userdocs documents policy evidence update 11-30-14

8/17/2019 Userdocs Documents Policy Evidence Update 11-30-14

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National Speech & Debate Association Policy Debate – 2014-2015 – Starter File – 11/30/14

Resolved: The United States federal government should substantially increase its non-militaryexploration and/or development of the Earth’s oceans

Table of Contents

***AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES AIRMATIVE*** !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% #+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% /+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 0#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% 1+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2

#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% "+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% .+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% 0+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #,#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% 2+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ###AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% 3+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #/#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% 4+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #1#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% #,+#,- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #"#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% #+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #.#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% /+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #0#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% 1+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #2#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% "+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #3#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% .+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! #4#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% 0+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /,#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% 2+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /#

#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% 3+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! //#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% 4+4- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /1#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% #+0- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /"#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% /+0- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /.#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% 1+0- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /0#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% "+0- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /2#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% .+0- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /3#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% 0+0- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! /4#AC $ Sol%enc5 #+1- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1,#AC $ Sol%enc5 /+1- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1##AC $ Sol%enc5 1+1- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1//AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ 6io)i%esit5 I'pact !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ En%ion'ent I'pact !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1"

/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Methane Intenal Lin7s #+1- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1./AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Methane Intenal Lin7s /+1- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 10/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Methane Intenal Lin7s 1+1- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Coal Ree8 Intenal Lin7s #+/- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Coal Ree8 Intenal Lin7s /+/- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 14/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ 9lan7ton Intenal Lin7s #+/- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ",/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ 9lan7ton Intenal Lin7s /+/- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "#/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Rene:able Ene(5 Intenal Lin7s !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "//AC $ REM A)% $ AUVs ;e5 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! "1/AC $ REM A)% $ Vents Intenal Lin7s !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ""


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/AC $ REM A)% $ ResoOn $ Econo'5 /+/- !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! .//AC $ A))>On $ NatOn $ Nat


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#NC $ 6io8


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***AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES AIRMATIVE***

#


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#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% /+#,-

Speci8icall5 AUVs ae 7e5 to col) %ent 'onitoin(


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#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% "+#,-

AUVs ae enable bette esponse an) 'iti(ation o8 a litan5 o8 en%ion'entaltheats >>> speci8icall5 oil spills coal ee8s an) bio)i%esit5 loss6llorida 'urrent Expedition goals included characteriBing spill impacts on theecosystems or& in the absence of such evidence& establishing baselines in advance of potential impacts& as the flo8 of oil from the 8ell had not been contained 8hen the expedition commenced 2n September !)**& a follo8-up expedition& >.(SEE 22& 8as launched

to locate and characteriBe deep reefs& 8ith a focus on coral and commercial fish 2t assessed the effective-ness ofmarine managed areas for restoring coral and fish& monitored the effects of oil contamination and characteriBed planoster using multi beam sonar and the University of 'onnecticut’s Kralorida +tlantic Universitydeployed luefin Robotics 'orp’s 6Iuincy& %assachusetts7 Spray lider Spray lider and ulley Ridge %issions The Spray lider& 8hich is rated to *&F)) meters and travels at !F centimeters per second& iscapable of deployments lasting up to six months >or these recent missions the glider& diving to less than *)) meters at a *4-degree angle of attac.(SEE 22 glidermissions too< place at ulley Ridge& a shelf-edge mesophotic coral reef on the southern edge of the 8est >lorida shelf& 8hich is more than J) meters belo8 the surface %esophotic reefs& the deepest coralcommunities that depend on sunlight for survival& are not particularly 8ell studied& as they tend to be beyond the maximum scuba depths of ") to #) meters ulley Ridge is characteriBed as hard& fat& gentlysloping bottom 8ith roc< rubble and cobble .ive coral cover had previously been reported at up to J) percent in some areas %icroalgae& sponges and sediment also occupy the benthos& 8hich is shared byshallo8- and deep8ater fish species and is considered an important breeding habitat The .oop 'urrent brings clear& 8arm 8ater to ulley Ridge& 8hich is also 8ithin a thermocline that provides nutrients duringup8elling 'onsidered in the context of sudden or persistent environmental change& ulley Ridge reef communities that survive on * to ! percent of available surface light are therefore very vulnerable to persistentelevations in turbidity& 8hich result in reduced available light and benthic productivity >urthermore& persistent temperature maxima have been associated 8ith bleaching events affecting hard and soft corals andsponges 'orals are also susceptible to persistent salinity depressions& 8hich can result from proximity to the .oop 'urrent and possibly heavy rains or hurricanes Surprisingly little data exists on the seasonaldynamics of phytoplanebruary !)*!& performing almost !&))) dives do8n to 4) meters off the 8estern edge of the

ridge These studies also presented the opportunity to explore some of the technical ,uestionsrelated to glider 8or


