user constructed sonar equipment
DESCRIPTION
User Constructed Sonar Equipment. Presented to PSUBS Convention 2004. Sonar Principles. Basic Concepts Transducers Ping generation Ping reception Post-ping processing Construction and testing. Sonar Principles. Basic Concepts Transducers Ping generation Ping reception - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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User Constructed Sonar User Constructed Sonar EquipmentEquipment
Presented to
PSUBS Convention 2004
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Sonar PrinciplesSonar Principles
Basic ConceptsTransducersPing generationPing receptionPost-ping processingConstruction and testing
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Sonar PrinciplesSonar Principles
Basic ConceptsTransducersPing generationPing receptionPost-ping processingConstruction and testing
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Basic Sonar ConceptsBasic Sonar Concepts
Generate a signal at some frequency f0
Drive an transducer at f0 for a short duration of time generating a “ping”
Allow the sound waves generated to propagate outward at the speed of the medium Vm
Receive the return echo signal measuring the time of flight from transmission to reception Tf
Calculate the distance to target, D = ( Tf · Vm ) / 2
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Speeds of Sound Speeds of Sound vvmm
00 Degrees Celsius Degrees Celsius [1][1]
Air 332 m/s 1,090 f/sFresh water 1,404 m/s 4,610 f/sSea water 1,440 m/s 4,730 f/sCopper 3,560 m/s 11,680 f/s
Iron 5,130 m/s 16,830 f/s
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Sonar ConsiderationsSonar Considerations
Attenuation of signal by waterSpherical radiatorsSonar patternsChoice of frequencySensitivity of receiverTypes of transducers
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Attenuation of Sound Through Attenuation of Sound Through Water Water [2][2]
Absorption Roughly Related to frequency squared
Scattering Signal scatters use to foreign materials in the
water
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Sonar ConsiderationsSonar Considerations
Attenuation of signal by water
Spherical radiatorsSonar patternsChoice of frequencySensitivity of receiverTypes of transducers
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Spherical Sound RadiationSpherical Sound RadiationSound intensity: I = Power / Area (W/m2) Where area of a sphere = 4r2
Same power through any radius (r) we can imagine, with the source in the center
Let PT = Total power through any radius (r)
Therefore: I1 = PT / 4r12 and I2 = PT / 4r2
2
Combining we have: I1 / r12 = I2 / r2
2
We have: I2 = (r12 / r2
2) I1 or I2 = (r1 / r2) 2 I1
Conclusion: Intensity of sound drops off with the square of the distance (r) from the source
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Sonar ConsiderationsSonar Considerations
Attenuation of signal by waterSpherical radiators
Sonar patternsChoice of frequencySensitivity of receiverTypes of transducers
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Sonar ConsiderationsSonar Considerations
Attenuation of signal by waterSpherical radiatorsSonar patterns
Choice of frequencySensitivity of receiverTypes of transducers
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Sonar ConsiderationsSonar Considerations
Attenuation of signal by waterSpherical radiatorsSonar patternsChoice of frequency
Sensitivity of receiverTypes of transducers
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Sonar ConsiderationsSonar Considerations
Attenuation of signal by waterSpherical radiatorsSonar patternsChoice of frequencySensitivity of receiver
Types of transducers
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Sonar PrinciplesSonar Principles
Basic Concepts
TransducersPing generationPing receptionPost-ping processingConstruction and testing
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TransducersTransducers
Sonar transducer facts Beam Angle Piezoelectric principles Piezoelectric ceramics Ring and disk transducers elements Piezoelectric modes Typical piezoelectric ceramics Fish finder transducers Available specialty transducers
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Sonar Transducer FactsSonar Transducer Facts
Transducers convert electrical signals to sound. Transducers convert sound into electrical signals. Most transducers send and receive best at one
characteristic frequency f0. Most small sonar transducers are of a piezoelectric
form. Most piezoelectric materials for sonar application are
ceramics.
