem

from

ticksm

itesand

ratfl

ealowast

Stom

achprob

lemscarm

inativeliver

prob

lems

vomiting

andindigestion[25]cis-piperiton

eepo

xide

piperitenon

eoxidecarvonem

enthon

ethym

olpulegon

e120573-th

ujon

e(E)caryoph

yllene

myrcenecarvacrolborneoland

p-cymene[

40]

Medicinaluseindiarrhoeaa

ndgutspasm

calcium

channelblockingactiv

ity[41]insectic

idalprop

ertie

s[42]

Morinacoulteria

naRo

yle

(Herb)58772

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin

eamacrocephala)

forincense

becauseo

fpleasant

arom

aEyec

omplaints[26]

Morinalongifolia

Wall

(Herb)58773

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin

eamacrocephalaandflo

werso

fMorinacoulteria

na)

forincense

duetopleasant

arom

alowast

Ther

ootp

owderisa

ppliedas

poulticeinbo

ilsfor

suckingthep

usso

utof

itandfacilitatinghealingof

the

wou

nds[22]Bo

ils[13]usedas

incenseinthe

preparationof

dhoo

pandagarbattisa

ndso

forthyield

anessentialoil[15]

Morus

serrataRo

xb

(Tree)58751

Moraceae

Kruu

mFruitsand

Woo

dFruitsaree

aten

andleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

er

woo

disused

tomakefurniture

Thefruits

aree

diblea

ndareu

sedas

digestives

timulant

andto

relieve

constip

ationandotherd

igestiv

eprob

lemsTh

eleavesa

reused

forfod

derWoo

disused

forfurniture

andfuel[35]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Onosm

ahispidaWallex

GD

on(H

erb)58453

Boraginaceae

Kom

Rootsa

ndleaves

Usedforc

utssw

ells

wou

ndand

ulcerLama

(Prie

stor

Bhot

peop

le)u

sethed

yeforreligiou

sceremon

ieslowast

Root

extractisu

sedforp

neum

oniaandtyph

oidfever

andalso

used

ford

yeinghairs

[25]stim

ulantbloo

dpu

rifiercutssw

ellingulcers[26]

Orig

anum

vulga

reL

(Herb)58774

Lamiaceae

Marua

Leaves

andste

ms

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Also

used

asac

oolant

Also

used

asfodd

erlowast

Paste

ofleaves

andterm

inalshoo

tsalon

gwith

2-3fruits

ofblackpepp

er(Pipernigrum

)isa

ppliedto

boils

ulcersw

ound

scuts

andweeping

eczemaPaste

ofleaves

isrepo

rted

tobe

useful

inhealingthew

ound

scaused

byfireb

urnsTh

eroo

tpieceso

fplant

areb

ound

inac

loth

piecea

ndtie

dto

then

ecks

ofinfantsa

saprotectiv

emeasuresa

gainstconjun

ctivitis[22]cold

feverhyste

riam

enstrualcomplaintsandtonic[13]

leaves

andtops

cutp

riortobloo

mingareu

sedas

aflavouringagentoriganum

oilisc

arminative

stomachachediureticdiaph

oreticand

emmenagogue

andisused

asas

timulantand

tonicindiarrhoeaGiven

inwho

opingcoug

handbron

chitisb

ecause

ofits

spasmolyticactio

nalso

employed

incosm

eticsa

ndsoaps[15]

Oxyria

digyna

(L)Hill

(Herb)58775

Polygonaceae

Suchali

Leaves

Leaves

andinflo

rescence

aree

dible

Who

leplantisu

sedfora

ppetitefeverlaxative[26]

andleavesand

inflo

rescence

aree

dible[27]

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb

(Herb)58756

Phytolaccaceae

RanshagAs

hlu

Leaves

Youn

gtend

erleaves

areu

sedforthe

preparation

ofvegetable

Freshleaves

areb

oiledandconsum

edto

relieve

bodyache

anddiarrhoea[

43]

Picrorhiza

kurroa

Roylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)58764

Scroph

ulariaceae

Kour

Roots

5ndash10gm

ofdriedpo

wderistaken

with

watertwo

times

adaytorelieve

from

jointp

ains

Tocure

anaemiaasthm

adiarrhoeajaun

dice

prom

otes

secretionof

bileandused

insto

machdiseases

[13]roo

tsareu

sedin

abdo

minalpainsa

ndas

apu

rgativetooO

neto

twoleaves

arec

rushed

anddrop

sof

thejuice

arep

ouredin

then

osetosto

pbleeding

[22]

constitutethe

drug

picrorhizaand

areu

sedas

asubstituteo

fInd

ianGentia

n(G

entia

nakurroo)

containing

picrorhizin

kutkinand

otherc

ompo

unds

[15]

Podophylu

mhexand

rum

Royle(Herb)58752

Berberidaceae

Bank

akri

Roots

Fruit

Rootsa

redriedandused

inpo

wered

form

for

jointp

ainsarthritisandasthmaFruitsaree

dible

Ther

ootp

owderisa

dministered

internallyforg

astric

ulcersItisa

ppliedas

apasteon

cutsandwou

ndsfor

regeneratio

nof

thetissuesDecoctio

nof

rootsisu

sedto

cure

liver

prob

lems[27]a

ndhepatic

diseases

[13]

Fruits

aree

dible[15]diarrhoea[

1344ndash

46]bloo

ddiarrhoea

[3447]chronicc

onstipatio

n[14

]antic

ancer[17]a

ndthey

constitutea

compo

undcalledpo

doph

yllin

which

iscommon

lyused

asap

urgativ

epo

doph

yllotoxinis

thea

ctivep

rinciplePo

doph

yllin

isan

effectiv

everm

ifugeR

ecently

ithasa

cquiredim

portance

because

ofits

possibleuseincontrolling

someformso

fcancer

8 The Scientific World JournalTa

ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Polyg

onum

alpinu

mAllion

i(Herb)58786

Polygonaceae

Choh

rStem

and

leaves

Tend

erste

msa

reeatenrawto

cure

thec

rackso

flip

sand

gumsLeaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Cou

ghdysenteryhaemostasiston

icabo

rtion

wou

ndsandheartb

urn[26]

Potentillanu

bicolaLind

lex

Lacaita

(Fragaria

nubicolaHoo

k)(Herb)

58753

Rosaceae

Dhu

l-akh

reFruits

Fruitsarec

ollected

andeatenraw

Fruitsandleaves

areu

sedas

carm

inativeforstomach

ulcersand

asantiseptic

[29]

Prun

uscornuta(W

allex

Royle)Steud(Tree)

58762

Rosaceae

Jammu

Fruitsand

Stem

Fruitsaree

atenStemsa

reused

form

akingmany

agric

ulturaltoo

lsandalso

used

asfuel

Itis

repo

rted

thattheleavesa

reavoidedto

cattle

fodd

eras

theleavesa

reconsidered

very

poiso

nous

andkillthec

attlelowast

Rheumatism

andwou

nds[26]

Ranu

nculus

arvenseL

(H

erb)58614

Ranu

nculaceae

Gud

iLeaves

Paste

ofleavescurescutso

rwou

ndsb

ydryingp

usCou

nter-ir

ritantanthelmintic

coo

lingem

ollient

and

forw

ound

s[26]

Ranu

nculus

laetus

Wallex

Royle(Herb)58290

Ranu

nculaceae

Jaldaru

Leaves

Paste

isappliedon

cutsandwou

ndslowast

Antim

icrobialactiv

ities

[17]

Rheum

australeD

Don

(Herb)58765

Polygonaceae

Chuk

ari

Rootsa

ndleaves

Rootsa

resundriedandgrou

ndto

powe

redform

then

byadding

water

athick

paste

ismadea

ndpaste

isthen

appliedon

thec

utsa

ndwou

ndsfor

healingLeaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters

Usedas

astringentlaxative[15]asthmacoug

hfever

pilesskin

diseasesulce

rsand

wou

nds[13]thep

asteof

ther

ootm

ixed

inwater

isappliedexternallyin

muscularinjurycuts

wou

ndsandmum

psandto

forehead

inheadacheTh

ewateryextractisg

iven

orally

insto

machpainsconstip

ationdysenterysw

ellingof

thethroatand

tonsillitisLo

tionisdrop

pedin

earsin

earache[22]leaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters[27]

Rubiacordifolia

L(H

erb)

58780

Rubiaceae

Mish

tuLeaves

and

stems

Apaste

ofRu

biacordifolia

andCy

nodondactylon

(Doo

bgrass)isappliedarou

ndthes

nakebitelowast

Root

decoctionwith

water

isgivento

cure

urinary

infection

paste

isused

asan

ointmenttoskin

diseases

Root

isalso

used

tomaked

yes[43]rootsa

reused

for

bloo

dpu

rificatio

nliver

prob

lemssw

ellin

gsn

ervous

disordersgoutsrheumatism

uterin

etum

orsbleeding

controlleucorrhoeawou

ndscoug

hbo

nefractures

andgenerald

ebility[25]

Rubu

sellipticu

sSm

(Shrub

)58754

Rosaceae

Aakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

bythelocalpeop

le

Fruitise

diblea

ndishaving

coolingeffectSpiny

branches

areu

sedas

fencea

roun

dfieldsLeaves

are

brow

sedby

goats[35]Yo

ungshoo

tisc

hewed

rawto

relieve

sudd

ensto

machpainR

ootd

ecoctio

nisgivento

thec

hildrento

getrid

ofsto

machwarmR

ootp

asteis

appliedon

forehead

durin

gsevere

headachefruitis

edible[43]

Rubu

sniveusTh

unb

(Shrub

)58755

Rosaceae

Lalaakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Freshroot

tipsa

reused

forc

uringexcessiveb

leeding

durin

gmenstr

ualcycle[23]

Rumex

acetosaL(H

erb)

58634

Polygonaceae

Podo

iLeaves

Leaves

arec

ollected

andused

asvegetableEa

ten

asaleafvegetable

Usedas

agoo

dfodd

erfor

cattlelowast

Jaun

dicevom

iting

liver

prob

lems[25]cuts

wou

nds

andnettles

ting[26]

The Scientific World Journal 9Ta

ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused

aspesticidetokillpests

Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes

calppreventshairloss[43]roo

tsareb

oiledin

water

andappliedexternallyforswellings

andjointspain

[25]leavesa

recrushedandappliedon

wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]

spasmogenichypotensiv

ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste

isappliedexternallyto

cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]

Stellariamedia(L)Vill

(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46

]rheumaticpains[45]BA

-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin

triterpenes[50]andfre

shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric

ulcerskidneydiseasesand

liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into

ameshandgiveninternallyin

snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572

-pinene120573-pinene

camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro

nellaltrans-120573-te

rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo

l[15]andmethylcarvacrol[50]

Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable

Neutralandacidiccarboh

ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved

tohelpdeliveringchild

Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle

stimulant[17]vitamin

and

carotenesbetainecholineandam

inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast

120572-bulnesene120572

-guaieneguaiolseychellene

virid

ifloroland120573-gurjunene

[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou

ghcoldandotherrespiratory

prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses


form is the most common type of formulation given whilesmoke is least used (Figure 4)Herbs aremost frequently usedfollowed by shrubs trees and climbers (Figure 5) Angelicaglauca Artemisia maritima Heracleum candicans Origanumvulgare Podophyllum hexandrum Rheum australe Thymuslinearis and Taraxacum officinale are used for treating morethan one ailment Eight plant species are used along withothers or with more than one ingredient Leaves of Stellariamedia andMalva neglecta are cooked as mixed vegetable andeaten two or three times to cure constipation Aerial partsof Thymus linearis in combination with Origanum vulgareare crushed with water and juice is extracted and given 4-5teaspoons orally three times a day for high fever in childrenRubia cordifolia with Cynodon dactylon (Doob grass) is usedagainst snake bite while a decoction of Viola canescens withCinnamon Fennel and Clove is recommended for coughasthma and other respiratory tract problems Flowers ofMorina coulteriana and M longifolia are mixed with guggal(roots of Jurinea macrocephala) are used as incense for ritualperformances and for pleasant aroma during meditationand prayer By comparing the earlier reported ethnobotani-calethnopharmacological usesbiological activitieschemicalconstituents (Table 1) we found that there are 35 plants withnewmedicinal and other important ethnobotanical use fromthe study area Plants with additional new uses are Aconitumviolaceum Angelica glauca Artemisia maritima Berberislycium Bergenia ligulata Cicer microphyllum Clematis grataCrataegus songarica C oxycantha Cuscuta reflexa Datiscacannabina Datura stramoniumHedera nepalensis Jasminumofficinale Lactuca dissecta Lonicera quinquelocularis Malvaneglecta Mentha longifolia Morina longifolia Onosma hisp-ida Origanum vulgare Oxyria digyna Polygonum alpinumPrunus cornuta Ranunculus laetus Rubia cordifolia Rumexacetosa R nepalensis Sarcococca saligna Stellaria mediaThymus linearis Ulmus wallichiana Valeriana jatamansiViburnum grandiflorum Viola canescens and Viscum albumreported here for the first time from the study area (newmedical remedies or ethnobotanical uses were given withasterisk mark in Table 1) Survey from the Pangi Valleyreveals that paste was prepared by grinding the fresh ordried plant parts with oil churning curd water or cow urineThe powder was prepared by the grinding of shade driedplant parts The decoction was obtained by boiling the plantparts in water until the volume of the water is reduced tothe minimum or required amount The plants used againstsnakebite are applied externally Some plants like Astragalusrhizanthus Cicer microphyllum Desmodium elegans Hederanepalensis Impatiens sulcata Lonicera quinquelocularis andMorus serratawere documented as fodder plants in this study

4 Discussion and Conclusions

The widespread use of herbal materials for the maintenanceof health and treatment of diseases can be traced back toprehistoric times throughout many cultures and regionsThe history of herbal medicine in India is very old Theoldest use of plants has been documented in ancient Hinduscriptures like Rigveda (4500ndash1600 BC) Charaka Samhita

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Medicinal Human foodand aromatiser

Veterinary and fodder

Domestic and handicraft

use useuse

Figure 3 Four main categories of plants use in study

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke

Figure 4 Mode of utilization of plants

Herbs Shrubs Trees Climbers

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3

Figure 5 Life form of reported common plants

(1000ndash800 BC) Sushruta Samhita (800ndash700 BC) and othersIn India the art of herbal healing has very deep roots intribal culture and folklore Even today most of the tribalcommunities are dependent upon local traditional healingsystems for their primary health care Tribes of Pangi Valleydepend highly on the wild plants for their livelihood securityand medicines for various ailments The ethnobotanicalinformation discussed here is the first ever comprehensiveethnobotanical information gathered from the ldquoPangwalrdquo


tribe The herbal medicines are considered to be of greatimportance among different rural or indigenous communi-ties in many developing countries [56] During the last fewyears the use of herbal supplements increased from 25to 12 Today approximately 80 of the worldrsquos populationuses traditional medicine for healthcare and therapeuticpurposes [57] The Himalayas one of the worldrsquos biodiversityhot spots have an approximately 10000 species of plantsof which about 3160 belonging to 71 genera are endemicAbout 1195 species of flowering plants are endemic to theWesternHimalayas [58 59] Cultural diversity in such remotemountain regions is closely linked to biodiversity as there isa symbiotic relationship between habitats and cultures andbetween ecosystems and cultural identity indeed religiousrules and rituals often strengthen this relationship and arecharacterized by a conservation ethic [60] Present studyalso reveals that there is a strong relationship between tribesof Pangi Valley and plants of their surroundings Fromthe time immemorial these people were highly dependentupon plant resources of their surroundings to fulfil theirday-to-day requirements As these people are very close tonature due to their inhabitation in isolated and remote tribalarea they have been able to gain a very vast and authenticexperience of plant resources of their surroundings whichfurther need detailed investigation of ethnopharmacologicalstudies from this tribal area Screening and comparing theliterature regarding ethnobotanical studies from other partsof Himachal Pradesh [10 14 22 27 34 36 45 47 61 62]and outside of Himachal Pradesh [19ndash21 41 44 49] showa high number of species with unreported uses or newuse with different part used and also new mode of usefrom the study area (Table 1) Pangi Valley is the semi-aridtransition zone between the Northwest Himalaya and trans-Himalaya and thus has elements of both regions making theassemblage among the most diverse for any other region inthe Northwest Himalaya Because of its unique geographicalsituations it harbours distinct ethnic and endemic biologicaldiversity This is one region in the country where peoplestill depend largely on plants for traditional healing systemA large number of plantsplant extractsdecoctions or pastesare equally used by tribes and folklore traditions in India fortreatment of cuts wounds and burns [63ndash67] Some of theplants such as Onosma hispida and Ranunculus laetus werereported for cuts and wounds from the research area arenew to use Smoke of flowers of Morina coulteriana and Mlongifolia mixed with guggal (roots of Jurinea macrocephala)is used as incense during meditation and prayer Use ofpleasant aroma of smoke duringmeditation is also performedin Chinese culture [68] Livestock is also considered oneof the main sources of livelihood and important part oflivelihood security which rely mostly on fodder extractedfrom forests grasslands agriculture and agroforestry in thisinterior remote tribal area Some plants species such asCicer microphyllum Desmodium elegans Hedera nepalensisImpatiens sulcata Lonicera quinquelocularis Morus serrataOriganum vulgare Rumex acetosa Silene vulgaris Smilaxaspera and Ulmus wallichiana have also been documentedas fodder plants in this study Preparation of paste for thetreatment of ailments is a common practice among the other

tribal communities in India [69 70] Plant parts are usedcommonly for snake bite and such plants used against snakebite are also needed to be explored for more detailed studies[71 72] Present study explores information for the firsttime from the Pangi Valley on traditional therapeutic forjoint pains abdominal disorders snake bites skin disorderscuts and wound burns high fever cough and many otherdiseases This study contributes significant ethnobotanicalinformation from the remote high altitude and difficultregion of the world which remained cut off from rest of theworld for 6-7 months Further investigations of those plantswhich are not explored earlier may lead to the explorationof several novel bioactive molecules and many new drugsto various diseases from such geographically isolated andunexplored area The unsustainable harvesting of medicinalplants from the wild may cause a serious decline in plantpopulation It is thus recommended that cultivation tech-niques be designed especially the important medicinal plantspecies that are used widely to fulfil the need of the growinginternational herbal market and strategies to conserve thethreatened biodiversity

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the University Grants Com-mission New Delhi for providing financial assistance underthe DRS SAP I II amp III ASIST programme and Dr DS Kothari Postdoctoral Fellowship to Dr Puneet KumarPawan Kumar Rana is grateful to National Bureau of PlantGenetic Resources (NBPGR)NewDelhi for providing SeniorResearch Fellowship The authors are also highly thankful toProfessor N S Atri Head Department of Botany PunjabiUniversity Patiala for necessary laboratory and library facili-ties

References

[1] H Singh and M Sharma Flora of Chamba District (HimachalPradesh) Bishan SinghMahendra Pal Singh Dehra Dun India2006

