usa must return to american system economics
TRANSCRIPT
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THE NEW FEDERALIST August 3, 1990 Pages 6-7
American Almanac
The U.S.A. Must Return to
American System Economics!
The Heritage of Friedrich List
Virginia's North Anna nuclear
power station. There have een
no new orers "or U.S. nuclear
plants since #$%& an all thoseorere since #$%( have een
cancele. )nset* +rierich ,ist
the -ermanorn proponent o"
American System economics.
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The section of this article dealing with Friedrich List's fight to counter the
economic policy disasters created by Adam Smith and the British in his own
time, was excerpted from an article titled "Friedrich List, atriot and !orld
iti#en," by $l%e Fimmen, published in the &une (() issue of the *erman+
language maga#ine, Fusion
I! t"e#e is one $an %"o is singu&a#&' #es(onsi)&e !o# t"e $ise#a)&e s"a(e o!
)ot" t"e *S an+ t"e #itis" eono$ies, it is A+a$ S$it", t"e go+!at"e# o!
!#ee ente#(#ise At S$it".s +oo#ste(, %e an a&so &a' t"e (#esent su!!e#ings
o! t"e Po&is" (eo(&e, sine Po&an+.s go/e#n$ent is taing t"e a+/ie o!
S$it" +isi(&e, Ha#/a#+ eono$ist 2e!!#e' Sa"s, on "o% to #un a $a#et
eono$'
It is a g&o#ious i#on' t"at e/en t"e #itis", %"o aount S$it" one o! t"ei#
"e#oes, a#e )eing !o#e+ to #et"in t"e assu$(tions o! "is eono$i +ot#ine,
as t"e' see t"ei# (osition in Eu#o(e sining, %"i&e t"e e#$ans tae t"e &ea+
in "a#ting a ne% ou#se !o# %o#&+ +e/e&o($ent T"us, #eent&', in t"e
o#+ina#i&' /e#' &i)e#a& #itis" ne%s(a(e#, The *uardian, %e see o&u$nist
Wi&& Hutton #itii4e S$it", an+ gi/e (#aise instea+ to "is a#"-ene$'
F#ie+#i" List
5n t"e 17t" o! 2u&', t"e anni/e#sa#' o! S$it".s +eat", Hutton #itii4es A+a$
S$it".s notion t"at t"e se#et o! a "ea&t"', t"#i/ing eono$' is !o# e/e#'one
to )u' "ea( an+ se&& +ea#in t"e so-a&&e+ !#ee $a#et(&ae List, on t"e
ot"e# "an+, un+e#stoo+ t"e (o%e# o!producing %ea&t", e$("asis a++e+8an+ t"e $enta&, o# )#ain%o# o$(onents o! t"e (#oess o! (#o+ution o!
%ea&t" Hutton notes $ou#n!u&&', t"at t"is is (#eise&' t"e (o&i' %"i"
gui+es e#$an eono$i t"ining
It is use!u& to uote !#o$ Hutton.s o&u$n, not on&' )eause %"at "e sa's
a)out t"e ont#ast )et%een List an+ S$it" is au#ate an+ i$(o#tant, )ut
)eause t"e !at t"at t"e a#ti&e a((ea#s in t"e #itis" (#ess is a "a#)inge#
t"at a setion o! t"e #itis" esta)&is"$ent is se#ious&' onsi+e#ing a
o##eti/e s"i!t in t"ei# o%n eono$i (o&i', a%a' !#o$ t"e +isast#ous
Sine t"e (#esent *S a+$inist#ation is "ea/i&' +e(en+ent u(on t"e #itis"
!o# its (o&i' initiati/es, su" a s"i!t in #itain ou&+ "a/e i$(o#tant onse-
uenes in t"e *nite+ States as %e&&
Hutton o$$ents u(on S$it".s !ealth of ations an+ ot"e# eono$i
%#itings:
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;a#ets a#e insu!!iient gua#anto#s o! (#os(e#it', in+ust#ia& st#engt",
o# e/en (o&itia& !#ee+o$, e/en i! t"e' a#e essentia& (#eon+itions !o#
t"e$< an+ t"e %o#&+ %ou&+ )e %ise to (a' attention to ;# S$it".s
o$issions as %e&& as to "is %i+e&' !ete+ suesses
;an' #e/ie%e#s "a/e !ouse+ on S$it".s "a((' "a#ate#i4ation o!t"e $a#et as an in/isi)&e "an+, !e&iitous&' an+ in/isi)&' gui+ing an+
integ#ating t"e se&!-inte#este+ ations o! &ots o! in+i/i+ua&s T"e' $a'
not no% it, )ut in t"ei# uest to )u' "ea( an+ se&& +ea#, t"e' a#e
o$)ining toget"e# to !o#$ an eono$i unit' t"at is t"e g#eate#
soia& goo+< (#o!it, in t"is s"e$e o! t"ings, is t"e !ue& in t"e s'ste$
Wit"out t"e +#i/e !o# se&!-)ette#$ent an+ se&!-inte#est t"at (#o!it
#e(#esents, t"e in/isi)&e "an+ annot %o#
Hutton t"en %#ites:
T"is is a&& %e&& an+ goo+, )ut so$e e#$an #e/ie%e#s, nota)&'
F#ie+#i" List, "a/e +#a%n attention to t"e /e#' &i$ite+ notion o!
