US History Semester Review

Slavery and Western Expansion

•popular sovereignty - government subject to the will of the people; before the Civil War, the idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting whether slavery would be allowed there

•Sectionalism - an exaggerated devotion to the interests of a region (loyalty to a region instead of a country)

• Fugitive Slave Act – Laws requiring the return of runaway slaves and punishment for anyone who helped them

Slavery

− The law actually hurt the Southern cause by creating active hostility toward slavery among many Northerners.

C & E Trans

C & E Trans

Amendments

• 13th – Abolish slavery

• 14th – Rights of citizenship regardless of race

• 15th – Male right to vote regardless of race

Civil War and Reconstruction

• Emancipation Proclamation – issued by President Lincoln in 1863 to free the slaves only in Confederate States

• Jim Crow laws–statutes or laws created to enforce segregation

Settling the WestManifest Destiny 

Belief that the US was destined to spread across North America

homestead actmethod of acquiring a piece of U.S. public land by living on and cultivating it

assimilate 

to absorb a group into the culture of a larger population

Causes of Industrialization

• Abundant natural resources

• Cheap immigrant labor force

• High tariffs reduce the import of foreign goods

• National transportation and communication networks

Causes of the Growth of Big Business

• Little or no government intervention (see below)

• Development of pools, trusts, holding companies, and monopolies

• Practices of some big businesses sometimes limited competition

laissez-faire 

policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy

Effects on the Workplace

• Rural migration and immigration created large, concentrated workforce

• Low wages, long hours, and dangerous working conditions were common in large-scale industries

• First large unions formed but had little bargaining power against larger companies

Assembly Line – mass production of products (introduced byHenry Ford)

Social Darwinism- states that humans have developed through competition and natural selection with only the strongest surviving

Gospel of Wealth- Theory that it is the duty of the wealthy to fund and create opportunities (libraries, universities, museums) to improve the lower classes

Goals of the Progressive Movement

• Improve society.

• Protect consumers.

• Improve the work place.

• Stop political and corporate corruption.

muckraker

a journalist who uncovers abuses and corruption in a society

Child Labor

• Many children under 14 work to provide income for families.

• The work is often dangerous and unhealthy

• Child labor laws are passed, regulating time and conditions for minors to work.

Effects on Politics

• Seventeenth Amendment is ratified, requiring direct election of senators.

• Nineteenth Amendment is ratified, guaranteeing women the right to vote.

C & E Trans

imperialism 

the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over a smaller or weaker nation

socialism

Theory that promotes ownership of factories and farms by the people (collectively) rather than capitalists or landowners

Panama Canal

Canal built the US to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to reduce the travel time of cargo and military ships

Open Door policy 

a policy that allowed each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influence

Isolationism policy of opposition to political or economic ties with other nations

Monroe Doctrine Declaration by the US warning Europe to not interfere with any countries in the Western Hemisphere

Foreign policy set of guidelines and practices that a nation follows in its relations with other nations

Causes of World War I

NATIONALISM

IMPERIALISM

MILITARISM

ALLIANCESYSTEM

WORLDWAR I

U.S. Involvement in WWI

Causes:1. Allied repayment of debt2. German U-Boats3. Zimmerman note – Germany promises

support for Mexico to recover lost territories if U.S. enters War

Effects:1. Selective Service Act – (DRAFT) to raise

an army

Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans and African-Americans and

Women in WW1Women in WW1

Opportunities for Opportunities for African-Americans and African-Americans and

Women in WW1Women in WW1

“Great Migration.”A-A move North for war work. 1916 – 1919

Women involved in war industries work.

Civil Liberties in WWI

1. Espionage ActEspionage Act – 1917 - forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.

2. Sedition ActSedition Act – 1918 - it was a crime to speak against the purchase of war bonds or anything disloyal against about the US Government, the US Constitution, or the US armed forces.

Civil Liberties in WWI

3. Schenck v. USSchenck v. US – 1919 - RESULT:

If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

Treaty of Versailles

• Britain and France wanted harsh conditions to insure Germany would not be a threat again

• Conditions:– Germany accepts blame for the War– Germany has to pay reparations (cost of war)– Nine new nations created

Weaknesses of the Treaty

1. Humiliates Germany2. Ignores Russia3. Reassigns colonies – not self-

determination or freedom

• U.S. Senate rejects Treaty and League of Nations

• League of Nations is weak and ineffective

The Prohibition Experiment1920-1933

• Causes– Various religious groups

thought alcohol was sinful– Need to protect the public’s

health– Alcohol leads to crime,

domestic abuse, and job issues

– Nativism – against foreign born brewers and immigrants that used alcohol

• Effects– Widespread disregard for

the law– Increased smuggling and

bootlegging– Birth of organized crime

Prohibition Legislation: 18th Amendment bans alcohol 21st Amendment reinstates alcohol

A Changing Society

Cultural Changes

• Young people and women gain more independence.

• The working class enjoys more leisure time.

• New mass media in radio, movies, and sports develops.

1920’s

A Changing Society

Changes for African Americans

• Harlem Renaissance begins.

• Great Migration during the war.

• NAACP battles segregation and discrimination.

A Changing Society

Opposition to Change

• Nativists and a new Ku Klux Klan target immigrants, Catholics, Jews, and African Americans.

• Government imposes new quotas on immigration.