[2] G Watt ldquoNotes on the vegetation of Chamba State and BritishLahoul with descriptions of new speciesrdquo Botanical Journal ofLinnean Society vol 18 pp 368ndash382 1881

[3] P Kumar V K Singhal P K Rana S Kaur and D KaurldquoCytology of Ranunculus laetusWall ex Royle from cold desertregions and adjoining hills of North-west Himalayas (India)rdquoCaryologia vol 64 no 1 pp 25ndash32 2011

[4] P K Rana P Kumar and V K Singhal ldquoSpindle irregularitieschromatin transfer and chromatin stickiness duringmalemeio-sis in Anemone tetrasepalardquo Turkish Journal of Botany vol 37pp 167ndash176 2013

[5] P K Rana Himshikha P Kumar V K Singhal and R C GuptaldquoImpact of reciprocal translocations and non-synchronousdisjunction of chromosomes on pollen fertility in Astragalus


chlorostachys from Northwest Himalayas (India)rdquo Cytologiavol 77 pp 173ndash179 2012

[6] V K Singhal P Kumar D Kaur and P K Rana ldquoChromatintransfer during male meiosis resulted into heterogeneous sizedpollen grains in Anemone rivularis Buch-Ham ex DC fromIndian cold desertsrdquo Cytologia vol 74 no 2 pp 229ndash234 2009

[7] V K Singhal P K Rana P Kumar and D Kaur ldquoPersistentoccurrence of meiotic abnormalities in a new hexaploid cyto-type ofThalictrum foetidum from Indian cold desertsrdquo Biologiavol 66 no 3 pp 458ndash464 2011

[8] V K Singhal P K Rana and P Kumar ldquoSyncytes during malemeiosis resulting in 2n pollen grain formation in Lindelofialongiflora var falconerirdquo Journal of Systematics and Evolutionvol 49 no 5 pp 406ndash410 2011

[9] R C Gupta Himshikha P K Rana P Kumar andV K SinghalldquoFirst report of structural heterozygosity inArtemisia parviflora(Asteraceae) from Parvati Valley in Kullu District (HimachalPradesh)rdquo Botanica Serbica vol 34 no 1 pp 63ndash66 2010

[10] B S Aswal and B N Mehrotra ldquoEthnobotanical studies onthe flora of Lahaul Valley (North West Himalaya)rdquo in RecentAdvances in Plant Sciences M R Sharma and B K Gupta Edspp 116ndash130 Bishan Singh andMahendra Pal Singh Dehra DunIndia 1987

[11] R N Chopra S L Nayar and I C Chopra Glossary of IndianMedicinal Plants Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchNew Delhi India 1956

[12] A K Gupta andN TandonReviews on IndianMedicinal Plantsvol 1ndash3 Indian Council of Medical Research New Delhi India2004

[13] S K Jain Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and EthnobotanyDeep Publishers New Delhi India 1991

[14] S K Sood R Nath and D C Kalia Ethnobotany of Cold DesertTribes of Lahaul-Spiti (NW Himalaya) Deep Publishers NewDelhi India 2001

[15] R P Rastogi and B N Mehrotra Compendium of IndianMedicinal Plants vol 1ndash3 Central Drug Research InstituteLucknowand Publications and Information Directorate CSIRNew Delhi India 1984

[16] M Kumar Y Paul and V K Anand ldquoAn ethnobotanical studyof medicinal plants used by the locals in Kishtwar Jammu andKashmir Indiardquo Ethnobotanical Leaflet vol 13 pp 40ndash56 2009

[17] A Husain O P Virmani S P Popli et al Dictionary of IndianMedicinal Plants Central Institute of Medicinal and AromaticPlants Lucknow India 1992

[18] N Srivastava V Sharma B Kamal A K Dobriyal and V SJadon ldquoAdvancement in research on Aconitum sp (Ranuncu-laceae) under different area a reviewrdquo Biotechnology vol 9 no4 pp 411ndash427 2010

[19] O P Gupta T N Srivastava S C Gupta and D P BadolaldquoEthnobotanical and phytochemical screening of high altitudePlants of Ladakh-IIrdquo Ethnobotanical Research vol 2 pp 67ndash881981

[20] B N Sand and D P Badola ldquoAn ethno-botanical study of J amp Kstate of North-West Himalayardquo Ethnobotanical Research vol 8pp 147ndash154 1987

[21] B Balodi and D K Singh ldquoMedico-ethnobotany of LadakhrdquoAnnals of Forestry vol 5 pp 189ndash197 1997

[22] P K Sharma N S Chauhan and B Lal ldquoObservations on thetraditional phytotherapy among the inhabitants of Parvati val-ley in western Himalaya Indiardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacologyvol 92 no 2-3 pp 167ndash176 2004

[23] S K Uniyal K N Singh P Jamwal and B Lal ldquoTraditionaluse of medicinal plants among the tribal communities ofChhota Bhangal Western Himalayardquo Journal of Ethnobiologyand Ethnomedicine vol 2 article 14 2006

[24] S Bashir and A H Gilani ldquoAntiurolithic effect of Bergenia ligu-lata rhizome an explanation of the underlying mechanismsrdquoJournal of Ethnopharmacology vol 122 no 1 pp 106ndash116 2009

[25] S W Khan and S Khatoon ldquoEthnobotanical studies on someuseful herbs of Haramosh and Bugrote Valleys in GilgitNorthern Areas of Pakistanrdquo Pakistan Journal of Botany vol 40no 1 pp 43ndash58 2008

[26] A Singh M Lal and S S Samant ldquoDiversity indigenoususes and conservation prioritization of medicinal plants inlahaul valley proposed cold desert biosphere reserve IndiardquoInternational Journal of Biodiversity Science and Managementvol 5 no 3 pp 132ndash154 2009

[27] J C RanaK PradheepO PChaurasia et al ldquoGenetic resourcesof wild edible plants and their uses among tribal communities ofcold arid region of IndiardquoGenetic Resources and Crop Evolutionvol 59 no 1 pp 135ndash149 2012

[28] M B Rokaya Z Munzbergova and B Timsina ldquoEthnobotani-cal study ofmedicinal plants from theHumla district of westernNepalrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 130 no 3 pp 485ndash504 2010

[29] F Haq H Ahmad andM Alam ldquoTraditional uses of medicinalplants of Nandiar Khuwarr catchment (District Battagram)Pakistanrdquo Journal of Medicinal Plant Research vol 5 no 1 pp39ndash48 2011

[30] H Ali and M Qaiser ldquoThe ethnobotany of Chitral valleypakistanwith particular reference tomedicinal plantsrdquoPakistanJournal of Botany vol 41 no 4 pp 2009ndash2041 2009

[31] L P Awasthi ldquoThe purification and nature of an antiviralprotein from Cuscuta reflexa plantsrdquo Archives of Virology vol70 no 3 pp 215ndash223 1981

[32] D Pal C Panda S Sinhababu A Dutta and S BhattacharyaldquoEvaluation of phychopharmacological effects of petroleumether extract of Cuscuta reflexa ROXB stem in micerdquo ActaPoloniae Pharmaceutica vol 60 no 6 pp 481ndash486 2003

[33] C Wu R Dai J Bai et al ldquoEffect of Elaeagnus conferta Roxb(Elaeagnaceae) dry fruit on the activities of hepatic alcoholdehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase in micerdquo TropicalJournal of Pharmaceutical Research vol 10 no 6 pp 761ndash7662011

[34] C P Kala and N Manjrekar ldquoEthno-medicobotany of Indiantrans-Himalaya a case study from Spitirdquo Journal of Economicand Taxonomic Botany vol 23 pp 177ndash183 1999

[35] E Ahmed M Arshad A Saboor et al ldquoEthnobotanicalappraisal and medicinal use of plants in Patriata New Murreeevidence from Pakistanrdquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Eth-nomedicine vol 9 article 13 2013

[36] K N Singh and B Lal ldquoEthnomedicines used against fourcommon ailments by the tribal communities of Lahaul-Spiti inwestern Himalayardquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol 115 no1 pp 147ndash159 2008

[37] A L Khan M Hamayun J Hussain et al ldquoAssessment ofallelopathic potential of selected medicinal plants of Pakistanrdquo


African Journal of Biotechnology vol 8 no 6 pp 1024ndash10292009

[38] S Kumar O P Sati V D Semwal M Nautiyal S Sati andY Takeda ldquoIridoid glycosides from Lonicera quinquelocularisrdquoPhytochemistry vol 53 no 4 pp 499ndash501 2000

[39] V R Chidrawar K N Patel N R Sheth S S Shiromwar andP Trivedi ldquoAntiobesity effect of Stellaria media against druginduced obesity in Swiss albinomicerdquoAyu vol 32 pp 576ndash5842011

[40] F S Sharopov V A Sulaimonova and W N Setzer ldquoEssentialoil composition of Mentha longifolia from wild populationsgrowing in Tajikistanrdquo Journal of Medicinally Active Plants vol1 pp 76ndash84 2012

[41] N C Shah ldquoHerbal folk medicines in northern Indiardquo Journalof Ethnopharmacology vol 6 no 3 pp 293ndash301 1982

[42] A Khani and J Asghari ldquoInsecticide activity of essential oils ofMentha longifolia Pulicaria gnaphalodes and Achillea wilhelm-siiagainst two stored product pests the flour beetle Triboliumcastaneum and the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatesrdquoJournal of Insect Science vol 12 no 73 2012

[43] B K Pradhan and H K Badola ldquoEthnomedicinal plant useby Lepcha tribe of Dzongu valley bordering KhangchendzongaBiosphere Reserve in North Sikkim Indiardquo Journal of Ethnobi-ology and Ethnomedicine vol 4 article 22 2008

[44] O P Gupta T N Srivastava S C Gupta and D P Badola ldquoAnethnobotanical and phytochemical screening of high altitudeplant of Ladakh-Irdquo Ethnobotanical Research vol 1 pp 301ndash3171980

[45] B K Kapahi ldquoEthno-botanical investigation in Lahaul(Himachal Pradesh)rdquo Journal of Economic and TaxonomicBotany vol 14 pp 49ndash55 1990

[46] T N Srivastava D P Badola and O P Gupta ldquoMedicinal herbsused by the Amchis of Ladakhrdquo Ethnobotanical Research vol 2pp 193ndash202 1981

[47] C P Kala ldquoStatus and conservation of rare and endangeredmedicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalayardquo BiologicalConservation vol 93 no 3 pp 371ndash379 2000

[48] R A Qureshi M A Ghufran G S Aneel K Sultana andM Ashraf ldquoEthnobotanical studies of selected medicinal plantsof Sudhan Gali and Ganga Chotti Hills District Bagh AzadKashmirrdquo Pakistan Journal of Botany vol 39 pp 2275ndash22832007

[49] G H Dar J Virjee P Kachroo and G M Buth ldquoEthnobotanyof Kashmir- I Sind Valleyrdquo Journal of Economic and TaxonomicBotany vol 5 pp 668ndash675 1984

[50] J Hussain H Hussain Z K Shinwari I Ahmad S T Hussainand V U Ahmad ldquoAntibacterial activity of the chemicalconstituents from Ranunculus laetusrdquo Chemistry of NaturalCompounds vol 45 no 5 pp 720ndash721 2009

[51] P K Sharma N S Chauhan and B Lal ldquoStudies on plantassociated indigenous knowledge among the Malanis of Kulludistrict Himachal Pradeshrdquo Indian Journal of TraditionalKnowledge vol 4 pp 403ndash408 2005

[52] R S Verma R K Verma R C Padalia A Chauhan A Singhand H P Singh ldquoChemical diversity in the essential oil ofIndian Valerian (Valeriana jatamansi Jones)rdquo Chemistry andBiodiversity vol 8 no 10 pp 1921ndash1929 2011

[53] A H Malik A A Khuroo G H Dar and Z S Khan ldquoEthno-medicinal uses of some plants in the KashmirHimalayardquo Indian

Journal of Traditional Knowledge vol 10 no 2 pp 362ndash3662011

[54] V K Dua G Verma D D Agarwal M Kaiser and R BrunldquoAntiprotozoal activities of traditional medicinal plants fromthe Garhwal region of North West Himalaya Indiardquo Journal ofEthnopharmacology vol 136 no 1 pp 123ndash128 2011

[55] P K Sharma and B Lal ldquoEthnoboanical notes on somemedicinal and aromatic plants of Himachal Pradeshrdquo IndianJournal of Traditional Knowledge vol 4 pp 424ndash428 2005

[56] A Gosh ldquoHerbal folk remedies of Bantura and Mednipurdistricts West Bengal (India)rdquo Indian Journal of TraditionalKnowledge vol 2 pp 393ndash396 2003

[57] World Health Organization ldquoTraditional Medicinerdquo Fact SheetN134 WHO Geneva Switzerland 2008

[58] S K Murti ldquoMonocotyledonsrdquo in Flora of Cold Deserts ofWestern Himalaya vol 1 Botanical Survey of India CalcuttaIndia 2001

[59] M K Misra and S S Gokhale ldquoBase line informationon medicinal plants conservation and sustainable utilisationLadakhrdquo Sponsored by UNDPGEF MoEF Government ofIndia and Coordinated by the Foundation for Revitalisation ofLocal Health Traditions (FRLHT) Bangalore India 2003

[60] C S Negi ldquoTraditional culture and biodiversity conservationexamples from Uttarakhand Central Himalayardquo MountainResearch and Development vol 30 no 3 pp 259ndash265 2010

[61] J C Rana K Pradheep and V D Verma ldquoNaturally occurringwild relatives of temperate fruits in Western Himalayan regionof India an analysisrdquo Biodiversity and Conservation vol 16 no14 pp 3963ndash3991 2007

[62] V Singh and N S Chauhan ldquoTraditional practices of herbalmedicines in the Lahaul Valleys Himachal Himalayasrdquo IndianJournal of Traditional Knowledge vol 4 pp 208ndash220 2005

[63] M Ayyanar and S Ignacimuthu ldquoHerbal medicines for woundhealing among tribal people in Southern India ethnobotani-cal and scientific evidencesrdquo International Journal of AppliedResearch and Natural Products vol 2 no 3 pp 29ndash42 2009

[64] S Bhardwaj and S K Gakhar ldquoEthnomedicinal plants used bythe tribals of Mizoram to cure cuts and woundsrdquo Indian Journalof Traditional Knowledge vol 4 pp 75ndash80 2005

[65] S D Kuvar and U C Bapat ldquoMedicinal plants used by Kokanitribals of Nasik district Maharashtra to cure cuts and woundsrdquoIndian Journal of Traditional Knowledge vol 9 no 1 pp 114ndash1152010

[66] S B Patil N S Naikwade M S Kondawar C S Magdumand V B Awale ldquoTraditional uses of plants for wound healingin the Sangli district Maharashtrardquo International Journal ofPharmTech Research vol 1 no 3 pp 876ndash878 2009

[67] R Subramanian G Krishnaswamy A Devaraj P Sethuramanand R Jayakumarara ldquoWound healing ethnopharmacologicalpotentials of selected medicinal plants used byMalayali TribesrdquoInternational Research Journal of Pharmacy vol 2 pp 132ndash1372011

[68] P O Staub M S Geck and C S Weckerle ldquoIncense and ritualplant use in Southwest China a case study among the Bai inShaxirdquo Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine vol 7 article43 2011

[69] S Ignacimuthu M Ayyanar and K Sankarasivaraman ldquoEth-nobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Paliyar tribals inTheni district of Tamil Nadu Indiardquo Fitoterapia vol 79 no 7-8pp 562ndash568 2008


[70] N Rajakumar and M B Shivanna ldquoTraditional herbal medic-inal knowledge in Sagar taluk of Shimoga district KarnatakaIndiardquo Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources vol 1no 1 pp 102ndash108 2010

[71] J Vasquez S L Jimenez I C Gomez et al ldquoSnakebites andethnobotany in the Eastern region of Antioquia Colombia-Thetraditional use of plantsrdquo Journal of Ethnopharmacology vol146 pp 449ndash455 2013

[72] D Williams J M Gutierrez R Harrison et al ldquoThe GlobalSnake Bite Initiative an antidote for snake biterdquoThe Lancet vol375 no 9708 pp 89ndash91 2010


and have Tibet-Mongolian features Adjoining hills of PangiValley towards the southern side are visited frequently bymigratory pastoralist tribal Gaddis and nomadic Gujjarswith their herds These migrants go to higher altitudes insummer along with their herds in search of grazing groundand meadows They also collect different parts of variousmedicinal and aromatic plants for their earnings Local songsdance (Nati by gents andGhurei by ladies) and locally brewedliquor ldquopaatarrdquo play a significant role on the life style of thepeople of Pangi Valley One of the major festivals celebratedin the mid of February is ldquoJukarurdquo praying to local god ordeities with words of celebration and thanks for helping thepeople to survive the harsh winter One is compelled to thinkof how and why people thought of settling down in thismost inaccessible part of the state The vegetation of Pangican be broadly categorized into three types- HimalayanTemperate ForestsmdashAt low altitude between 1900ndash2800mthe vegetation is typically of Himalayan temperate typePinus gerardiana Cedrus deodara Pinus wallichiana Piceasmithiana Abies spectabilis Taxus baccata ssp wallichi-ana Juniperus macropoda Populus ciliata Salix viminalisCrataegus songarica and Acer pentapomicum forming thetop canopy The second storey is constituted by FraxinusxanthoxyloidesRhus succedana Parrotiopsis jacquemontianaand Olea ferruginea Shrubby and scrub elements includespecies of Berberis lycium Ribes orientale R nigrum Rosawebbiana Viburnum cotonifolium Lonicera quinquelocu-laris Hippophae rhamnoides Myricaria squamosa Daphneoleoides Rubus saxatilis and Sorbus foliosa Rabdosia rugosaEphedra gerardiana Artemisia brevifolia A maritima andAparviflora form dense scrubs covering vast tracts of slopes inthe region At altitude between 2800ndash3800m the vegetationis subalpine type represented by Allium humile Buniumpersicum Carum carvi Geranium wallichianum Angelicaglauca Bupleurum falcatum Elsholtzia ciliata Heracleumlanatum Arisaema flavum Primula denticulata P macro-phylla Saussurea costus S auriculata Tanacetum gracile Ttomentosum T tenuifolium Impatiens glandulifera Arnebiabenthamii Eritrichium canum Ranunculus laetus R hirtellusRhododendron campanulatum Ribes orientale R alpestrePolygonatum multiflorum P verticillatum Plantago depressaLepidium latifolium Polygonum sibiricum Potentilla atrosan-guinea Anemone obtusifolia Aconitum ferox A falconeriDactylorhiza hatagirea Picrorhiza kurroa Pedicularis pecti-nata Elymus dahuricus Aesculus indica Corylus jacquemon-tii and Juglans regia Alpine zone ranging from 3800monwards the vegetation is mainly dominated by speciesof Betula utilis Rhododendron campanulatum Myricariasquamosa Capparis himalayensis Cassiope fastigiata Cortiadepressa Selinium tenuifolium Heracleum wallichii Inularoyleana Saussurea graminifolia S obvallata S gossypiphoraArnebia euchroma Corydalis meifolia Iris kumaonensis Frit-illaria roylei Polygonum affine Rhododendron anthopogonRheum spiciforme R moorcroftianum Rhodiola imbricataRheum australe Picrorhiza kurroa Aconitum heterophyl-lum A rotundifolium A violaceum A spicatum Elymusnutans E dahuricus Delphinium cashmerianum D vestitumand Nardostachys grandiflora Other herbaceous vegetationconsists of Saussurea jacea Triglochin maritima Aquilegia

fragrans Potentilla sppOnosma hispidum Spinosa stracheyiGeranium wallichianum Jurinea macrocephela Picrorhizakurroa Dracocephalum heterophyllum Impatiens brachycen-tra and Primula macrophylla Covering an area of 103 sq kmSaichu Tuan Nala Wild Life Sanctuary has been establishedin the valley for the protection and conservation of wildlifeThewild animals found in the valley are ibex himalayan tahrbrown bear black bear musk deer snow leopard and bharalThe birds include themonal and koklas pheasants himalayanwestern tragopan snow peacock snow pigeon and chukorThis area was difficult to explore due to its remotenessdifficult geographic condition and poor connectivity viaroads due to heavy snow fall during winter season whichkeeps the area cut off from rest of the world for nearly sixto seven months These tribal inhabitants and migrants aredependent on the wild plant resources for medicines foodfuel fibre timber and household articles to a great extentfor their livelihood security The area due to its remotenessand difficult geographic conditions has not been included inthe earlier floristic surveys of Chamba district by Singh andSharma [1] So far very few workers have visited the area fortaxonomical studies [2] and for some cytological studies ofdicot plants [3ndash9] No information on traditional use of plantresources of Pangi Valley and its adjoining areas is availableso far Keeping in view the nonavailability of ethnobotanicalinformation strong belief of local people in traditionaltherapy and scope for inventorization of new medicinal andcommon use the present study was designed to providecomprehensive information on traditional phytotherapy andethnobotanical information in cold desert region of PangiValley in Northwest Himalaya

