us navy course navedtra 13119 - standard first aid course
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
1/175
Virtual Naval Hospital - Standard First Aid Course: NAVEDTRA 13119
STANDARD FIRST AID COURSENAVEDTRA 13119
Department of the Navy
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
2300 E Street, NW
Washington, DC 20372-5300
Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
Creation Date: Unknown
Last Revision Date: Unknown
able of Contents
q Chapter One-Introduction
q Chapter Two-Basic Life Support
q Chapter Three-Bleeding
q
Chapter Four-Shockq Chapter Five-Soft Tissue Injuries
q Chapter Six-Bones, Joints, and Muscles
q Chapter Seven-Environmental Injuries
q Chapter Eight-Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Casualties
q Chapter Nine-Poisoning
q Chapter Ten-Medical Injuries
q Chapter Eleven-Rescue and Transportation
q Chapter Twelve-Health Education
q Appendix
eceive Correspondence Course Credit for this Course from NSHS Portsmouth
Next Page | Previous Page | Section Top | Title Page
irtual Naval Hospital Home | Help | Search | Site Map | Disclaimer | Comments
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/toc.html (1 of 2) [12/17/2003 5:31:24 PM]
https://www-nshspts.med.navy.mil/Courses/courses.htmhttps://www-nshspts.med.navy.mil/Courses/courses.htm -
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
2/175
Virtual Naval Hospital - Standard First Aid Course: NAVEDTRA 13119
ollective copyright 1997-2003 The Virtual Naval Hospital Project. All rights reserved.
RL: http://www.vnh.org/
p://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/toc.html
odified: Tue Nov 11 08:58:15 2003splayed: Wed Dec 17 16:31:20 2003
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/toc.html (2 of 2) [12/17/2003 5:31:24 PM]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
3/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Introduction
AVEDTRA 13119 Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Introduction
An Introduction to First Aid
epartment of the Navy
ureau of Medicine and Surgery
er Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
rst aid is the emergency care and treatment of a sick or injured person before professional medicalrvices are obtained. FIRST AID MEASURES ARE NOT MEANT TO REPLACE PROPER
EDICAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT, but will only consist of providing temporary suppo
ntil professional medical assistance is available. The purposes of first aid are (1) to save life, (2) pre
rther injury, and (3) to minimize or prevent infection.
veryone in the Navy must know how and when to render first aid and be prepared to provide compe
sistance to the sick and injured in all circumstances. The knowledge of first aid, when properly app
n mean the difference between temporary or permanent injury, rapid recovery or long-term disabil
d the difference between life and death.
hile administering first aid, the three primary objectives are (1) to maintain an open airway, (2)
aintain breathing, and (3) to maintain circulation. During this process you will also control bleeding
d reduce or prevent shock.
ou must respond rapidly, stay calm, and think before you act. Do not waste time looking for ready-
ade materials, do the best you can with what is at hand. Request professional medical assistance as
on as possible.
itial Assessment
hen responding to a casualty, take a few seconds to quickly inspect the area. Remain calm as you t
arge of the situation, and act quickly but efficiently. Decide as soon as possible what has to be don
d which one of the injuries needs attention first. During your initial assessment, consider the follow
Safety - Determine if the area is safe. If the situation is such that you or the casualty is in danger, y
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter1.html (1 of 4) [12/17/2003 5:31:26 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
4/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Introduction
ust consider this threat against the possible damage caused by early movement. If you decide to mo
e casualty, do it quickly and gently to a safe area where proper first aid can be given. You cannot h
e casualty if you become one yourself.
Mechanism of injury - Determine the extent of the illness or injury and how it happened. If the
sualty is unconscious, look for clues. If the casualty is lying at the bottom of a ladder, suspect that
she fell and may have internal injuries.
Medical information devices - Examine the casualty for a MEDIC ALERT (Fig. 1-1) necklace,
acelet, or identification card. This medical tag, provides medical conditions, medications being tak
d allergies about the casualty. The VIAL OF LIFE, a small, prescription-type bottle, also contains
edical information concerning the casualty. This bottle is normally located in the refrigerator.
Number of casualties - Look beyond the first casualty, you may find others. One casualty may be
ert, while another, more serious or unconscious, is unnoticed. In a situation with more than one cas
mit your assessment to looking for an open airway, breathing, bleeding, and circulation, the life-
reatening conditions.
Bystanders - Ask bystanders to help you find out what happened. Though not trained in first aid,
ystanders can help by calling for professional medical assistance, providing emotional support to th
sualty, and keeping onlookers from getting in the way.
gure 1-1-Medic Alert Symbol
Introduce yourself- Inform the casualty and bystanders who you are and that you know first aid.
ior to rendering first aid, obtain the casualties consent by asking is it "OK' to help them. Consent is
mplied if the casualty is unconscious or cannot reply.
eneral Rules
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter1.html (2 of 4) [12/17/2003 5:31:26 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
5/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Introduction
very illness or injury presents with its own individual problems. Prior to learning first aid for a spec
ness or injury, you must have a complete understanding of the following:
Keep the casualty lying down, head level with the body, until you determine the extent and serious
the illness or injury. You must immediately recognize if the casualty has one of the following
nditions that represent an exception to the above.
a. Vomiting or bleeding around the mouth - If the casualty is vomiting or bleeding around the
mouth, place them on their side, or back with head turned to the side. Special care must be ta
for a casualty with a suspected neck or back injury.
b. Difficulty breathing - If the casualty has a chest injury or difficulty breathing place them in
sitting or semi-sitting position.
c. Shock - To reduce or prevent shock, place the casualty on his or her back, with their legs
elevated 6 to 12 inches. If you suspect head or neck injuries or are unsure of the casualty'
condition, keep them lying flat and wait for professional medical assistance.
During your examination, move the casualty no more than is necessary. Loosen restrictive clothing
e neck, waist, and where it binds. Carefully remove only enough clothing to get a clear idea of the
tent of the injuries. When necessary, cut clothing along its seams. Ensure the casualty does not bec
illed, and keep them as comfortable as possible. Inform the casualty of what you are doing and wh
espect the casualty's modesty, but do not jeopardize quality care. Shoes may have to be cut off to av
using pain or further injury.
Reassure the casualty that his or her injuries are understood and that professional medical assistanc
ill arrive as soon as possible. The casualty can tolerate pain and discomfort better if they are confidyour abilities.
Do not touch open wounds or burns with your fingers or un-sterile objects unless it is absolutely
cessary. Place a barrier between you and the casualty's blood or body fluids, using plastic wr
oves, or a clean, folded cloth. Wash your hands with soap and warm water immediately after
oviding care, even if you wore gloves or used another barrier.
Do not give the casualty anything to eat or drink because it may cause vomiting, and because o
ossible need for surgery. If the casualty complains of thirst, wet his or her lips with a wet towel.
Splint all suspected, broken or dislocated bones in the position in which they are found. Do not
tempt to straighten broken or dislocated bones because of the high risk of causing further injury
ot move the casualty if you do not have to.
When transporting, carry the casualty feet first. This enables the rear bearer to observe the casualt
y complications.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter1.html (3 of 4) [12/17/2003 5:31:26 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
6/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Introduction
Keep the casualty comfortable and warm enough to maintain normal body temperature.
fectious Diseases
ou will probably render first aid to someone you know - a shipmate or family member. For this rea
ou will probably know your risk of contracting an infectious disease. Adopt practices that discourag
e spread of blood-borne diseases (Hepatitis and HIV) and air-borne diseases such as influenza wherforming first aid.
Wear gloves or use another barrier.
Wash your hands with soap and warm water immediately.
When possible, use a pocket mask or mouthpiece during rescue breathing.
he risk of contracting infections from a casualty is very remote. Do not withhold rendering first aid
cause of this rare possibility.
eferences
Karren, K. J. and Hafen, B. Q.: First Responder A Skills Approach, edition 3, Morton Publishing
ompany
American Red Cross Standard First Aid Workbook, edition 1991, American Red Cross
NAVEDTRA 10670-C, Hospital Corpsman 1 & C
NAVEDTRA 10669-C, Hospital Corpsman 3 & 2
Next Page| Previous Page| Section Top | Title Page
irtual Naval Hospital Home | Help | Search | Site Map | Disclaimer | Comments
ollective copyright 1997-2003 The Virtual Naval Hospital Project. All rights reserved.