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#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% .+#,-

Speci8icall5 AUVs ae 7e5 to sol%e sea t>> the5e the citical intenal lin7 Sola #" 6Katie Sola& 0Under8ater Robot Tracor the first time ever& 3ational (ceanic and +tmospheric +gency 63(++7 scientists have trac


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#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% 0+#,-

That 'a(ni8ies o


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ish stoc7 )ecline 7ills billionsNo'ile ,/ 6Hennis 3ormile& 0oor to >eel inch of Rising >ish rices&1 Science& @ol !4L& 3oFF4J& pg **F#& 3ovember L& !))!& http://888sciencemagorg/content/!4L/FF4J/**F#full7T(KV($ The first maAor attempt to proAect global supply and demand for fish has confirmed 8hat many have long suspected:

Rising prices are li


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Coal ee8 )ecline lea)s to etinctionLeah5 ,0 6Stephen .eahy& environmental Aournalist& cites ohn uinotte& marine scientist atthe %arine 'onservation iology 2nstitute in =ashington State& 0'limate 'hange Shattering%arine >ood 'hain&1 2nter ress Service& +pril *)& !))J& http://888ipsne8snet/ne8saspDidne8sQ"!L#"7R((K.23& 'anada& +pr *)& !))J 62S7 - @ast s8aths of coral reefs in the 'aribbean sea and South acific (cean are dying& 8hile

the recently-discovered cold-8ater corals in northern 8aters 8ill not survive the century - all due to climate change The loss ofreefs 8ill have a catastrophic impact on all marine life (ne-third of the coral at official monitoring sites in thearea of uerto Rico and the US @irgin 2slands have recently perished in 8hat scientists call an unprecedented die-off Extremelyhigh sea temperatures in the summer and fall of !))F that spa8ned a record hurricane season have also caused extensive coral bleaching extending from the >lorida Keys to Tobago and arbados in the south and anama and 'osta Rica& according to the US3ational (ceanic and +tmospheric +dministrations 'oral Reef =atch Cigh sea temperatures are also s


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Coal ee8 an) ocean ecos5ste' collapse is an in%isible theshol) >>> it 'eans 5o<sho


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#AC $ En%ion'ental Monitoin( A)% #,+#,-

GGGCONTINUED >>> NO TET DELETEDanother creation and billions of years to recreate the passenger pigeon 2t is the loss of billions of

years of evolutionary programming 2t is the destruction of beauty& the obliteration of truth& theremoval of uni,ueness& the scarring of the sacred 8eb of life To be responsible for an extinctionis to commit blasphemy against the divine It is the (eatest o8 all possible ci'es 'oee%il than '


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#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% #+4-

Rae Eath Mineals ae bein( )eplete) no: >>> AUVs accesses ne: s


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#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% /+4-

GGGCONTINUED >>> NO TET DELETEDcobalt and nicollo8ing a detailed literature revie8 the

prospective ocean miner 8ould send out a research vessel to sample extensively in the areas under consideration 3e8acoustical techni,ues can be calibrated to sho8 certain


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#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% 1+4-

China REM 'onopol5 pe%ents US hi(h tech 'an


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#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% "+4-

Thats 7e5 to he(e'on5 >>> REM in)epen)ence is 7e5 to :eapons )e%elop'ent an)pese%in( he(e'on5 Hannis Senior fello8 in defense studies at the +merican >oreign olicy 'ouncil& #/ 6Eric& **-!)-*!& US 3e8s& 0+re =e .osing the Race for Rare EarthsD1&http://888usne8scom/opinion/blogs/8orld-report/!)*!/**/!)/the-us-needs-rare-earth-independence-from-china7This race is also important for defense reasons: + reliable domestic source of rare earths for