2 Materials and Methods

Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out from May 2009to September 2012 when the area is snow-free Differ-ent localities visited in the Pangi valley 2-3 times a yearto document the utilization of medicinal plants (Figure 1)including Tarela (1850m) Bairagarh (1900m) Salooni(1950m) Dind (2100m) Bhandal (2200m) Devi Kothi(2400m) Shour (2400m) Hillour (2450m) Mindhal(2500m) Muhani (2600m) Sahali (2600m) Saichu-Nala (2650m) Killar (2650m) Chask (3150m) Twan(3300m) Satrundi (3300m) Kala Ban (3350m) HillourDhar (3350m) Udeen (3400m) Sural-Bhatori (3400m)Kumar-Bhatori (3400m) Chask-Bhatori (3600m) Bagotu(4100m) Singh-Marh Dhar (4300m) and Sach Pass(4350m) and Shakoli (3200m) Shitikar (3650m) andUrgos (3800m) in Miyar Valley First-hand information ontraditional knowledge related to plant resource utilization bythe inhabitants of the valley is gathered through interviewswith elderly people women shepherds and local vaidsInformation about the local names of the plants partsused ailments treated mode of administration and curativeproperties was recorded The plants were identified by Floraof Lahaul-Spiti [10] and Flora of ChambaDistrict [1] Besidesthe plants were also compared to the samples preservedin the Herbarium (PUN) (PUN is the Herbarium Code of


N


Roots 1304

Fruits 1304

Stems 1739

Leaves 3913

Flowers782




3 Results




Table1Ethn

omedicinalandEthn

obotanicaluses

ofplantspecies

inPang

iValleyandits

adjoiningareaso

fdistric

tChamba

ofHim

achalP

radesh

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Angelicagla

ucaEd

gew

(Herb)58760

Apiaceae

Chura

Roots

Drie

drootsinpo

wderedform

areu

sedforjoint

painsa

ndin

feverUsedto

cure

coug


machachea

ndrheumatism

Rootsa

rebu

rnttosm

okea

ndfumigations

are

used

tokeep

snakes

away

from

inhabitatio

nPo

wderedrootsu

sedas

spiceinvario

usrecepies

toprovidep

leasantaromaa

ndflavour

tofoodlowast


iting

[11ndash14]

Essentialoils

(120573-phelland

rene120572

-cadinol)lacton

ecoum

arin

(I)iso

imperatorin

prangolarin

furocoum

arins[15]Ro

otsa

rebu

rnttoremovethe

snakes

whenthey

enterthe

house[16]

Aconitu

mheterophyllum

Wallex

Royle(Herb)

51397

Ranu

nculaceae

Atis

Roots

Root

powderisu

sedforfeverandabdo

minalpain


nol

heteroph

yllisine[

17]hetid

ineatidinehetisinon

ebenzothteratising

F-dihydroatisine

[1415]

Aconitu

mviolaceum

Jacq

exStapf(Herb)58295

Ranu

nculaceae

mdashRo

ots

Drie

drootsinpo

wderedform

areu

sedforjoint

painslowast

Antipyreticabd

ominalpainantidote


ArtemisiamaritimaL

(Herb)58440

Asteraceae

Saici

Aeria

lparts

Decoctio

nisprepared

after

boiling

thea

erial

partsinwaterTon

icused

toremovea

bdom

inal

parasites

ofchild

ren

Con

sidered

antiseptic

bloo

dpu

rifier

andverm

ifugelowast


ominalpains[20]


intic

[17]


(Herb)51734

Asteraceae

Sham

barb

ooti

Aeria

lparts

Decoctio

nisused

againststomachachea

lsoverm

ifugePasteisused

forc

utsa

ndwou

nds


sdiso



andsto

machache[13]

Theleafp

asteisappliedon

cutsandwou

ndstocheck

bleeding

[22]L

eavesc

ontain

essentialoilup

to035

Infusio

nof

leaves

givento

asthmanervou

sand

spasmod

icaffectio

nsR

ootsused

astonica

ndantiseptic

[15]

Astra

galush

imalayanus

Klotz(Herb)58789

Papilio

naceae

Kayabachtp

Flow

ers

Seeds

Powderedseedsa

ndflo

wersg

iven

instr

angu

ryInhabitant

ofLahaul-spitialso

usep

owderedseedsa

ndflo

wersg

iven

instr

angu

ry[14

]Astra

galusrhizanthu

sRo

ylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)

51203

Papilio

naceae

Zomoshing

Roots

Rootsu

sedas

fodd

erFo

dder

[14]

Berberislyc

eum

Royle

(Shrub

)58763

Berberidaceae

Kasm

alRo

otsa

ndste

m

Rootsjuice

isused

tocure

eyeinfectio

nStem

sare

used

tobrushtheteeth

tokillharm

ful

bacterialowast

Tocure

eyeinfectio

n[23]

Berginialigulata(W

all)

Engl(Herb)58784

Saxifragaceae

Shaprotri

Leaves

Leaves

areg

roun

dandfumes

areinh

aled

torecoverfrom

heavysneezing

Leavesa

reused

asldquoPattarrdquo

akindof

eco-friend

lydisposableplate

used

durin

gmarria

geandotherc

erem

onieslowast

CaC(


ndiuretic

hyperm

agneseuricandantio

xidant

effectsandthis

study

ratio


iasis

[24]

Chenopodium

album

L(H

erb)58783

Chenop

odiaceae

Baathu

Leaves

and

seeds

Usedforb

othgreenandgrain

Who

leplantisu

sedforu

lcersswellin

gsandseminal

weakn


used

forb

othforg

rain

andgreen[27]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Chenopodium

foliosum

Wall(H

erb)

58779

Chenop

odiaceae

mdashFruits

Redjuicyfruitsaree

aten

asitis


arem

ixed

with

grains

for

consum

ption[28]red

juicyinflo

rescence

iseaten[27]

Cicerm

icrophyllu

mBe

nth

(Herb)58785

Papilio

naceae

Chiri

Leaves

and

stems

Usedto

cure

mou

thinfectionlik

emou

thulcer

Fodd

erissuitedbestforc

owto

increase

milk

yieldlowast

Who

leplantisu


prod

uctio

nand

asgeneralton

icforc

ows[25]sore

mou

thin

cattle

tong

ueinfection

jaun

dice

[26]immaturea

reeaten


cultivatedCicer[27]

Clem

atisgrataWall

(Herb)58458

Ranu

nculaceae

Bharani

Leaves

Leaves

areu

sedforthe

erup

tions

ofthep

imples

andbo

ilsL

eavesa

recrushedeither

with

water

orurineo

fcow

andap

asteismadea

ndthen

the

paste

isappliedon

theinfectedpartto

cure

the

infected

partlowast

Shoo

tsused

forringwormbaldn

essandas

antim

ycotic[29]

Crataegussongaric

aK

Koch

(Tree)58778

Rosaceae

Ping

yath

Fruitsand

woo

d

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

byscho

olchild

renandroad

sidelaborou

rsW

oodisused

tomakep

loug

hfor

fieldfruits

ares

oldto

contractorsa

t18ndash20

Rskg

Fruitsaree

diblea

ndconsidered

ascardio

tonicWoo

disheavyhardand

toug

handisused

form

akingtool

hand

smallets


used

asfuel

woo

dLeaves

areu

sedforfod

der[30]

Cuscutareflexa

Roxb

(Clim

ber)58484

Cuscutaceae

Amarbel

Who

leplant

Thep

lant

isused

injaun

diceL

adiesu

sedwho

leplantash

airton

icby

maceratingthep

lant

inBrassicaoillowast

Who


asantiv

iral[31]a

ndanalgesic

[32]m

ethano

lextractof

stem

possesses

antib

acteria

lactivity

[32]

Datiscacann

abinaL

(Shrub

)58282

Datisc

aceae

Paharineem

Leaves

Theleavesa

reused

toprotectclothes

from

wormslowast

Fevera

ndgastr

ic[26]

Daturastram

onium

L(H

erb)58782

Solanaceae

Datura

Seeds

4-5seedsa

regrou

ndto

powe

redform

andadded

10ndash15liter

ofalcoho

ltoincrease

thee

ffectand

prop

ertie

slowastSofte

ning

oftheb

oilsandearache[

29]

Desmodium

elegans

DC

(Shrub

)58749

Papilio

naceae

Kathi

leaves

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erCa


icfevercoug

hvomiting

asthm

aandin

snakebite

[29]

Elaeagnu

sconfer

taRo

xb

(Tree)58777

Elaeagnaceae

Gaihein

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Faste

rclearance

ofbloo

dalcoho

lafte

rthe

alcoho

lingestion[33]

Epilobium

aungustifolium

Lam(Herb)51634

Onagraceae

Dharshak

Roots

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent[14]

Gentia

namoorcroftian

aWallex

GD

on(H

erb)

58491

Gentia

naceae

mdashLeaves

Effectiv

efor

liver

prob

lem

Jaun

dice

[34]

Hederanepalen

sisC

Koch

(Clim

ber)58776

Araliaceae

Kurrai

Leaves

with

stems

Leaves

arec

onsid

ered

astonicfor

cattles

oused

asfodd

erlowast

Thed

riedbranches

andleaves

areg

roun

dandthe

powderisu

sedearly

inthem

orning

with

water

against

diabetes

[35]

Heracleu

mlanatum

Michx

(=Hc

andicans

Wallex

DC)(Herb)

58489

Apiaceae

Dun

duRo

ots

Groun

dedroot

paste

isused

insnakeb

itelowast

Itisused

totre

atfevera

ndabdo

minalcram

pscaused

bytheintestin

alworms

Plantisa

good

fodd

erforg

oatswhich

increasesm

ilkprod

uctio


forn

erve

disordersa

ndsexu

alprob

lems[25]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Impatiens

sulca

taL

(Herb)58718

Balsa

minaceae

Halva

Seed

and

leaves

Seedsa

reeatenby

scho

olchild

renandroad

side

labo

rersP

lant

issundriedandsto

redas

afod

der

with

otherg

rasses

forw

interseasonfor

consum

ptionto

domestic

cattlelowast

Urticariaeczem

apimplesand

abortifacient

[26]

InularacemosaHoo

kf

(Herb)58787

Asteraceae

mdashRo

ots

Itisused

totre

atasthmatre

atsto

machdisease

rheumatism

liver

complaint

Paste

ofrootsisu

sedto

cure

boils

[36]growingwild

earliernow

acultiv

ated

crop

ofther

egion[27]

Jasm

inum

officin

aleL

(Shrub

)58759

Oleaceae

Swain

Leaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

andste

msa

reused

inthem

arria

geceremon

iesa

saestheticvaluea

ndothersareu

sed

forreligious

purposeslowast

Leaves

andflo

wersa

reused

forc

ough

feverand

asbloo

dpu

rifier

[29]

Lactucadisse

ctaDD

on(H

erb)58602

Asteraceae

Dud

hil

Leaves

and

stems

Paste

isused

tocuresinfectio

nsof

female


Allelopathicpo

tential[37]

Lonicera

quinquelo

cularis

Hardw

(Sh

rub)58426

Caprifo

liaceae

Bakh

urStem

sleaves

and

fruits

Fruitjuice

isappliedto

cure

cracks

offoot

and

hand

sand

isalso

used

asfuel

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Anewirido

idglycoside

61015840-O

-beta-apiofurano

sylsw

erosidew

asiso

lated

from

thee

thanolicextracto

fthe

rootsa

long

with

thek

nown

compo

unds

loganinandsw

eroside[38]fre

shleaves

are

crushedandthee

xtractispo

ured

ineyes

tocure

the

cataractandto

improvev

ision

Fresh

leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erforg

oats[35]

Malva

negle

ctaWall

(Herb)58420

Malvaceae

Sonchal

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Malariabladd


antio

besity[39]

Menthalongifolia

(L)

Hud

s(H

erb)58771

Lamiaceae

Marhend

riLeaves

with

stems

Apaste

isalso

madefrom

theleavesa

ndapplied

tobu

rstthe

boils

forp

usremovalL

eavesa

replaced

insid

ethe

containerc

ontainingseedsto

killandpreventthe

attack

ofinsectso

nthes

tored

seedsleaves

with

stemsa

realso

placed

insid

ethe

catte

riestoprotectthem

from

ticksm

itesand

ratfl

ealowast

Stom

achprob

lemscarm

inativeliver

prob

lems

vomiting


eepo

xide

piperitenon

eoxidecarvonem

enthon

ethym

olpulegon

e120573-th

ujon

e(E)caryoph

yllene


p-cymene[

40]


ndgutspasm

calcium


ity[41]insectic

idalprop

ertie

s[42]

Morinacoulteria

naRo

yle

(Herb)58772

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin

eamacrocephala)

forincense

becauseo

fpleasant

arom

aEyec

omplaints[26]

Morinalongifolia

Wall

(Herb)58773

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin


werso

fMorinacoulteria

na)

forincense

duetopleasant

arom

alowast

Ther

ootp

owderisa

ppliedas

poulticeinbo

ilsfor

suckingthep

usso

utof


the

wou

nds[22]Bo

ils[13]usedas

incenseinthe

preparationof

dhoo

pandagarbattisa

ndso

forthyield

anessentialoil[15]

Morus

serrataRo

xb

(Tree)58751

Moraceae

Kruu

mFruitsand

Woo

dFruitsaree

aten

andleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

er

woo

disused

tomakefurniture

Thefruits

aree

diblea

ndareu

sedas

digestives

timulant

andto

relieve

constip

ationandotherd

igestiv

eprob

lemsTh

eleavesa

reused

forfod

derWoo

disused

forfurniture

andfuel[35]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Onosm

ahispidaWallex

GD

on(H

erb)58453

Boraginaceae

Kom

Rootsa

ndleaves

Usedforc

utssw

ells

wou

ndand

ulcerLama

(Prie

stor

Bhot

peop

le)u

sethed

yeforreligiou

sceremon

ieslowast

Root

extractisu

sedforp

neum

oniaandtyph

oidfever

andalso

used

ford

yeinghairs

[25]stim

ulantbloo

dpu

rifiercutssw

ellingulcers[26]

Orig

anum

vulga

reL

(Herb)58774

Lamiaceae

Marua

Leaves

andste

ms

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Also

used

asac

oolant

Also

used

asfodd

erlowast

Paste

ofleaves

andterm

inalshoo

tsalon

gwith

2-3fruits

ofblackpepp

er(Pipernigrum

)isa

ppliedto

boils

ulcersw

ound

scuts

andweeping

eczemaPaste

ofleaves

isrepo

rted

tobe

useful

inhealingthew

ound

scaused

byfireb

urnsTh

eroo

tpieceso

fplant

areb

ound

inac

loth

piecea

ndtie

dto

then

ecks

ofinfantsa

saprotectiv

emeasuresa

gainstconjun

ctivitis[22]cold

feverhyste

riam


leaves

andtops

cutp

riortobloo

mingareu

sedas


oilisc

arminative


oreticand

emmenagogue

andisused

asas

timulantand


inwho

opingcoug

handbron

chitisb

ecause

ofits

spasmolyticactio

nalso

employed

incosm

eticsa

ndsoaps[15]

Oxyria

digyna

(L)Hill

(Herb)58775

Polygonaceae

Suchali

Leaves

Leaves

andinflo

rescence

aree

dible

Who

leplantisu

sedfora


andleavesand

inflo

rescence

aree

dible[27]

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb

(Herb)58756

Phytolaccaceae

RanshagAs

hlu

Leaves

Youn

gtend

erleaves

areu

sedforthe

preparation

ofvegetable

Freshleaves

areb

oiledandconsum

edto

relieve

bodyache

anddiarrhoea[

43]

Picrorhiza

kurroa

Roylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)58764

Scroph

ulariaceae

Kour

Roots

5ndash10gm

ofdriedpo

wderistaken

with

watertwo

times

adaytorelieve

from

jointp

ains

Tocure

anaemiaasthm

adiarrhoeajaun

dice

prom

otes

secretionof

bileandused

insto

machdiseases

[13]roo

tsareu

sedin

abdo

minalpainsa

ndas

apu

rgativetooO

neto

twoleaves

arec

rushed

anddrop

sof

thejuice

arep

ouredin

then

osetosto

pbleeding

[22]

constitutethe

drug

picrorhizaand

areu

sedas

asubstituteo

fInd

ianGentia

n(G

entia

nakurroo)

containing

picrorhizin

kutkinand

otherc

ompo

unds

[15]

Podophylu

mhexand

rum

Royle(Herb)58752

Berberidaceae

Bank

akri

Roots

Fruit

Rootsa

redriedandused

inpo

wered

form

for

jointp


dible

Ther

ootp

owderisa

dministered

internallyforg

astric

ulcersItisa

ppliedas

apasteon

cutsandwou

ndsfor

regeneratio

nof

thetissuesDecoctio

nof

rootsisu

sedto

cure

liver

prob

lems[27]a

ndhepatic

diseases

[13]