RL: http://www.vnh.org/
p://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter1.html
odified: Tue Nov 11 08:58:14 2003
splayed: Wed Dec 17 16:31:25 2003
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter1.html (4 of 4) [12/17/2003 5:31:26 PM]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
7/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
AVEDTRA 13119 Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Two - Basic Life Support
Basic Life Support
epartment of the Navy
ureau of Medicine and Surgery
er Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
tmospheric air that is essential for life contains approximately 21% oxygen. When you breathe innhale) only a quarter of the air is taken by the blood in the lungs. The air you breath out (exhale)
ntains approximately 16% oxygen. Enough to support life! Seconds after being deprived of oxygen
e heart is at risk of developing irregular beats or stopping. Within four to six minutes, the brain is
bject to irreversible damage.
asic life support is maintenance of the ABCs (airway, breathing, and circulation) without auxiliary
uipment. The primary importance is placed on establishing and maintaining an adequate open airw
irway obstruction alone may be the emergency: a shipmate begins choking on a piece of food. Rest
reathing to reverse respiratory arrest (stopped breathing) commonly caused by electric shock,owning, head injuries, and allergic reactions. Restore circulation to keep blood circulating and
rrying oxygen to the heart, lungs, brain, and body. This course is not a substitute for formal trai
basic life support.
irway Obstruction
irway obstruction, also known as choking, occurs when the airway (route for passage of air into and
the lungs) becomes blocked. The restoration of breathing takes precedence over all other
easures.. The reason for this is simple: If a casualty cannot breathe, he or she cannot live. Individuho are choking may stop breathing and become unconscious. The universally recognized distress si
ig. 2-1) for choking is the casualty clutching at his or her throat with one or both hands. The most
mmon causes of airway obstruction are swallowing large pieces of improperly chewed food, drink
cohol before or during meals, and laughing while eating. The tongue is the most common cause of
bstruction in the casualty who is unconscious. A foreign body can cause a partial or complete airwa
bstruction.
artial Airway Obstruction
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (1 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
8/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
the casualty can cough forcefully, and is able to speak, there is good air exchange. Encourage him
r to continue coughing in an attempt to dislodge the object. Do not interfere with the casualty's effo
remove the obstruction. First aid for a partial airway obstruction is limited to encouragement and
bservation. When good air exchange progresses to poor air exchange, demonstrated by a weak or
effective cough, a high-pitched noise when inhaling, and a bluish discoloration (cyanosis) of the sk
round the finger nails and lips), treat as a complete airway obstruction.
omplete Airway Obstruction
complete airway obstruction presents with a completely blocked airway, and an inability to speak,
ugh, or breathe. If the casualty is conscious, he or she may display the universal distress signal. As
Are YOU choking?" If the casualty is choking, do the following:
Shout "Help"-Ask the casualty if you can help.
Request medical assistance - Say "Airway is obstructed" (blocked), call (Local emergency numb
edical personnel).
gure 2-1 Universal Distress Signal
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (2 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
9/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
gure 2-2 Abdominal Thrust
Abdominal thrusts (Heimlich Maneuver)
a. Stand behind the casualty.
b. Place your arms around the (Fig. 2-2) casualties waist.
c. With your fist, place the thumb side against the middle of the abdomen, above the navel anbelow the tip (xiphoid process) of the (sternum) breastbone.
d. Grasp your fist with your other hand.
e. Keeping your elbows out, press your fist (Fig. 2-3) into the abdomen with a quick upward
thrust.
f. Repeat until the obstruction is clear or the casualty becomes unconscious.
the casualty becomes unconscious, do the following:
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (3 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
10/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
gure 2-3 Abdominal Thrust
gure 2-4 Head Tilt-Chin Lift
Finger sweep - Place the casualty on his or her back, open casualty's mouth and grasp the tongue
wer jaw between your thumb and fingers, lift jaw with your index finger into the mouth along insid
eek to base of tongue. Use "hooking" motion to dislodge object for removal.
Open airway (Head-tilt/Chin-lift) -Place your hand on the casualty's forehead. Place the fingers o
our other hand under the (Fig. 2-4) bony part of the chin. Avoid putting pressure under the chin, it muse an obstruction of the airway. Tilt the head and lift the jaw, avoid closing the casualty's mouth.
ace your ear over the casualty's mouth and nose. Look at the chest, listen and feel for breathing, 3 t
conds. If not breathing, say, "Not Breathing."
aw-thrust maneuver) - If you suspect the casualty may have an injury to the head, neck, or back, yo
ust minimize movement of the casualty when opening the airway. Kneeling at the top of the casual
ad, place your elbows on the surface. Place your fingers behind the angle of the jaw or hook your
ngers under the jaw, bring (Fig. 2-5) jaw forward. Separate the lips with your thumbs to allow breat
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (4 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
11/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
rough the mouth. Note that the head is not tilted and the neck is not extended.
gure 2-5 Jaw Thrust
Give breaths - Pinch nose, open your mouth, take a deep breath, and make an air-tight seal around
sualty's mouth. Give 2 full breaths, each lasting 1 to 1 1/2 seconds. Pause between each breath. If
nsuccessful, perform abdominal thrusts.
Perform abdominal thrusts
a. Straddle the casualty's thighs.
b. Place the heel of your hand against the middle of the abdomen, above the navel and below
tip of the breastbone.
c. Place your other hand directly on top of the first (Fingers should point towards the casualty
head).
d. Press abdomen 6 to 10 times (Fig. 2-6) with quick upward thrusts.
Continue steps 4 to 7 -Until successful, you are exhausted, you are relieved by another trained
dividual, or by medical personnel.
the casualty is found unconscious, do the following:
Check unresponsiveness - Tap or gently shake the casualty, shout, "Are you OK?"
Shout, "Help" - If there is no response from casualty.
Position casualty - Kneel midway between his or her hips and shoulders facing casualty. Straighte
gs, and move arm closest to you above casualty's head. Place your hand on the casualty's shoulder a
ne on the hip. Roll casualty toward you as a unit, move your hand from the shoulder to support the b
the head and neck. Place the casualty's arm nearest you alongside his or her body.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (5 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
12/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
gure 2-6 Abdominal Thrust Reclining
Open airway (Head-tilt/Chin-lift or Jaw-thrust) - Place your hand on the casualty's forehead. Plac
ngers of your other hand under the bony part of the chin. Avoid putting pressure under the chin, it m
use an obstruction of the airway. Tilt the head and lift the jaw, avoid closing casualty's mouth. Plac
our ear over the casualty's mouth and nose. Look at the chest, listen, and feel for breathing, 3 to 5
conds. If not breathing, say, "Not Breathing."
Give breaths - Pinch nose, open your mouth, take a deep breath, and make an air-tight seal around
sualty's mouth. Give 2 full breaths, each lasting 1 to 1 1/2 seconds. Pause between each breath. If
nsuccessful, reposition head, and give 2 full breaths.
Request medical assistance - Say "Airway is obstructed" (blocked), call local emergency number
edical personnel.
Perform abdominal thrusts
a. Straddle the casualty's thighs.
b. Place the heel of your hand against the middle of the abdomen, above the navel and below
tip of the breastbone.
c. Place your other hand directly on top of the first (fingers should point towards the casualty'head).
d. Press abdomen 6 to 10 times with quick upward thrusts.
Finger sweep - Place the casualty on his or her back, open the casualty's mouth and grasp the tong
d lower jaw between your thumb and fingers, lift jaw, insert your index finger into the mouth alon
side of cheek to base of tongue. Use "hooking" motion to dislodge object for removal.
Give breaths - Pinch nose, open your mouth, take a deep breath, and make an air-tight seal around
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (6 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
13/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
sualty's mouth. Give 2 full breaths, each lasting 1 to 1 1/2 seconds. Pause between each breath.
