usage of enterprise file sharing service muller chi 2010
DESCRIPTION
We conducted a principle components analysis of users' actions in an enterprise file-sharing service. We describe four factors, their attributes with respect to social action and awareness, and their implications for design.TRANSCRIPT
Patterns of Usage in an Enterprise File-Sharing Service:Publicizing, Discovering, & Telling the News
Michael Muller, David R Millen, & Jonathan Feinberg*
IBM Research / Collaborative User Experience
IBM Center for Social Software
Cambridge, MA, USA
* Jonathan Feinberg is now at Google.
1IBM Research
Agenda
• File-sharing in an enterprise
• Factor analysis of file-sharing usage patterns
– Upload & Publicize
– Annotate & Watch
– Discover & Tell
– Refind
• Interpretation• Interpretation
– Both more and less social than anticipated
– Design what and for whom?
– Who is missing? Future analyses
IBM Research 2
File-Sharing in an Enterprise
• Cattail, an enterprise file-sharing service
– Centralized
– Authenticated for all access
– Simpler than peer-to-peer or public networks
• Cattail statistical profile
– Users 88270 (many job roles, 80 countries)
– Uploaders15943 (18%)– Uploaders15943 (18%)
– Files 120288 (diverse formats)
– Downloads 728509
• Related work
– Dropbox / UD Dropbox (Schwartz, 2007)
– Apocrita (Reynolds et al., 2005)
– Studies of file-sharing (Christin et al., 2005; Lee, 2003; Rader, 2009;
Voida et al., 2006; Whalen et al., 2008)
IBM Research 3
Cattail Features and Capabilities
• Capabilities
– Upload – Share (recommend) *
– Download * – Collect *
– – Annotate *
– – Watch *
* Can be done on own files or on files that were uploaded by others
A F
IBM Research 4
P
Q
H
B
EG
A
B
B
C D
Factor Analysis
• Review of the method of factor analysis
– Start with too many variables
– Find subsets of variables that are highly correlated with one another
� summarize each subset of variables as a factor
– Continue the analysis in terms of the smaller number of factors
– Figures of merit: Eigenvalue & variance-accounted-for
• The 10 variables in our factor analysis• The 10 variables in our factor analysis
IBM Research 5
On own file On file of other
Upload �
Download � �
Share � �
Collect � �
Annotate � �
Watch �
Factor Analysis
Factor
Eigenvalue 2.995 1.192 1.061 1.001
% Variance 29.945 11.919 10.610 10.011
Factor
Measure
Upload &
Publicize
Annotate
& Watch
Discover
& Tell
Refind
Upload • .935 • .100 .125 .063
Download-Own .064 .021 .014 • .992 •
Download-Others’ .033 .066 • .858 • .042
IBM Research 6
Download-Others’ .033 .066 • .858 • .042
Share-Own • .734 • .202 .198 .073
Share-Others’ .241 .175 • .563 • -.015
Collect-Own • .855 • .062 .035 -.028
Collect-Others’ .085 • .523 • • .407 • -.048
Annotate-Own .276 • .756 • -.021 .071
Annotate-Others’ .134 • .874 • .097 .046
Watch-Others’ .025 • .761 • .184 -.040
Factor Analysis Results
• Upload & Publicize (15935 users, 18.1%)
� Upload + Share-own + Collect-own
– Interest in an audience for own files
• Annotate & Watch (9780 users, 11.1%)
� Annotate-own + Annotate-other + Watch-other
– Adding value / reviewing & rating
– Social awareness– Social awareness
• Discover & Tell (85303 users, 96.7%)
� Download-other + Share-other + Collect-other
– Interest in an audience for others’ files
– Personal utility of collections
• Refind (5149 users, 5.8%)
� Refind
– Download own files - Cattail as an extension of the user’s local drives
IBM Research 7
Interpretation: How do people use file-sharing in enterprise?
• Both more social and less social than anticipated
– More social
• Sharing, Collecting for use by others
– Upload & Publicize
– Discover & Tell
• Similar to “Information Curators” finding (ECSCW 2009)
• Apparently easy to organize (confer Rader, 2009, in public networks)
– “Yours, mine, and… ours” appears to be possible in enterprise sharing– “Yours, mine, and… ours” appears to be possible in enterprise sharing
– Less social
• Refind
– Public-access files with no viewers � a sharing-failure case?