Fruits

aree

dible[15]diarrhoea[

1344ndash

46]bloo

ddiarrhoea

[3447]chronicc

onstipatio

n[14

]antic

ancer[17]a

ndthey

constitutea

compo

undcalledpo

doph

yllin

which

iscommon

lyused

asap

urgativ

epo

doph

yllotoxinis

thea

ctivep

rinciplePo

doph

yllin

isan

effectiv

everm

ifugeR

ecently

ithasa

cquiredim

portance

because

ofits


someformso

fcancer


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Polyg

onum

alpinu

mAllion

i(Herb)58786

Polygonaceae

Choh

rStem

and

leaves

Tend

erste

msa

reeatenrawto

cure

thec

rackso

flip

sand

gumsLeaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Cou


icabo

rtion

wou

ndsandheartb

urn[26]

Potentillanu

bicolaLind

lex

Lacaita

(Fragaria

nubicolaHoo

k)(Herb)

58753

Rosaceae

Dhu

l-akh

reFruits

Fruitsarec

ollected

andeatenraw

Fruitsandleaves

areu

sedas

carm

inativeforstomach

ulcersand

asantiseptic

[29]

Prun

uscornuta(W

allex

Royle)Steud(Tree)

58762

Rosaceae

Jammu

Fruitsand

Stem

Fruitsaree

atenStemsa

reused

form

akingmany

agric

ulturaltoo

lsandalso

used

asfuel

Itis

repo

rted

thattheleavesa

reavoidedto

cattle

fodd

eras

theleavesa

reconsidered

very

poiso

nous

andkillthec

attlelowast

Rheumatism

andwou

nds[26]

Ranu

nculus

arvenseL

(H

erb)58614

Ranu

nculaceae

Gud

iLeaves

Paste

ofleavescurescutso

rwou

ndsb

ydryingp

usCou

nter-ir

ritantanthelmintic

coo

lingem

ollient

and

forw

ound

s[26]

Ranu

nculus

laetus

Wallex

Royle(Herb)58290

Ranu

nculaceae

Jaldaru

Leaves

Paste

isappliedon

cutsandwou

ndslowast

Antim

icrobialactiv

ities

[17]

Rheum

australeD

Don

(Herb)58765

Polygonaceae

Chuk

ari

Rootsa

ndleaves

Rootsa

resundriedandgrou

ndto

powe

redform

then

byadding

water

athick

paste

ismadea

ndpaste

isthen

appliedon

thec

utsa

ndwou

ndsfor

healingLeaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters

Usedas


hfever

pilesskin

diseasesulce

rsand

wou

nds[13]thep

asteof

ther

ootm

ixed

inwater


muscularinjurycuts

wou

ndsandmum

psandto

forehead

inheadacheTh

ewateryextractisg

iven

orally

insto

machpainsconstip

ationdysenterysw

ellingof

thethroatand

tonsillitisLo

tionisdrop

pedin

earsin

earache[22]leaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters[27]

Rubiacordifolia

L(H

erb)

58780

Rubiaceae

Mish

tuLeaves

and

stems

Apaste

ofRu

biacordifolia

andCy

nodondactylon

(Doo


ndthes

nakebitelowast

Root

decoctionwith

water

isgivento

cure

urinary

infection

paste

isused

asan

ointmenttoskin

diseases

Root

isalso

used

tomaked

yes[43]rootsa

reused

for

bloo

dpu

rificatio

nliver

prob

lemssw

ellin

gsn

ervous


uterin

etum

orsbleeding


ndscoug

hbo

nefractures

andgenerald

ebility[25]

Rubu

sellipticu

sSm

(Shrub

)58754

Rosaceae

Aakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

bythelocalpeop

le

Fruitise

diblea

ndishaving

coolingeffectSpiny

branches

areu

sedas

fencea

roun

dfieldsLeaves

are

brow

sedby

goats[35]Yo

ungshoo

tisc

hewed

rawto

relieve

sudd

ensto

machpainR

ootd

ecoctio

nisgivento

thec

hildrento

getrid

ofsto

machwarmR

ootp

asteis

appliedon

forehead

durin

gsevere

headachefruitis

edible[43]

Rubu

sniveusTh

unb

(Shrub

)58755

Rosaceae

Lalaakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Freshroot

tipsa

reused

forc

uringexcessiveb

leeding

durin

gmenstr

ualcycle[23]

Rumex

acetosaL(H

erb)

58634

Polygonaceae

Podo

iLeaves

Leaves

arec

ollected

andused

asvegetableEa

ten

asaleafvegetable

Usedas

agoo

dfodd

erfor

cattlelowast

Jaun

dicevom

iting

liver

prob

lems[25]cuts

wou

nds

andnettles

ting[26]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused


Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes


tsareb

oiledin

water


andjointspain

[25]leavesa


wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]


ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste


cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]


(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46


-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin


shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric


liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into


snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References
















































































N


Roots 1304

Fruits 1304

Stems 1739

Leaves 3913

Flowers782




3 Results




Table1Ethn

omedicinalandEthn

obotanicaluses

ofplantspecies

inPang

iValleyandits

adjoiningareaso

fdistric

tChamba

ofHim

achalP

radesh

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Angelicagla

ucaEd

gew

(Herb)58760

Apiaceae

Chura

Roots

Drie

drootsinpo

wderedform

areu

sedforjoint

painsa

ndin

feverUsedto

cure

coug


machachea

ndrheumatism

Rootsa

rebu

rnttosm

okea

ndfumigations

are

used

tokeep

snakes

away

from

inhabitatio

nPo

wderedrootsu

sedas

spiceinvario

usrecepies

toprovidep

leasantaromaa

ndflavour

tofoodlowast


iting

[11ndash14]

Essentialoils

(120573-phelland

rene120572

-cadinol)lacton

ecoum

arin

(I)iso

imperatorin

prangolarin

furocoum

arins[15]Ro

otsa

rebu

rnttoremovethe

snakes

whenthey

enterthe

house[16]

Aconitu

mheterophyllum

Wallex

Royle(Herb)

51397

Ranu

nculaceae

Atis

Roots

Root

powderisu

sedforfeverandabdo

minalpain


nol

heteroph

yllisine[

17]hetid

ineatidinehetisinon

ebenzothteratising

F-dihydroatisine

[1415]

Aconitu

mviolaceum

Jacq

exStapf(Herb)58295

Ranu

nculaceae

mdashRo

ots

Drie

drootsinpo

wderedform

areu

sedforjoint

painslowast

Antipyreticabd

ominalpainantidote


ArtemisiamaritimaL

(Herb)58440

Asteraceae

Saici

Aeria

lparts

Decoctio

nisprepared

after

boiling

thea

erial

partsinwaterTon

icused

toremovea

bdom

inal

parasites

ofchild

ren

Con

sidered

antiseptic

bloo

dpu

rifier

andverm

ifugelowast


ominalpains[20]


intic

[17]


(Herb)51734

Asteraceae

Sham

barb

ooti

Aeria

lparts

Decoctio

nisused

againststomachachea

lsoverm

ifugePasteisused

forc

utsa

ndwou

nds


sdiso



andsto

machache[13]

Theleafp

asteisappliedon

cutsandwou

ndstocheck

bleeding

[22]L

eavesc

ontain

essentialoilup

to035

Infusio

nof

leaves

givento

asthmanervou

sand

spasmod

icaffectio

nsR

ootsused

astonica

ndantiseptic

[15]

Astra

galush

imalayanus

Klotz(Herb)58789

Papilio

naceae

Kayabachtp

Flow

ers

Seeds

Powderedseedsa

ndflo

wersg

iven

instr

angu

ryInhabitant

ofLahaul-spitialso

usep

owderedseedsa

ndflo

wersg

iven

instr

angu

ry[14

]Astra

galusrhizanthu

sRo

ylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)

51203

Papilio

naceae

Zomoshing

Roots

Rootsu

sedas

fodd

erFo

dder

[14]

Berberislyc

eum

Royle

(Shrub

)58763

Berberidaceae

Kasm

alRo

otsa

ndste

m

Rootsjuice

isused

tocure

eyeinfectio

nStem

sare

used

tobrushtheteeth

tokillharm

ful

bacterialowast

Tocure

eyeinfectio

n[23]

Berginialigulata(W

all)

Engl(Herb)58784

Saxifragaceae

Shaprotri

Leaves

Leaves

areg

roun

dandfumes

areinh

aled

torecoverfrom

heavysneezing

Leavesa

reused

asldquoPattarrdquo

akindof

eco-friend

lydisposableplate

used

durin

gmarria

geandotherc

erem

onieslowast

CaC(


ndiuretic

hyperm

agneseuricandantio

xidant

effectsandthis

study

ratio


iasis

[24]

Chenopodium

album

L(H

erb)58783

Chenop

odiaceae

Baathu

Leaves

and

seeds

Usedforb

othgreenandgrain

Who

leplantisu

sedforu

lcersswellin

gsandseminal

weakn


used

forb

othforg

rain

andgreen[27]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Chenopodium

foliosum

Wall(H

erb)

58779

Chenop

odiaceae

mdashFruits

Redjuicyfruitsaree

aten

asitis


arem

ixed

with

grains

for

consum

ption[28]red

juicyinflo

rescence

iseaten[27]

Cicerm

icrophyllu

mBe

nth

(Herb)58785

Papilio

naceae

Chiri

Leaves

and

stems

Usedto

cure

mou

thinfectionlik

emou

thulcer

Fodd

erissuitedbestforc

owto

increase

milk

yieldlowast

Who

leplantisu


prod

uctio

nand

asgeneralton

icforc

ows[25]sore

mou

thin

cattle

tong

ueinfection

jaun

dice

[26]immaturea

reeaten


cultivatedCicer[27]

Clem

atisgrataWall

(Herb)58458

Ranu

nculaceae

Bharani

Leaves

Leaves

areu

sedforthe

erup

tions

ofthep

imples

andbo

ilsL

eavesa

recrushedeither

with

water

orurineo

fcow

andap

asteismadea

ndthen

the

paste

isappliedon

theinfectedpartto

cure

the

infected

partlowast

Shoo

tsused

forringwormbaldn

essandas

antim

ycotic[29]

Crataegussongaric

aK

Koch

(Tree)58778

Rosaceae

Ping

yath

Fruitsand

woo

d

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

byscho

olchild

renandroad

sidelaborou

rsW

oodisused

tomakep

loug

hfor

fieldfruits

ares

oldto

contractorsa

t18ndash20

Rskg

Fruitsaree

diblea

ndconsidered

ascardio

tonicWoo

disheavyhardand

toug

handisused

form

akingtool

hand

smallets


used

asfuel

woo

dLeaves

areu

sedforfod

der[30]

Cuscutareflexa

Roxb

(Clim

ber)58484

Cuscutaceae

Amarbel

Who

leplant

Thep

lant

isused

injaun

diceL

adiesu

sedwho

leplantash

airton

icby

maceratingthep

lant

inBrassicaoillowast

Who


asantiv

iral[31]a

ndanalgesic

[32]m

ethano

lextractof

stem

possesses

antib

acteria

lactivity

[32]

Datiscacann

abinaL

(Shrub

)58282

Datisc

aceae

Paharineem

Leaves

Theleavesa

reused

toprotectclothes

from

wormslowast

Fevera

ndgastr

ic[26]

Daturastram

onium

L(H

erb)58782

Solanaceae

Datura

Seeds

4-5seedsa

regrou

ndto

powe

redform

andadded

10ndash15liter

ofalcoho

ltoincrease

thee

ffectand

prop

ertie

slowastSofte

ning

oftheb

oilsandearache[

29]

Desmodium

elegans

DC

(Shrub

)58749

Papilio

naceae

Kathi

leaves

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erCa


icfevercoug

hvomiting

asthm

aandin

snakebite

[29]

Elaeagnu

sconfer

taRo

xb

(Tree)58777

Elaeagnaceae

Gaihein

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Faste

rclearance

ofbloo

dalcoho

lafte

rthe

alcoho

lingestion[33]

Epilobium

aungustifolium

Lam(Herb)51634

Onagraceae

Dharshak

Roots

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent[14]

Gentia

namoorcroftian

aWallex

GD

on(H

erb)

58491

Gentia

naceae

mdashLeaves

Effectiv

efor

liver

prob

lem

Jaun

dice

[34]

Hederanepalen

sisC

Koch

(Clim

ber)58776

Araliaceae

Kurrai

Leaves

with

stems

Leaves

arec

onsid

ered

astonicfor

cattles

oused

asfodd

erlowast

Thed

riedbranches

andleaves

areg

roun

dandthe

powderisu

sedearly

inthem

orning

with

water

against

diabetes

[35]

Heracleu

mlanatum

Michx

(=Hc

andicans

Wallex

DC)(Herb)

58489

Apiaceae

Dun

duRo

ots

Groun

dedroot

paste

isused

insnakeb

itelowast

Itisused

totre

atfevera

ndabdo

minalcram

pscaused

bytheintestin

alworms

Plantisa

good

fodd

erforg

oatswhich

increasesm

ilkprod

uctio


forn

erve

disordersa

ndsexu

alprob

lems[25]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Impatiens

sulca

taL

(Herb)58718

Balsa

minaceae

Halva

Seed

and

leaves

Seedsa

reeatenby

scho

olchild

renandroad

side

labo

rersP

lant

issundriedandsto

redas

afod

der

with

otherg

rasses

forw

interseasonfor

consum

ptionto

domestic

cattlelowast

Urticariaeczem

apimplesand

abortifacient

[26]

InularacemosaHoo

kf

(Herb)58787

Asteraceae

mdashRo

ots

Itisused

totre

atasthmatre

atsto

machdisease

rheumatism

liver

complaint

Paste

ofrootsisu

sedto

cure

boils

[36]growingwild

earliernow

acultiv

ated

crop

ofther

egion[27]

Jasm

inum

officin

aleL

(Shrub

)58759

Oleaceae

Swain

Leaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

andste

msa

reused

inthem

arria

geceremon

iesa

saestheticvaluea

ndothersareu

sed

forreligious

purposeslowast

Leaves

andflo

wersa

reused

forc

ough

feverand

asbloo

dpu

rifier

[29]

Lactucadisse

ctaDD

on(H

erb)58602

Asteraceae

Dud

hil

Leaves

and

stems

Paste

isused

tocuresinfectio

nsof

female


Allelopathicpo

tential[37]

Lonicera

quinquelo

cularis

Hardw

(Sh

rub)58426

Caprifo

liaceae

Bakh

urStem

sleaves

and

fruits

Fruitjuice

isappliedto

cure

cracks

offoot

and

hand

sand

isalso

used

asfuel

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Anewirido

idglycoside

61015840-O

-beta-apiofurano

sylsw

erosidew

asiso

lated

from

thee

thanolicextracto

fthe

rootsa

long

with

thek

nown

compo

unds

loganinandsw

eroside[38]fre

shleaves

are

crushedandthee

xtractispo

ured

ineyes

tocure

the

cataractandto

improvev

ision

Fresh

leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erforg

oats[35]

Malva

negle

ctaWall

(Herb)58420

Malvaceae

Sonchal

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Malariabladd


antio

besity[39]

Menthalongifolia

(L)

Hud

s(H

erb)58771

Lamiaceae

Marhend

riLeaves

with

stems

Apaste

isalso

madefrom

theleavesa

ndapplied

tobu

rstthe

boils

forp

usremovalL

eavesa

replaced

insid

ethe

containerc

ontainingseedsto

killandpreventthe

attack

ofinsectso

nthes

tored

seedsleaves

with

stemsa

realso

placed

insid

ethe

catte

riestoprotectthem

from

ticksm

itesand

ratfl

ealowast

Stom

achprob

lemscarm

inativeliver

prob

lems

vomiting


eepo

xide

piperitenon

eoxidecarvonem

enthon

ethym

olpulegon

e120573-th

ujon

e(E)caryoph

yllene


p-cymene[

40]


ndgutspasm

calcium


ity[41]insectic

idalprop

ertie

s[42]

Morinacoulteria

naRo

yle

(Herb)58772

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin

eamacrocephala)

forincense

becauseo

fpleasant

arom

aEyec

omplaints[26]

Morinalongifolia

Wall

(Herb)58773

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin


werso

fMorinacoulteria

na)

forincense

duetopleasant

arom

alowast

Ther

ootp

owderisa

ppliedas

poulticeinbo

ilsfor

suckingthep

usso

utof


the

wou

nds[22]Bo

ils[13]usedas

incenseinthe

preparationof

dhoo

pandagarbattisa

ndso

forthyield

anessentialoil[15]

Morus

serrataRo

xb

(Tree)58751

Moraceae

Kruu

mFruitsand

Woo

dFruitsaree

aten

andleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

er

woo

disused

tomakefurniture

Thefruits

aree

diblea

ndareu

sedas

digestives

timulant

andto

relieve

constip

ationandotherd

igestiv

eprob

lemsTh

eleavesa

reused

forfod

derWoo

disused

forfurniture

andfuel[35]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Onosm

ahispidaWallex

GD

on(H

erb)58453

Boraginaceae

Kom

Rootsa

ndleaves

Usedforc

utssw

ells

wou

ndand

ulcerLama

(Prie

stor

Bhot

peop

le)u

sethed

yeforreligiou

sceremon

ieslowast

Root

extractisu

sedforp

neum

oniaandtyph

oidfever

andalso

used

ford

yeinghairs

[25]stim

ulantbloo

dpu

rifiercutssw

ellingulcers[26]

Orig

anum

vulga

reL

(Herb)58774

Lamiaceae

Marua

Leaves

andste

ms

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Also

used

asac

oolant

Also

used

asfodd

erlowast

Paste

ofleaves

andterm

inalshoo

tsalon

gwith

2-3fruits

ofblackpepp

er(Pipernigrum

)isa

ppliedto

boils

ulcersw

ound

scuts

andweeping

eczemaPaste

ofleaves

isrepo

rted

tobe

useful

inhealingthew

ound

scaused

byfireb

urnsTh

eroo

tpieceso

fplant

areb

ound

inac

loth

piecea

ndtie

dto

then

ecks

ofinfantsa

saprotectiv

emeasuresa

gainstconjun

ctivitis[22]cold

feverhyste

riam


leaves

andtops

cutp

riortobloo

mingareu

sedas


oilisc

arminative


oreticand

emmenagogue

andisused

asas

timulantand


inwho

opingcoug

handbron

chitisb

ecause

ofits

spasmolyticactio

nalso

employed

incosm

eticsa

ndsoaps[15]

Oxyria

digyna

(L)Hill

(Herb)58775

Polygonaceae

Suchali

Leaves

Leaves

andinflo

rescence

aree

dible

Who

leplantisu

sedfora


andleavesand

inflo

rescence

aree

dible[27]

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb

(Herb)58756

Phytolaccaceae

RanshagAs

hlu

Leaves

Youn

gtend

erleaves

areu

sedforthe

preparation

ofvegetable

Freshleaves

areb

oiledandconsum

edto

relieve

bodyache

anddiarrhoea[

43]