8eapons production is a critical national security goal for modern nations +s 'hina proved in !)*) 8hen it placed a rare earth embargo on apan because of a territorial dispute& it is not afraid to useaccess to rare earths as a lever to get its 8ay in the international arena ecause of concerns over 'hinasdominance of the rare earths mar


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#AC $ Rae Eath Mineals A)% .+4-

The p


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GGGCONTINUED >>> NO TET DELETEDmost important benefits: sustaining an open global economy and a favorable place for the United States 8ithin it To be sure& the sheer siBe of its output 8ould guarantee theUnited States a maAor role in the global economy 8hatever grand strategy it adopted Vet the countrys military dominance undergirds its economic leadership 2n addition toprotecting the 8orld economy from instability& its military commitments and naval superiority help secure the sea-lanes and other shipping corridors that allo8 trade to flo8freely and cheaply =ere the United States to pull bac< from the 8orld& the tas< of securing the global commons 8ould get much harder =ashington 8ould have less leverage

8ith 8hich it could convince countries to cooperate on economic matters and less access to the military bases throughout the 8orld needed to


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Aeospace 'an> )ecline in)epen)entl5 is7s a loss o8aipo:e (lobal instabilit5 an) con8lict98alt(a88 #, PRobert .& Shelby 'ullom Havis rofessor of 2nternational Security Studies atThe >letcher School of .a8 and Hiplomacy and resident of the 2nstitute for >oreign olicy

+nalysis& et al& >inal Report of the 2>+->letcher 'onference on 3ational Security Strategy andolicy& 0+ir& Space& 'yberspace o8er in the !*st-'entury1& p xiii-4Heterrence Strategy 2n star< contrast to the bipolar 'old =ar nuclear setting& today’s security environment includes multiple& independent nuclear actors Some of these independent nuclear 8eapons states arepotential adversaries& some are rivals& and some are friends& but the initial decision for action by any one of them may lie beyond US control The United States may need to influence& signal& and restrain enemies&

and it may need to continue to provide security guarantees to non-nuclear friends and allies +merica may also face catalytic 8arfare& 8here& for example& a US ally suchas 2srael or a third party such as 'hina could initiate action that might escalate to a nuclear exchange +lthough theUnited States 8ould not be a party to the nuclear escalation decision process& it could be dra8n into the conflict 'ompared to a bipolar 8orld& very little is orce plays an indispensable role in furnishing the US early 8arning system in its entirety through satellitesand radar net8ororce& including %ilstar satellites and& in the future& advanced extremely high fre,uency 6+EC>7 satellites 2n the area of delivery systems and 8eapons& t8o-thirds of the strategic

triad G intercontinental ballistic missiles 62'%s7 and bombers G is furnished by th e +ir >orce and its lobal Stri to continue to examine specific issues of opportunity and vulnerability more closely >or example& a future initiativecould include focused 8or leadershipreconceptualiBe its vision& institutional identity& and force posture to align as cl osely as possible 8ith the future national security settingD ] =hat is the appropriate balance bet8een high-end and lo8-end air and space capabilities that 8ill maximiBe military optionsfor national decision maorce missions& operations& and force structure& including cyber 8arfareD ] Co8 c an the US+> best interact 8ith 'ongress to help preserve or refocus the defense-industrial base as 8ell as to minimiBe myndates and restrictions that 8eigh on future +ir >orceinvestmentsD >inally& the US+> must continue to be an organiBation that vie8s debate& as the 'hief of Staff of the +ir >orce put it in his opening conference address& 0^as the 8hetstone upon 8hich 8e sharpen our strategic thin maintains and develops critical capabilities to support US national security priorities The "Lth 2>+->letcher 'onference on 3ational Security Strategy and olicy 8as conceived as a contribution to thatdebate +lmost a century has passed since th e advent of airpo8er and illy %itchell’s demonstration of its operational potential 8ith the sinor most of that time& the United States has benefitted from the rapid developmentof air and space po8er proAection capabilities& and& as a result& it has prevailed in successive conflicts& contributed to 8ar deterrence and crisis management& and provided essential humynitarian relief to allies and friends around the 8orld +s 8e move into thesecond decade of the t8enty-first century& th e US +ir >orce 6US+>7& liurthermore& t8enty-first-century security challenges and threats may emynate from highly adaptive adversaries 8ho ignore the eneva 'onventions of 8ar and use military and/or civilian technologies to offset our military superiority +s it develops strategy and force structure in this global setting& the +ir >orce confronts constraints that 8ill have important implications for budget and procurement programs& basic research and development 6RH7& and the maintenance of critical s7& pointed out ho8 & 8ith its inherent characteristics of speed& range& and flexibility& airpo8er has forever changed

