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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 6, No 1, 2015

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on May 2015 published on August 2015 56

Use of Geo spatial tools in catchment treatment planning – A case study of

Hidishing irrigation project, Odisha, India Mishra P1, Panda G. K2

1- Odisha Space Applications Centre

2- Department of Geography, Utkal University, Odisha

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

In the present study, an attempt has been made to characterize the natural resources and

terrain condition of the catchment of the proposed Hidishing irrigation project using geo

spatial tools like satellite remote sensing, Global Positioning System and Geographic

Information System. Merged satellite image of Cartosat-1 and LISS-IV sensors and limited

ground observations have been utilized for generating the thematic layers .The spatial layers

have further been integrated and analysed using different geo spatial tools in GIS platform to

generate alternate sustainable land use plan and watershed based suitable soil and water

conservation measures for the catchment. The logic developed in this study to generate the

site specific action plan items are based on watershed management concept.

Keywords: Cartosat-1, LISS-IV, GPS, GIS, Watershed, catchment treatment plan

1. Introduction

Changes in natural drainage pattern cause changes in spatial distribution and pattern of

natural resources in a region which in turn cause degradation. This requires restoration

through interventions. Geospatial tools help in carrying out these tasks through land-use

planning based on land suitability and watershed based development activities like soil and

water conservation measures. Presently availability of multi spectral and high resolution

satellite image has enhanced the technique of land and water resources planning. Use of

different tools available in Geographic Information System makes the analysis of spatial

layers on natural resources and terrain more easy and scientific. Proper analysis of all natural

resources and terrain is a prerequisite to any planning specifically for one watershed,

catchment or basin. An attempt has been made in this study to use different Geo Spatial tools

like Remote Sensing and GIS to derive catchment/watershed development plan for the

catchment of the proposed Hidshing irrigation dam project of Odisha state, India.

1.1 Objectives of the study

The objectives of this study are

1. To characterise and create spatial database on natural resources and terrain of the

catchment using remote sensing derived information in GIS environment.

2. To prepare the catchment treatment plan (both land management and water

management) of non forest areas of the catchment.

2. Study area

Water Resources Department, Govt. of Odisha is proposing construction of dam on

Baulinallah near village Karatpada in Anugul block of Anugul district. The catchment area at

Use of Geo spatial tools in catchment treatment planning – a case study of Hidishing irrigation Project,

Odisha, India

Mishra P1, Panda G. K2

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 6 Issue 1, 2015 57

dam site is of 72.30 sq km or 7230 hectare, whichlies within latitudes 200 37′ 2.318′′ N to

200 43′ 35.832′′ N, longitudes 840 54′21.567′′E to 850 0′ 30.801′′E, and Hasrange of

altitude above M.S.L 220 mtr to 740 mtr (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Index Map

2.1 Database used

Topographical Sheets: Open Series Map

1. F 45S14(T3D/14) and F 45T2 (73H/2)

Satellite Image Used:

1. Cartosat1(2.5 mtr Spatial Resolution)

2. LISS IV (5.8 mtr Spatial Resolution) merged

3. Methodology

The geo spatial procedure adopted in this study is described below

Scanning: Raster legacy layers relating to the project have been scanned using A0 size colour

scanner.

3.1 Rectification/ Geo-referencing

1. The scanned layers are then geo-referenced (Geographic Lat/long WGS-UTM-ZONE-

44N) using ground control points obtained through Global Positioning System(GPS)

by ERDAS-2010-IMAGINE Classic software.


Odisha, India




3.2 Digitization/Creation of various map layers

1. ArcGIS 9.3 software has been used to digitize and create different shape files and for

different layers for the study. Road, drainage and administrative units like village and

forest boundary have been created with reference to topographic sheets.

2. Land use/ land cover, geomorphology, lithology, soil, water bodies, structural trends

and lineaments have been generated by on screen interpretation with the help of

image interpretation elements and supplemented by limited ground observations.

Figure 2: Integration of thematic layers in GIS platform for generation land management and

water management plans.

4. Results and discussions

The following spatial layers on natural resources and terrain of the catchment have been

generated using geospatial tools and discussed below.