(#o!it t"at S$it" "as in $in+< an+ t"e $isgui+e+ t"eo#' o! in+ust#ia&-
i4ation t"at is assoiate+ %it" it
=a(ita&, sa's List, is a $u" $o#e o$(&e> i+ea t"an S$it".s one(t
o! au$u&ate+ (#o!its t"#oug" )u'ing an+ se&&ing %e&&< "e "as taen
t"e %o#+ to $ean, sa's List ausing&', t"e sense in %"i" it is
neessa#i&' taen )' #entie#s an+ $e#"ants in t"ei# )ooee(ing an+
)a&ane s"eets, na$e&' as t"e g#an+ tota& o! t"ei# /a&ues o! e>"ange
ut a(ita& e$)o+ies $enta& as %e&& as $ate#ia& att#i)utes< an+ to
assu$e t"at a(ita& is so$et"ing t"at is aui#e+ t"#oug" e>"ange is
to igno#e t"e !un+a$enta& an+ ua&itati/e +i!!e#ene o! $anu!atu#ing
!#o$ ot"e# !o#$s o! ati/it'
T"e (o%e# o! (#o+uing %ea&t" is in!inite&' $o#e i$(o#tant t"an
%ea&t" itse&!, %#ote List It ensu#es not on&' t"e (ossession o! an+
in#ease o! %"at "as )een gaine+, )ut a&so t"e #e(&ae$ent o! %"at
"as )een &ost
An+ to (#o+ue %ea&t", a#gue+ List, is as $u" a soia& an+ sienti!i
issue as one o! !#ee $a#ets =iting ?S$it".s@ e>a$(&e o! t"e (in !a-
to#', t"e (oint is &ess t"at t"e#e %as a +i/ision o! &a)o#< $o#e t"at
t"e#e is at t"e sa$e ti$e a on!e+e#ation o# union o! /a#ious ene#gies,
inte&&igene an+ (o%e#s on )e"a&! o! a o$$on o(e#ation
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A suess!u& (in !ato#' nee+s t#aine+ %o#e#s, ana&s an+ #ai&%a's to
s"i( t"e #a% $ate#ia&s an+ !inis"e+ (#o+utsan+ &ast )ut not &east,
t"e )#ain%o# )e"in+ t"e &e/e# $a"ines t"at $aes t"e (ins None
is natu#a&&' en+o%e+ o# #eate+ )' e>"ange, sa's List< t"e' "a/e
to )e in/ente+ an+ nu#tu#e+ )' a &a#ge# soia& agen't"e state
Hutton on&u+es:
T"e #itis" state "a+ )een +ete#$ine+&' )e"in+ #itain.s in+ust#ia&-
i4ation, "e a#gue+sti$u&ating $anu!atu#e, !o# e>a$(&e, at e/e#'
o((o#tunit'an+, "e u#ges, e#$an' s"ou&+ +o t"e sa$e An+ it +i+e(tion Eng&an+ (#os-
(e#e+ as ?a@ #itis" e$(i#e, as a (a#asite nation It (#os(e#e+ on t"e
)asis o! not on&' on %"at it (#o+ue+ +o$estia&&', )ut o! %"at it sto&e!#o$ ot"e# nations An+ %e see t"at (atte#n in t"e #ise o! o&onia&is$
an+ i$(e#ia&is$ in t"e eig"teent" an+ nineteent" entu#' ?I!@ %e &oo
at %"at is going on "e#e, %e o$e to a /e#' inte#esting (oint #es(et-
ing t"e $ost #eent (ost-193 +e/e&o($ents in (a#tiu&a# in t"e
Weste#n a&&iane
LaRou"e t"en goes on to +e/e&o( t"e +i!!e#ene )et%een "is t#a+ition, t"e
2u+eo-="#istian t#a+ition o! Lei)ni4 an+ List, an+ t"e essentia&&' (agan
+ot#ines o! A+a$ S$it", %"i" a#e $o+e&&e+ u(on t"e e>a$(&e o! t"e
(agan Ro$an e$(i#e
He t"en #e!e#s to t"e s"i!t in (o&i' )' t"e Reagan a+$inist#ation in 193,
%"en a su((ose+ So/iet +e!eto#, 5&eg o#+ie/s' &ai$e+ t"at *S
+e/e&o($ent o! t"e St#ategi De!ense Initiati/e %ou&+ )e /ie%e+ )' t"e
So/iets as a ause !o# %a#, an+ Reagan a&&o%e+ t"e SDI to +e/o&/e !#o$
LaRou"e.s o#igina& one(tion o! a +e!ense s"ie&+ )ui&t on ne% ("'sia&
(#ini(&es an+ sti$u&ating t"e +e/e&o($ent o! !#ontie# te"no&ogies
He %#ites:
No% %e o$e to t"e i#on' T"e "a#ate#isti o! t"e (e#io+ sine t"e
su)$ission o! t"e o#+ie/s' 0-(age "oa>, Ang&o-So/iet "oa>, to
P#esi+ent Reagan in 193, "as )een a +#i!t to%a#+ gene#a& +isa#$a-
$ent o! t"e Ang&o an+ A$e#ian an+ ot"e# Weste#n (o%e#s, t"e
Weste#n a&&iane
W"ene/e# i$(e#ia& Ro$e, !o# #easons o! t"e o&&a(se o! its +o$esti
(o%e#, its (o%e# at "o$e, its (#o+uti/e (o%e#, its eono$i (o%e#,
sees to ut t"e $i&ita#' (o%e#, t"e $i&ita#' su(#e$a' u(on %"i" its
i$(e#ia& st#engt" +e(en+s, t"at is t"e en+ o! Ro$e
W"o %i&& se#/e Ro$e %"o +oes not !ea# itG An+ "o% an Ro$e )e
!ea#e+ i! it a)an+ons t"e on&' $eans )' %"i" its (o%e# %as $ain-
taine+G W"en (eae )#oe out, t"e Ang&o-A$e#ian su(#e$a' in
t"is %o#&+ in t"e i$(e#ia& T"eo+o#e Roose/e&t.s ="u#"i&&ian !o#$ %as
+oo$e+ to o$e to an ea#&' en+
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Aove right a ruine railroa yar in
the English city o" Newcastle a ma7or
coalmining center. Aove le"t an
unemploye 8ritish wor9er. ,e"t*
Aam Smith the "ather o" "ree
enterprise economics which has
turne -reat 8ritain an the Unite
States into rule heaps.