!*


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GGGCONTINUED >>> NO TET DELETED 8arfare 2ts advent rendered land and maritime forces vulnerable from the air& thus adding an important ne8 dimension to 8arfare

'ontrol of the air has become indispensable to national security because it allo8s the United States and friendly forcesto maneuver and operate free from enemy air attacorce possesses uni,ue capabilities for ensuringglobal mobility& long-range striorce’s challenge is to succeed in a protracted struggle against elements of violent extremism and irreconcilable actors 8hileconfronting peer and near-peer rivals The +ir >orce must be able to operate 8ith great precision and lethality across a broad spectru m of conflict that has high and l o8 ends but that defies an orderly taxonomy =arfare in the t8enty-first century ta achieve improved target discrimination in high collateral damage situationsD ] Co8 should the US+> posture its overseasforces to ensure accessD =hat basing structure& logistical considerations& andprotection measures are re,uired to mitigate emerging anti-access threatsD ] Co8 can the +ir >orce reduce its reliance on S to ensure operations in a S-denied environmentD ] Co8can the US+> lessen its vulnerability to petroleu m shortages& rising energy prices& and resulting logistical and operational ch allengesD ] Co8 can the +ir >orce enhance partnerships 8ith its sister services and the interagency communityD Co8 can it better collaborate 8ith allies and coalition partners to improve support of national security interestsD These issues 8ere addressed in subse,uent conference sessions The opening session focused on the multidimensional and dynamic security setting in 8hich the +ir >orce 8illoperate in the years ahead The session included a discussion of the need to prioritiBe necessary capabilities and to gauge 0acceptable ris>US2(3 Technologyproliferation is accelerating 'ompounding the problem is the reality that existing multilateral and/or international export regimesand controls have not


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Etenall5 China REM 'onopol5 ca


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#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% #+0-

Ten)s o8 antibiotic esistance ae :osenin( an) pose a 'ao (lobal health iss>> allo:s 8o bioeseach in the )eep seaNRC 40 P3ational Research 'ouncil 0Undersea @ehicles and 3ational 3eeds1 =ashington&H': The 3ational +cademies ress& *44J& http://888napedu/openboo


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#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% /+0-

This allo:s access to a host o8 ne: 'e)icines that a))esses antibiotic esistancean) canceNRC ,4 6(cean Exploration: Cighlights of 3ational +cademies Reports& 3ational +cademies(cean Science Series& http://oceanleadershiporg/8p-content/uploads/!))4/)L/(cean;Explorationpdf7The ocean benefits human health and 8ell-being in immeasurable 8ays The nutritional benefits of eating fish&rich in protein and omega-" fatty acids& ma


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#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% 1+0-

GGGCONTINUED >>> NO TET DELETEDand culture of marine microorganisms offer t8o underexplored opportunities for discovery ofnovel chemicals 8ith therapeutic potential The successes to date& 8hich are based upon a verylimited investigation of both deep-sea organisms and marine microorganisms& suggest a hi(hpotential 8o contin


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#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% "+0-

An epi)e'ic is ine%itable >>> ne: teat'ents ae the onl5 option to sta%e o88etinction

A)a's #" 6%ar< +dams& reporter for 3atural 3e8s& an online ne8s source specialiBing inmedicine and natural sciences& citing a study published in the Aournal of the Society forCealthcare Epidemiology of +merica and Hr oshua Thaden as 8ell as 'H' officials li


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#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% .+0-

Cance is a lea)in( s5ste'ic 7ille o8 'illions o8 li%es >>> its i'pact :ill onl5incease