4.1 Drainage

Features Identified in this layer are waterbodies like tanks, lakes/ponds and drainage. The

catchment boundary w.r.t the dam site has been generated adopting watershed mapping

procedure.


Odisha, India




Figure 3: Drainage Map

4.2 Forest Boundary

Features Identified in this layer are Reserved Forest and Non-Forest Area of the catchment.

Table 1: Spatial distribution of forest/non-forest area

S. N. Feature Area in Ha Area in %

1 Reserved Forest Area 5405.7125 74.76781

2 Non-Forest Area 1824.288 25.23219

Total Area 7230 100

Figure 4: Forest Boundary Map


Odisha, India




Figure 5: Base Map Figure 6: Satellite Image6

4.3 Geomorphology

Different features identified and created in this layer are

1. Structural Hill: A hill is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain. Hills

often have a distinct summit, although in areas with scarp/dip topography.

2. Pediment: A broad, flat or gently sloping, rock flooded erosion surface or plain of low

relief, typically developed by sub-aerial agents (including running water) in an arid or

semi arid region at the base of an abrupt and resending mountain front or plateau

escarpment, and underlain by bed rock (occasionally by older alluvial deposits) that

may be bare but more often partly mantled with discontinuous veneer of alluvium

derived from the upland masses and in transit across the surface.

Figure 7: Geomorpohology Map


Odisha, India




3. Intermontane Valley : A broad, flat or gently sloping, rock flooded erosion surface or

plain of low relief, typically developed by sub-aerial agents (including running water)

in an arid or semiarid region at the base of an abrupt and resending mountain front or

plateau escarpment, and underlain by bed rock (occasionally by older alluvial

deposits) that may be bare but more often partly mantled with discontinuous veneer of

alluvium derived from the upland masses and in transit across the surface.

Table 2: Spatial Distribution of Geomorphology

SL.

No Geomorphology Area in Ha Area in %

1 Structural Hill 5640.9723 78.02175

2 Intermontane Valley 434.001 6.00278

3 Pediment 1146.946 15.86371

4 River 8.0801 0.111758

Total Area 7230 100

4.4 Geology and Structure

Lithologically the catchment can be divided into two broad groups like

khondalite(metamorphic) and Charnokite. Structurally the major lineament direction in the

catchment is North East- South west, which is parallel to foliation trend; but due to local

disturbances the lineament trend varies in NNW-WSW, NW-SE and EW directions.

Table 3: Spatial Distribution of Lithology

SL. No Lithology Area in Ha Area in %

1 Charnockite 374.4102 5.178564

2 Khondalite 6847.51 94.70968

3 River 8.0801 0.111758

Total Area 7230 100

4.5 Groundwater Prospects

Table 4: Spatial Distribution of Ground Water Prospects of the catchment SL.

No Ground Water Prospects Area in Ha Area in %

1 Good To Very Good 434.001 6.00278

2 Moderate 1146.946 15.86371

3 Poor to Nil 5640.972 78.02175

4 River 8.0801 0.111758

Total Area 7230 100


Odisha, India




Figure 8: Soil Map Figure 9: Groundwater Prospect Map

4.6 Soil Resources

Soils of the catchment can be divided into loamy skeletal. Coarse textured and fine textured.

Majority of the soils are loamy skeletal and shallow in nature.

4.7 Land use map

Description of Land use features identified in the

4.7.1 Built-up rural

1. Crop Land Kharif:

2. Crop Land Cropped in 2 seasons: This is the agricultural area that are used to cultivate

crops belonging to both Rabi and Kharif seasons.

3. Agricultural Plantation: These are the areas under agricultural tree crops planted

adopting certain agricultural management techniques.

4. Forest –Dense/Close: This category includes all the forest areas where the canopy

cover/density is more than 40%.

5. Forest – Open: This category includes all the forest areas where the canopy cover or

density ranges between 10-40%.

6. Forest Plantation: These are the areas of tree species of forestry importance, raised

and managed especially in notified forest areas.


Odisha, India




Figure 10: Land use map

7. Scrub Forest: These are the forest areas where the crown density is less than 10% of

the canopy over, generally seen at fringes of dense forest cover and settlements,

where there is biotic and a biotic interference.