T"e on&' )asis u(on %"i" t"e a&a$it' sei4ing t"e Eng&is"-s(eaing
nations $ig"t )e #e/e#se+ is eit"e# to #esu$e a (o&i' o! $i&ita#'
su(#e$a' %"i" t"e *nite+ States an+ #itain (e#sona&&' &a t"e
$eans to un+e#tae, )eause t"e' o&&a(se+ t"ei# eono$ies an+
#uine+ t"e$, o# es"e%ing t"at to go to t"e eono$i (o&iies, anti-
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#itis" eono$i (o&iies, anti-A+a$ S$it" eono$i (o&iies
e>(#esse+ in e#$an' )' F#ie+#i" List u(on %"i" t"e 'oung
A$e#ian !e+e#a& #e(u)&i un+e# t"e &ea+e#s"i( o! Was"ington,
A&e>an+e# Ha$i&ton, an+ Lino&n a$ong ot"e#s a$e to )e a g#eat
%o#&+ (o%e# %it", ne>t to e#$an' o! t"e nineteent" entu#' an+
t%entiet" entu#', t"e "ig"est #ate o! (#o+uti/it' on t"is (&anet
In ot"e# %o#+s, going to t"e A$e#ian S'ste$ as I "a/e a+/oate+ in
o((osition to $' #i/a&s an+ a+/e#sa#ies in t"e &ea+e#s"i( o! t"e *nite+
States an+ #itain, in (a#tiu&a#, is t"e on&' "o(e !o# t"e *nite+ States
an+ #itain to+a' an+ is t"e on&' (o&i' %"i" ontinenta& Eu#o(e an+
t"e +e/e&o(ing nations ou&+ #ig"t&' a+$i#e o# e/en en+u#e
6ho 6as +rierich ,ist:
F#ie+#i" List %as )o#n in e#$an' in 179, in %"at %as t"en t"e !#ee it'
o! Reut&ingen He %as )#oug"t u( in an en/i#on$ent t"at %as in+e&i)&'
sta$(e+ )' t"e A$e#ian Re/o&ution, an+ )' t"e g#eat e#$an #enaissane,
&e+ )' F#ie+#i" S"i&&e# an+ t"e Hu$)o&+t )#ot"e#s, in s"o#t, )' e#$an
&assiis$
He %as t#aine+ in t"e W#tte$)e#g i/i& se#/ie, %"e#e "e &ea#ne+ t"e
!un+a$enta&s o! Lei)ni4.s t"eo#ies o! (o&itia& eono$', an+ t"e %o#s o! "is
s"oo& o! eono$i t"oug"t, so$eti$es a&&e+ a$e#a&is$
Ao#+ing to t"is t"eo#', t"e int#o+ution o! ne% in/entions an+ te"no&o-
gies into t"e eono$' is (#i$a#', a&ong %it" t"e uestion o! "o% a state
s"ou&+ )e o#gani4e+ on t"e !oun+ation o! te"no&ogia& (#og#ess
T"is t#a+ition %as a&so ino#(o#ate+ )' e#$an (o&itia& &ea+e# F#ei"e## /o$
Stein an+ t"e F#en" !oun+e#s o! t"e Eo&e Po&'te"niue su" as La4a#e
=a#not, %"o$ List stu+ie+
As a i/i& se#/ant, List (#o(ose+ a se#ies o! #e!o#$s to $ae t"e eono$'
an+ a+$inist#ation $o#e e!!eti/e T"en, in 117, "e %as o!!e#e+ a (#o!es-
so#s"i( in (o&itia& siene, t"e !i#st e/e# in t"at su)Bet, at Tu)ingen *ni-
/e#sit'
At t"at ti$e e#$an' %as o#gani4e+ as a se#ies o! in+e(en+ent (#ini(a&i-
ties, an+ t"e#e!o#e, t"en as no%, uni!iation o! e#$an' %as an essentia& tas
un+e#taen )' #e(u)&ians To ao$(&is" t"is, List %o#e+ to !o#$ a us-
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to$s union ?to e&i$inate to&&s an+ ta#i!!s )et%een t"e e#$an (#ini(a&ities
e+@ He %as t"e s(i#it )e"in+ t"e !oun+ing o! t"e e#$an usiness an+
=o$$e#e *nion, on t"e %o# o! %"i" t"e #eation o! t"e e#$an =us-
to$s *nion %as essentia&&' )ase+
He &e+ t"e *nion.s +e&egation t"at o#gani4e+ at t"e e#$an (#ine&' ou#ts!o# t"e +e!ense o! e#$an'.s 'oung in+ust#' T"at in+ust#' "a+ )een #uine+,
!o&&o%ing t"e &i!ting o! t"e ontinenta& ta#i!! )a##ie# against Eng&an+ in 113,
an+ t"e Eng&is" +u$(ing o! "ea( goo+s onto Eu#o(ean $a#ets List.s
ati/it', o! ou#se, +is(&ease+ t"e Aust#ian ="ane&&o# ;ette#ni", so $u"
t"at, in 119, List %as !o#e+ to &ea/e "is aa+e$i (osition
Po&itia& (e#seution against "i$ $ounte+ His atte$(ts to a##' out eo-
no$i an+ onstitutiona& #e!o#$s in t"e W#tte$)e#g "ane&&e#', to %"i"
"e "a+ )een "osen as Reut&ingen #e(#esentati/e in 119, a$e to a su++en
en+ %"en "e +#a!te+ an+ i#u&ate+ a (etition to Reut&ingen.s iti4ens in
%"i" "e s"a#(&' attae+ t"e (#e/ai&ing +e(&o#a)&e state o! a!!ai#s He %as
"a#ge+ %it" l0se ma1est2)ut esa(e+ to F#ane an+ S%it4e#&an+, %"e#e "e
sta'e+ !o# t%o 'ea#sa !ate t"at "e s"a#e+ %it" $an' ot"e# #e(u)&ians a!te#
t"e =ong#ess o! ienna
5n t"e a+/ie o! "is !#ien+s, List #etu#ne+ in 1C, to sit out a $an'-$ont"
a##est in t"e Ho"en As(e#g T"e !at t"at "e %as one#ne+ +u#ing t"is ti$e
%it" (&ans !o# +e/e&o(ing a #ai& net%o# !o# W#tte$)e#g testi!ies to "is
uns"aa)&e o(ti$is$ to ontinua&&' !o#$ ne% (&ans e/en un+e# t"e $ost#e(u&si/e i#u$stanes A!te# (e#sistent negotiations %it" o!!iia&s, a#on
/on =otta, t"e (u)&is"e# o! S"i&&e#.s %o#s, &i)e#ate+ List !#o$ (#ison
Ho%e/e#, List %as !o#e+ to ag#ee to e$ig#ate
W"i&e in e>i&e in 1, List "a+ o$e to no% ene#a& La!a'ette, one o! t"e
&ea+ing $in+s o! t"e A$e#ian Wa# o! In+e(en+ene an+ t"e (e#sona& on!i-
+ant o! eo#ge Was"ington an+ A&e>an+e# Ha$i&ton La!a'ette in/ite+ List
to ao$(an' "i$ to A$e#ia List ae(te+ t"e in/itation, an+ &e!t Eu#o(e
!o# si> 'ea#s !#o$ t"e F#en" (o#t o! Le Ha/#e %it" "is !a$i&' in 1C He
%as su((ose+ to stu+' t"e +e/e&o($ent o! t"e eono$' o! t"e ne% *nite+States %it" "is o%n e'es, %"i" %as to $ae "i$ into t"e &ea+ing (#o(onent
o! t"e A$e#ian S'ste$ o! Po&itia& Eono$' in Eu#o(e a!te# "is #etu#n
,ist in America
At t"e en+ o! t"e eig"teent" entu#' an+ t"e )eginning o! t"e nineteent", t"e
)att&e %as #aging )et%een #itis" inte#ests, an+ t"ose #e(u)&ian net%o#s
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t"at insiste+ on t"e in+ust#ia& an+ sienti!i +e/e&o($ent o! t"ei# o%n na-
tions T"e #itis" inten+e+ to #ea" un&i$ite+ %o#&+ (o%e# an+ i$(e#ia&
&ooting un+e# t"e )anne# o! !#ee t#a+e T"ei# (o&i' %as to +u$( #itis"-
$anu!atu#e+ in+ust#ia& goo+s onto t"e $a#ets o! ot"e# nations at (#ies
)e&o% t"e ost o! (#o+ution, in o#+e# to )an#u(t nati/e in+ust#', in oun-
t#ies %"e#e t"e' %e#e intent u(on a"ie/ing "ege$on'
T"is %as (#eise&' %"' t"e *nite+ States "a+ !oug"t !o# its in+e(en+ene
In e#$an', t"e !ig"t against Na(o&eon "a+ "e&(e+ List.s i#&e, (a#tiu&a#&'
#e!o#$e#s in P#ussia, to (us" t"#oug" #e(u)&ian #e!o#$s, in o#+e# to +e!en+
against t"e F#en" in/a+e#
T"e =ong#ess o! ienna in 11, "o%e/e#, +est#o'e+ a&& t"ese e!!o#ts #eat
#itain !o#$e+ t"e Ho&' A&&iane %it" Aust#ia an+ Russia in o#+e# to "oe
o!! an' e!!o#t to #e(eat t"e A$e#ian Re/o&ution in Eu#o(e T"e &ea+ingt"ine# o! t"e #e(u)&ian e!!o#ts in Eu#o(e %as ene#a& La!a'ette, %"ose
=ininnatus Soiet'a union o! &ea+ing *S an+ F#en" o!!ie#s !#o$ t"e
A$e#ian Re/o&utiona#' Wa#!untione+ as t"e oo#+inating ente#
)et%een Eu#o(e an+ t"e *nite+ States
In 1, La!a'ette !a$i&ia#i4e+ List %it" t"e *S si+e o! t"is t#ansat&anti
ons(i#a' List t#a/e&e+, ao$(an'ing )' La!a'ette, !o# t"#ee $ont"s in
t"e easte#n (a#t o! t"e *nite+ States He $et t"e eono$ist ;at"e% =a#e',
%"o "a+ )een a (e#sona& !#ien+ o! enBa$in F#an&in< t"e &ate# Se#eta#' o!