0. Continue steps 7 to 9 - Until successful, you are exhausted, you are relieved by another trained
dividual, or by medical personnel.
hest Thrusts
he chest thrust is the preferred method, in place of the abdominal thrust, for individuals who are
verweight or pregnant. Manual pressure to the abdominal area in these individuals can be ineffectiv
use serious damage. If the casualty is overweight or pregnant, do the following:
Conscious - Standing or Sitting.
a. Stand behind the casualty.
b. Place your arms under the casualty's armpits and around the chest.
c. With your fist, place the thumb side against the middle of the breastbone.
d. Grasp your fist with your other hand.
e. Press your fist against the chest with a sharp, backward thrust until the obstruction is clear o
casualty becomes unconscious.
Unconscious - Lying.
a. Kneel, facing the casualty's chest.
b. With the middle and index fingers of the hand nearest the casualty's legs, locate the lower e
of the rib cage on the side closest to you.c. Slide your fingers up the rib cage to the notch at t
d. Place your middle finger on the notch, and your index finger next to it.
e. Place the heel of your hand on the breastbone next to the index finger.
f. Place the heel of your hand, used to locate the notch, on top of the heel of your other hand.
g. Keep your fingers off the casualty's chest.
h. Position your shoulders over your hands, with elbows locked and arms straight.
i. Give 6 to 10 quick and distinct downward thrusts, each should compress the chest 1 1/2 to 2
inches.
j. Finger sweep.
k. Open the airway and give 2 full breaths.
epeat the last three steps until the obstruction is clear, you are exhausted, you are relieved by anoth
ained individual, or by medical personnel.
elf Abdominal Thrusts
you are alone and choking, try not to panic, you can perform an abdominal thrust (Fig. 2-7) on you
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (7 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
14/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
y doing the following:
With the fist of your hand, place the thumb side against the middle of your abdomen, above the na
d below the tip of the breastbone. Grasp your fist with your other hand and give a quick upward th
You also can lean forward and press your abdomen over the back of a chair (with rounded edge), a
iling, or a sink.
gure 2-7 Self-Help for Airway Obstruction
the casualty is not breathing, do the following:
escue Breathing
escue breathing is the process of breathing air into the lungs of a casualty who has stopped breathin
espiratory arrest), also known as artificial respiration. The common causes are air-way obstruction,
owning, electric shock, drug overdose, and chest or lung (trauma) injury. Never give rescue breat
a person who is breathing normally.
Check unresponsiveness - Tap or gently shake the casualty, shout, "Are you OK?"
Shout, "Help" - If there is no response from casualty.
Position casualty - Kneel midway between his or her hips and shoulders facing the casualty.
raighten legs and move arm closest to you above casualty's head. Place your hand on the casualty's
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (8 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
15/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
oulder and one on the hip. Roll casualty toward you as a unit, move your hand from the shoulder to
pport the back of the head and neck. Place the casualty's arm nearest you alongside his/her body.
Open airway (Head-tilt/Chin lift or Jaw thrust) - Place your hand on the casualty's forehead. Place
ngers of your other hand under the bony part of the chin. Avoid putting pressure under the chin, it m
use an obstruction of the airway. Tilt the head and lift the jaw, avoid closing the casualty's mouth.
ace your ear over the casualty's mouth and nose. Look at the chest, listen, and feel for breathing, 3
conds. If not breathing, say, "Not breathing."
Give breaths - Pinch nose, open your mouth, take a deep breath, and make an air-tight seal around
sualty's mouth (Fig. 2-8). Give 2 full breaths, each lasting 1 to 1 1/2 seconds. Pause between each
eath. Look for the chest to rise, listen, and feel for breathing.
Check pulse - While maintaining an open airway, locate the Adam's apple with your middle and i
ngers. Slide your fingers down into the groove (Fig. 2-9), on the side closest to you. Feel for a carot
ulse for 5 to 10 seconds. If you feel a pulse, say, "No breathing, but there is a pulse." Quickly exam
e casualty for signs of bleeding.
gure 2-8 Mouth-to-Mouth Ventilation
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (9 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
16/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
gure 2-9 Check Carotid Pulse
Request medical assistance - Say "No breathing, has a pulse," call (Local emergency number or
edical personnel).
Rescue breathing (mouth-to-mouth) Maintain an open airway with head-tilt/chin-lift or jaw-thrus
aneuver, pinch nose. Open your mouth, take a deep breath, and make an air-tight seal around the
sualty's mouth. Give 1 breath every 5 seconds, each lasting 1 to 1 1/2 seconds. Count aloud "one o
ousand, two one-thousand, three one-thousand, four one-thousand," take a breath, and then give a
eath. Look at the chest, listen, and feel for breathing. Continue for 1 minute/12 breaths.
Recheck pulse - While maintaining an open airway, locate and feel the carotid pulse for 5 seconds
ou feel a pulse, say, "Has pulse." Look at the chest, listen, and feel for breathing 3 to 5 seconds. If th
sualty is not breathing, say, "No breathing."
0. Continue sequence - Maintain an open airway, give 1 breath every 5 seconds, recheck pulse eveinute. If pulse is absent, begin CPR. If pulse is present but breathing is absent, continue rescue
eathing. If the casualty begins to breathe, maintain an open airway, until medical assistance arrives
pecial Situations
Air in the stomach (Gastric Distention) - During rescue breathing and CPR, air may enter the
omach in addition to the lungs. To avoid this, keep the casualty's head tilted back, breathe only eno
make the chest rise, and do not give breaths too fast. Do not attempt to expel stomach contents b
ressing on the abdomen.
Mouth-to-nose breathing - Used when the casualty has mouth or jaw injuries, is bleeding from th
outh, or your mouth is too small to make an air-tight seal. Maintain head tilt with your hand on the
rehead, use your other hand to seal the casualty's mouth and lift the chin. Take a deep breath and se
our mouth around the casualty's nose and slowly breathe into the casualty's nose using the procedur
r mouth-to-mouth breathing.
Mouth-to-stoma breathing - Used when the casualty has had surgery to remove part of the windp
hey breathe through an opening in the front of the neck, called a stoma. Cover the casualty's mouth our hand, take a deep breath, and seal your mouth over the stoma and slowly breathe using the
ocedures for mouth-to-mouth breathing. Do not tilt the head back. (In some situations a person m
eathe through the stoma as well as his or her nose and mouth. If the casualty's chest does not rise, y
ould cover his or her mouth and nose and continue breathing through the stoma).
Mouth-to-mask breathing - Used when rescue breathing is required in a contaminated environm
ch as after a chemical or biological attack. A resuscitation tube is used to deliver uncontaminated a
e casualty. This resuscitation tube has an adapter at one end that attaches to your mask and a molde
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (10 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
17/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
bber mouthpiece at the other end for the mouth of the casualty.
Dentures - Leave dentures in place, they provide support to the mouth and cheeks during rescue
eathing. If they become loose and block the airway or make it difficult to give breaths, remove them
irculation
rculation is the movement of blood through the heart and blood vessels. The circulatory system
nsists of the heart, which pumps the blood, and the blood vessels, which carry the blood throughou
ody.
ardiac arrest is the failure of the heart to produce a useful blood flow or the heart has completely
opped beating. The signs of cardiac arrest include unconsciousness, the absence of a pulse, and the
sence of breathing. If the casualty is to survive, immediate action must be taken to restore breathin
d circulation.
ardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure for the casualty who is not breathi
d whose heart has stopped beating (cardiac arrest). The procedure involves a combination of chest
mpressions and rescue breathing. The casualty must be lying face up on a firm surface. Do not assu
at a cardiac arrest has occurred simply because the casualty appears to be unconscious. This cours
ot a substitute for formal training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (11 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
18/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (12 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
19/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
gure 2-11 Xiphoid Process
hest Compressions
a. Kneel, facing the casualty's chest.
b. With your middle and index fingers (Fig. 2-11) of the hand nearest the casualty's legs, locat
the lower edge of the rib cage on the side closest to you.
c. Slide your fingers up the rib cage to the notch at the end of the breastbone.d. Place your middle finger on the notch, and your index finger next to it.
e. Place the heel of your other hand on the breastbone next to your index finger.
f. Place the heel of the hand used to locate the notch on top of the heel of your other hand.
g. Keep your fingers (Fig 2-12) off the casualty's chest.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (13 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
20/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
Figure 2-12 Interlocking fingers to help keep fingers off the chest wall
h. Position shoulders over your hands, with elbows locked and arms straight.
i. Give 15 compressions, each should compress the chest 1 1/2 to 2 inches at a rate of 80 to 10
compressions per minute. Count aloud, "One and two and three," until you reach 15. After eac
15 compressions, deliver 2 full breaths. Compressions should be smooth, rhythmic, anduninterrupted.
j. Continue 4 complete cycles of 15 compressions and 2 breaths. Check for a carotid pulse and
breathing for 5 seconds.
ontinue CPR - If the casualty has no pulse, give 2 full breaths and continue CPR. Check for a puls
ery few minutes. If the pulse is present but breathing is absent, continue rescue breathing. If the
sualty begins to breathe, maintain an open airway until medical assistance arrives. Continue CPR u
ccessful, you are exhausted, you are relieved by another trained in CPR, by medical personnel, or t
sualty is pronounced dead. Do not interrupt CPR for more than 7 seconds except for specialrcumstances.