• Users appropriated the technology for unanticipated purposes
(Dourish, 2001; Kujala & Kauppinen, 2004)
– Impression management (see also Thom-Santelli et al, 2008)
– Curating (ECSCW 2009)
– RefindingIBM Research 8
A UI for each Factor? Or combined UI?
Factor Upload &
Publish
Annotate
& Watch
Discover
& TellRefind
Upload &
Publish-
4301
(4.9%)
13269
(15.0%)
5143
(5.8%)
Annotate
& Watch
4301
(4.9%)-
9368
(10.6%)
2054
(2.3%)
Discover
& Tell
13269
(15.0%)
9368
(10.6%)-
4640
(5.3%)
5143 2054 4640
IBM Research 9
Refind5143
(5.8%)
2054
(2.3%)
4640
(5.3%)-
Total15935
(18.1%)
9780
(11.1%)
85303
(96.7%)
5149
(5.9%)
Potential
Features
• Promote files +
collections
• Impression
management
• Ratings by
readers
• Search terms
• Structured
discussion
threads / file
• Has my
annotation
been read? By
whom?
• Promote files +
collections
• Impression
management
• Ratings by
readers
• Search terms
• Synchroniza-
tion (private
disk � Cattail)
• Ego-centric
filters
A UI for each Factor? Or combined UI?
Factor Upload &
Publish
Annotate
& Watch
Discover
& TellRefind
Upload &
Publish-
4301
(4.9%)
13269
(15.0%)
5143
(5.8%)
Annotate
& Watch
4301
(4.9%)-
9368
(10.6%)
2054
(2.3%)
Discover
& Tell
13269
(15.0%)
9368
(10.6%)-
4640
(5.3%)
5143 2054 4640
10
Refind5143
(5.8%)
2054
(2.3%)
4640
(5.3%)-
Total15935
(18.1%)
9780
(11.1%)
85303
(96.7%)
5149
(5.9%)
Potential
Features
• Promote files +
collections
• Impression
management
• Ratings by
readers
• Search terms
• Structured
discussion
threads / file
• Has my
annotation
been read? By
whom?
• Promote files +
collections
• Impression
management
• Ratings by
readers
• Search terms
• Synchroniza-
tion (private
disk � Cattail)
• Ego-centric
filters
IBM Research
Same features
for two different
factors
Three factors
deal with groups
of artifacts
Three factors
deal with
awareness of
actions by
others, & with
impression
management
Many users
engage in more
than one factor
Summary of Contributions
• Four factors in file sharing
– In the enterprise (and beyond?)
– Patterns of sociality
– Patterns of individual utility
– Appropriation of technology for new purposes
• Implications for design
– Unified user interface, supporting– Unified user interface, supporting
• Work with collections of artifacts
• Impression management
• Ratings by readers
• Awareness of the work of others
IBM Research 11
Who is Missing? Future Work
• Analyses so far
– How do people use file-sharing in the enterprise?
• Four factors in usage (this note)
– “Information curators” (ECSCW 2009)
– Focused on people who changed the database
• Upload original content
• Contribute: Share (recommend), Annotate, Collect…
(also Downloaders)• (also Downloaders)
– Our four factors are primarily about visible contributions to the system
• Lurkers in file-sharing
– Lurkers are the modal users (75%)
– How do lurkers use file-sharing?
– What do lurkers need from a file-sharing service?
– Should lurkers eventually become contributors?
– Hearing the “silent” users
IBM Research 12
Factor Analysis
Factor
Eigenvalue 2.995 1.192 1.061 1.001
% Variance 29.945 11.919 10.610 10.011
Factor
Measure
Upload &
Publicize
Annotate
& Watch
Discover
& Tell
Refind
Upload • .935 • .100 .125 .063
Download-Own .064 .021 .014 • .992 •
Download-Others’ .033 .066 • .858 • .042
IBM Research 14
Download-Others’ .033 .066 • .858 • .042
Share-Own • .734 • .202 .198 .073
Share-Others’ .241 .175 • .563 • -.015
Collect-Own • .855 • .062 .035 -.028
Collect-Others’ .085 • .523 • • .407 • -.048
Annotate-Own .276 • .756 • -.021 .071
Annotate-Others’ .134 • .874 • .097 .046
Watch-Others’ .025 • .761 • .184 -.040