State Hen#' =&a'< t"e t"en Se#eta#' o! State an+ &ate# P#esi+ent 2o"nJuin' A+a$s< an+ T#easu#' Se#eta#' Rus", to na$e on&' t"e $ost
i$(o#tant
List a$e to t"e *nite+ States at a ti$e %"en t"e A$e#ian S'ste$ "a+ Bust
#egaine+ t"e u((e# "an+ in eono$i (o&i' F#o$ 101-1, #itis" an+
S%iss !inania& inte#ests(e#soni!ie+ in T#easu#' Se#eta#' a&&atin an+
P#esi+ent ;a+ison"a+ +est#o'e+ t"e *S eono$' a&&atin "a+ #uine+
t"e *S eono$' %it" "is !#ee t#a+e (o&i' !a/o#ing o! #itis" $anu!atu#-
ing i$(o#ts, an+ t"en "a+ insiste+ t"at t"e +e!iit "a+ to )e )#oug"t +o%n )'
auste#it' (o&iies T"e *S !&eet !e&& /iti$ to t"is (o&i'$u" to t"e
Bo' o! t"e #itis"
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,ist "ought "or "i"teen years "or the elimination o" tari"" arriers etween the
-erman states an the creation o" a -erman 0ustoms Union ;& #&(? an #&@?. The
cartoon aove showing a merchant with a wagonloa o" goos oun "or
mar9etwhich "alls into three separately tari""e Bonesriicules the tari""
system e"ore the avent o" ,ist's
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5n&' a!te# t"e +ete#$ine+ inte#/ention !#o$ su" #e(u)&ians as Hen#' =&a'
an+ ;at"e% =a#e', %"o a##ie+ out t"e seon+ Wa# o! In+e(en+ene against
Eng&an+ in 11, %e#e t"e (#ini(&es o! t"e *S eono$', %"i" "a+ )een
!oun+e+ )' A&e>an+e# Ha$i&ton, suess!u&&' #eesta)&is"e+ Ha$i&ton.s
(#og#a$ onsiste+ in (#o$oting t"e +e/e&o($ent o! in+ust#' an+ ag#iu&tu#e
t"#oug" &o%-inte#est #e+it an+ +e/e&o(ing t"e ount#' %it" &a#ge-sa&e
in!#ast#utu#e (#og#a$s
T"e ne%&' !oun+e+ Nationa& an o! t"e *nite+ States !u#nis"e+ t"ese
#e+its< si$u&taneous&', (#oteti/e ta#i!!s e(t out un"ea&t"' !o#eign o$-
(etition, (#i$a#i&' #itis", so t"at +o$esti in+ust#' ou&+ +e/e&o( T"e !i#st
*S P#esi+ent, eo#ge Was"ington, "a+ s'$)o&ia&&' e$)o+ie+ t"is (o&i'
on t"e +a' o! "is inaugu#ation )' +e$onst#ati/e&' %ea#ing a suit t"at "a+
)een se%n out o! *S &ot"
In 13, 2a$es ;on#oe %as P#esi+ent an+ 2o"n Juin' A+a$s %as "is
Se#eta#' o! State T"e seon+ *S Nationa& an %as o(ene+ in 13, an+
in t"e sa$e 'ea# =ong#ess o#+e#e+ an in#ease o! t"e ta#i!!s (&ae+ on
!o#eign goo+s T"e *S nation !oun+ itse&! again in an eono$i u(s%ing
I$$e+iate&', List inte#/ene+ ati/e&' in t"e !o#tunes o! t"e ount#' %"e#e "e
%as a guest< "e %as %o#ing ("i&oso("ia&&' an+ (#og#a$atia&&' on !a$i&-
ia# g#oun+ F#ee !#o$ enso#s"i(, "e %o#e+ !#o$ 16 as t"e e+ito# in
"ie! o! t"e in!&uentia& e#$an-&anguage %ee&' ne%s(a(e#, t"e/eadinger
Adler3 He taug"t t"e (#e+o$inant&' e#$an +esen+ants in Rea+ing, Penn-s'&/ania a)out %o#&+ (o&itia& e/ents, %it" s(eia& #e!e#ene to t"e (o&i' o!
t"e (o%e#s o! t"e Ho&' A&&iane, %"i" #e(#esente+ a se#ious t"#eat to t"e
'oung *nite+ States
In "is a#ti&es, "e e>a$ine+ #itis" (o&i' in Sout" A$e#ia, %"e#e t"e'
%e#e t#'ing to gain a !oot"o&+ P#esi+ent ;on#oe "a+ Bust announe+ t"e
;on#oe Dot#ine in 13, %"i" gua#antee+ (#otetion o! t"e so/e#eignt' o!