8. Tree Clad Area-Dense- Dense: This category includes all the forest areas where the

canopy cover / density is more than 40% in the non-forest area.

9. Tree Clad Area-Open: This category includes all the forest areas where the canopy

cover/density ranges between 10-40 per cent in the non-forest area.

10. Scrub Land : This is a land, which is generally prone to deterioration due to erosion

such lands generally are occupying topographically high locations, excluding

hilly/mountainous terrain.

11. Barren Land : An area of land where plant growth is sparse, stunted, or possesses little

biodiversity.

12. Lake/Pond : These are accumulation of water in a depression of various sizes.

13. Reservoir/tank : Reservoir is an artificial lake created by construction of a dam across

the river specifically for hydropower generation, irrigation and water supply for

domestic /industrial needs, flood control either singly or in combination. Tanks are

small lakes of impounded water ways constructed on land surface for irrigation.

Table 5: Spatial Distribution of Landuse/ Landcover SL.No Land use catagory Area in Ha Area in %

1 Built-Up Rural 76.6837 1.60632

2 Crop land-Kharif 446.3003 6.172895

3 Crop land-Cropped in 2

seasons 45.3494 0.627239

4 Agricultural Plantation 79.1723 1.095053

5 Forest-Dense/Closed 2160.2618 29.87914


Odisha, India




6 Forest-Open 1613.6322 22.31856

7 Forest Plantation 43.5276 0.602041

8 Scrub Forest 1575.1113 21.78577

9 Tree Clad Area-Dense 282.642 3.909295

10 Tree Clad Area-Open 484.2142 6.697292

11 Scrub Land 418.6025 5.789799

12 Barren Rocky 2.4411 0.033763

13 Lake/Pond-Permanent 1.7447 0.024131

14 Reservoir/Tank-Permanent 0.3169 0.004383

Total Area 7230 100

Figure 11: Soil Map Figure 11: Catchment Treatment Plan Map

Table 6: Action Plan – land management (outside reserved forest)

Sl

No

.

Proposed

Action Plan Existing Land Use

Geomor

phology

Slop

e Lithology

Ground

water

Potential

1 Optimally

used land

Tree clad dense /

Forest plantation/

Agricultural

Plantation/ Cropland-

2 season

- -

Khondalit

e /

Charnocit

e

-

2

Intensive

agriculture

with suitable

use of water

resources and

field bunding

Cropland - Kharif

Intermon

tane

valley/

Pedimen

t

0-3

Khondalit

e /

Charnocit

e

Very

Good


Odisha, India




3

Horticulture

with contour

bunding

Scrub land Pedimen

t 0-3

Khondalit

e /

Charnocit

e

Moderate

4 Pisiculture Lake/Pond/Reservoir - -

Khondalit

e /

Charnocit

e

-

5

Afforestation/

Forest

plantation

Scrub land

Hill/

Pedimen

t

>5

Khondalit

e /

Charnocit

e

Poor to

Moderate

6 Enrichment

plantation Tree clad area

Pedimen

t 3-5

Khondalit

e /

Charnocit

e

Moderate

to poor

Table 7: Action Plan – Water Management (Outside Reserved Forest)

Sl

No

.

Proposed

Action Plan

Geomorpholo

gy Lithology Slope

Drainage

Order

Nearby

Land use

1 Check dam Pediment Khondalite /

Charnocite 3-5 1st / 2nd

Settlement

/

Agricultura

l land in the

down slope

2 Nala bund Intermontane

valley

Khondalite /


Agricultura

l land

3 Percolation

tank

Intermontane

valley

Khondalite /


Agricultura

l land

4 Khondalite /

Charnocite 3-7 1st / 2nd Scrub land

5. Actions suggested

1. Afforestion : Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area

where there was no forest.

2. Enrichment Plantation : The word encrichment plantation means plantation for

beautification . The word encrichment also mean to fertilize or to make rich. “Enrichment

plantation", in which a single commercially valuable species was extensively planted and

other species eliminated.