PR with Entry of Second Person
hen a second person who is trained in administering CPR arrives at the scene, do the following:
The second person shall identify himself or herself as being trained in CPR and that they are willin
lp. ("I know CPR. Can I help?")
The second person should call the local emergency number or medical personnel for assistance if i
ot already been done.
The person doing CPR will indicate when he or she is tired; and should stop CPR after the next 2 f
eaths.
The second person should kneel next to the casualty opposite the first person, tilt the casualty's hea
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (14 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
21/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
ck, and check for a carotid pulse for 5 seconds.
If there is no pulse, the second rescuer should give 2 full breaths and continue CPR.
The first person will monitor the effectiveness of CPR by looking for the chest to rise during rescu
eathing and feeling for a carotid pulse (artificial pulse) during chest compressions.
PR for Children and Infants
the casualty is an infant (0-1 year old) or child (1-8 years old), do the following:
Check unresponsiveness - Infant: Tap or shake shoulder only. Child: Tap or gently shake the
oulder, shout, "Are you OK?"
Shout, "Help" - If there is no response from infant or child.
Position casualty - Turn casualty on back as a unit, supporting, the head and neck. Place casualty
rm surface.
Open airway (Head-tilt/Chin-lift or jaw thrust) - Place your hand on the casualty's forehead. Place
ngers of your other hand under the bony part of the chin. Avoid putting pressure under the chin, it m
use an obstruction of the airway. Tilt the head and lift the jaw, avoid closing the casualty's mouth.
fant: Do not overextend the head and neck. Place your ear over the casualty's mouth and nose. Loo
e chest, listen, and feel for breathing, 3 to 5 seconds.
Give breaths - Open your mouth, take a breath, and make an air-tight seal around the casualty's m
d nose. Give 2 breaths (puffs for infants), each lasting 1 to 1 1/2 seconds. Pause between each brea
ook for the chest to rise, listen, and feel for breathing.
Check pulse - While maintaining an open airway, locate the carotid pulse (Infants: Locate the bra
ulse (Fig. 2-13) on the inside of the upper arm, between the elbow and shoulder). Feel for a pulse fo
10 seconds. Quickly examine the casualty for signs of bleeding.
Request medical assistance - If someone responded to your call for help, send them to call the locmergency number or medical personnel.
Chest compressions (infant) -
a. Face infant's chest.
b. Place your middle and index fingers on the breastbone at the nipple line.
c. Give 5 compressions, each should compress the chest 1/2 to 1 inch at a rate of at least 100
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (15 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
22/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
compressions per minute. After each 5th compression, deliver 1 breath. Compressions should
smooth, rhythmic, and uninterrupted.
d. Continue for 10 complete cycles of 5 compressions and 1 breath. Check for a brachial pulse
5 seconds.
Chest compressions (children) -
a. Face child's chest.b. With your middle and index fingers of the hand nearest the child's legs, locate the lower ed
the rib cage on the side closest to you.
c. Slide your fingers up the rib cage to the notch at end of the breastbone.
Figure 2-13 Check Infant's Pulse
d. Place your middle finger on the notch, and your index finger next to it.
e. While looking at the position of your index finger, lift that hand and place your heel (on
breastbone at nipple line) next to where your index finger was.
f. Keep your fingers off the child's chest.
g. Position your shoulder over your hand, with elbow locked and your arm straight.
h. Give 5 compressions, each should compress the chest 1 to 1 1/2 inches at a rate of 80 to 10
compressions per minute. After each 5th compression, deliver 1 breath. Compressions should
smooth, rhythmic, and uninterrupted.
i. Continue for 10 complete cycles of 3 compressions and 1 breath. Check for a carotid pulse f
seconds.
0. Continue CPR - If the infant or child has no pulse, give 1 breath and continue CPR. Check for a
ulse every few minutes. If the pulse is present but breathing is absent, continue rescue breathing (In
0 breaths/min; Child: 15 breaths/min.) If the infant or child begins to breathe, maintain an open airw
ntil medical assistance arrives. Continue CPR until successful, you are exhausted, you are relieved b
other trained in CPR or medical personnel, or the infant or child is pronounced dead. This course
ot a substitute for formal training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (16 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:28 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
23/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter One - Basic Life Support
eferences
Instructors Manual for Basic Life Support, American Heart Association, ISBN 0-87493-601-2
NAVEDTRA 10669-C, Hospital Corpsman 3 & 2
Next Page| Previous Page| Section Top | Title Page
irtual Naval Hospital Home | Help | Search | Site Map | Disclaimer | Comments
ollective copyright 1997-2003 The Virtual Naval Hospital Project. All rights reserved.
RL: http://www.vnh.org/
p://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html
odified: Tue Nov 11 08:58:14 2003splayed: Wed Dec 17 16:31:26 2003
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter2.html (17 of 17) [12/17/2003 5:31:29 PM]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
24/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Three - Bleeding
AVEDTRA 13119 Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Three - Bleeding
Bleeding
epartment of the Navy
ureau of Medicine and Surgery
er Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
eeding (hemorrhage) is the escape of blood from capillaries, veins, and arteries. Capillaries are ve
mall blood vessels that carry blood to all parts of the body. Veins are blood vessels that carry blood
e heart. Arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. Bleeding can occur
side the body (internal), outside the body (external) or both. Blood is a fluid that consists of a pale
llow liquid (plasma), red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets
hrombocytes). Plasma is the fluid portion of the blood that carries nutrients. Red blood cells give co
the blood and carry oxygen. White blood cells defend the body against infection and attack foreign
rticles. Platelets are disk shaped and assist in clotting the blood, the mechanism that stops bleeding
here are three types of bleeding. Capillary bleeding is slow, the blood "oozes" from the (wound) cuenous bleeding is dark red or maroon, the blood flows in a steady stream. Arterial bleeding is brigh
d, the blood "spurts" from the wound. Arterial bleeding is life threatening and difficult to contr
small wounds, only the capillaries are damaged. Deeper wounds result in damage to the veins and
teries. Damage to the capillaries is usually not serious and can easily be controlled with a Band-Aid
amage to the veins and arteries are more serious and can be life threatening. The adult body contain
proximately 5 to 6 quarts of blood (10 to 12 pints). The body can normally lose 1 pint of blood (us
mount given by donors) without harmful effects. A loss of 2 pints may cause shock, a loss of 5 to 6
nts usually results in death. During certain situations it will be difficult to decide whether the bleedarterial or venous. The distinction is not important. The most important thing to remember is that a
eeding must be controlled as soon as possible.
xternal Bleeding
hile administering first aid to a casualty who is bleeding, you must remain calm. The sight of blood
emotional event for many, and it often appears severe. However, most bleeding is less severe than
pears. Most of the major arteries are deep and well protected by tissue and bone. Although bleedin
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter3.html (1 of 7) [12/17/2003 5:31:30 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
25/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Three - Bleeding
n be fatal, you will usually have enough time to think and act calmly. There are four methods to
ntrol bleeding: direct pressure, elevation, indirect pressure, and the use of a tourniquet.