a&& t"e Sout" A$e#ian nations against Eu#o(ean inte#/ention
List sai+, a$ong ot"e# t"ings, t"at t"e #e/o&ution in Po#tuga& an+ S(ain
%it" t"e su)seuent te##i)&e %a# )et%een S(ain an+ F#ane"a+ )een
ins(i#e+ )' Eng&an+, in o#+e# to %eaen S(ain.s in!&uene in Sout" A$e#ia
an+ to a&&o% Eng&an+ itse&! to gain a !oot"o&+ To+a', Eng&an+ is uniting
%it" #e/o&utionists, %it" &i)e#a& (#ini(&es, %it" a&& t"ose %"o a#e +issatis-
!ie+, !i#st to te##i!' t"e ings an+, in ase t"is s"ou&+ not suee+, to !o#e
t"e$ to its %i&&
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In anot"e# a#ti&e, "e (o&e$ii4e+ against t"e Russian 4a#, +esignate+ as t"e
Po&ie$an o! Eu#o(e )' t"e Ho&' A&&iane He #e(o#te+ to "is #ea+e#s
a)out t"e 4a#.s o#onation, an+ e>(&aine+ %"at a #o%n is: A #oun+ t"ing
t"at 'ou an (ut on 'ou# "ea+, )eneat" %it" a #i$ &ie a oin, )ut o! go&+
an+ Be%e&s, an+ a)o/e o(en an+ !u#nis"e+ %it" a&& so#ts o! a+o#n$ents
T"us, it gi/es (#otetion neit"e# against t"e #ain no# t"e sun an+ neit"e#
oo&s no# %a#$s, an+ no one no%s %"at it.s goo+ !o#
A++itiona&&', t"eAdler a#ti&es #e(o#te+ a)out e/e#' i$agina)&e a+/ane in
siene an+ te"no&og' T"e onst#ution (o&i' t"at %as (#og#essing
#a(i+&' in t"e *nite+ States !asinate+ List, an+ "e stu+ie+ e/e#'t"ing /e#'
a#e!u&&' Late#, "e +esignate+ t"ese 'ea#s as "is ti$e o! a((#enties"i(
He#e "e ou&+ stu+' "o% an eono$' a$e into e>istene
He $isse+ e#$an soiet' an+ &o/e o! &i!e, es(eia&&' %ine, (oet#', an+
$usi, an+ so List, %it" "is o%n ente#(#ising s(i#it, un+e#too to sti$u&ate
t"e u&ti/ation o! %ine in Penns'&/ania an+ enou#age+ suess!u& inn-
ee(e#s to use t"e ne%&' (#o+ue+ %ines in t"ei# (u)&i "ouses In "is
o(inion, t"e u&ti/ation o! %ine %as (a#tiu&a#&' suite+ to st#engt"en t"e
$o#a&it' o! t"e A$e#ian (o(u&ation Instea+ o! "a#+ &iuo#, %"i" on&'
+u&&e+ t"e $in+ an+ $a+e (eo(&e agg#essi/e, t"e enno)&ing e!!et o! %ine
s"ou&+ sti$u&ate $in+s an+ ins(i#e (eo(&e to ne% ations
,ist Versus Smith
List.s %#itings "a/e "a+ an en+u#ing e!!et, (a#tiu&a#&' in e#$an' List is"ig"&' #e&e/ant to+a' T"e su)stane o! t"e ont#o/e#s' t"at "e a##ie+ on
%it" t"e t"en +e!en+e#s o! t"e !#ee $a#et eono$' is as /a&i+ to+a' as it
%as a entu#' ago
At t"at ti$e, #itis" t"eo#etiians su" as A+a$ S$it"an e$(&o'ee o! t"e
#itis" East In+ia =o$(an'!oug"t against inte#!e#ene )' t"e state in
t"e eono$', an+ asse#te+ t"at t#ue %ea&t" o$es on&' !#o$ t"e e>"ange
o! /a&ues, t"e (ossession o! &an+ g#oun+ #ent8, o# t"e e>(&oitation o!
/a&ua)&e #a% $ate#ia&s T"ei# $ottoes %e#e, u' "ea( an+ se&& +ea# an+
Laisse4-!ai#eK
In o((osition to t"is #itis" S'ste$, %"i" !oun+ e>(#ession in t"e )#uta&
&ooting (o&i' o! t"e #itis" o&onia& e$(i#e, List (ut !o#%a#+ t"e A$e#ian
S'ste$ o! Po&itia& Eono$': t"e one(t o! t"e u&ti/ation o! (#o+uti/e
!o#es
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List.s "a#ate#i4ation o! t"e !inania& an+ $e#"ant e&ite o! t"ose +a's, %"o
%it" t"ei# giganti s(eu&ati/e )usinesses )#oug"t a)out t"e +o%n!a&& o!
enti#e nations, to+a' au#ate&' +es#i)es t"e $enta&it' o! t"e Inte#nationa&
;oneta#' Fun+, t"e Wo#&+ an, an+ a#te&s su" as D%a'ne An+#eas.s
A#"e# Danie&s ;i+&an+ T"e' t"in t"at t"e' an (#o!it !#o$ t"e o&&a(se
o! t"e %o#&+ eono$', an+ atte$(t to (#e/ent an' +i#igisti #e!o#$ o! t"ei#
)an#u(t %o#&+ eono$' an+ !inania& s'ste$ t"at %ou&+ t"#eaten t"e so-
a&&e+ !#ee $a#et eono$'
List #e$o/e+ t"e santi$onious "a&o !#o$ t"ese a(ost&es o! t"e !#ee $a#et
eono$', %"o s#ea$ i! t"ei# inte#ests a#e to )e &i$ite+ to )ene!it t"e
nationa& inte#est His +es#i(tion o! t"ese usu#e#s, %"i" %e no% uote, is
Bust as a(t no% as %"en "e %#ote it:
T"e $ost #e$a#a)&e "a#ate#isti o! t"is $e#"ant is t"at "e
t"e s%o#n ene$', t"e +ea+&' ene$' o! an' $ono(o&', an' (#i/i&ege,
an' #est#ition, an' nationa& (#otetion in !a/o# o! t"at %"i" "e a&&s
(#i/ate in+ust#'t"at "e "i$se&! is t"e $ost 4ea&ous an+ intense
suito# !o# t"is (#i/i&ege, $ono(o&', #est#ition, an+ (#oteti/e $ea-
su#es i! t"e' "a#$oni4e %it" "is o%n (#i/ate inte#ests
He +es#i)es t"e uns#u(u&ousness o! t"e $e#"ant as !o&&o%s:
I! "e annot $ae $one' o!! t"e (#os(e#it' o! a ount#', "e s(eu&ates
on its eono$i (#o)&e$s Hunge#, %a#, t"e sa&e o! t"e ani$a& sto
neessa#' !o# ag#iu&tu#e, an+ e/en t"e !e#ti&i4e#s, t"e sa&e o! t"e$ate#ia& eui($ent o! o&&a(se+ !ato#' )usinesses, t"e e$ig#ation o!