WHO #1 6=orld Cealth (rganiBation& 0'ancer&1 anuary !)*"&http://8888hoint/mediacentre/factsheets/fs!45/en/7Cance is a lea)in( ca


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#AC $ Disease Reseach A)% 0+0-

Onl5 US eseach po%i)es a 8a'e:o7 8o 'a7etplace access an) )istib


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#AC $ Sol%enc5 #+1-

9lan= The Unite) States 8e)eal (o%en'ent sho


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#AC $ Sol%enc5 /+1-

AUV )e%elop'ent is ine%itable b>> also catal5es pi%atesecto in%ol%e'ent an) allo:s 8o s


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#AC $ Sol%enc5 1+1-

GGGCONTINUED >>> NO TET DELETEDcollection efforts and minimiBe duplicative investments& and its strategic plan 8as missing lood 2nsurance Reform +ct of !)*! 6. **!-*#*7 to develop a funding strategy to leverage and coordinate budgets and expenditures& and to maintain or establish Aoint fundingand other agreement mechanisms bet8een federal agencies and 8ith units of state and local government to share in the collectionand utiliBation of geospatial data among all governmental users Specifically& section *))!!) 6#! US' #*)*c7 re,uires the office of%anagement and udget& in consultation 8ith several agencies to submit to the appropriate authoriBing and appropriatingcommittees of the Senate and the Couse of Representatives an interagency budget crosscut and coordination report& certified by theSecretary or head of each such agency& that-- 6+7 contains an interagency budget crosscut report that displays relevant sections of the budget proposed for each of the >ederal agencies 8orederal agencies in order to coordinate the efforts of the 3ation to reduce its vulnerability to flooding haBards =erecommend a similar legislative provision 8ith regard to geospatial data related to charting&

navigation& and +T(3& involving the 'oast uard& 3(++& %+R+H& the 'orps of Engineers&USS& and other relevant federal agencies& as 8ell as state and local government and the privatesector Cydrographic survey data supports a variety of maritime functions& such as port and harbor maintenance and dredgingthat facilitates the 4L percent of our international trade that moves through US ports& coastal engineering& coastal Bone

management& and offshore resource development There is an enormous capacity and capability in the privatesector to provide 3(++& the 'oast uard& 'orps of Engineers and other government agenciesthe hydrographic surveying& charting& aerial photography& photogrammetry& .2H+R& and othergeospatial disciplines that support +T(3 The pi%ate secto stan)s ea)5 to continue toassist these agencies achieve their important missions %+S urges 'ongress to enactlegislation to accelerate and complete the transition from government or university performanceof commercially available geospatial services to contractor performance& 8hile refocusing agencies oninherently governmental activities& such as establishing standards& coordinating user re,uirements& determining needs& andmanaging contracts >ederal agencies should maintain an intellectual core capability in surveying and mapping& versus a large

dollar of capital capability Con(essional appopiations an) a


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ 6io)i%esit5 I'pact

Species )i%esit5 loss ca


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ En%ion'ent I'pact

En%ion'ental )est


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Methane Intenal Lin7s #+1-

AUVs sol%e 'appin( o8 %ents $ ROVs cant sol%e;


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Methane Intenal Lin7s /+1-

Tech i'po%e'ents 7e5 to 'ethane h5)ate )e%elop'ent $ col) %ents ae 7e5


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Methane Intenal Lin7s 1+1-

AUVs sol%e sea8loo 'appin( $ 7e5 to col) %ent eseach


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Coal Ree8 Intenal Lin7s /+/-

AUVs ae the onl5 e88ecti%e 'etho) o8 sol%in( coal ee8 'appin(ames + @oo)'an Samuel 9oubert et al

!)**7 %ulti-beam systems transmit acoustic 8aves in a fan-liig *)!7 Hepth soundings are recorded 8ithin each beam& creating a "H digital elevationmodel 6HE%7 8ith an area much larger and more contiguous than results from single-beam surveys 2n addition to bathymetry&multi-beam systems can record the amplitude of bac


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ 9lan7ton Intenal Lin7s #+/-

AUVs 7e5 to 'onito plan7ton pop


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ 9lan7ton Intenal Lin7s /+/-

9lan7ton obse%ation 7e5 to cli'ate chan(e eseachRicha)son 3 > +ssociate Editor for ournal of +nimal Ecology P+nthony& 02n hot 8ater:Booplan