Picrorhiza

kurroa

Roylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)58764

Scroph

ulariaceae

Kour

Roots

5ndash10gm

ofdriedpo

wderistaken

with

watertwo

times

adaytorelieve

from

jointp

ains

Tocure

anaemiaasthm

adiarrhoeajaun

dice

prom

otes

secretionof

bileandused

insto

machdiseases

[13]roo

tsareu

sedin

abdo

minalpainsa

ndas

apu

rgativetooO

neto

twoleaves

arec

rushed

anddrop

sof

thejuice

arep

ouredin

then

osetosto

pbleeding

[22]

constitutethe

drug

picrorhizaand

areu

sedas

asubstituteo

fInd

ianGentia

n(G

entia

nakurroo)

containing

picrorhizin

kutkinand

otherc

ompo

unds

[15]

Podophylu

mhexand

rum

Royle(Herb)58752

Berberidaceae

Bank

akri

Roots

Fruit

Rootsa

redriedandused

inpo

wered

form

for

jointp


dible

Ther

ootp

owderisa

dministered

internallyforg

astric

ulcersItisa

ppliedas

apasteon

cutsandwou

ndsfor

regeneratio

nof

thetissuesDecoctio

nof

rootsisu

sedto

cure

liver

prob

lems[27]a

ndhepatic

diseases

[13]

Fruits

aree

dible[15]diarrhoea[

1344ndash

46]bloo

ddiarrhoea

[3447]chronicc

onstipatio

n[14

]antic

ancer[17]a

ndthey

constitutea

compo

undcalledpo

doph

yllin

which

iscommon

lyused

asap

urgativ

epo

doph

yllotoxinis

thea

ctivep

rinciplePo

doph

yllin

isan

effectiv

everm

ifugeR

ecently

ithasa

cquiredim

portance

because

ofits


someformso

fcancer


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Polyg

onum

alpinu

mAllion

i(Herb)58786

Polygonaceae

Choh

rStem

and

leaves

Tend

erste

msa

reeatenrawto

cure

thec

rackso

flip

sand

gumsLeaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Cou


icabo

rtion

wou

ndsandheartb

urn[26]

Potentillanu

bicolaLind

lex

Lacaita

(Fragaria

nubicolaHoo

k)(Herb)

58753

Rosaceae

Dhu

l-akh

reFruits

Fruitsarec

ollected

andeatenraw

Fruitsandleaves

areu

sedas

carm

inativeforstomach

ulcersand

asantiseptic

[29]

Prun

uscornuta(W

allex

Royle)Steud(Tree)

58762

Rosaceae

Jammu

Fruitsand

Stem

Fruitsaree

atenStemsa

reused

form

akingmany

agric

ulturaltoo

lsandalso

used

asfuel

Itis

repo

rted

thattheleavesa

reavoidedto

cattle

fodd

eras

theleavesa

reconsidered

very

poiso

nous

andkillthec

attlelowast

Rheumatism

andwou

nds[26]

Ranu

nculus

arvenseL

(H

erb)58614

Ranu

nculaceae

Gud

iLeaves

Paste

ofleavescurescutso

rwou

ndsb

ydryingp

usCou

nter-ir

ritantanthelmintic

coo

lingem

ollient

and

forw

ound

s[26]

Ranu

nculus

laetus

Wallex

Royle(Herb)58290

Ranu

nculaceae

Jaldaru

Leaves

Paste

isappliedon

cutsandwou

ndslowast

Antim

icrobialactiv

ities

[17]

Rheum

australeD

Don

(Herb)58765

Polygonaceae

Chuk

ari

Rootsa

ndleaves

Rootsa

resundriedandgrou

ndto

powe

redform

then

byadding

water

athick

paste

ismadea

ndpaste

isthen

appliedon

thec

utsa

ndwou

ndsfor

healingLeaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters

Usedas


hfever

pilesskin

diseasesulce

rsand

wou

nds[13]thep

asteof

ther

ootm

ixed

inwater


muscularinjurycuts

wou

ndsandmum

psandto

forehead

inheadacheTh

ewateryextractisg

iven

orally

insto

machpainsconstip

ationdysenterysw

ellingof

thethroatand

tonsillitisLo

tionisdrop

pedin

earsin

earache[22]leaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters[27]

Rubiacordifolia

L(H

erb)

58780

Rubiaceae

Mish

tuLeaves

and

stems

Apaste

ofRu

biacordifolia

andCy

nodondactylon

(Doo


ndthes

nakebitelowast

Root

decoctionwith

water

isgivento

cure

urinary

infection

paste

isused

asan

ointmenttoskin

diseases

Root

isalso

used

tomaked

yes[43]rootsa

reused

for

bloo

dpu

rificatio

nliver

prob

lemssw

ellin

gsn

ervous


uterin

etum

orsbleeding


ndscoug

hbo

nefractures

andgenerald

ebility[25]

Rubu

sellipticu

sSm

(Shrub

)58754

Rosaceae

Aakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

bythelocalpeop

le

Fruitise

diblea

ndishaving

coolingeffectSpiny

branches

areu

sedas

fencea

roun

dfieldsLeaves

are

brow

sedby

goats[35]Yo

ungshoo

tisc

hewed

rawto

relieve

sudd

ensto

machpainR

ootd

ecoctio

nisgivento

thec

hildrento

getrid

ofsto

machwarmR

ootp

asteis

appliedon

forehead

durin

gsevere

headachefruitis

edible[43]

Rubu

sniveusTh

unb

(Shrub

)58755

Rosaceae

Lalaakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Freshroot

tipsa

reused

forc

uringexcessiveb

leeding

durin

gmenstr

ualcycle[23]

Rumex

acetosaL(H

erb)

58634

Polygonaceae

Podo

iLeaves

Leaves

arec

ollected

andused

asvegetableEa

ten

asaleafvegetable

Usedas

agoo

dfodd

erfor

cattlelowast

Jaun

dicevom

iting

liver

prob

lems[25]cuts

wou

nds

andnettles

ting[26]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused


Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes


tsareb

oiledin

water


andjointspain

[25]leavesa


wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]


ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste


cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]


(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46


-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin


shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric


liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into


snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References
















































































Table1Ethn

omedicinalandEthn

obotanicaluses

ofplantspecies

inPang

iValleyandits

adjoiningareaso

fdistric

tChamba

ofHim

achalP

radesh

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Angelicagla

ucaEd

gew

(Herb)58760

Apiaceae

Chura

Roots

Drie

drootsinpo

wderedform

areu

sedforjoint

painsa

ndin

feverUsedto

cure

coug


machachea

ndrheumatism

Rootsa

rebu

rnttosm

okea

ndfumigations

are

used

tokeep

snakes

away

from

inhabitatio

nPo

wderedrootsu

sedas

spiceinvario

usrecepies

toprovidep

leasantaromaa

ndflavour

tofoodlowast


iting

[11ndash14]

Essentialoils

(120573-phelland

rene120572

-cadinol)lacton

ecoum

arin

(I)iso

imperatorin

prangolarin

furocoum

arins[15]Ro

otsa

rebu

rnttoremovethe

snakes

whenthey

enterthe

house[16]

Aconitu

mheterophyllum

Wallex

Royle(Herb)

51397

Ranu

nculaceae

Atis

Roots

Root

powderisu

sedforfeverandabdo

minalpain


nol

heteroph

yllisine[

17]hetid

ineatidinehetisinon

ebenzothteratising

F-dihydroatisine

[1415]

Aconitu

mviolaceum

Jacq

exStapf(Herb)58295

Ranu

nculaceae

mdashRo

ots

Drie

drootsinpo

wderedform

areu

sedforjoint

painslowast

Antipyreticabd

ominalpainantidote


ArtemisiamaritimaL

(Herb)58440

Asteraceae

Saici

Aeria

lparts

Decoctio

nisprepared

after

boiling

thea

erial

partsinwaterTon

icused

toremovea

bdom

inal

parasites

ofchild

ren

Con

sidered

antiseptic

bloo

dpu

rifier

andverm

ifugelowast


ominalpains[20]


intic

[17]


(Herb)51734

Asteraceae

Sham

barb

ooti

Aeria

lparts

Decoctio

nisused

againststomachachea

lsoverm

ifugePasteisused

forc

utsa

ndwou

nds


sdiso



andsto

machache[13]

Theleafp

asteisappliedon

cutsandwou

ndstocheck

bleeding

[22]L

eavesc

ontain

essentialoilup

to035

Infusio

nof

leaves

givento

asthmanervou

sand

spasmod

icaffectio

nsR

ootsused

astonica

ndantiseptic

[15]

Astra

galush

imalayanus

Klotz(Herb)58789

Papilio

naceae

Kayabachtp

Flow

ers

Seeds

Powderedseedsa

ndflo

wersg

iven

instr

angu

ryInhabitant

ofLahaul-spitialso

usep

owderedseedsa

ndflo

wersg

iven

instr

angu

ry[14

]Astra

galusrhizanthu

sRo

ylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)

51203

Papilio

naceae

Zomoshing

Roots

Rootsu

sedas

fodd

erFo

dder

[14]

Berberislyc

eum

Royle

(Shrub

)58763

Berberidaceae

Kasm

alRo

otsa

ndste

m

Rootsjuice

isused

tocure

eyeinfectio

nStem

sare

used

tobrushtheteeth

tokillharm

ful

bacterialowast

Tocure

eyeinfectio

n[23]

Berginialigulata(W

all)

Engl(Herb)58784

Saxifragaceae

Shaprotri

Leaves

Leaves

areg

roun

dandfumes

areinh

aled

torecoverfrom

heavysneezing

Leavesa

reused

asldquoPattarrdquo

akindof

eco-friend

lydisposableplate

used

durin

gmarria

geandotherc

erem

onieslowast

CaC(


ndiuretic

hyperm

agneseuricandantio

xidant

effectsandthis

study

ratio


iasis

[24]

Chenopodium

album

L(H

erb)58783

Chenop

odiaceae

Baathu

Leaves

and

seeds

Usedforb

othgreenandgrain

Who

leplantisu

sedforu

lcersswellin

gsandseminal

weakn


used

forb

othforg

rain

andgreen[27]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Chenopodium

foliosum

Wall(H

erb)

58779

Chenop

odiaceae

mdashFruits

Redjuicyfruitsaree

aten

asitis


arem

ixed

with

grains

for

consum

ption[28]red

juicyinflo

rescence

iseaten[27]

Cicerm

icrophyllu

mBe

nth

(Herb)58785

Papilio

naceae

Chiri

Leaves

and

stems

Usedto

cure

mou

thinfectionlik

emou

thulcer

Fodd

erissuitedbestforc

owto

increase

milk

yieldlowast

Who

leplantisu


prod

uctio

nand

asgeneralton

icforc

ows[25]sore

mou

thin

cattle

tong

ueinfection

jaun

dice

[26]immaturea

reeaten


cultivatedCicer[27]

Clem

atisgrataWall

(Herb)58458

Ranu

nculaceae

Bharani

Leaves

Leaves

areu

sedforthe

erup

tions

ofthep

imples

andbo

ilsL

eavesa

recrushedeither

with

water

orurineo

fcow

andap

asteismadea

ndthen

the

paste

isappliedon

theinfectedpartto

cure

the

infected

partlowast

Shoo

tsused

forringwormbaldn

essandas

antim

ycotic[29]

Crataegussongaric

aK

Koch

(Tree)58778

Rosaceae

Ping

yath

Fruitsand

woo

d

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

byscho

olchild

renandroad

sidelaborou

rsW

oodisused

tomakep

loug

hfor

fieldfruits

ares

oldto

contractorsa

t18ndash20

Rskg

Fruitsaree

diblea

ndconsidered

ascardio

tonicWoo

disheavyhardand

toug

handisused

form

akingtool

hand

smallets


used

asfuel

woo

dLeaves

areu

sedforfod

der[30]

Cuscutareflexa

Roxb

(Clim

ber)58484

Cuscutaceae

Amarbel

Who

leplant

Thep

lant

isused

injaun

diceL

adiesu

sedwho

leplantash

airton

icby

maceratingthep

lant

inBrassicaoillowast

Who


asantiv

iral[31]a

ndanalgesic

[32]m

ethano

lextractof

stem

possesses

antib

acteria

lactivity

[32]

Datiscacann

abinaL

(Shrub

)58282

Datisc

aceae

Paharineem

Leaves

Theleavesa

reused

toprotectclothes

from

wormslowast

Fevera

ndgastr

ic[26]

Daturastram

onium

L(H

erb)58782

Solanaceae

Datura

Seeds

4-5seedsa

regrou

ndto

powe

redform

andadded

10ndash15liter

ofalcoho

ltoincrease

thee

ffectand

prop

ertie

slowastSofte

ning

oftheb

oilsandearache[

29]

Desmodium

elegans

DC

(Shrub

)58749

Papilio

naceae

Kathi

leaves

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erCa


icfevercoug

hvomiting

asthm

aandin

snakebite

[29]

Elaeagnu

sconfer

taRo

xb

(Tree)58777

Elaeagnaceae

Gaihein

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Faste

rclearance

ofbloo

dalcoho

lafte

rthe

alcoho

lingestion[33]

Epilobium

aungustifolium

Lam(Herb)51634

Onagraceae

Dharshak

Roots

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent[14]

Gentia

namoorcroftian

aWallex

GD

on(H

erb)

58491

Gentia

naceae

mdashLeaves

Effectiv

efor

liver

prob

lem

Jaun

dice

[34]

Hederanepalen

sisC

Koch

(Clim

ber)58776

Araliaceae

Kurrai

Leaves

with

stems

Leaves

arec

onsid

ered

astonicfor

cattles

oused

asfodd

erlowast

Thed

riedbranches

andleaves

areg

roun

dandthe

powderisu

sedearly

inthem

orning

with

water

against

diabetes

[35]

Heracleu

mlanatum

Michx

(=Hc

andicans

Wallex

DC)(Herb)

58489

Apiaceae

Dun

duRo

ots

Groun

dedroot

paste

isused

insnakeb

itelowast

Itisused

totre

atfevera

ndabdo

minalcram

pscaused

bytheintestin

alworms

Plantisa

good

fodd

erforg

oatswhich

increasesm

ilkprod

uctio


forn

erve

disordersa

ndsexu

alprob

lems[25]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Impatiens

sulca

taL

(Herb)58718

Balsa

minaceae

Halva

Seed

and

leaves

Seedsa

reeatenby

scho

olchild

renandroad

side

labo

rersP

lant

issundriedandsto

redas

afod

der

with

otherg

rasses

forw

interseasonfor

consum

ptionto

domestic

cattlelowast

Urticariaeczem

apimplesand

abortifacient

[26]

InularacemosaHoo

kf

(Herb)58787

Asteraceae

mdashRo

ots

Itisused

totre

atasthmatre

atsto

machdisease

rheumatism

liver

complaint

Paste

ofrootsisu

sedto

cure

boils

[36]growingwild

earliernow

acultiv

ated

crop

ofther

egion[27]

Jasm

inum

officin

aleL

(Shrub

)58759

Oleaceae

Swain

Leaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

andste

msa

reused

inthem

arria

geceremon

iesa

saestheticvaluea

ndothersareu

sed

forreligious

purposeslowast

Leaves

andflo

wersa

reused

forc

ough

feverand

asbloo

dpu

rifier

[29]

Lactucadisse

ctaDD

on(H

erb)58602

Asteraceae

Dud

hil

Leaves

and

stems

Paste

isused

tocuresinfectio

nsof

female


Allelopathicpo

tential[37]

Lonicera

quinquelo

cularis

Hardw

(Sh

rub)58426

Caprifo

liaceae

Bakh

urStem

sleaves

and

fruits

Fruitjuice

isappliedto

cure

cracks

offoot

and

hand

sand

isalso

used

asfuel

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Anewirido

idglycoside

61015840-O

-beta-apiofurano

sylsw

erosidew

asiso

lated

from

thee

thanolicextracto

fthe

rootsa

long

with

thek

nown

compo

unds

loganinandsw

eroside[38]fre

shleaves

are

crushedandthee

xtractispo

ured

ineyes

tocure

the

cataractandto

improvev

ision

Fresh

leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erforg

oats[35]

Malva

negle

ctaWall

(Herb)58420

Malvaceae

Sonchal

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Malariabladd


antio

besity[39]

Menthalongifolia

(L)

Hud

s(H

erb)58771

Lamiaceae

Marhend

riLeaves

with

stems

Apaste

isalso

madefrom

theleavesa

ndapplied

tobu

rstthe

boils

forp

usremovalL

eavesa

replaced

insid

ethe

containerc

ontainingseedsto

killandpreventthe

attack

ofinsectso

nthes

tored

seedsleaves

with

stemsa

realso

placed

insid

ethe

catte

riestoprotectthem

from

ticksm

itesand

ratfl

ealowast

Stom

achprob

lemscarm

inativeliver

prob

lems

vomiting


eepo

xide

piperitenon

eoxidecarvonem

enthon

ethym

olpulegon

e120573-th

ujon

e(E)caryoph

yllene


p-cymene[

40]


ndgutspasm

calcium


ity[41]insectic

idalprop

ertie

s[42]

Morinacoulteria

naRo

yle

(Herb)58772

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin

eamacrocephala)

forincense

becauseo

fpleasant

arom

aEyec

omplaints[26]

Morinalongifolia

Wall

(Herb)58773

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin


werso

fMorinacoulteria

na)

forincense

duetopleasant

arom

alowast

Ther

ootp

owderisa

ppliedas

poulticeinbo

ilsfor

suckingthep

usso

utof


the

wou

nds[22]Bo

ils[13]usedas

incenseinthe

preparationof

dhoo

pandagarbattisa

ndso

forthyield

anessentialoil[15]

Morus

serrataRo

xb

(Tree)58751

Moraceae

Kruu

mFruitsand

Woo

dFruitsaree

aten

andleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

er

woo

disused

tomakefurniture

Thefruits

aree

diblea

ndareu

sedas

digestives

timulant

andto

relieve

constip

ationandotherd

igestiv

eprob

lemsTh

eleavesa

reused

forfod

derWoo

disused

forfurniture

andfuel[35]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Onosm

ahispidaWallex

GD

on(H

erb)58453

Boraginaceae

Kom

Rootsa

ndleaves

Usedforc

utssw

ells

wou

ndand

ulcerLama

(Prie

stor

Bhot

peop

le)u

sethed

yeforreligiou

sceremon

ieslowast

Root

extractisu

sedforp

neum

oniaandtyph

oidfever

andalso

used

ford

yeinghairs

[25]stim

ulantbloo

dpu

rifiercutssw

ellingulcers[26]

Orig

anum

vulga

reL

(Herb)58774

Lamiaceae

Marua

Leaves

andste

ms

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Also

used

asac

oolant

Also

used

asfodd

erlowast

Paste

ofleaves

andterm

inalshoo

tsalon

gwith

2-3fruits

ofblackpepp

er(Pipernigrum

)isa

ppliedto

boils

ulcersw

ound

scuts

andweeping

eczemaPaste

ofleaves

isrepo

rted

tobe

useful

inhealingthew

ound

scaused

byfireb

urnsTh

eroo

tpieceso

fplant

areb

ound

inac

loth

piecea

ndtie

dto

then

ecks

ofinfantsa

saprotectiv

emeasuresa

gainstconjun

ctivitis[22]cold

feverhyste

riam


leaves

andtops

cutp

riortobloo

mingareu

sedas


oilisc

arminative


oreticand

emmenagogue

andisused

asas

timulantand


inwho

opingcoug

handbron

chitisb

ecause

ofits

spasmolyticactio

nalso

employed

incosm

eticsa

ndsoaps[15]