#uine+ $anu!atu#e#s, %o#e#s, an+ !a#$e#s, e/en t"e (#o/ision o! t"e
ene$' %it" $unitionse/e#'t"ing )eo$es !o# "i$ t"e o)Bet o!
s(eu&ation an+ (#o!it Wit" "is "a#+ &iuo#, "e (oisons enti#e nations
an+ t"e no)&est #aes, %it"out )eo$ing ti#e+ o! #'ing out again an+
o/e# again, Let us +o it, +o not inte#!e#e Laisse# faire et laisse#
passer4
No one s"ou&+ sa' t"at t"is +es#i(tion a((&ies on&' to t"e (ast entu#'
To+a', nations a#e not (oisone+ )' "a#+ &iuo#, )ut #at"e# %it" +#ugsa
$a#et t"at %it" its "un+#e+s o! )i&&ions o! +o&&a#s is &a#ge# t"an t"e
eono$' o! $an' nations T"e $ani(u&ation o! #a% $ate#ia& (#ies "as
e!!eti/e&' #uine+ a nu$)e# o! nations in t"e T"i#+ Wo#&+, an+ &ie%ise t"e
(o&i' o! +e)t o&&etion, %"i" "as in#easing&' %#ee+ t"e (#o+uti/e
)asis o! t"e nations a!!ete+
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List ont#asts t"e (#o+uti/e ent#e(#eneu# to t"ese s(eu&ato#s:
T"e $anu!atu#e#u#ge+ !a# $o#e st#ong&' )' t"e natu#e o! "is
ati/it' to go to t"e !oun+ations o! t"ingsis !o#e+ to e+uate "is
inte&&et an+ to stu+' natu#e He is t"e#e!o#e +i#et&' inte#este+ in t"e
(#og#ess in t"e sienes, a#ts, an+ in/entions T"e $e#"ant, "o%e/e#,stis %it" a#it"$eti instea+, %it" +ou)&e-ent#' )ooee(ing, %it"
t"e o$$o+it' an+ e>"ange $a#et, an+ t"us %it" t"ings t"at a#e
"a#+&' suite+ to e+uate t"e "ea#t an+ t"e $in+
Fa#$e#s an+ $anu!atu#e#s an on&' (#o!it t"#oug" t"e #eation o!
ne% /a&ues T"ei# (#o+ution is t"e#e!o#e $ost neessa#i&' a&%a's
use!u& !o# t"e uni/e#sa& Not so %it" t"e $e#"ant Fo# "i$, it
is $e#e&' a $atte# o! (#o!it !#o$ t"e e>"ange o! o$$o+ities ?to+a',
%e an a++ !inania& s(eu&ation, %"i" a$ounts to a g#eat +ea& $o#e
in !at t"an t"e e>isting uantit' o! goo+sEF@ I! t"e nation o#
$anin+ su!!e#s a &oss o! (o%e# as t"e #esu&t o! t"is e>"ange, t"at is
in+i!!e#ent to "i$ His $otto is, u' %"e#e 'ou an )u' "ea(&'(o#t t"e
!ie&+s t"e$se&/es o# at &east t"e ea#t" t"e' o/e# I! a&& t"e e>isting
&an+ in&u+ing t"e soi& on %"i" "is o%n !eet stan+ %e#e s"i((e+a)#oa+ in t"is %a', "e %ou&+ &i$) into "is s"i( an+ "i$se&! go to
anot"e# ount#'
List state+ t"at t"e #ea& %ea&t" o! nations onsists in t"e inte&&etua& a(ita&
o! t"ei# (o(u&ations List o$(a#e+ inte&&etua& %o# in soiet' %it" t"at o!
t"e sou& in t"e )o+', %"i" onstant&' in#eases t"e (o%e#s o! "u$an )eings
t"#oug" ne% in/entions In t"is onnetion, sienti!i )#eat"#oug"s a#e o!
singu&a# i$(o#tane, sine t"e' e!!et te"no&ogia& #e/o&utions an+ (#og#ess
!o# a&& $anin+
He %#ote:
T"e (#esent on+ition o! nations is a #esu&t o! t"e au$u&ation o! a&&
t"e +iso/e#ies, in/entions, i$(#o/e$ents, #e!ine$ents, an+ e!!o#ts o!
a&& t"e gene#ations t"at &i/e+ )e!o#e us< t"e' !o#$ t"eintellectual
capital of li-ing $anin+, an+ e/e#' nation is on&' (#o+uti/e to t"e
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e>tent t"at t"e' "a/e no%n "o% tae u( into t"e$se&/es t"e a"ie/e-
$ents o! ea#&ie# gene#ations an+ to in#ease t"ose t"#oug" t"ei# o%n
auisitions
As an e>a$(&e o! t"ese o%n auisitions, List se&ets t"e stea$ engine:
Let us #ea&& "e#e t"e (#o+utions o! t"e !e% %"ose %o# is #es(onsi)&e !o#t"e in/ention an+ i$(#o/e$ent o! t"e stea$ engine T"e' "a/e gi/en to
a s$a&& nu$)e# o! $en t"e (o%e# to (e#!o#$ %o# !o# %"ose ao$(&is"-
$ent (#e/ious&' $i&&ions o! $en %ou&+ "a/e )een neessa#' T"is in/en-
tion a&one $eant, "e sai+, as $u" !o# (#o+ution in t"e nineteent" entu#'
as a&& t"e in/entions an+ +iso/e#ies o! t"e !i!teent" entu#' taen toget"e#
Ao#+ing to List, t"e state $ust inte#/ene in t"e eono$' to !oste# g#o%t",
(a#tiu&a#&' in t"e a#ea o! in!#ast#utu#e in/est$ent T"e te#$ !o# t"is,
+i#igisti, is taen !#o$ t"e F#en", %"e#e it is i+enti!ie+ %it" t"e si$i&a#
eono$i (o&iies a+/oate+ )' La4a#e =a#not T"is is so, i! a nation %is"es
to seu#e its (#os(e#it' in t"e &ong #un, an+ "o&+ its o%n %it" ot"e# nations
5n&' t"#oug" t"e ontinua& )ui&+u( o! t"e (o%e#s o! $anu!atu#ing, ao#+-
ing to List, an a (#og#essi/e g#o%t" in in+ust#' an+ ag#iu&tu#e )e ensu#e+
!o# t"e !utu#e T"is is t"e )est gua#antee against an' #et#og#a+e +e/e&o(-
$ent T"us, "e sai+, %e s"ou&+ $aintain a g#o%t" o! t"e (#o+uti/e (o%e#s
t"at in#eases geo$et#ia&&' #at"e# t"an a#it"$etia&&' 5n&' in t"at %a'
%i&& a su!!iient +e!ense )e gua#antee+ sine, i! t"e in+ust#' o! a ount#' is
#uine+, it %ou&+ )eo$e an i$(otent to' !o# ot"e# (o%e#sa t"eo#' t"at(#esent +a' (o&itiians s"ou&+ tae a#e!u& note o!