irect Pressure
irect pressure is the first and most effective method to control bleeding. In many cases, bleeding ca
ntrolled by applying pressure directly (Fig. 3-1) to the wound. Place a sterile dressing or clean clot
e wound, tie a knot or adhere tape directly over the wound, only tight enough to control bleeding. Ieeding is not controlled, apply another dressing over the first or apply direct pressure with your han
ngers over the wound. Direct pressure can be applied by the casualty or a bystander. Under no
rcumstances is a dressing removed once it has been applied.
evation
aising (elevation) of an injured arm or leg (extremity) above the level of the heart will help control
eeding.
gure 3-1 Direct Pressure
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter3.html (2 of 7) [12/17/2003 5:31:30 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
26/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Three - Bleeding
gure 3-2 Pressure Points for Control of Bleeding
evation should be used together with direct pressure. Do not elevate an extremity if you suspect a
oken bone (fracture) until it has been properly splinted and you are certain that elevation will not c
rther injury. Use a stable object to maintain elevation. Placing an extremity on an unstable object m
use further injury.
direct Pressure
cases of severe bleeding when direct pressure and elevation are not controlling the bleeding, indire
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter3.html (3 of 7) [12/17/2003 5:31:30 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
27/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Three - Bleeding
essure must be used. Bleeding from an artery can be controlled by applying pressure to the appropr
essure point. Pressure points (Fig. 3-2) are areas of the body where the blood flow can be controlle
essing the artery against an underlying bone. Pressure is applied with the fingers, thumb, or heel of
nd.
ressure points should be used with caution. Indirect pressure can cause damage to the extrem
ue to inadequate blood flow. Do not apply pressure to the neck (carotid) pressure points, it can
use cardiac arrest.
direct pressure is used in addition to direct pressure and elevation. Pressure points in the arm (brach
d in the groin (femoral) are most often used, and should be thoroughly understood. The brachial ar
used to control severe bleeding of the lower part of the upper arm and elbow. It is located above th
bow on the inside of the arm in the groove between the muscles. Using your fingers or thumb, appl
essure (Fig. 3-2E) to the inside of the arm over the bone. The femoral artery is used to control seve
eeding of the thigh and lower leg. It is located on the front, center part of the crease in the groin.
osition the casualty on his or her back, kneel on the opposite side (Fig. 3-2H ) from the wounded le
ace the heel of your hand directly on the pressure point, and lean forward to apply pressure. If theeeding is not controlled, it may be necessary to press directly over the artery with the flat surface o
ngertips and to apply additional pressure on the fingertips with the heel of your other hand.
ourniquet
tourniquet should be used only as a last resort to control severe bleeding after all other methods h
iled and is used only on the extremities. Before use, you must thoroughly understand its dangers a
mitations. Tourniquets cause tissue damage and loss of extremities when used by untrained individu
ourniquets are rarely required and should only be used when an arm or leg has been partially ormpletely severed and when bleeding is uncontrollable.
he standard tourniquet is normally a piece of cloth folded until it is 3 or more inches wide and 6 or
yers thick. A tourniquet can be a strap, belt, neckerchief, towel, or other similar item. A folded
angular bandage makes a great tourniquet. Never use wire, cord, or any material that will cut th
in.
o apply a tourniquet (Fig. 3-3), do the following:
While maintaining the proper pressure point, place the tourniquet between the heart and the wound
aving at least 2 inches of uninjured skin between the tourniquet and wound.
Place a pad (roll) over the artery.
Wrap the tourniquet around the extremity twice, and tie a half-knot on the upper surface.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter3.html (4 of 7) [12/17/2003 5:31:30 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
28/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Three - Bleeding
Place a short stick or similar object on the half-knot, and tie a square knot.
Twist the stick to tighten, until bleeding is controlled.
Secure the stick in place.
Never cover a tourniquet.
gure 3-3 Applying a Tourniquet
Using lipstick or marker, make a 'T" on the casualty's forehead and the time tourniquet was applie
Never loosen or remove a tourniquet once it has been applied. The loosening of a tourniquet ma
slodge clots and result in enough blood loss to cause shock and death.
o not touch open wounds with your fingers unless absolutely necessary. Place a barrier betwe
ou and the casualty's blood or body fluids, using plastic wrap, gloves, or a clean, folded cloth.
Wash your hands with soap and warm water immediately after providing care, even if you wor
oves or used another barrier.
ternal Bleeding
ternal bleeding, although not usually visible, can result in serious blood loss. A casualty with intern
eeding can develop shock before you realize the extent of their injuries. Bleeding from the mouth,
ose, rectum, or other body opening (orifice) is considered serious and normally indicates internal
eeding.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter3.html (5 of 7) [12/17/2003 5:31:30 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
29/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Three - Bleeding
he most common sign of internal bleeding is a simple bruise (contusion), it indicates bleeding into t
in (soft tissues). Severe internal bleeding occurs in injuries caused by a violent force (automobile
cident), puncture wounds (knife), and broken bones.
gns of internal bleeding include:
Anxiety and restlessness.
Excessive thirst (polydipsia).
Nausea and vomiting.
Cool, moist, and pale skin (cold and clammy).
Rapid breathing (tachypnea).
Rapid, weak pulse (tachycardia).
Bruising or discoloration at site of injury (contusion).
you suspect internal bleeding, do the following:
Bruise (contusion) - Apply ice or cold pack, with cloth to prevent damage to the skin, to reduce pa
d (edema) swelling.
Severe internal bleeding:
a. Call local emergency number or medical personnel.
b. Monitor airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs).
c. Treat for shock.
d. Place casualty in most comfortable position.
e. Maintain normal body temperature.
f. Reassure casualty
osebleed
osebleeds (epistaxis) can be caused by an injury, disease, the environment, high blood pressure, and
anges in altitude. They frighten the casualty and may bleed enough to cause shock. If a fractured
ull is suspected as the cause, do not stop the bleeding. Cover the nose with a loose, dry, sterile
ressing and call the local emergency number or medical personnel. If the casualty has a noseble
ue to other causes, do the following:
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter3.html (6 of 7) [12/17/2003 5:31:30 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
30/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Three - Bleeding
Keep the casualty quiet, sitting with head tilted forward.
Pinch the nose shut (if there is no fracture), place ice or cold packs to the bridge of the nose, or pu
essure on the upper lip just below the nose. Inform the casualty not to rub, blow, or pick his or her
ose. Seek medical assistance if the nosebleed continues, bleeding starts again, or bleeding is becaus
gh blood pressure. If the casualty loses consciousness, place them on their side to allow blood t
rain from the nose and call the local emergency number or medical personnel.
oreign bodies in the nose usually occur among children. First aid consists of seeking professional
edical attention. Nasal damage and the possibility of pushing the object farther up the nose can resu
om searching and attempts at removal by unqualified personnel.
asualties with severe external bleeding and suspected internal bleeding must be seen by medic
ersonnel as soon as possible. All casualties with external and internal bleeding should be treat
r shock.
eferences
Karren, K. J. and Hafen, B.Q.: First Responder A Skills Approach, edition 3, Morton Publishing
ompany
American Red Cross Standard First Aid Workbook, edition 1991, American Red Cross
NAVEDTRA 10669-C, Hospital Corpsman 3 & 2
Next Page| Previous Page| Section Top | Title Page
irtual Naval Hospital Home | Help | Search | Site Map | Disclaimer | Comments
ollective copyright 1997-2003 The Virtual Naval Hospital Project. All rights reserved.
RL: http://www.vnh.org/
p://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter3.html
odified: Tue Nov 11 08:58:14 2003
splayed: Wed Dec 17 16:31:29 2003
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter3.html (7 of 7) [12/17/2003 5:31:30 PM]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
31/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Four - Shock
AVEDTRA 13119 Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Four - Shock
Shock
epartment of the Navy
ureau of Medicine and Surgery
er Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
hock, is the failure of the heart and blood vessels (circulatory system) to maintain enough oxygen-r
ood flowing (perfusion) to the vital organs of the body. There is shock to some degree with every
ness or injury; shock can be life threatening. The principles of prevention and control are to recogn
e signs and symptoms and to begin treating the casualty before shock completely develops. It is
nlikely that you will see all the signs and symptoms of shock in a single casualty. Sometimes the sig
d symptoms may be disguised by the illness or injury or they may not appear immediately. In fact
any times, they appear hours later.
he usual signs and symptoms (Fig. 4-1) of the development of shock are:
Anxiety, restlessness and fainting.