3. Horticulture : Horticulture is the science, technology, and business involved in intensive

plant cultivation for human use. It is practiced from the individual level in a garden up to

the activities of a multinational corporation. It is very diverse in its activities,

incorporating plants for food (fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, culinary herbs) and non-

food crops (flowers, trees and shrubs, turf-grass, hops, medicinal herbs). It also includes

related services in plant conservation, landscape restoration, landscape and garden

design/construction/maintenance, arboriculture, horticultural therapy, and much more.


Odisha, India




4. Pisciculture : The breeding, hatching, and rearing of fish under controlled conditions.

5. Bore well : It is an excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving,

boring, or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers. The well water is

drawn by a pump, or using containers, such as buckets, that are raised mechanically or by

hand.

6. Dug well: Dug wells are holes in the ground dug by shovel or backhoe.

7. Check Dam : A check dam is a small dam, which can be either temporary or permanent,

built across a minor channel or drainage ditch.They reduce erosion and gullying in the

channel and allow sediments and pollutants to settle. They also lower the speed of water

flow during storm events. Check dams can be built with logs, stone, or sandbags.

8. NalaBund : Nala bunds are constructed across bigger streams of second order in areas

having gentler slopes. A nala bund acts like a mini percolation tank.

9. Percolation Tank: Percolation tanks are artificially created surface water bodies,

submerging a land area with adequate permeability to facilitate sufficient percolation of

impounded surface runoff to recharge the ground water.

10. Water Harvesting Structure: May include a small and relatively low budget reservoir/dam

across a higher order drainage system to accumulate water for the purpose of irrigation

and ground water recharge.

Table 8: Spatial distribution of proposed catchment treatment activities

Sl.

No Action Plan Area in Ha Area in %

1 Afforestation/Forest Plantation 184.3681 2.550043

2 Agrohorticulture 241.9608 3.34622

3 Enrichment Plantation 474.4577 6.562347

4 Internsive Agriculture with suitable

use of water resources 436.2766 6.034246

5 Pisciculture 1.9286 0.02675

6 Rural Settlement 76.6838 1.060633

7 Optimally Used Land 408.6119 5.651617

8 Balanga R.F 2319.51782 32.08185

9 Jokaba R.F 1515.77972 20.96514

10 Krishnachakra R.F 792.76852 10.96499

11 Labangi R.F 132.85872 1.837603

12 Takarsingha R.F 510.69282 7.063524

13 Talisara R.F 134.0949 1.854701

Total Area 7230 100

6. References

1. Acworth, R. I. (1987), the development of crystalline basement aquifers in a tropical

environment. The Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 20, pp 265-272.


Odisha, India




2. Agarwal, A. K., and Mishra D. (1992). Evaluation of ground water potential in the

environs of Jhansi city, Uttar Pradesh using hydro-geo-morphological assessment by

satellite remote sensing technique, Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 20(3),

pp 121-128.

3. Anonymous. (2002), World Bank Report on Water Resources.

4. Barker, R. D., White, C. C., and Houstan, J. F. T. (1992). Borehole sitting in an African

accelerated drought relief project. In E. P. Wright and W. G. Burgess (Eds.), the hydro-

geology of crystalline basement aquifers in Africa. Geological Society Special

Publication, 66, pp 1-27.

5. Bobba, A. G., Bukata, R. P., and Jerome, J. H. (1992). Digitally processed satellite data as

a tool in detecting potential ground water flow systems, Journal of Hydrology, 131(1-4),

pp 25-62.

6. CGWB. (2006). Report on the Hydro-geological study of Shivpuri District, M.P.

Development and augmentation possibilities of ground water resources. Bhopal: CGWB.

7. Chatterjee, R. S., and Bhattacharya, A. K. (1995). Delineation of the drainage pattern of

a local basin related inference using satellite remote sensing techniques. Asian-Pacific

Remote Sensing Journal, 1, pp107-114.

8. Dilip, G. D., and Venkatesh, B. (2004). Site suitability analysis for soil and water

conservation structures. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 32(4), pp.399-

405.

9. Engman, E. T., and Gurney, R. J. (1991), Remote Sensing in Hydrology, London:

Chapman and Hall.

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