8uiling the -erman Nation
=onseuent&', it is t"e o)&igation o! t"e state to #eate t"e (#eon+itions !o#
g#o%t" an+ t"e (#otetion o! +o$esti in+ust#ies T"at $eant in List.s ti$e
t"e #eation o! a uni!ie+ to&& s'ste$ !o# t"e e#$an states #at"e# t"an
unneessa#i&' "a$(e#ing e#$an in+ust#' %it" 3 +i!!e#ent +o$esti
e#$an to&& )oun+a#ies, an+ #en+e#ing t"e goo+s (#o+ue+ at "o$e unne-
essa#i&' e>(ensi/e e#$an', List sai+, s"ou&+ %o# on !o#eign t#a+e,
es(eia&&' on )ui&+ing u( !o#eign t#a+e %it" t"e o&onies, !o# %"at is a
nation %it"out %o#&+ t#a+e, an+ si$u&taneous&' to seu#e t"e o&onies %it"
a na/a& !&eet
T"is (o&i' #e(#esente+ a +e&a#ation o! %a# against Eng&an+, %"i" +o$i-
nate+ t#a+e on t"e ontinent as %e&& as %o#&+ t#a+e %it" its su(e#io# sea
(o%e#
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,ist propose the construction o" a ense railroa networ9 throughout
Europe incluing a lin9 "rom Cstene a seaport in northeast 8elgium to
8omay )nia. Shown here is his own s9etch "or a -erman railway system
pulishe in an #&(( pamphlet.
T"e seon+ #uia& tas t"at List as#i)e+ to t"e state onsiste+ in (#o/i+ing
!o# an in#ease in t"e nation.s (#o+uti/it' t"#oug" t"e #eation o! a !untion-
ing in!#ast#utu#e List +ese#/es t"e #e+it as none ot"e# !o# "a/ing #eog-
ni4e+ t"e eono$i an+ (o&itia& i$(o#tane o! ana&s an+ #oa+s, an+ o! t"e
esta)&is"$ent o! a #ai& s'ste$ !o# t"e #eation o! a nation
ut t"at is not enoug": t"e state $ust a&so ont#i)ute to an a%aening o! an
a((#eiation o! in+ust#' an+ t"e a#ts t"#oug" nationa& in+ust#ia& e>"i)its an+
nationa& institutions o! &ea#ning T"us List +e$an+e+ t"e esta)&is"$ent o! a
nationa& s"oo& !o# in+ust#' an+ a gene#a& e#$an t#a+e-an+-)usiness
ouni& t"at %ou&+ assist t"e nationa& asse$)&' *n+e# its &ea+e#s"i(, a
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nationa& in+ust#ia& e>"i)it %ou&+ tae (&ae at e/e#' $a#et< it %ou&+ a&so
a%a#+ (#i4es !o# use!u& in/entions, an+ +ist#i)ute (atents
Fina&&', it is t"e o)&igation o! t"e state to #eate a goo+ onstitution, at t"e
ente# o! %"i" stan+s t"e /a&ue o! e/e#' in+i/i+ua& "u$an )eing an+ "is
ont#i)ution to t"e i$(#o/e$ent o! t"e state List ne% t"at t"e &e/e& o!u&tu#e, e+uation, an+ $o#a&it' u&ti$ate&' +ete#$ines t"e (#o+uti/it' o! a
soiet' T"#oug" &a%s, institutions, an+ a goo+ a+$inist#ation, %e $ust (ut
an en+ to !anatiis$, su(e#stition, &et"a#g', igno#ane, an+ e>t#a/agane< %e
$ust !oste# e+uation, t"e sienes, $o#a&it', an+ t"e +e/e&o($ent o!
sensiti/it'
In 17, List $et ="a#&es Inge#so&&, t"e ie P#esi+ent o! t"e Penns'&/ania
Soiet' !o# t"e P#o$otion o! ;anu!atu#ing an+ t"e ;e"ania& A#ts, at t"e
Ha##is)u#g =on/ention, %"i" "a+ )een a&&e+ to %in o/e# =ong#ess to an
in#ease in (#oteti/e ta#i!!s T"is enounte#e+ )itte# #esistane !#o$ t"e
#itis" &o))' in t"e *nite+ States, a)o/e a&& !#o$ t"e s&a/e"o&+e#s on t"e
g#eat otton (&antations in t"e Sout", %"o %ante+ to se&& t"ei# otton in
Eng&an+, an+ !#o$ t"e )&ue-)&oo+s o! Ang&o("i&i !inania& i#&es in
oston
T"e (#ini(a& i+eo&ogue o! t"ese i#&es %as t"e #itis"-)o#n D# T"o$as
=oo(e# o! Sout" =a#o&ina =o&&ege, %"o %an+e#e+ a)out %it" t"e i)&e o!
!#ee t#a+e, A+a$ S$it".s !ealth of ations3 As List !itting&' #e$a#e+, t"e
uestion %as, %"' +i+ t"is )oo "a/e t"is (a#tiu&a# tit&eG *&ti$ate&',e/e#'one %"o !o&&o%e+ its t"eo#ies )ea$e, soone# o# &ate#, )an#u(t
=oo(e# asse#te+ t"at in+ust#ia&i4ation o! t"e No#t" %ou&+ tae (&ae at t"e
e>(ense o! t"e Sout"< a&& t"e %ea&t" t"at t"e Sout" %as (#o+uing %ou&+ )e
s%a&&o%e+ u( )' t"e in+ust#ia&i4ation o! t"e No#t" In 17, "e )ea$e t"e
!i#st to o(en&' t"#eaten seession
;at"e% =a#e' "a#ate#i4e+ t"e g#ou(ing a#oun+ =oo(e# as an o!!s"oot o!