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/AC $ En%ion'ent A)% $ Rene:able Ene(5 Intenal Lin7s

AUVs ae an i'potant sol


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/AC $ REM A)% $ AUVs ;e5

AUVs 'a7e )eep sea 'ineals co''eciall5 8easibleIsaeli Ho'elan) Sec


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/AC $ REM A)% $ Vents Intenal Lin7s

AUVs ha%e 'assi%e capabilities to 8in) REMs> especiall5 in h5)othe'al %ents oshi)a et al! :o7s at Maine Technolo(5 an) En(ineein( S5ste' AUVSpecialist #1 PCiroshi& 0+n autonomous under8ater vehicle 8ith a canard rudder forunder8ater minerals exploration& roceedings of !)*" 2EEE&http://888deepdyvecom/lp/institute-of-electrical-and-electronics-engineers/an-autonomous-under8ater-vehicle-8ith-a-canard-rudder-for-under8ater-BTuL5!v8(V //nBExploration and mining of natural resources in the region of seabed are needed for lastingeconomic gro8th& because an abundance of natural resources& including rare metal & is in apansexclusive economic Bone 6EEZ7 The cost do8n of exploration and mining is an important issue forindustrialiBation 2t is 8ell


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/AC $ REM A)% $ Reso


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/AC $ REM A)% $ Reso>> NO TET DELETEDcountries should contribute money to 'hina to reduce the '(! discharge =hile +merica thought that energy saving is not 8orth8hile& 'hina has ta TCE R+RE %23ER+.S The example of 'hina sho8s us thatsustainable economy has everything to do 8ith strategy and po8er 2n a fe8 decades 'hina has beenflooding the mar


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/AC $ REM A)% $ REMs Sol%e He(e'on5

Rae eaths ae citical to all 'ilita5 s5ste'sBthe a88 sa%es he(e'on5 Richa)son& @isiting senior research fello8 at the 2nstitute of South East +sian Studies inSingapore& #, 6%ichael& *)-*L-*)& Vale lobal (nline& 0'hina’s 'ho


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/AC $ REM A)% $ AT= No Shota(e

REMs )e'an) hi(h no: an) inceasin( >>> the5e :oth tillions o8 )ollas to the'an


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/AC $ Disease A)% $ Ocean Reseach Sol%es

Ocean eseach is 7e5 >>> hol)s


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/AC $ Disease A)% $ AT= No A6R Theat

Most ecent e%i)ence in)icates it is a (o:in( theatThe 9ha'ace the abilit5 to teat )iseases at allis close to collapsin( $ en)in( 'o)en 'e)icine


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/AC $ A))>On $ Econo'5 #+/-

AUVs ae %ital to se%eal in)


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/AC $ A))>On $ Econo'5 /+/-

Declinin( U!S! econo'ic pi'ac5 ti((es a's aces 'iscalc an) (eat po:e :a;halila) hH& >ormer +mbassador and rofessor& ## G>ormer rofessor of olitical Science` 'olumbia& >ormer ambassador to 2ra, and +fghanistan6Zalmay KhalilBad 8as the United States ambassador to +fghanistan& 2ra,& and the United3ations during the presidency of eorge = ush and the director of policy planning at theHefense Hepartment from *44) to *44! The Economy and 3ational Security >eb Lhttp://888nationalrevie8com/articles/!F4)!#/economy-and-national-security-Balmay-


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/AC $ A))>On $ Nat


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/AC $ A))>On $ Nat>> NO TET DELETED*44L9 =essel and 'handler& !)**& leaving the ocean floors about as sparsely covered as the interstate high8ay system covers theUnited States Psee Smith and Sand8ell& !))#& >igure ! =hen these sparse soundings are interpolated by satellite altimetry& as in>igure *& the resulting