• Fundamentalists push for traditional values.

• Prohibition is implemented.

Impacts in Rural Areas

• Huge numbers of farm foreclosures (over 400,000 between 1929-1932)

• Environment issues– Overproduction destroys soil– *Extreme drought creates ‘Dust Bowl’

• Migrant families– Farmers move West for work

Dust Bowl

• Creates massive relocation of Plains farmers to West Coast

• Migrant farmers

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Elected President 1932 (Democrat) – landslide victory

• Promised “A New Deal for the American People”• Three goals:

– Relief for the needy– Economic recovery– Financial reform

• Used radio broadcasts to explain goals to the people – “Fireside chats”

First Hundred Days

• FDR rushed through legislation to help the American people– 1st action – close the banks, send in bank

examiners and new $• RESTORE CONFIDENCE

Financial Reform

• Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933 – provide federal insurance for individual accounts (FDIC)

• Federal Securities Act requires companies to:– Provide complete factual financial information

about the company– Created rules for ‘insider’ information

Economic Reform

• Agricultural Adjustment Act – raise prices by lowering production

• National Industrial Recovery Act – promote fair business practices

• National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) – protects workers from unfair labor practices

Relief for the Needy

• Jobs– Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC) provided

jobs for young men building roads, parks, and planting trees

– Works Progress Administration (WPA) – created jobs for 8 million people in everything from construction to music

More Relief for the Needy

• Federal Housing Administration – government loans for home mortgages

• Social Security Act provides:– Retirement insurance – supplemental

insurance for retirees 65 or older– Unemployment compensation– Aid to families with children and the disabled

Impacts of the New Deal

1. Deficit spending – spending more money on programs than the government receives in revenue

2. Expanding government’s role in the economy

3. Protection of workers’ rights4. Banking and Finance Reform5. Social Security6. Environmental protection

Sample Test Questions

from the Final Exam

“A house divided against itself cannot stand…I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the

house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other…”

Abraham Lincoln, 1858

1. The “divided house” referred to in this speech was caused primarily by

A. expansionismB. war with MexicoC. slaveryD. the suffrage movement

2. The data shown in the graphs best support the conclusion that the North A. was better prepared economically to fight the Civil War.

B. lagged behind the South in bank deposits. C. produced more agricultural products than the South. D. lacked several important resources to fight the war.

“(Buffalo hunter) have done more in the last two years, and will do more the next year, to settle the…Indian question than the entire regular army has done in the last thirty years…For the sake of peace let them kill, skin, and sell until the buffalo are destroyed.”

-General Philip Sheridan

3. What was the result of the process described in this quotation?

1. Native American Indians were granted farmland under the Homestead Act

2. The disappearance of their economic base helped drive Native American Indians onto reservations.

3. Many Native Americans moved to Eastern cities to work in factories.

4. Most Native Americans migrated to Canada to find new ways to earn a living.

4. What is the best title for this series of maps?A. Industrialization of the United States.B. Sectional Conflicts in the United States.C. Transportation Revolution in the United States.D. Moving Frontier of the United States.

5. In the late 19th century, the major argument used by labor union leaders against immigrants was that immigrants

A. took jobs from United States citizens.

B. contributed little to enrich American life.

C. placed financial drains on social services.

D. refused to assimilate into American culture

6. Supporters of literacy tests to restrict immigration would most likely favor the views of Speakers

1. A and C

2. B and C

3. B and D

4. A and B

7. The immigrants referred to by Speaker D were mainly from

1. Canada and Mexico

2. South America

3. Western Europe

4. Southern and Eastern Europe

8. The growth of big business in the late 1800’s resulted in A. a reduction in child labor.B. the elimination of the lower class.C. the widening of the economic gap between rich and

poor.D. a shift in transportation investment from railroads to canals.

9. During WWI, what was the safest way to deliver men and materials to Europe?

A. Men and materials were only delivered into Europe at night

B. Men and materials were delivered into Europe by merchant ships that traveled in a convoy system across the ocean.

C. Men and materials were delivered into Europe by plane.

D. Men and materials were delivered into Europe daily by

a big destroyer boat.

“Public Ignores Prohibition Restrictions”“Evolution and Creation Debated in Scopes Trial”“Women Bring Change to the Industrial Workforce”

10. What do headlines such as these from the 1920s illustrate?

A. Conflict between traditional and modern valuesB. Trend toward mass consumption of consumer goodsC. Hostility of certain groups toward ethnic minoritiesD. Debate over the role of government in the economy

11. Which conclusion is best supported by the information on the graph?A. The level of automobile production remained constant.B. The average American family found the automobile too expensive

to purchase.C. By 1929 most of the automobiles in the world were produced in

the United States.D. Changes in economic conditions led to changes in automobile

production.

12. Which factor contributed most to the situation shown in the cartoon?

A. low tariff ratesB. shortages of consumer goodsC. nonregulation of banks

D. creation of a national bank

13. Which region of the United States suffered most directly from the Dust Bowl?A. SouthwestB. Pacific NorthwestC. Rocky MountainsD. Great Plains

14. The photograph above shows a breadline in New York City during the Great Depression. Such breadlines were common during this period becauseA. many people had little money to buy foodB. dust bowls in the West caused a shortage of wheatC. most food went to feed soldiers fighting in the Second World WarD. most farmers left their farms for jobs in the cities