t"e #itis" se#et se#/ie, %"i" in !at it %as =oo(e# "a+ )een a $e$)e#
o! Pa#&ia$ent in Eng&an+, an+ "a+ )een sent to F#ane as t"e o!!iia& #e(#e-
sentati/e o! t"e #itis" 2ao)in =&u)s to in!&a$e t"e #e/o&ution t"e#e In t"e
*nite+ States, "e %as (&ae+ as tea"e# )' t"e S%iss !a$i&' +e Saussu#e in
Sout" =a#o&ina =o&&ege, a!te# "e "a+ )een #eBete+ )' t"e go/e#n$ent
nu$e#ous ti$es as ino$(etent an+ o##u(t
In "is !a$ous t%e&/e &ette#s to ="a#&es Inge#so&&, List Boine+ t"e !ig"t against
t"e seessionists =oo(e# %as an a/i+ su((o#te# o! A+a$ S$it" T"ese
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&ette#s a((ea#e+ un+e# t"e tit&e 5utlines of olitical $conomy in P"i&a+e&-
("ia.s&a#gest ne%s(a(e#, t"eational *a#ette, as %e&& as in 0 ot"e# *S
ne%s(a(e#s, an+ set o!! an e>ite+ +e)ate
In &ette#s, a$ong ot"e#s to o/e#no# i&es o! i#ginia, $an' a#ti&es, an+ a
s(ee" to )ot" "ouses o! t"e Penns'&/ania Legis&atu#e in Ha##is)u#g, Liste>(&aine+ "is (osition He a&so %#ote, on +e$an+ !#o$ Inge#so&&, a$ong
ot"e#s, a #e(o#t to t"e Wa's an+ ;eans =o$$ittee, %"i" &egis&ati/e
in!&uene+ t"e ong#essiona& +e)ate on "ig"e# ta#i!!s In 17, t"e Penns'&-
/ania Soiet' "ono#e+ List.s se#/ies %it" a )anuet in P"i&a+e&("ia
5utlines is a s'ste$ati on!#ontation %it" t"e t"eo#ies o! t"e #itis" !#ee-
t#a+e# A+a$ S$it" an+ "is a(o&ogist =oo(e# T"e (#ini(a& a#gu$ent o! t"is
s"oo& #an a((#o>i$ate&' as !o&&o%s: i! "ig" i$(o#t ta#i!!s on #itis" $anu-
!atu#ing goo+s %e#e a+o(te+, as No#t"e#n !a#$e#s an+ in+ust#ia&ists
a+/oate+, t"at %ou&+ tu#n Eng&an+, %"i" is t"e (#ini(a& $a#et !o#
A$e#ian otton, into an ene$'
A++itiona&&', in+ust#ia& goo+s, %"i" $ust )e i$(o#te+ !#o$ Eng&an+ %it"
"ig"e# ta#i!!s, %i&& )eo$e $o#e e>(ensi/e It is $u" $o#e #easona)&e to
)u' %"e#e it is "ea(est, an+ sine A$e#ia annot (#o+ue as "ea(&' as
Eng&an+, goo+s $ust )e o)taine+ !#o$ Eng&an+, in t"e inte#est o! t"e enti#e
(o(u&ation A&& t"at %as gua#antee+ %it" ("i&ant"#o(i assu#anes t"at it is
a&so "a#$!u& !#o$ t"e ("i&oso("ia& (oint o! /ie% i! in+i/i+ua& states, using
(o&itia& $easu#es, +issoiate+ !#o$ ot"e#s< !a# )ette#, t"e t"eo#' ontinue+,is a os$o(o&itanis$ t"at %i&& $ae (ossi)&e t"e "a((' uni!iation o! a&&
$anin+
T"is +ot#ine o! !#ee t#a+e, as List sai+ in "is 5utlines, is $eant on&' !o# an
e>(o#t !#o$ t"e #itis" E$(i#e: ot"e# nations s"ou&+ a)o&is" t"ei# (#ote-
tion against Eng&an+< Eng&an+ itse&!, "o%e/e#, a+o(te+ ta#i!!s on t"e %"eat
an+ $anu!atu#e+ goo+s o! ot"e# nations List "a+ )een a)&e to gat"e#
su!!iient e>(e#iene %it" t"is (o&i' t"#oug" "is ati/ities in onnetion
%it" t"e =usto$s *nion in e#$an' As "e again an+ again e$("asi4e+,
t"e on&' +e/ie !o# st#engt"ening Eu#o(ean in+ust#' "a+ )een t"e ontinenta&)an t"at Na(o&eon "a+ i$(ose+ on Eng&an+ A!te# its a)o&ition, in+ust#'
#a(i+&' %ent +o%n"i&& sine t"e $a#et stoo+ o(en to, an+ %as %it"out
(#otetion against, #itis" goo+s
List &ea#&' sa% t"at in A$e#ia, t"e sa$e uestion ontinue+ to )e i$-
(o#tant in a $o#e +#a$ati %a' T"e #itis" E$(i#e %it" its !#ee-t#a+e
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(#o(agan+a an+ its +u$(ing (o&i' inten+e+ not on&' to +est#o' Eu#o(ean
in+ust#' )ut a&so to #eonue# A$e#ia
,ist's -ran Design
In 130, List )ea$e a *S iti4en, an+ i$$e+iate&' #etu#ne+ to Eu#o(e:!i#st to F#ane, %"e#e "e a##ie+ out negotiations on a t#a+e ag#ee$ent
)et%een F#ane an+ t"e *nite+ States on )e"a&! o! t"e *S go/e#n$ent
T"e Re/o&ution o! 130 "a+ #eent&' )#oug"t t"e iti4en ing Louis
P"i&i((e Due o! 5#&eans to (o%e#, an+ La!a'ette atte$(te+ to gain in-
!&uene %it" t"e ne% go/e#n$ent
List %as %e&& auainte+ %it" t"e F#en" +i#igisti eono$i s"oo& o!
=o&)e#t an+ "is !o&&o%e#s In "is 5utlines of Po&itia& Eono$', "e "a+
!#euent&' #e!e##e+ to =o&)e#t, in %"ose t#a+ition su" onte$(o#a#ies o!
List as ="a(ta& an+ as(a#+ ;onge stoo+ In 179C, =a#not "a+ esta)&is"e+t"e Eo&e Po&'te"niue an+ t"us, as List sai+, "a+ +eisi/e&' ont#i)ute+ to
t"e g#eatness o! F#ane In 119, ="a(ta&, F#en" ;iniste# o! t"e Inte#io#
!#o$ 100 to 10C, %#ote a )oo, 5n French .ndustry3 A&so in 119, t"e
sientist an+ eono$ist De##ie#, %"o$ List o!ten uote+, %#ote a $ani!esto
against A+a$ S$it", %"i" )ea$e t"e !oun+ation o! F#en" in+ust#ia&
(o&i' In F#ane, a one(tion o! t"e eono$' t"at a((#oa"e+ t"at o! List
%as "ege$oni
List e/entua&&' #etu#ne+ %it" "is !a$i&' to Eu#o(e in 13 His a((oint$ent
as *S onsu& to Ha$)u#g an+ a+en %as sa)otage+ !o# (o&itia& #easons,an+ "e one#ne+ "i$se&! %it" t"e onsu&a# (osition in Lei(4ig, %"i" "e
#eei/e+ in 13C a!te# a +i!!iu&t st#ugg&e T"e (osition %as e>t#e$e&'
)ene!iia& !o# List.s (&ans: Lei(4ig %as t"e ente# o! a &a#ge t#a+e !ai#, an+
%as a $eeting (&ae o! e#$an in+ust#' an+ si$u&taneous&' a ente# o!
u&tu#e List "a+ a %a#$ !#ien+s"i( %it" =&a#a Wie an+ Ro)e#t S"u-
$ann, %"o &i/e+ t"e#e
5n 2anua#' 1, 13C, t"e e#$an o&&/e#ein =usto$s *nion8 !o# %"i" List
"a+ !oug"t %ent into e!!et At !i#st, t"e P#ussian-Hessian an+ t"e a/a#ian-
W#tte$)e#g =usto$s A&&iane )e&onge+ to t"e o&&/e#ein< in 136, a+en,
Nassau, an+ F#an!u#t a$ ;ain Boine+ In 1C, #auns"%eig an+ Lu>e$-
)ou#g %e#e a+$itte+, an+ )et%een 11 an+ 1C, Hano/e# an+ 5&+en)u#g