Oxyria

digyna

(L)Hill

(Herb)58775

Polygonaceae

Suchali

Leaves

Leaves

andinflo

rescence

aree

dible

Who

leplantisu

sedfora


andleavesand

inflo

rescence

aree

dible[27]

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb

(Herb)58756

Phytolaccaceae

RanshagAs

hlu

Leaves

Youn

gtend

erleaves

areu

sedforthe

preparation

ofvegetable

Freshleaves

areb

oiledandconsum

edto

relieve

bodyache

anddiarrhoea[

43]

Picrorhiza

kurroa

Roylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)58764

Scroph

ulariaceae

Kour

Roots

5ndash10gm

ofdriedpo

wderistaken

with

watertwo

times

adaytorelieve

from

jointp

ains

Tocure

anaemiaasthm

adiarrhoeajaun

dice

prom

otes

secretionof

bileandused

insto

machdiseases

[13]roo

tsareu

sedin

abdo

minalpainsa

ndas

apu

rgativetooO

neto

twoleaves

arec

rushed

anddrop

sof

thejuice

arep

ouredin

then

osetosto

pbleeding

[22]

constitutethe

drug

picrorhizaand

areu

sedas

asubstituteo

fInd

ianGentia

n(G

entia

nakurroo)

containing

picrorhizin

kutkinand

otherc

ompo

unds

[15]

Podophylu

mhexand

rum

Royle(Herb)58752

Berberidaceae

Bank

akri

Roots

Fruit

Rootsa

redriedandused

inpo

wered

form

for

jointp


dible

Ther

ootp

owderisa

dministered

internallyforg

astric

ulcersItisa

ppliedas

apasteon

cutsandwou

ndsfor

regeneratio

nof

thetissuesDecoctio

nof

rootsisu

sedto

cure

liver

prob

lems[27]a

ndhepatic

diseases

[13]

Fruits

aree

dible[15]diarrhoea[

1344ndash

46]bloo

ddiarrhoea

[3447]chronicc

onstipatio

n[14

]antic

ancer[17]a

ndthey

constitutea

compo

undcalledpo

doph

yllin

which

iscommon

lyused

asap

urgativ

epo

doph

yllotoxinis

thea

ctivep

rinciplePo

doph

yllin

isan

effectiv

everm

ifugeR

ecently

ithasa

cquiredim

portance

because

ofits


someformso

fcancer


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Polyg

onum

alpinu

mAllion

i(Herb)58786

Polygonaceae

Choh

rStem

and

leaves

Tend

erste

msa

reeatenrawto

cure

thec

rackso

flip

sand

gumsLeaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Cou


icabo

rtion

wou

ndsandheartb

urn[26]

Potentillanu

bicolaLind

lex

Lacaita

(Fragaria

nubicolaHoo

k)(Herb)

58753

Rosaceae

Dhu

l-akh

reFruits

Fruitsarec

ollected

andeatenraw

Fruitsandleaves

areu

sedas

carm

inativeforstomach

ulcersand

asantiseptic

[29]

Prun

uscornuta(W

allex

Royle)Steud(Tree)

58762

Rosaceae

Jammu

Fruitsand

Stem

Fruitsaree

atenStemsa

reused

form

akingmany

agric

ulturaltoo

lsandalso

used

asfuel

Itis

repo

rted

thattheleavesa

reavoidedto

cattle

fodd

eras

theleavesa

reconsidered

very

poiso

nous

andkillthec

attlelowast

Rheumatism

andwou

nds[26]

Ranu

nculus

arvenseL

(H

erb)58614

Ranu

nculaceae

Gud

iLeaves

Paste

ofleavescurescutso

rwou

ndsb

ydryingp

usCou

nter-ir

ritantanthelmintic

coo

lingem

ollient

and

forw

ound

s[26]

Ranu

nculus

laetus

Wallex

Royle(Herb)58290

Ranu

nculaceae

Jaldaru

Leaves

Paste

isappliedon

cutsandwou

ndslowast

Antim

icrobialactiv

ities

[17]

Rheum

australeD

Don

(Herb)58765

Polygonaceae

Chuk

ari

Rootsa

ndleaves

Rootsa

resundriedandgrou

ndto

powe

redform

then

byadding

water

athick

paste

ismadea

ndpaste

isthen

appliedon

thec

utsa

ndwou

ndsfor

healingLeaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters

Usedas


hfever

pilesskin

diseasesulce

rsand

wou

nds[13]thep

asteof

ther

ootm

ixed

inwater


muscularinjurycuts

wou

ndsandmum

psandto

forehead

inheadacheTh

ewateryextractisg

iven

orally

insto

machpainsconstip

ationdysenterysw

ellingof

thethroatand

tonsillitisLo

tionisdrop

pedin

earsin

earache[22]leaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters[27]

Rubiacordifolia

L(H

erb)

58780

Rubiaceae

Mish

tuLeaves

and

stems

Apaste

ofRu

biacordifolia

andCy

nodondactylon

(Doo


ndthes

nakebitelowast

Root

decoctionwith

water

isgivento

cure

urinary

infection

paste

isused

asan

ointmenttoskin

diseases

Root

isalso

used

tomaked

yes[43]rootsa

reused

for

bloo

dpu

rificatio

nliver

prob

lemssw

ellin

gsn

ervous


uterin

etum

orsbleeding


ndscoug

hbo

nefractures

andgenerald

ebility[25]

Rubu

sellipticu

sSm

(Shrub

)58754

Rosaceae

Aakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

bythelocalpeop

le

Fruitise

diblea

ndishaving

coolingeffectSpiny

branches

areu

sedas

fencea

roun

dfieldsLeaves

are

brow

sedby

goats[35]Yo

ungshoo

tisc

hewed

rawto

relieve

sudd

ensto

machpainR

ootd

ecoctio

nisgivento

thec

hildrento

getrid

ofsto

machwarmR

ootp

asteis

appliedon

forehead

durin

gsevere

headachefruitis

edible[43]

Rubu

sniveusTh

unb

(Shrub

)58755

Rosaceae

Lalaakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Freshroot

tipsa

reused

forc

uringexcessiveb

leeding

durin

gmenstr

ualcycle[23]

Rumex

acetosaL(H

erb)

58634

Polygonaceae

Podo

iLeaves

Leaves

arec

ollected

andused

asvegetableEa

ten

asaleafvegetable

Usedas

agoo

dfodd

erfor

cattlelowast

Jaun

dicevom

iting

liver

prob

lems[25]cuts

wou

nds

andnettles

ting[26]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused


Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes


tsareb

oiledin

water


andjointspain

[25]leavesa


wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]


ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste


cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]


(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46


-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin


shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric


liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into


snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References
















































































Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Chenopodium

foliosum

Wall(H

erb)

58779

Chenop

odiaceae

mdashFruits

Redjuicyfruitsaree

aten

asitis


arem

ixed

with

grains

for

consum

ption[28]red

juicyinflo

rescence

iseaten[27]

Cicerm

icrophyllu

mBe

nth

(Herb)58785

Papilio

naceae

Chiri

Leaves

and

stems

Usedto

cure

mou

thinfectionlik

emou

thulcer

Fodd

erissuitedbestforc

owto

increase

milk

yieldlowast

Who

leplantisu


prod

uctio

nand

asgeneralton

icforc

ows[25]sore

mou

thin

cattle

tong

ueinfection

jaun

dice

[26]immaturea

reeaten


cultivatedCicer[27]

Clem

atisgrataWall

(Herb)58458

Ranu

nculaceae

Bharani

Leaves

Leaves

areu

sedforthe

erup

tions

ofthep

imples

andbo

ilsL

eavesa

recrushedeither

with

water

orurineo

fcow

andap

asteismadea

ndthen

the

paste

isappliedon

theinfectedpartto

cure

the

infected

partlowast

Shoo

tsused

forringwormbaldn

essandas

antim

ycotic[29]

Crataegussongaric

aK

Koch

(Tree)58778

Rosaceae

Ping

yath

Fruitsand

woo

d

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

byscho

olchild

renandroad

sidelaborou

rsW

oodisused

tomakep

loug

hfor

fieldfruits

ares

oldto

contractorsa

t18ndash20

Rskg

Fruitsaree

diblea

ndconsidered

ascardio

tonicWoo

disheavyhardand

toug

handisused

form

akingtool

hand

smallets


used

asfuel

woo

dLeaves

areu

sedforfod

der[30]

Cuscutareflexa

Roxb

(Clim

ber)58484

Cuscutaceae

Amarbel

Who

leplant

Thep

lant

isused

injaun

diceL

adiesu

sedwho

leplantash

airton

icby

maceratingthep

lant

inBrassicaoillowast

Who


asantiv

iral[31]a

ndanalgesic

[32]m

ethano

lextractof

stem

possesses

antib

acteria

lactivity

[32]

Datiscacann

abinaL

(Shrub

)58282

Datisc

aceae

Paharineem

Leaves

Theleavesa

reused

toprotectclothes

from

wormslowast

Fevera

ndgastr

ic[26]

Daturastram

onium

L(H

erb)58782

Solanaceae

Datura

Seeds

4-5seedsa

regrou

ndto

powe

redform

andadded

10ndash15liter

ofalcoho

ltoincrease

thee

ffectand

prop

ertie

slowastSofte

ning

oftheb

oilsandearache[

29]

Desmodium

elegans

DC

(Shrub

)58749

Papilio

naceae

Kathi

leaves

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erCa


icfevercoug

hvomiting

asthm

aandin

snakebite

[29]

Elaeagnu

sconfer

taRo

xb

(Tree)58777

Elaeagnaceae

Gaihein

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Faste

rclearance

ofbloo

dalcoho

lafte

rthe

alcoho

lingestion[33]

Epilobium

aungustifolium

Lam(Herb)51634

Onagraceae

Dharshak

Roots

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent

Pulverise

drootsa

reused

asdetergent[14]

Gentia

namoorcroftian

aWallex

GD

on(H

erb)

58491

Gentia

naceae

mdashLeaves

Effectiv

efor

liver

prob

lem

Jaun

dice

[34]

Hederanepalen

sisC

Koch

(Clim

ber)58776

Araliaceae

Kurrai

Leaves

with

stems

Leaves

arec

onsid

ered

astonicfor

cattles

oused

asfodd

erlowast

Thed

riedbranches

andleaves

areg

roun

dandthe

powderisu

sedearly

inthem

orning

with

water

against

diabetes

[35]

Heracleu

mlanatum

Michx

(=Hc

andicans

Wallex

DC)(Herb)

58489

Apiaceae

Dun

duRo

ots

Groun

dedroot

paste

isused

insnakeb

itelowast

Itisused

totre

atfevera

ndabdo

minalcram

pscaused

bytheintestin

alworms

Plantisa

good

fodd

erforg

oatswhich

increasesm

ilkprod

uctio


forn

erve

disordersa

ndsexu

alprob

lems[25]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Impatiens

sulca

taL

(Herb)58718

Balsa

minaceae

Halva

Seed

and

leaves

Seedsa

reeatenby

scho

olchild

renandroad

side

labo

rersP

lant

issundriedandsto

redas

afod

der

with

otherg

rasses

forw

interseasonfor

consum

ptionto

domestic

cattlelowast

Urticariaeczem

apimplesand

abortifacient

[26]

InularacemosaHoo

kf

(Herb)58787

Asteraceae

mdashRo

ots

Itisused

totre

atasthmatre

atsto

machdisease

rheumatism

liver

complaint

Paste

ofrootsisu

sedto

cure

boils

[36]growingwild

earliernow

acultiv

ated

crop

ofther

egion[27]

Jasm

inum

officin

aleL

(Shrub

)58759

Oleaceae

Swain

Leaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

andste

msa

reused

inthem

arria

geceremon

iesa

saestheticvaluea

ndothersareu

sed

forreligious

purposeslowast

Leaves

andflo

wersa

reused

forc

ough

feverand

asbloo

dpu

rifier

[29]

Lactucadisse

ctaDD

on(H

erb)58602

Asteraceae

Dud

hil

Leaves

and

stems

Paste

isused

tocuresinfectio

nsof

female


Allelopathicpo

tential[37]

Lonicera

quinquelo

cularis

Hardw

(Sh

rub)58426

Caprifo

liaceae

Bakh

urStem

sleaves

and

fruits

Fruitjuice

isappliedto

cure

cracks

offoot

and

hand

sand

isalso

used

asfuel

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Anewirido

idglycoside

61015840-O

-beta-apiofurano

sylsw

erosidew

asiso

lated

from

thee

thanolicextracto

fthe

rootsa

long

with

thek

nown

compo

unds

loganinandsw

eroside[38]fre

shleaves

are

crushedandthee

xtractispo

ured

ineyes

tocure

the

cataractandto

improvev

ision

Fresh

leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erforg

oats[35]

Malva

negle

ctaWall

(Herb)58420

Malvaceae

Sonchal

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Malariabladd


antio

besity[39]

Menthalongifolia

(L)

Hud

s(H

erb)58771

Lamiaceae

Marhend

riLeaves

with

stems

Apaste

isalso

madefrom

theleavesa

ndapplied

tobu

rstthe

boils

forp

usremovalL

eavesa

replaced

insid

ethe

containerc

ontainingseedsto

killandpreventthe

attack

ofinsectso

nthes

tored

seedsleaves

with

stemsa

realso

placed

insid

ethe

catte

riestoprotectthem

from

ticksm

itesand

ratfl

ealowast

Stom

achprob

lemscarm

inativeliver

prob

lems

vomiting


eepo

xide

piperitenon

eoxidecarvonem

enthon

ethym

olpulegon

e120573-th

ujon

e(E)caryoph

yllene


p-cymene[

40]


ndgutspasm

calcium


ity[41]insectic

idalprop

ertie

s[42]

Morinacoulteria

naRo

yle

(Herb)58772

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin

eamacrocephala)

forincense

becauseo

fpleasant

arom

aEyec

omplaints[26]

Morinalongifolia

Wall

(Herb)58773

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin


werso

fMorinacoulteria

na)

forincense

duetopleasant

arom

alowast

Ther

ootp

owderisa

ppliedas

poulticeinbo

ilsfor

suckingthep

usso

utof


the

wou

nds[22]Bo

ils[13]usedas

incenseinthe

preparationof

dhoo

pandagarbattisa

ndso

forthyield

anessentialoil[15]

Morus

serrataRo

xb

(Tree)58751

Moraceae

Kruu

mFruitsand

Woo

dFruitsaree

aten

andleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

er

woo

disused

tomakefurniture

Thefruits

aree

diblea

ndareu

sedas

digestives

timulant

andto

relieve

constip

ationandotherd

igestiv

eprob

lemsTh

eleavesa

reused

forfod

derWoo

disused

forfurniture

andfuel[35]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Onosm

ahispidaWallex

GD

on(H

erb)58453

Boraginaceae

Kom

Rootsa

ndleaves

Usedforc

utssw

ells

wou

ndand

ulcerLama

(Prie

stor

Bhot

peop

le)u

sethed

yeforreligiou

sceremon

ieslowast

Root

extractisu

sedforp

neum

oniaandtyph

oidfever

andalso

used

ford

yeinghairs

[25]stim

ulantbloo

dpu

rifiercutssw

ellingulcers[26]

Orig

anum

vulga

reL

(Herb)58774

Lamiaceae

Marua

Leaves

andste

ms

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Also

used

asac

oolant

Also

used

asfodd

erlowast

Paste

ofleaves

andterm

inalshoo

tsalon

gwith

2-3fruits

ofblackpepp

er(Pipernigrum

)isa

ppliedto

boils

ulcersw

ound

scuts

andweeping

eczemaPaste

ofleaves

isrepo

rted

tobe

useful

inhealingthew

ound

scaused

byfireb

urnsTh

eroo

tpieceso

fplant

areb

ound

inac

loth

piecea

ndtie

dto

then

ecks

ofinfantsa

saprotectiv

emeasuresa

gainstconjun

ctivitis[22]cold

feverhyste

riam


leaves

andtops

cutp

riortobloo

mingareu

sedas


oilisc

arminative


oreticand

emmenagogue

andisused

asas

timulantand


inwho

opingcoug

handbron

chitisb

ecause

ofits

spasmolyticactio

nalso

employed

incosm

eticsa

ndsoaps[15]

Oxyria

digyna

(L)Hill

(Herb)58775

Polygonaceae

Suchali

Leaves

Leaves

andinflo

rescence

aree

dible

Who

leplantisu

sedfora


andleavesand

inflo

rescence

aree

dible[27]

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb

(Herb)58756

Phytolaccaceae

RanshagAs

hlu

Leaves

Youn

gtend

erleaves

areu

sedforthe

preparation

ofvegetable

Freshleaves

areb

oiledandconsum

edto

relieve

bodyache

anddiarrhoea[

43]

Picrorhiza

kurroa

Roylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)58764

Scroph

ulariaceae

Kour

Roots

5ndash10gm

ofdriedpo

wderistaken

with

watertwo

times

adaytorelieve

from

jointp

ains

Tocure

anaemiaasthm

adiarrhoeajaun

dice

prom

otes

secretionof

bileandused

insto

machdiseases

[13]roo

tsareu

sedin

abdo

minalpainsa

ndas

apu

rgativetooO

neto

twoleaves

arec

rushed

anddrop

sof

thejuice

arep

ouredin

then

osetosto

pbleeding

[22]

constitutethe

drug

picrorhizaand

areu

sedas

asubstituteo

fInd

ianGentia

n(G

entia

nakurroo)

containing

picrorhizin

kutkinand

otherc

ompo

unds

[15]

Podophylu

mhexand

rum

Royle(Herb)58752

Berberidaceae

Bank

akri

Roots

Fruit

Rootsa

redriedandused

inpo

wered

form

for

jointp


dible

Ther

ootp

owderisa

dministered

internallyforg

astric

ulcersItisa

ppliedas

apasteon

cutsandwou

ndsfor

regeneratio

nof

thetissuesDecoctio

nof

rootsisu

sedto

cure

liver

prob

lems[27]a

ndhepatic

diseases

[13]

Fruits

aree

dible[15]diarrhoea[

1344ndash

46]bloo

ddiarrhoea

[3447]chronicc

onstipatio

n[14

]antic

ancer[17]a

ndthey

constitutea

compo

undcalledpo

doph

yllin

which

iscommon

lyused

asap

urgativ

epo

doph

yllotoxinis

thea

ctivep

rinciplePo

doph

yllin

isan

effectiv

everm

ifugeR

ecently

ithasa

cquiredim

portance

because

ofits


someformso

fcancer


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Polyg

onum

alpinu

mAllion

i(Herb)58786

Polygonaceae

Choh

rStem

and

leaves

Tend

erste

msa

reeatenrawto

cure

thec

rackso

flip

sand

gumsLeaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Cou


icabo

rtion

wou

ndsandheartb

urn[26]