Nausea and vomiting.
Excessive thirst (polydipsia).
Eyes are vacant, dull (lackluster), large (dilated) pupils.
Shallow, rapid (tachypnea), and irregular breathing.
Pale, cold, moist (clammy) skin.
Weak, rapid (tachycardia), or absent pulse.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter4.html (1 of 4) [12/17/2003 5:31:31 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
32/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Four - Shock
gure 4-1 Symptoms of Shock
ypovolemic Shock
ypovolemic shock is caused by a decreased amount of blood or fluids in the body. This decrease re
om injuries that produce internal and external bleeding, fluid loss due to burns, and dehydration du
vere vomiting and diarrhea.
eurogenic Shock
eurogenic shock is caused by an abnormal enlargement of the (vasodilation) blood vessels and poo
the blood to a degree that adequate blood flow cannot be maintained. Simple fainting (syncope) is
riation, it is the result of a temporary pooling of the blood as a person stands. As the person falls, b
shes back to the head and the problem is solved.
sychogenic Shock
ychogenic shock is a "shock like condition" produced by excessive fear, joy, anger, or grief. Shell
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter4.html (2 of 4) [12/17/2003 5:31:31 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
33/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Four - Shock
ock is a psychological adjustment reaction to stressful wartime experiences. Care for shell shock is
mited to emotional support and transportation of the casualty to a medical facility.
naphylactic Shock
naphylactic (allergic) shock occurs when an individual is exposed to a substance to which his or he
ody is sensitive. The individual may experience a burning sensation, loss of voice, itching (pruritus)
ves, severe swelling, and difficulty breathing. The causative agents are injection of medicines, venoy stinging insects and animals, inhalation of dust and pollens, and ingestion of certain foods and
edications. Individuals with known sensitivities carry medication in commercially prepared kits.
revention and Treatment of Shock
hile administering first aid to prevent or treat shock, you must remain calm. If shock has not
mpletely developed, the first aid you provide may actually prevent its occurrence. If it has develop
ou may be able to keep it from becoming fatal. It is extremely important that you render first aid
mmediately.
o provide first aid for shock, do the following:
Maintain open airway - Head-tilt/chin-lift or jaw-thrust.
Control bleeding - Direct pressure, elevation, indirect pressure, or tourniquet if indicated.
Position casualty - Place the casualty on his or her back, with legs elevated 6 to 12 inches (Fig. 4-it is possible, take advantage of a natural slope of ground and place the casualty so that the head is
wer than the feet. If they are vomiting or bleeding around the mouth, place them on their side, or ba
ith head turned to the side. If you suspect head or neck injuries, or are unsure of the casualty's
ndition, keep them lying flat.
Splint - Suspected broken and dislocated bones in the position in which they are found. Do not
tempt to straighten broken or dislocated bones, because of the high risk of causing further injur
plinting not only relieves the pain without the use of drugs but prevents further tissue damage and
ock. Pain and discomfort are often eliminated by unlacing or cutting a shoe or loosening tight cloththe site of the injury. A simple adjustment of a bandage or splint will be of benefit, especially whe
companied by encouraging words.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter4.html (3 of 4) [12/17/2003 5:31:31 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
34/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Four - Shock
gure 4-2 Position for Treatment of Shock
Keep the casualty comfortable, and warm enough to maintain normal body temperature. If possibl
move wet clothing and place blankets underneath the casualty. Never use an artificial means of
arming.
Keep the casualty as calm as possible. Excitement and excessive handling will aggravate their
ndition. Prevent the casualty from seeing his or her injuries, reassure them that their injuries are
nderstood and that professional medical assistance will arrive as soon as possible.
Give nothing by mouth - Do not give the casualty anything to eat or drink because it may cause
omiting. If the casualty complains of thirst, wet his or her lips with a wet towel.
Request medical assistance - Ask bystanders to call the local emergency number or medical
rsonnel.
eferences
NAVEDTRA 10669-C, Hospital Corpsman 3 & 2
Next Page| Previous Page| Section Top | Title Page
irtual Naval Hospital Home | Help | Search | Site Map | Disclaimer | Comments
ollective copyright 1997-2003 The Virtual Naval Hospital Project. All rights reserved.
RL: http://www.vnh.org/
p://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter4.html
odified: Tue Nov 11 08:58:14 2003
splayed: Wed Dec 17 16:31:30 2003
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter4.html (4 of 4) [12/17/2003 5:31:31 PM]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
35/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
AVEDTRA 13119 Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
Soft Tissue Injuries
epartment of the Navy
ureau of Medicine and Surgery
er Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
he most common injuries (trauma) seen in a first aid setting are soft tissue injuries with bleeding an
ock. Injuries that cause a break in the skin, underlying soft tissue, or other body membrane are kno
a wound. Injuries to the soft tissues vary from bruises (contusion) to serious cuts (lacerations) and
uncture wounds in which the object may remain in the wound (impaled objects). The two main thre
ith these injuries are bleeding and infection.
lassification of Wounds
ounds are classified according to their general condition, size, location, the manner in which the sktissue is broken, and the agent that caused the wound. It is usually necessary for you to consider so
all of these factors in order to determine what first aid treatment is appropriate.
eneral Condition
the wound is new, first aid consists mainly of controlling the bleeding, treating for shock, and redu
e risk of infection. If the wound is old and infected, first aid consists of keeping the casualty quiet,
evating the injured part, and applying a warm wet dressing. If the wound contains foreign objects, f
d may consist of removing the objects if they are not deep. Do not remove impaled objects or objmbedded in the eyes or skull.
ze
enerally, large wounds are more serious than small ones and they usually involve severe bleeding, m
mage to the underlying tissues and organs, and a greater degree of shock. However, small wounds
metimes more dangerous than large ones: they may become infected more readily due to neglect. T
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (1 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
36/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
pth of a wound also is important because it may lead to a complete (through & through) perforatio
organ or the body, with the additional complication of an entrance and exit wound.
ocation
nce a wound can cause serious damage to deep structures, as well as to the skin and tissues below i
e location is an important consideration. A knife wound to the chest is likely to puncture a lung and
use difficulty breathing. The same type of wound in the abdomen can cause a life-threateningfection, internal bleeding, or puncture the intestines, liver, or other vital organs. A bullet wound to
ad may cause brain damage, but a bullet wound to the arm or leg, may cause no serious damage.
ypes of Wounds
s the first line of defense against most injuries, soft tissues are most often damaged. There are two t
soft tissue injuries: open and closed. An open wound is one in which the skin surface has been bro
closed wound is where the skin surface is unbroken but underlying tissues have been damaged.
losed Wounds
blunt object that strikes the body will damage tissues beneath the skin. When the damage is minor
ound is called a bruise (contusion). When the tissue has extensive damage, blood and fluid collect
nder the skin causing discoloration (ecchymosis), swelling (edema), and pain. First aid consists of
plying ice or cold packs to reduce swelling and relieve discomfort. To guard against frostbite, ne
pply ice or cold packs directly to the skin.
ematomas are the result of a severe blunt injury with extensive soft tissue damage, tearing of large
ood vessels, and pooling of large amounts of blood below the skin. With large hematomas, look for
oken bones, especially if deformity is present. First aid consists of applying ice or cold packs to red
welling and relieve pain, direct pressure (manual compression) to help control internal bleeding,
linting, and elevation. When large areas of bruising are present, shock may develop.
pen Wounds
open soft tissue injuries, the protective layer of the skin has been damaged. This damage can causerious internal and external bleeding. Once the protective layer of skin has been broken, the wound
comes contaminated and may become infected. When you consider the way in which the skin or ti
s been broken, there are six basic types of open wounds: abrasions, amputations, avulsions, incisio
cerations, and punctures. Many wounds are a combination of two or more of these types.
brasions
brasions are caused when the skin is rubbed or scraped off. Rope burns, floor burns, and skinned kn
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (2 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
37/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
elbows are common examples of abrasions. Abrasions easily can become infected, because dirt an
rms are usually ground into the tissues. There is normally minimal bleeding or oozing of clear fluid
mputations
mputations (traumatic) are the non-surgical removal of the fingers, toes, hands, feet, arms, legs, and
rs from the body. Bleeding is heavy and normally requires a tourniquet, to control the blood flow.
here are three types of amputation:
Complete - Body part is completely torn off (severed).