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***DEE9 OCEAN AIRMATIVE***

FF


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#AC $ 9lan

9lan= The Unite) States 8e)eal (o%en'ent sho


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3atural products 637 are usually small molecules& 8ith a molecular 8eight belo8 "))) Ha& 8hich are produced by a biological source suchas plants& animals and microorganisms& but 8hich occurrence may be limited to a particular taxonomic family& genus& species or even organism P*They are often called secondary metabolites because& predominantly& they are not biosynthesiBed by the general metabolic path8ays and have noprimary function directly involved in the normal gro8th& development or reproduction of an organism They are generally used by organisms to controlecological relationships that involve defense against predation& competition for space and food& interspecies communication for the purposes of mating&

hunting or ,uorum signaling& among other functions 3 have long been a traditional source of medicines& and are stillno8adays considered the most successful supply of potential drug leads 8ith more than * million ne8 chemical entities discovered so far P!&"Cistorical examples of early identified natural compounds are undoubtedly the isolation of morphine from apaver somniferum poppies& first reportedin *L)"& and the discovery in *4!4 by >lemming of the first antibiotic penicillin from the fungus enicillium notatum P" Since then& numerous other

3 have been isolated and identified 8ith J)W of the drugs currently on the marollo8ing the same trend& cosmetics industry isprogressively turning to the sea in the search for ne8 ingredients Traditionally& in the field of cosmetic industry cosmetics 8ere defined as articles to beapplied to human body for cleansing& beautifying& promoting attractiveness& or altering the appearance 8ithout affecting body structure or functionsP!) Co8ever& more recently& the cosmetic industry introduced a special class of products& the cosmeceuticals& as a combination of cosmetics andpharmaceuticals& as bioactive ingredients are no8 combined 8ith creams& lotions and ointments P!* 2nterestingly& an increasing number of suppliersof the cosmetic industry are being pushed to include extracts made from costal plants& sea8eeds& algae and sea minerals into cosmeceutical ingredientsThese extracts contain vitamins and minerals and they sho8 ultraviolet and anti-oxidant protection and general anti-aging benefits P!!&!"&!#&!F 2nfact& activities such as antioxidant& anti-8rin


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prices spiraled& (bama said algal biofuels had the potential to cut US foreign oil dependence Ceestimated that US oil imports used for transportation could be cut substantially TheNational Reseach Co


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/AC $ 6io8 'larensa 'ivil and Environmental Engineering at the University of @irginia&Sapphire Energy& 2nc& Scripps 2nstitute of(ceanography and Embori roup760ilot-scale data provide enhanced estimates of the life cycle energy and emissions profile ofalgae biofuels produced via hydrothermal li,uefaction&1 ioresource Technology& @olume *#L& 3ovember !)*"& ages *J"G*5*7" Results and discussion The energy return on investment 6ER(27 and C emissions for producing diesel and gasoline from algae

using CT. are presented in >ig !a and b& respectively The results are benchmarig ! areexpressed in terms of ER(2 because it can distill complex and integrated energy production systems into one measure of thethermodynamic yield of an energy production process +ny ER(2 value greater than one 6indicated by the horiBontal dotted line in>ig !7 suggests that the process 8ill generate more energy than is invested etroleum-derived fuels once exhibited ER(2 values onthe order of *))& but as petroleum reserves have become depleted and reservoirs are exploited in more remote locations& ER(2 hasdropped from ∼*)) to roughly #GF for both gasoline and diesel 6uilfor et al& !)**7 The results of this modeling effort sho8 thatthe ER(2 of current pilot-scale CT. processes is approximately *& but that over time& ER(2 could increase to bet8een !F and ")ER(2 has a fe8 important limitations as a metric& primarily in that it does not prioritiBe useful energy and it ignores mar


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maximiBing nutrient use efficiency to minimiBe this significant element of the life cycle burden Similarly& '(! supply is animportant upstream burden that is influencing the overall life cycle +lgae cultivation facilitiescould significantly improve their overall C footprint if they could s8itch from usingindustrial '(! 6ie& produced via natural gas scrubbing or from dedicated 8ells7 to ne8er '(! capturetechnologies 6eg& capture from the air 6.ac


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Energy dependence might be most dangerous if it brings the United States into conflict 8ithanother maAor po8er +


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.ifecycle analyses 6.'+s7 of the greenhouse gas 6C7 emissions emitted in the production of algal biofuelsare less than encouraging as 8ell They tend to range significantly& depending on the study& but can be an order ofmagnitude greater than those from other sources (ne revie8 of t8enty-four .'+s of algal biofuel

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