Potentillanu

bicolaLind

lex

Lacaita

(Fragaria

nubicolaHoo

k)(Herb)

58753

Rosaceae

Dhu

l-akh

reFruits

Fruitsarec

ollected

andeatenraw

Fruitsandleaves

areu

sedas

carm

inativeforstomach

ulcersand

asantiseptic

[29]

Prun

uscornuta(W

allex

Royle)Steud(Tree)

58762

Rosaceae

Jammu

Fruitsand

Stem

Fruitsaree

atenStemsa

reused

form

akingmany

agric

ulturaltoo

lsandalso

used

asfuel

Itis

repo

rted

thattheleavesa

reavoidedto

cattle

fodd

eras

theleavesa

reconsidered

very

poiso

nous

andkillthec

attlelowast

Rheumatism

andwou

nds[26]

Ranu

nculus

arvenseL

(H

erb)58614

Ranu

nculaceae

Gud

iLeaves

Paste

ofleavescurescutso

rwou

ndsb

ydryingp

usCou

nter-ir

ritantanthelmintic

coo

lingem

ollient

and

forw

ound

s[26]

Ranu

nculus

laetus

Wallex

Royle(Herb)58290

Ranu

nculaceae

Jaldaru

Leaves

Paste

isappliedon

cutsandwou

ndslowast

Antim

icrobialactiv

ities

[17]

Rheum

australeD

Don

(Herb)58765

Polygonaceae

Chuk

ari

Rootsa

ndleaves

Rootsa

resundriedandgrou

ndto

powe

redform

then

byadding

water

athick

paste

ismadea

ndpaste

isthen

appliedon

thec

utsa

ndwou

ndsfor

healingLeaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters

Usedas


hfever

pilesskin

diseasesulce

rsand

wou

nds[13]thep

asteof

ther

ootm

ixed

inwater


muscularinjurycuts

wou

ndsandmum

psandto

forehead

inheadacheTh

ewateryextractisg

iven

orally

insto

machpainsconstip

ationdysenterysw

ellingof

thethroatand

tonsillitisLo

tionisdrop

pedin

earsin

earache[22]leaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters[27]

Rubiacordifolia

L(H

erb)

58780

Rubiaceae

Mish

tuLeaves

and

stems

Apaste

ofRu

biacordifolia

andCy

nodondactylon

(Doo


ndthes

nakebitelowast

Root

decoctionwith

water

isgivento

cure

urinary

infection

paste

isused

asan

ointmenttoskin

diseases

Root

isalso

used

tomaked

yes[43]rootsa

reused

for

bloo

dpu

rificatio

nliver

prob

lemssw

ellin

gsn

ervous


uterin

etum

orsbleeding


ndscoug

hbo

nefractures

andgenerald

ebility[25]

Rubu

sellipticu

sSm

(Shrub

)58754

Rosaceae

Aakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

bythelocalpeop

le

Fruitise

diblea

ndishaving

coolingeffectSpiny

branches

areu

sedas

fencea

roun

dfieldsLeaves

are

brow

sedby

goats[35]Yo

ungshoo

tisc

hewed

rawto

relieve

sudd

ensto

machpainR

ootd

ecoctio

nisgivento

thec

hildrento

getrid

ofsto

machwarmR

ootp

asteis

appliedon

forehead

durin

gsevere

headachefruitis

edible[43]

Rubu

sniveusTh

unb

(Shrub

)58755

Rosaceae

Lalaakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Freshroot

tipsa

reused

forc

uringexcessiveb

leeding

durin

gmenstr

ualcycle[23]

Rumex

acetosaL(H

erb)

58634

Polygonaceae

Podo

iLeaves

Leaves

arec

ollected

andused

asvegetableEa

ten

asaleafvegetable

Usedas

agoo

dfodd

erfor

cattlelowast

Jaun

dicevom

iting

liver

prob

lems[25]cuts

wou

nds

andnettles

ting[26]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused


Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes


tsareb

oiledin

water


andjointspain

[25]leavesa


wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]


ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste


cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]


(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46


-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin


shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric


liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into


snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References
















































































Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Impatiens

sulca

taL

(Herb)58718

Balsa

minaceae

Halva

Seed

and

leaves

Seedsa

reeatenby

scho

olchild

renandroad

side

labo

rersP

lant

issundriedandsto

redas

afod

der

with

otherg

rasses

forw

interseasonfor

consum

ptionto

domestic

cattlelowast

Urticariaeczem

apimplesand

abortifacient

[26]

InularacemosaHoo

kf

(Herb)58787

Asteraceae

mdashRo

ots

Itisused

totre

atasthmatre

atsto

machdisease

rheumatism

liver

complaint

Paste

ofrootsisu

sedto

cure

boils

[36]growingwild

earliernow

acultiv

ated

crop

ofther

egion[27]

Jasm

inum

officin

aleL

(Shrub

)58759

Oleaceae

Swain

Leaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

andste

msa

reused

inthem

arria

geceremon

iesa

saestheticvaluea

ndothersareu

sed

forreligious

purposeslowast

Leaves

andflo

wersa

reused

forc

ough

feverand

asbloo

dpu

rifier

[29]

Lactucadisse

ctaDD

on(H

erb)58602

Asteraceae

Dud

hil

Leaves

and

stems

Paste

isused

tocuresinfectio

nsof

female


Allelopathicpo

tential[37]

Lonicera

quinquelo

cularis

Hardw

(Sh

rub)58426

Caprifo

liaceae

Bakh

urStem

sleaves

and

fruits

Fruitjuice

isappliedto

cure

cracks

offoot

and

hand

sand

isalso

used

asfuel

Leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Anewirido

idglycoside

61015840-O

-beta-apiofurano

sylsw

erosidew

asiso

lated

from

thee

thanolicextracto

fthe

rootsa

long

with

thek

nown

compo

unds

loganinandsw

eroside[38]fre

shleaves

are

crushedandthee

xtractispo

ured

ineyes

tocure

the

cataractandto

improvev

ision

Fresh

leaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erforg

oats[35]

Malva

negle

ctaWall

(Herb)58420

Malvaceae

Sonchal

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Malariabladd


antio

besity[39]

Menthalongifolia

(L)

Hud

s(H

erb)58771

Lamiaceae

Marhend

riLeaves

with

stems

Apaste

isalso

madefrom

theleavesa

ndapplied

tobu

rstthe

boils

forp

usremovalL

eavesa

replaced

insid

ethe

containerc

ontainingseedsto

killandpreventthe

attack

ofinsectso

nthes

tored

seedsleaves

with

stemsa

realso

placed

insid

ethe

catte

riestoprotectthem

from

ticksm

itesand

ratfl

ealowast

Stom

achprob

lemscarm

inativeliver

prob

lems

vomiting


eepo

xide

piperitenon

eoxidecarvonem

enthon

ethym

olpulegon

e120573-th

ujon

e(E)caryoph

yllene


p-cymene[

40]


ndgutspasm

calcium


ity[41]insectic

idalprop

ertie

s[42]

Morinacoulteria

naRo

yle

(Herb)58772

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin

eamacrocephala)

forincense

becauseo

fpleasant

arom

aEyec

omplaints[26]

Morinalongifolia

Wall

(Herb)58773

Morinaceae

Ting

laa

Flow

ers

Flow

ersa

remixed

with

guggal(Roo

tsof

Jurin


werso

fMorinacoulteria

na)

forincense

duetopleasant

arom

alowast

Ther

ootp

owderisa

ppliedas

poulticeinbo

ilsfor

suckingthep

usso

utof


the

wou

nds[22]Bo

ils[13]usedas

incenseinthe

preparationof

dhoo

pandagarbattisa

ndso

forthyield

anessentialoil[15]

Morus

serrataRo

xb

(Tree)58751

Moraceae

Kruu

mFruitsand

Woo

dFruitsaree

aten

andleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

er

woo

disused

tomakefurniture

Thefruits

aree

diblea

ndareu

sedas

digestives

timulant

andto

relieve

constip

ationandotherd

igestiv

eprob

lemsTh

eleavesa

reused

forfod

derWoo

disused

forfurniture

andfuel[35]


Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Onosm

ahispidaWallex

GD

on(H

erb)58453

Boraginaceae

Kom

Rootsa

ndleaves

Usedforc

utssw

ells

wou

ndand

ulcerLama

(Prie

stor

Bhot

peop

le)u

sethed

yeforreligiou

sceremon

ieslowast

Root

extractisu

sedforp

neum

oniaandtyph

oidfever

andalso

used

ford

yeinghairs

[25]stim

ulantbloo

dpu

rifiercutssw

ellingulcers[26]

Orig

anum

vulga

reL

(Herb)58774

Lamiaceae

Marua

Leaves

andste

ms

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Also

used

asac

oolant

Also

used

asfodd

erlowast

Paste

ofleaves

andterm

inalshoo

tsalon

gwith

2-3fruits

ofblackpepp

er(Pipernigrum

)isa

ppliedto

boils

ulcersw

ound

scuts

andweeping

eczemaPaste

ofleaves

isrepo

rted

tobe

useful

inhealingthew

ound

scaused

byfireb

urnsTh

eroo

tpieceso

fplant

areb

ound

inac

loth

piecea

ndtie

dto

then

ecks

ofinfantsa

saprotectiv

emeasuresa

gainstconjun

ctivitis[22]cold

feverhyste

riam


leaves

andtops

cutp

riortobloo

mingareu

sedas


oilisc

arminative


oreticand

emmenagogue

andisused

asas

timulantand


inwho

opingcoug

handbron

chitisb

ecause

ofits

spasmolyticactio

nalso

employed

incosm

eticsa

ndsoaps[15]

Oxyria

digyna

(L)Hill

(Herb)58775

Polygonaceae

Suchali

Leaves

Leaves

andinflo

rescence

aree

dible

Who

leplantisu

sedfora


andleavesand

inflo

rescence

aree

dible[27]

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb

(Herb)58756

Phytolaccaceae

RanshagAs

hlu

Leaves

Youn

gtend

erleaves

areu

sedforthe

preparation

ofvegetable

Freshleaves

areb

oiledandconsum

edto

relieve

bodyache

anddiarrhoea[

43]

Picrorhiza

kurroa

Roylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)58764

Scroph

ulariaceae

Kour

Roots

5ndash10gm

ofdriedpo

wderistaken

with

watertwo

times

adaytorelieve

from

jointp

ains

Tocure

anaemiaasthm

adiarrhoeajaun

dice

prom

otes

secretionof

bileandused

insto

machdiseases

[13]roo

tsareu

sedin

abdo

minalpainsa

ndas

apu

rgativetooO

neto

twoleaves

arec

rushed

anddrop

sof

thejuice

arep

ouredin

then

osetosto

pbleeding

[22]

constitutethe

drug

picrorhizaand

areu

sedas

asubstituteo

fInd

ianGentia

n(G

entia

nakurroo)

containing

picrorhizin

kutkinand

otherc

ompo

unds

[15]

Podophylu

mhexand

rum

Royle(Herb)58752

Berberidaceae

Bank

akri

Roots

Fruit

Rootsa

redriedandused

inpo

wered

form

for

jointp


dible

Ther

ootp

owderisa

dministered

internallyforg

astric

ulcersItisa

ppliedas

apasteon

cutsandwou

ndsfor

regeneratio

nof

thetissuesDecoctio

nof

rootsisu

sedto

cure

liver

prob

lems[27]a

ndhepatic

diseases

[13]

Fruits

aree

dible[15]diarrhoea[

1344ndash

46]bloo

ddiarrhoea

[3447]chronicc

onstipatio

n[14

]antic

ancer[17]a

ndthey

constitutea

compo

undcalledpo

doph

yllin

which

iscommon

lyused

asap

urgativ

epo

doph

yllotoxinis

thea

ctivep

rinciplePo

doph

yllin

isan

effectiv

everm

ifugeR

ecently

ithasa

cquiredim

portance

because

ofits


someformso

fcancer


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Polyg

onum

alpinu

mAllion

i(Herb)58786

Polygonaceae

Choh

rStem

and

leaves

Tend

erste

msa

reeatenrawto

cure

thec

rackso

flip

sand

gumsLeaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Cou


icabo

rtion

wou

ndsandheartb

urn[26]

Potentillanu

bicolaLind

lex

Lacaita

(Fragaria

nubicolaHoo

k)(Herb)

58753

Rosaceae

Dhu

l-akh

reFruits

Fruitsarec

ollected

andeatenraw

Fruitsandleaves

areu

sedas

carm

inativeforstomach

ulcersand

asantiseptic

[29]

Prun

uscornuta(W

allex

Royle)Steud(Tree)

58762

Rosaceae

Jammu

Fruitsand

Stem

Fruitsaree

atenStemsa

reused

form

akingmany

agric

ulturaltoo

lsandalso

used

asfuel

Itis

repo

rted

thattheleavesa

reavoidedto

cattle

fodd

eras

theleavesa

reconsidered

very

poiso

nous

andkillthec

attlelowast

Rheumatism

andwou

nds[26]

Ranu

nculus

arvenseL

(H

erb)58614

Ranu

nculaceae

Gud

iLeaves

Paste

ofleavescurescutso

rwou

ndsb

ydryingp

usCou

nter-ir

ritantanthelmintic

coo

lingem

ollient

and

forw

ound

s[26]

Ranu

nculus

laetus

Wallex

Royle(Herb)58290

Ranu

nculaceae

Jaldaru

Leaves

Paste

isappliedon

cutsandwou

ndslowast

Antim

icrobialactiv

ities

[17]

Rheum

australeD

Don

(Herb)58765

Polygonaceae

Chuk

ari

Rootsa

ndleaves

Rootsa

resundriedandgrou

ndto

powe

redform

then

byadding

water

athick

paste

ismadea

ndpaste

isthen

appliedon

thec

utsa

ndwou

ndsfor

healingLeaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters

Usedas


hfever

pilesskin

diseasesulce

rsand

wou

nds[13]thep

asteof

ther

ootm

ixed

inwater


muscularinjurycuts

wou

ndsandmum

psandto

forehead

inheadacheTh

ewateryextractisg

iven

orally

insto

machpainsconstip

ationdysenterysw

ellingof

thethroatand

tonsillitisLo

tionisdrop

pedin

earsin

earache[22]leaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters[27]

Rubiacordifolia

L(H

erb)

58780

Rubiaceae

Mish

tuLeaves

and

stems

Apaste

ofRu

biacordifolia

andCy

nodondactylon

(Doo


ndthes

nakebitelowast

Root

decoctionwith

water

isgivento

cure

urinary

infection

paste

isused

asan

ointmenttoskin

diseases

Root

isalso

used

tomaked

yes[43]rootsa

reused

for

bloo

dpu

rificatio

nliver

prob

lemssw

ellin

gsn

ervous


uterin

etum

orsbleeding


ndscoug

hbo

nefractures

andgenerald

ebility[25]

Rubu

sellipticu

sSm

(Shrub

)58754

Rosaceae

Aakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

bythelocalpeop

le

Fruitise

diblea

ndishaving

coolingeffectSpiny

branches

areu

sedas

fencea

roun

dfieldsLeaves

are

brow

sedby

goats[35]Yo

ungshoo

tisc

hewed

rawto

relieve

sudd

ensto

machpainR

ootd

ecoctio

nisgivento

thec

hildrento

getrid

ofsto

machwarmR

ootp

asteis

appliedon

forehead

durin

gsevere

headachefruitis

edible[43]

Rubu

sniveusTh

unb

(Shrub

)58755

Rosaceae

Lalaakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Freshroot

tipsa

reused

forc

uringexcessiveb

leeding

durin

gmenstr

ualcycle[23]

Rumex

acetosaL(H

erb)

58634

Polygonaceae

Podo

iLeaves

Leaves

arec

ollected

andused

asvegetableEa

ten

asaleafvegetable

Usedas

agoo

dfodd

erfor

cattlelowast

Jaun

dicevom

iting

liver

prob

lems[25]cuts

wou

nds

andnettles

ting[26]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused


Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes


tsareb

oiledin

water


andjointspain

[25]leavesa


wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]


ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste


cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]


(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46


-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin


shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric


liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into


snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References
















































































Table1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Onosm

ahispidaWallex

GD

on(H

erb)58453

Boraginaceae

Kom

Rootsa

ndleaves

Usedforc

utssw

ells

wou

ndand

ulcerLama

(Prie

stor

Bhot

peop

le)u

sethed

yeforreligiou

sceremon

ieslowast

Root

extractisu

sedforp

neum

oniaandtyph

oidfever

andalso

used

ford

yeinghairs

[25]stim

ulantbloo

dpu

rifiercutssw

ellingulcers[26]

Orig

anum

vulga

reL

(Herb)58774

Lamiaceae

Marua

Leaves

andste

ms

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Also

used

asac

oolant

Also

used

asfodd

erlowast

Paste

ofleaves

andterm

inalshoo

tsalon

gwith

2-3fruits

ofblackpepp

er(Pipernigrum

)isa

ppliedto

boils

ulcersw

ound

scuts

andweeping

eczemaPaste

ofleaves

isrepo

rted

tobe

useful

inhealingthew

ound

scaused

byfireb

urnsTh

eroo

tpieceso

fplant

areb

ound

inac

loth

piecea

ndtie

dto

then

ecks

ofinfantsa

saprotectiv

emeasuresa

gainstconjun

ctivitis[22]cold

feverhyste

riam


leaves

andtops

cutp

riortobloo

mingareu

sedas


oilisc

arminative


oreticand

emmenagogue

andisused

asas

timulantand


inwho

opingcoug

handbron

chitisb

ecause

ofits

spasmolyticactio

nalso

employed

incosm

eticsa

ndsoaps[15]

Oxyria

digyna

(L)Hill

(Herb)58775

Polygonaceae

Suchali

Leaves

Leaves

andinflo

rescence

aree

dible

Who

leplantisu

sedfora


andleavesand

inflo

rescence

aree

dible[27]

Phytolacca

acinosaRo

xb

(Herb)58756

Phytolaccaceae

RanshagAs

hlu

Leaves

Youn

gtend

erleaves

areu

sedforthe

preparation

ofvegetable

Freshleaves

areb

oiledandconsum

edto

relieve

bodyache

anddiarrhoea[

43]

Picrorhiza

kurroa

Roylee

xBe

nth(H

erb)58764

Scroph

ulariaceae

Kour

Roots

5ndash10gm

ofdriedpo

wderistaken

with

watertwo

times

adaytorelieve

from

jointp

ains

Tocure

anaemiaasthm

adiarrhoeajaun

dice

prom

otes

secretionof

bileandused

insto

machdiseases

[13]roo

tsareu

sedin

abdo

minalpainsa

ndas

apu

rgativetooO

neto

twoleaves

arec

rushed

anddrop

sof

thejuice

arep

ouredin

then

osetosto

pbleeding

[22]

constitutethe

drug

picrorhizaand

areu

sedas

asubstituteo

fInd

ianGentia

n(G

entia

nakurroo)

containing

picrorhizin

kutkinand

otherc

ompo

unds

[15]