Partial - More than 50% of the body part is torn off.
De-gloving - Skin and tissue are torn away from body part.
the casualty has an amputation, do the following:
Establish and maintain the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs).
Control bleeding with direct pressure, elevation, indirect pressure, or tourniquet only as a last re
ever remove or loosen a tourniquet once it has been applied.
Apply dressing to the stump with an ace wrap to replace direct pressure.
Treat for shock.
Request medical assistance immediately.
vulsions
n avulsion is an injury in which the skin is torn completely away from a body part or is left hanging
flap. Usually, there is severe bleeding. If possible, obtain the part that has been torn away, rinse it i
ater, wrap it in a dry sterile gauze, seal it in a plastic bag, and send it on ice with the casualty. Do n
low part to freeze and do not submerge in water. If the skin is still attached, fold the flap back in
normal position.
cisions
cisions, commonly called cuts, are wounds made by sharp cutting instruments such as knives, razo
broken glass. Incisions tend to bleed freely because the blood vessels are cut cleanly, without ragg
ges. The wound edges are smooth and there is little damage to the surrounding tissues. Of all the
asses of open wounds, incisions are the least likely to become infected.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (3 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
38/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
acerations
acerations are wounds that are torn, rather than cut. They have ragged, irregular edges and torn tissu
nderneath. These wounds are usually made by a blunt, rather than a sharp, object. A wound made by
ull knife is more likely to be a laceration than an incision. Many of the wounds caused by machiner
cidents are lacerations, often complicated by crushed tissues. Lacerations are frequently contamina
ith dirt, grease, or other materials that are ground into the wound; they are very likely to become
fected.
unctures
unctures are caused by objects that enter the skin while leaving a surface opening. Wounds made by
ils, needles, wire, knives, and bullets are normally punctures. Small puncture wounds usually do n
eed freely; however, large puncture wounds may cause severe internal bleeding. The possibility of
fection is great in all puncture wounds, especially if the penetrating object is contaminated. Perfora
hrough & through) is a variation, it is the result of a penetrating object entering, passing through, an
iting the body.
auses
lthough it is not necessary to know what object or method has caused a wound, it is helpful. Knowi
hat caused the wound and how it occurred can help you determine its general condition, possible si
pe, and seriousness of the wound. This information will help you provide the appropriate first aid t
sualty.
reatment of Wounds
rst aid treatment for all wounds consists of controlling the flow of blood, treating for shock, and
eventing infection. When providing first aid to casualty with multiple injuries, treat the wounds tha
pear to be life-threatening first. Since most of the body is covered by clothing, carefully examine t
tire body for bleeding. When necessary, tear or cut clothing away from the wound because excessi
ovement of the injured part will cause pain and additional damage.
eeding
fter establishing an adequate open airway, the main concern will be to control bleeding, by direct
essure and elevation. Indirect pressure and the use of a tourniquet should be used only if direct pres
d elevation do not control the bleeding. Bleeding control is discussed further in Chapter 3. A
otective covering (dressing) that is properly applied should adequately control the bleeding. In case
vere bleeding, you may need to double the dressing. Never remove a dressing that is soaked with b
replace it with another; just place the new dressing over the old one.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (4 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
39/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
hock
hock may be severe in a casualty who has lost a large amount of blood or suffered a serious injury.
uses and treatment of shock are discussed further in Chapter 4.
fection
fections can occur in any wound. Infection is a hazard in wounds that do not bleed freely; in wound
here tissue is torn or the skin falls back into place and prevents the entrance of air; and in wounds th
volve the crushing of tissue. Incisions, in which there is a free flow of blood and relatively little
ushing of tissues, are the least likely to become infected. The signs of infection are tenderness, redn
at, swelling, and a discharge. Serious infections develop red streaks that lead from the wound to th
art. Infections are dangerous, especially in the area of the nose and mouth. From this area, (Fig. 5-
fections spread easily into the bloodstream, causing blood poisoning (septicemia), and into the brai
using a collection of pus (abscess) and infection. Small wounds should be washed immediately wit
ap and water, dried, and treated with an application of a mild, non-irritating antiseptic. Apply a
essing if necessary. Make no attempt to wash a large wound and do not apply an antiseptic. Cover
ound with a dry, sterile dressing. Further treatment of large wounds should be conducted by medica
rsonnel. All puncture wounds must be evaluated by medical personnel.
gure 5-1 Danger Zone for Infection
oreign Bodies
any wounds contain foreign bodies. Wood or glass splinters, bullets, metal fragments, wire, fishho
ils, and small particles from grinding wheels are examples of materials that are found in wounds. I
ost cases, first aid will include the removal of this material if the wound is minor and the object is n
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (5 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
40/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
e surface and exposed. However, first aid does not include the removal of deeply embedded object
owdered glass, or any scattered material. Never attempt to remove bullets, examine the casualty to
nd out whether the bullet remains in the body by looking for both an entrance and exit wound.
he general rule is: Remove foreign objects from a wound ONLY when you can do so easily and wit
using further damage.
o not attempt to remove an object that is embedded in the eye or that has penetrated the eye .
reatment of Specific Conditions
is impossible to list all wounds in simple categories. Some require special treatment and precaution
ou may see wounds that are not described in this course, but most wounds can be treated by calmly
membering the general treatment of wounds.
ye Wounds
oreign bodies such as particles of dirt, sand, paint chips, or fine pieces of metal frequently find their
ay into the eyes. They not only cause discomfort, but if not removed, they can cause inflammation
fection. Fortunately, through an increased flow of tears, nature dislodges many of these particles be
y damage is done. Never let the casualty rub the eye, since rubbing, can cause scratches (abrasio
the eye and can push a foreign body deeper into the eye, causing further damage. Gently flush the
sualty's eye with water at least 15 to 20 minutes. If flushing the eye is not successful in removin
e foreign body, patch both eyes and get the casualty to medical personnel. It is always safer to send
sualty to medical personnel than for you to attempt to remove foreign bodies. If the casualty has anbject embedded in, or penetrating from, the eye, or the eyeball is protruding from the socket, do the
llowing:
Take a thick dressing or several dressings and cut a hole in the middle, large enough to go over the
ithout touching the object. If you cannot cut a hole in the dressing, you can build several dressings
ound the object.
Take a paper cup or other object that is wide enough and strong enough to adequately protect the
bject without putting pressure on the eye. Place this over the top of the object. Close and cover thenaffected eye to minimize movement of the injured eye.
Take a roller bandage and wrap it over the cup and around the head several times ensuring that the
d dressing are snug enough not to come off, but not tight enough to cause discomfort.
hen finished, this type of dressing will adequately protect the eye.
aceration of the Eyelids
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (6 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
41/175
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
42/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
Blood or clear (cerebrospinal) fluid dripping from the nose or ears. (Cover loosely with a sterile
essing to absorb but not stop the flow).
you suspect a head injury, do the following:
Position the casualty flat, stabilize the head and neck as you found them by placing your hands on
oth sides of the head.
Establish and maintain open airway using the jaw-thrust maneuver. Note that the head is not tilt
d the neck is not extended. Check the airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC's).
Finger sweep to remove any foreign bodies from the mouth.
Maintain a neutral position of the head and neck and, if possible, apply a cervical collar or improv
owel) collar.
Control bleeding using gentle, continuous pressure. Never apply direct pressure if the skull is
epressed or bone fragments are seen.
Apply dressing - Do not use direct pressure or tie knots over the wound. Apply ice or cold packs w
oth to prevent damage to the skin.
Treat for shock - Casualtyies with suspected head and neck injuries are to remain flat. Do not rai
e casualty's feet. If casualty is vomiting or bleeding around the mouth, place them on their sideeping the neck straight. Do not give anything to eat or drink.