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Beam AngleBeam Angle
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Piezoelectric Principles Piezoelectric Principles [3][3]
Voltage Creates W
W Generates Voltage
W = Change in Thickness
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Piezoelectric CeramicsPiezoelectric CeramicsMManufactured in a Variety of Shapes anufactured in a Variety of Shapes [4][4]
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Ring Ring andand Disk Transducer Elements Disk Transducer Elements
Rings
Helps Eliminate Lateral Resonance Modes
Thin Discs
Showing Conductive Coating
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Piezoelectric Modes Piezoelectric Modes [5][5]
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Piezoelectric Modes Piezoelectric Modes [5][5]
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Piezoelectric Modes Piezoelectric Modes [5][5]
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Piezoelectric Modes Piezoelectric Modes [5][5]
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Typical Piezoelectric Ceramics Typical Piezoelectric Ceramics [6][6]
Channel Industries, Inc.
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Fish Finder TransducersFish Finder Transducers
Relatively Inexpensive Encapsulated Wiring Attached Wide or Narrow Cone Locally Available
Little Choice of Resonate Frequencies
Unknown Piezoelectric Material Used
Unknown Electrical Properties of Material
Advantages Disadvantages
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Fish Finder TransducersFish Finder Transducers((Eagle Eagle [7][7]))
Transom Mount
Cylinder Thru Hull
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Available Specialty Transducers Available Specialty Transducers [7][7]
Thru Hull Bronze
Thru Hull Plastic
Trolling Motor Mount
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Sonar PrinciplesSonar Principles
Basic ConceptsTransducers
Ping generationPing receptionPost-ping processingConstruction and testing
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Ping Generator SystemPing Generator System
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Ping Generator ModulePing Generator Module
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192-KHz Frequency 192-KHz Frequency Generator SectionGenerator Section
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Alternative DesignAlternative Design
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Ping Driver CircuitPing Driver Circuit
Amplifies 192-KHz Signal from Generator and Drives Transducer
Generates Drive Only when Ping Enable is Active
Multiplexes Sonar Transducers if System Requires
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Ping Driver CircuitPing Driver Circuit
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Ping Driver ModulePing Driver Module
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Sonar PrinciplesSonar Principles
Basic ConceptsTransducersPing generation
Ping receptionPost-ping processingConstruction and testing
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Ping ReceptionPing Reception
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Ping Receiver ModulePing Receiver Module
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Sonar PrinciplesSonar Principles
Basic ConceptsTransducersPing generationPing receptionPost-ping processingConstruction and testing
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Post-ping Processing OptionsPost-ping Processing Options
Sample return analog for feed to computer or microcontroller.
Use analog means of measuring time between ping and the breaking of a return threshold level.
Be creative with your own methods of monitoring returned amplitude vs time!
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Sonar PrinciplesSonar PrinciplesBasic ConceptsTransducersPing generationPing receptionPost-ping processing
Construction and testing
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Construction and TestingConstruction and Testing
Pressure HousingElectronic assembly ModulesTransducer arrayTesting
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Pressure HousingPressure Housing
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Electronics AssemblyElectronics Assembly
Microcontroller Board
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ModulesModules
Stepper Motor Driver Board
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ModulesModules
Ping Generator
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ModulesModules
192-KHz Receiver
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Transducer ArrayTransducer Array
Gray Cylinder Contains Stepping Motor Drive System
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TestingTesting
Louisiana State University – Shreveport Pool
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TestingTesting
Yes it is a desktop!
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BibliographyBibliography
[1] Sidney Borowitz and Arthur Beiser, “Essentials of Physics”, Addison Wesley Publishing, 1971.
[2] http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part08.htm
[3] http://www.Azom.com
[4] Keramos Advanced Piezoelectrics
http://www.piezotechnologies.com/keramos.htm
[5] “Piezoelectric Ceramics”, EDO Corporation.
[6] “Piezoelectric Ceramics”, Channel Industries, Inc.
[7] Lowrance Electronics, Inc.