Podophylu

mhexand

rum

Royle(Herb)58752

Berberidaceae

Bank

akri

Roots

Fruit

Rootsa

redriedandused

inpo

wered

form

for

jointp


dible

Ther

ootp

owderisa

dministered

internallyforg

astric

ulcersItisa

ppliedas

apasteon

cutsandwou

ndsfor

regeneratio

nof

thetissuesDecoctio

nof

rootsisu

sedto

cure

liver

prob

lems[27]a

ndhepatic

diseases

[13]

Fruits

aree

dible[15]diarrhoea[

1344ndash

46]bloo

ddiarrhoea

[3447]chronicc

onstipatio

n[14

]antic

ancer[17]a

ndthey

constitutea

compo

undcalledpo

doph

yllin

which

iscommon

lyused

asap

urgativ

epo

doph

yllotoxinis

thea

ctivep

rinciplePo

doph

yllin

isan

effectiv

everm

ifugeR

ecently

ithasa

cquiredim

portance

because

ofits


someformso

fcancer


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Polyg

onum

alpinu

mAllion

i(Herb)58786

Polygonaceae

Choh

rStem

and

leaves

Tend

erste

msa

reeatenrawto

cure

thec

rackso

flip

sand

gumsLeaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Cou


icabo

rtion

wou

ndsandheartb

urn[26]

Potentillanu

bicolaLind

lex

Lacaita

(Fragaria

nubicolaHoo

k)(Herb)

58753

Rosaceae

Dhu

l-akh

reFruits

Fruitsarec

ollected

andeatenraw

Fruitsandleaves

areu

sedas

carm

inativeforstomach

ulcersand

asantiseptic

[29]

Prun

uscornuta(W

allex

Royle)Steud(Tree)

58762

Rosaceae

Jammu

Fruitsand

Stem

Fruitsaree

atenStemsa

reused

form

akingmany

agric

ulturaltoo

lsandalso

used

asfuel

Itis

repo

rted

thattheleavesa

reavoidedto

cattle

fodd

eras

theleavesa

reconsidered

very

poiso

nous

andkillthec

attlelowast

Rheumatism

andwou

nds[26]

Ranu

nculus

arvenseL

(H

erb)58614

Ranu

nculaceae

Gud

iLeaves

Paste

ofleavescurescutso

rwou

ndsb

ydryingp

usCou

nter-ir

ritantanthelmintic

coo

lingem

ollient

and

forw

ound

s[26]

Ranu

nculus

laetus

Wallex

Royle(Herb)58290

Ranu

nculaceae

Jaldaru

Leaves

Paste

isappliedon

cutsandwou

ndslowast

Antim

icrobialactiv

ities

[17]

Rheum

australeD

Don

(Herb)58765

Polygonaceae

Chuk

ari

Rootsa

ndleaves

Rootsa

resundriedandgrou

ndto

powe

redform

then

byadding

water

athick

paste

ismadea

ndpaste

isthen

appliedon

thec

utsa

ndwou

ndsfor

healingLeaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters

Usedas


hfever

pilesskin

diseasesulce

rsand

wou

nds[13]thep

asteof

ther

ootm

ixed

inwater


muscularinjurycuts

wou

ndsandmum

psandto

forehead

inheadacheTh

ewateryextractisg

iven

orally

insto

machpainsconstip

ationdysenterysw

ellingof

thethroatand

tonsillitisLo

tionisdrop

pedin

earsin

earache[22]leaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters[27]

Rubiacordifolia

L(H

erb)

58780

Rubiaceae

Mish

tuLeaves

and

stems

Apaste

ofRu

biacordifolia

andCy

nodondactylon

(Doo


ndthes

nakebitelowast

Root

decoctionwith

water

isgivento

cure

urinary

infection

paste

isused

asan

ointmenttoskin

diseases

Root

isalso

used

tomaked

yes[43]rootsa

reused

for

bloo

dpu

rificatio

nliver

prob

lemssw

ellin

gsn

ervous


uterin

etum

orsbleeding


ndscoug

hbo

nefractures

andgenerald

ebility[25]

Rubu

sellipticu

sSm

(Shrub

)58754

Rosaceae

Aakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

bythelocalpeop

le

Fruitise

diblea

ndishaving

coolingeffectSpiny

branches

areu

sedas

fencea

roun

dfieldsLeaves

are

brow

sedby

goats[35]Yo

ungshoo

tisc

hewed

rawto

relieve

sudd

ensto

machpainR

ootd

ecoctio

nisgivento

thec

hildrento

getrid

ofsto

machwarmR

ootp

asteis

appliedon

forehead

durin

gsevere

headachefruitis

edible[43]

Rubu

sniveusTh

unb

(Shrub

)58755

Rosaceae

Lalaakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Freshroot

tipsa

reused

forc

uringexcessiveb

leeding

durin

gmenstr

ualcycle[23]

Rumex

acetosaL(H

erb)

58634

Polygonaceae

Podo

iLeaves

Leaves

arec

ollected

andused

asvegetableEa

ten

asaleafvegetable

Usedas

agoo

dfodd

erfor

cattlelowast

Jaun

dicevom

iting

liver

prob

lems[25]cuts

wou

nds

andnettles

ting[26]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused


Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes


tsareb

oiledin

water


andjointspain

[25]leavesa


wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]


ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste


cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]


(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46


-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin


shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric


liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into


snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References
















































































ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Polyg

onum

alpinu

mAllion

i(Herb)58786

Polygonaceae

Choh

rStem

and

leaves

Tend

erste

msa

reeatenrawto

cure

thec

rackso

flip

sand

gumsLeaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erlowast

Cou


icabo

rtion

wou

ndsandheartb

urn[26]

Potentillanu

bicolaLind

lex

Lacaita

(Fragaria

nubicolaHoo

k)(Herb)

58753

Rosaceae

Dhu

l-akh

reFruits

Fruitsarec

ollected

andeatenraw

Fruitsandleaves

areu

sedas

carm

inativeforstomach

ulcersand

asantiseptic

[29]

Prun

uscornuta(W

allex

Royle)Steud(Tree)

58762

Rosaceae

Jammu

Fruitsand

Stem

Fruitsaree

atenStemsa

reused

form

akingmany

agric

ulturaltoo

lsandalso

used

asfuel

Itis

repo

rted

thattheleavesa

reavoidedto

cattle

fodd

eras

theleavesa

reconsidered

very

poiso

nous

andkillthec

attlelowast

Rheumatism

andwou

nds[26]

Ranu

nculus

arvenseL

(H

erb)58614

Ranu

nculaceae

Gud

iLeaves

Paste

ofleavescurescutso

rwou

ndsb

ydryingp

usCou

nter-ir

ritantanthelmintic

coo

lingem

ollient

and

forw

ound

s[26]

Ranu

nculus

laetus

Wallex

Royle(Herb)58290

Ranu

nculaceae

Jaldaru

Leaves

Paste

isappliedon

cutsandwou

ndslowast

Antim

icrobialactiv

ities

[17]

Rheum

australeD

Don

(Herb)58765

Polygonaceae

Chuk

ari

Rootsa

ndleaves

Rootsa

resundriedandgrou

ndto

powe

redform

then

byadding

water

athick

paste

ismadea

ndpaste

isthen

appliedon

thec

utsa

ndwou

ndsfor

healingLeaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters

Usedas


hfever

pilesskin

diseasesulce

rsand

wou

nds[13]thep

asteof

ther

ootm

ixed

inwater


muscularinjurycuts

wou

ndsandmum

psandto

forehead

inheadacheTh

ewateryextractisg

iven

orally

insto

machpainsconstip

ationdysenterysw

ellingof

thethroatand

tonsillitisLo

tionisdrop

pedin

earsin

earache[22]leaves

ared

riedandgrou

ndwith

wheat

flour

foru

sedu

ringwinters[27]

Rubiacordifolia

L(H

erb)

58780

Rubiaceae

Mish

tuLeaves

and

stems

Apaste

ofRu

biacordifolia

andCy

nodondactylon

(Doo


ndthes

nakebitelowast

Root

decoctionwith

water

isgivento

cure

urinary

infection

paste

isused

asan

ointmenttoskin

diseases

Root

isalso

used

tomaked

yes[43]rootsa

reused

for

bloo

dpu

rificatio

nliver

prob

lemssw

ellin

gsn

ervous


uterin

etum

orsbleeding


ndscoug

hbo

nefractures

andgenerald

ebility[25]

Rubu

sellipticu

sSm

(Shrub

)58754

Rosaceae

Aakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

bythelocalpeop

le

Fruitise

diblea

ndishaving

coolingeffectSpiny

branches

areu

sedas

fencea

roun

dfieldsLeaves

are

brow

sedby

goats[35]Yo

ungshoo

tisc

hewed

rawto

relieve

sudd

ensto

machpainR

ootd

ecoctio

nisgivento

thec

hildrento

getrid

ofsto

machwarmR

ootp

asteis

appliedon

forehead

durin

gsevere

headachefruitis

edible[43]

Rubu

sniveusTh

unb

(Shrub

)58755

Rosaceae

Lalaakhre

Fruits

Fruitsaree

aten

Freshroot

tipsa

reused

forc

uringexcessiveb

leeding

durin

gmenstr

ualcycle[23]

Rumex

acetosaL(H

erb)

58634

Polygonaceae

Podo

iLeaves

Leaves

arec

ollected

andused

asvegetableEa

ten

asaleafvegetable

Usedas

agoo

dfodd

erfor

cattlelowast

Jaun

dicevom

iting

liver

prob

lems[25]cuts

wou

nds

andnettles

ting[26]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused


Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes


tsareb

oiledin

water


andjointspain

[25]leavesa


wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]


ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste


cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]


(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46


-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin


shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric


liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into


snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References
















































































ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Rumex

nepalen

sisSpreng

(H

erb)58781

Polygonaceae

Ubb

alLeaves

Leaves

arec

rushed

andsolutio

nismadea

ndused


Also

leaves

arec

rushed

andpaste

ismadew

ithmilk

chu

rned

curdor

with

theu

rineo

fcow

andappliedon

thea

rea

arou

ndthes

nake

biteon

theb

odylowast

Juiceisp

reparedby

smashing

leaves

andyoun

gshoo

tsarea

ppliedto

healwou

ndsRo

otiscrushedandthe

juicea

ppliedon

thes


tsareb

oiledin

water


andjointspain

[25]leavesa


wou

ndsa

sanantallergic[23]

Sarcococca

saligna

(D

Don

)Muell-Arg(Sh

rub)

58767

Buxaceae

Diyun

dLeaves

and

Stem

s

Leaves

areg

roun

dandpaste

isappliedon

the

burnsfor

quickreliefPaste

actsas

coolantStem

isused

asfuelandleaves

inthec

eilin

gof

roof

ofho

uses

asaw

aterproo

fmediumlowast

Aqueou

sextractisused

asantip

yreticandcalm

ative

[48]

Saussureacostu

s(Falc)

Lipsch(Herb)58439

Asteraceae

Kuth

Roots

Plantroo

tsareu

sedin

thetreatmento

fcoldand

also

forjoint

painD

riedrootsa

regrou

ndto

powderedform

andtakenorally

Jointp

ains

[45]rheum

atism

[13144149]


ebron

chod

ilatoryduretic

[15]and

CNSdepressant

[17]R

ootsareinternally

used

fora

sthmacoug

hparalysis

brain

prob

lemsnervou

sprob

lemsrheumatism

gou

tsthroatprob

lemsand

influ

enza

andas

asex

stim

ulant[25]root

paste


cure

jointp

ains

[23]

Scorzonera

virgataDC

(Herb)58433

Asteraceae

Thun

buLeaves

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation

Leaves

areu

sedto

cure

constip

ation[14

]

Silen

evulgaris

(Moench)

Garcke(Herb)57383

Caryop

hyllaceae

Ghantolu

Leaves

Tend

erleaves

arec

ookedas

vegetablePlantsare

also

used

asgood

fodd

ersource

Leaves

andtwigsa

ndused

aspo

therb[14

]and

for

bron

chitisa

ndasthma[

26]

Smila

xaspera

L(Shrub

)58758

Smilacaceae

Dadrund

Thuthu

rFruitsand

leaves

Fruitsaree

aten

whileleaves

areu

sedas

fodd

erDiuretic

diaph

oreticand

arthritis[26]


(Herb)58415

Caryop

hyllaceae

Koku

wa

Leaves

Leaves


negle

ctaare

cooked

asmixed

vegetablea

ndeatentwoor

three

times

tocure

constip

ationlowast

Burnsbo

ilsbon

efractureandwou

nds[26]leafpaste

ofthep

lant

isalso

appliedon

wou

ndsc

ausedby

burning[23]

Taraxacum

officin

alis

Wigg(H

erb)58287

Asteraceae

Dud

hiLeaves

Roots

Leaves

areu

sedas

band

ageo

ncuts

Root

powder

isused

againsth

eadachea

ndfeverItisalso

used

tocure

jaun

dice

Liverc

omplaints[13]jaun

diceliver

prob

lems[46


-hypoglycemicantitu

mor

[17]germacrano

lidea

cidsglucansm

annan

proteins

scop

oletinesculetin

[15]dieste

roftaraxanthin

lactup

icrin


shanddried

rhizom

esconstitutethe

drug

Ther

hizomes

rootsa

ndleaves

aree

aten

assaladused

insoup

sandcooked

asvegetableLeaves

andop

enflo

wersa

reused

inthe

manufacture

ofbeerw

inesand

otherd

ietd

rinks

[15]

Bloo

dpu

rifierdislocationof

joints

dysenterygastric


liver

complaints[13]

taraxacin

taraxacerin

phytoste

rols

taraxaste

roland

homo-taraxaste

rol[14]who

leplantisc

rushed

into


snakebiteTh

epasteisalso

appliedexternallyon

thew

ound

Leavesa

reeffectiv

elyused

forfom

entatio

nin

swollenpartsbo

ilsand

sprains

[22]


ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References
















































































ble1Con

tinued

Botanicaln

amehabit

andplantaccessio

nNo

Family

Localn

ame

Part(s)

used

Mod

eofp

reparatio

nanduses

recorded

from

Pang

ivalley

Earlier

repo

rted

ethn

obotanicalethno

pharmacological


Thym

uslin

earis

Benth

(Herb)58770

Lamiaceae

Suno

uni

Aeria

lparts

Aeria

lparto

fOrig

anum

vulga

rein

combinatio

nwith

Thym

uslin

earis

iscrushedwith

water

and

juiceism

adegiven4-5teaspo

onorallythree

times

aday

durin

ghigh

feverinchild

ren

thisis

very

effectiv

emedication

Juicee

xtracted

bycrushing

istakenorallylowast

Stom

achache[

13]gastr

ictro

uble[45]stomach

disorder

[4651]spasmolyticC

NSactiv

e[17]terpenes

thym

olm

onoterpeno

idgeraniol120572


camph

enecar-3-enelim

onene120574-te

r-penene

terpinolenecitro


rpineolcarvacrol

bornylacetatelin

aloo


Trigonellaem

odiB

enth

(Herb)51158

Papilio

naceae

Kuchon

aYo

ung

leaves

and

stems

Tend

ershoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable

Shoo

tsareu

sedas

vegetable[14]

Ulm

uswa

llichiana

Planch

(Tree)58757

Ulm

aceae

Mandh

uLeaves

bark

and

stems

Usedform

akingthetraditio

nalfoo

twearn

amed

asldquoPulerdquo

Stem

sare

used

forfuelleaves

used

asfodd

erlowast

Fracture

anddislo

catio

nof

joints[26]

Urticadioica

L(H

erb)

58429

Urticaceae

Ain

Leaves

Leaves

arec

ookedandeatenas

vegetable


ydrateproteinpo

lymer

glycop

rotein

[15]R

ootand

seed

decoctionistakento

treatdiarrhoeaa

ndcoug

hCu

rryprepared

usingshoo

ttip

sisgivento

femaled

uringchild

deliveryas

their

slipp

erinessisb

elieved


Rh

eumatism

[13]gou

t[10]antid

iabetic

anticancerous

antia

naem

icm

uscle


and


inoacids[17]

Valer

iana

jataman

siDC

(Herb)58769

Valeria

naceae

Sham

akM

ushakw

ala

Roots

Skin

disorder

iscured

Addedin

incensefor

bette

raromalowast



virid


[52]

Verbascum

thapsusL

(H

erb)58300

Scroph

ulariaceae

Jang

liTamaku

Flow

erandleaves

Paste

offlo

wer

andleaves

isappliedon

boils

Leaves

andfruitsareu

sedin

diarrhoeaa

ndpu

lmon

ary

diseaseo

fcattleL

eavesa

realso

used

asdemulcentin

pectoralcomplaintsa

ndas

localapp

licationin

piles

sunb

urns

andinflammationof

mucus

mem

brane

Drie

dleaves

ares

moked

andrelieve

irritatio

nDecoctio

nof

theleavesisu

sedas

aheartstim

ulant

Rootssho

wfebrifu

geprop

ertie

s[15]asthmacoug

handfishpo

ison[13]crushed

leaves

areg

iven

inconstip

ationandalliedsto

machpains[22]

Viburnum

cotin

ifoliu

mD

Don

(Shrub

)5860

0Ca

prifo

liaceae

KaFruits

Ripe

fruitsaree

dibler

awFruitisc

onsid

ered

tobe

laxativ

eand

bloo

dpu

rifier

Leaves

extractisa

ppliedin

menorrhagia[48]

Viburnum

grandiflorum

Buch-H

amexDD

on(Shrub

)58768

Caprifo

liaceae

Tilhanj

Fruitsand

stem

Ripe

fruitsaree

aten

rawandste

misused

asfuellowast

Seed

juiceisg

iven

totre

atwho

opingcoug

handtyph

oid

[53]

ViolacanescensW

allex

Roxb

(Herb)58766

Violaceae

Ratm

undiVanksha

Flow

ers

Decoctio

nof

flowersw

ithcinn

amon

fenneland

clove

isrecommendedforc

ough

asthm

aand

otherrespiratory

tractp

roblem

slowast

Antim

alarial[52]a

ndantip

lasm

odialactivity

[54]

leaves

paste

ismixed

with

brow

nsugartobe

used

againstcou


prob

lems[35]

Viscum

album

L(C

limber)58750

Loranthaceae

Ranau

Bark

Apaste

ofbark

isused

onthefresh

burnsfor

the

healingItishigh

lyuseful

inhealingthed

eep

wou

ndsc

ausedby

fireb

urnslowast

Decoctio

nmadefrom

who

leplantisu

sedfore

nlarged

spleen

[55]

lowast

New

medicalremedieso

rethno

botanicalu

ses





40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References



















































































40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0




use useuse


16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Paste Raw

Vege

tabl

e

Pow

dere

d fo

rm

Infu

sion

and

juic

e

Dec

octio

n

Seed

s or g

rain

s

Fum

es o

r sm

oke



50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

48

115 3








Acknowledgments


References




















































































Acknowledgments


References















































































uses of local plant biodiversity among the tribal ...€¦ · lanatum, arisaema flavum, primula...

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