Request medical assistance immediately - Time is critical.
acial Wounds
acial wounds are treated, generally, like other flesh wounds. However, ensure that the tongue or sof
sue does not cause an airway obstruction. Keep the nose and throat clear of all foreign material and
osition the casualty so that blood will drain out of the mouth and nose. Facial wounds and scalp woueed freely. Any casualty that has suffered a facial wound that involves the eye, eyelids, or the tissue
ound the eye must receive professional medical attention as soon as possible. First aid for other fac
ounds is the same as head wounds.
andard First Aid Boxes
on-medical personnel are an important element in providing first aid to casualties prior to the arriva
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (8 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
43/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
ofessional medical personnel. Many lives have been saved by the first aid rendered by a shipmate.
andard first aid boxes are distributed throughout a ship to provide easy access to first aid supplies.
umber of first aid boxes and their location depends on the ship's mission and the size of her crew.
arious dressings, wire splints, tape, Band-Aids, tourniquets, skin pencils, and other first aid supplie
cluded in these boxes. Each box is secured with a wire or plastic seal that can be easily broken. The
als are used to identify whether the kit has been opened. A broken seal indicates that the first aid bo
ust be inventoried and restocked. The standard first aid box has three compartments. Each compart
ould have a plastic bag that is complete with the basic first aid supplies. Take one of these bags witou on your way to the casualty. Failure to take a bag to the scene may result in you having to go bac
r supplies. The box does not contain needles, syringes, or medications; but does contain the proper
pplies needed to render first aid until medical assistance arrives. First aid boxes are for emergenc
e only! Report all broken seals to medical personnel as soon as possible. It is important that yo
now the contents and locations of these boxes.
ressings
dressing is a protective covering for a wound and is used to control bleeding and preventntamination of the wound. A compress is a sterile pad that is placed directly on the wound. A
andage is material used to hold a compress in place. When applying a dressing, ensure that it remai
sterile as possible. The part of the dressing that is placed against the wound must never touch you
ngers, clothing, or any un-sterile object. If you drop, a dressing across the casualty's skin or it slips
is in place, the dressing should not be used.
attle Dressings
attle dressings are used most often aboard ship and in the field. Each dressing is complete (no otheraterials are needed) with four tabs which help in applying and securing the dressing. They have "ot
de next to wound" marked on the outer side. This will help you in (Fig. 5-2) placing the sterile sid
ainst the wound. Unless contraindicated, to assist in controlling the bleeding, tie the knot of the
essing over the wound.
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (9 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
44/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
gure 5-2 Battle Dressing
ompresses
mergencies may occur when it is not possible to obtain a sterile compress. During these situations, u
e cleanest cloth available, a freshly laundered handkerchief, towel, or shirt. Unfold the material
refully so that you do not touch the part that will be placed against the wound. The compress shoul
rge enough to cover the entire wound and extend at least 1 inch beyond its edges. If a compress is n
rge enough, the edges of the wound will become contaminated. Materials that will stick to a wound
ay be difficult to remove should never be used directly on a wound. Absorbent cotton, adhesive tapd paper napkins are examples of materials that should never come in contact with a wound.
andages
andages are strips or rolls of gauze or other materials that are used for wrapping or binding any part
e body and to hold compresses in place. It is not necessary to take time to ensure that the bandage
sembles the textbook pictures. However, it is important that the dressing controls the bleeding, prev
rther contamination, and protects the wound from further injury. Some of the most commonly used
ndages are the roller bandage and the triangular bandage.
oller Bandages
he roller bandage (Fig. 5-3) consists of a long strip of material (usually gauze, or elastic) that is roll
d is available in several widths and lengths. Most are sterile, so pieces may be used as a compress
ounds. A strip of roller bandage can be used to make a four-tailed bandage (Fig. 5-4A), by splitting
oth from each end, leaving as large a center as needed. This type of bandage is used to hold a comp
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (10 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
45/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
ig. 5-4B) on the chin, or (Fig. 5-4C) the nose.
gure 5-3 Roller Bandages
gure 5-4 Four Tailed Bandage
riangular Bandages
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (11 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
46/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
iangular bandages (Fig. 5-5) are usually made of muslin. They are useful because they can be folde
variety of ways to fit almost any part of the body. Padding can be added to areas that may become
ncomfortable.
gure 5-5 - Triangular Bandage
gure 5-6 Cravat Bandage
he triangular bandage can be folded to make a cravat bandage, which is useful in controlling bleed
om wounds of the scalp or forehead. To make a cravat bandage, bring the point of the triangular
ndage (Fig. 5-6) to the middle of the base and continue to fold until a 2-inch width is obtained. If
ecially prepared bandages are not available, use whatever material you can find. Remember that th
sic purpose of a bandage is to hold the sterile compress in place. Any material or method of applic
at does not cause further injury to the casualty will be acceptable. Material used as a bandage does
ve to be sterile, since it will not come in direct contact with the wound. However, it should be as cl
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (12 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
47/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
possible. Cloth bandages should be fastened by tying the ends with a square knot or by tacking the
ds with safety pins. If you use a knot to fasten the bandage, be sure to use a square knot. This knot
sy to tie, will not slip, and can be untied quickly. Place the knot so it will cause the least amount of
scomfort to the casualty and where it can be removed easily and quickly. Bandages should be appli
rmly but not too tight. A loose bandage will slip off the wound. A bandage that is too tight can cut o
e blood supply to the injured part and cause damage to the blood vessels and tissues. When you fas
ndage around an arm or leg, leave the fingers or toes uncovered. If they become blue or swollen, y
ill know that the bandage is too tight and should be loosened.
gures 5-7 through 5-12 show some of the uses of the roller, triangular, and cravat bandage.
gure 5-7 - Roller Bandage for the Hand and Wrist
gure 5-8 - Roller Bandage for the Ankle and Foot
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (13 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
48/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
gure 5-9 - Triangular Bandage for the Head
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (14 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
49/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
gure 5-10 - Triangular Bandage for the Chest
gure 5-11 - Cravat Bandage for the Elbow or Knee
gure 5-12 - Cravat Bandage for the Arm, Forearm, Leg, or Thigh
eferences
NAVEDTRA 10669-C,Hospital Corpsman 3 & 2
Next Page| Previous Page| Section Top | Title Page
irtual Naval Hospital Home | Help | Search | Site Map | Disclaimer | Comments
ollective copyright 1997-2003 The Virtual Naval Hospital Project. All rights reserved.
RL: http://www.vnh.org/
p://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (15 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected] -
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
50/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Five - Soft Tissue Injuries
odified: Tue Nov 11 08:58:14 2003
splayed: Wed Dec 17 16:31:31 2003
ttp://www.vnh.org/StandardFirstAid/chapter5.html (16 of 16) [12/17/2003 5:31:33 PM]
-
8/14/2019 US Navy Course NAVEDTRA 13119 - Standard First Aid Course
51/175
Virtual Naval Hospital: Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Six - Bones, Joints and Muscles
AVEDTRA 13119 Standard First Aid Course - Chapter Six - Bones, Joints and Muscles
Bones, Joints and Muscles
epartment of the Navy
ureau of Medicine and Surgery
er Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed
ccidents cause many different types of injuries to bones, joints and muscles. When rendering first aou must be alert for signs of broken bones (fractures), dislocations, sprains, strains, and bruises
ontusions). Injuries to the joints and muscles often occur together, and it is difficult to tell whether
jury is to a joint, muscle, or tendon. It is difficult to tell joint or muscle injuries from fractures. Wh
doubt, always treat the injury as a fracture.
he primary process of first aid for fractures consists of immobilizing the injured part to prevent the
broken bones from moving and causing further damage to the nerves, blood vessels, or internal
gans. Splints are also used to immunize injured joints or muscles and to prevent the enlargement of
vere wounds. Before learning first aid for injuries to the bones, joints, and muscles, you need to haneral understanding of the use of splints.
plints
an emergency, almost any firm object or material will serve as a splint. Thus, umbrellas, canes, rif
cks, oars, wire mesh, boards, cardboard, pillows, and folded newspapers can be used. A fractured l
n be immobilized by securing it to the uninjured leg. Whenever possible, use ready-made splints su
the pneumatic or traction splints.
plints should be lightweight, padded, strong, rigid, and long enough to reach the joint above and bel
e fracture. If they are not properly p