U.S. History Review Packet

Y.G

Mayflower CompactNew England Town Meetings

House of Burgesses

• First step to colonial self government• People deciding together what they want

(Democracy, Representative government)• First time that Democracy principles used in

new land

John Locke

• European Enlightenment Thinker- Philosopher• Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Property – Natural

rights• Declaration of independence

Thomas Paine

• Wrote “Common Sense”• Urged colonists to declare Independence from

Great Britain• Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

• Declaration of Independence • Urged people to fight for their life, liberty, and

pursuit of happiness • Natural Rights

Salutary Neglect

• Great Britain did not politically interfere with the colonies as long as they were getting goods from them

• Natural Harbors made colonies good for commerce

• Great Britain Benefitted from the economic prosperity of the colonies

New England Colonies

• Good harbors, short growing season• Cold winters, short summers• Town meeting, first American College• Trade & Manufacturing • Small farms & fishing

Middle Colonies

• Tri-state area (NY, NJ, CT)• Bread• Wheat• Rye• Bread Basket colonies

Southern Colonies

• Long Summers• Plantations, farming, agricultural products• Good ports open year round

Mercantilism

• Power and Trade• Raw materials and market• Britain made money by having 13 colonies in

America• Colonies benefit the mother country

Proclamation line of 1763

• Boundary to avoid conflict with Native Americans west of the Appalachian Mountains

Declaration of Independence

• Boston tea party, Sugar act, Stamp act• Letter to end oppressive rule• Revolt against unjust rule• End relationship with Great Britain

Articles of Confederation

• First constitution of the U.S.• Negatives:• States had too much power• Federal Government had no power• Postive:• Allowed for a system of how territory would

become a states

Constitutional Convention of 1787

• A meeting to set up Congress• How states would be represented in Congress• How Congress should be set up

New Jersey Plan

• The number of Representative would be the same

• It did not matter how big the states were they would all get the same number of representatives for congress

• H.O.R. (House of Representatives)

Virginia Plan

• Each state would have a representative depending on how large their state was

• Congress (2 person per state)

Federalists

• People who wanted a new Constitution• The old Constitution was not fair and did not

provide everyone with the same rights

Anti-Federalists

• People who opposed a new Constitution• Feared that the government would have too

much power• Feared that the Government would not

protect peoples rights

Great Compromise

• Settled a dispute of how the states would be represented in government

• Legislative branch• H.O.R + Senate= Congress

U.S. Constitution

• Supreme Law of the land• Living document• Amendment & Ratification process• Elastic Clause

Bill of Rights

• First Ten Amendments of the U.S. Constitution• Protects Individual rights from the Federal

Government• Was added because of the Anti-Federalist fear

of a strong Central / Federal Government

3 Branches of Government

• Legislative- Makes the Laws• Executive- Enforces Laws• Judicial- Interprets the laws

Executive

• President – Commander in Chief• Enforces the Laws• Makes treaties with other countries

Legislative

• Congress• Makes the Laws• House of Representatives• H.O.R + Congress = Senate

Judicial

• Supreme Court• Interprets the laws• Determines which laws are unconstitutional• Judges have the job for life

Checks & Balances

• System that checks each branch of Government

• Set up so that one branch does not become more powerful than the other

Federalism

• Power is divided between the state and federal government

• Delegated powers- Powers the Fed Govt has• Reserved powers- Powers that the state has

Federal Government

• Reserved Powers• Declares War• Collects Income Tax• Interstate Laws

State Government

• Delegated Powers• School laws• Marriage laws• Drivers license laws

Census

• Taken every ten years in each state• Counts that population of the state • Determines how many people will be in

Congress for each state (H.O.R.)• Numbers is for the Legislative Branch

Electoral College

• System that elects the President • Need to win the majority of the electoral

votes

Unwritten Constitution

• Presidents Cabinet• Political Parties• Rights not written in the Constitution

Whiskey Rebellion

• How George Washington tried to pay off the American Revolution (Whiskey tax)

• New taxes led to rebellion• George Washington had to send the militia to

stop the rebellion

George Washington

• First President of U.S.• Proclamation of Neutrality• Farewell address- Urged U.S. to stay away

from European conflicts• Stay neutral and don’t make alliances

Thomas Jefferson

• Opposed the first national bank• Made the Louisiana Purchase while President

of the U.S.• Louisiana Purchase was against the U.S.

Constitution• He said it was part of the Elastic Clause

Alexander Hamilton

• Supported the First Bank• Creation of the National Bank (Financial

Institution)• It was against the U.S. Constitution

Mississippi River

• Provided farmers and merchants an outlet to gulf of Mexico

• Important waterway• Important for trade• Water highway for trade

Louisiana Purchase

• Size of the U.S. doubles• Expansion to the Pacific• President violates constitution• U.S. gets access to ports of New Orleans

Spanish American War

• U.S. goes to war with Spain• Sinking of the Maine causes the war• Yellow Journalism (exaggeration of the truth)• U.S. obtains, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam

Monroe DoctrineBig Stick Policy

• Policy to prevent Europeans from taking more land in U.S. and in Latin America

• Warned foreign powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere

• U.S. did not want outsiders interfering with the land

• Spanish American War

Westward Expansion

• Manifest Destiny• It was Man’s God given right to go out west• East Coast to West Coast• Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

Transcontinental Rail Road

• Railroad expanding to the West• Cause the decline of the Plains Indians and the

Buffalos• Chinese & Irish helped build the rail road

Chinese Exclusion Act

• Immigration law limiting the amount of Chinese that could come to America

• Banned Chinese from coming to America for 10 years

Nativists

• Americans that hated Immigrants coming into the country

• They feared they would take away jobs

Dawes ActIndian Removal Act

• Dawes Act- law to try to Americanize (Assimilate) Native Americans

• Native Americans placed on reservations• Laws removing Native Americans from their

land• Removed the Natives from the Mississippi

River valley area

Trail of Tears

• Forced migration of Native Americans off their land into reservations

• President Jackson • Thousands of Native Americans died along the

trails

Homestead ActPacific Railway act

• Promoted development of the west• Land given to people to settle out west• Caused the decline of the Plains Indians

Lewis & Clarke Expedition

• Explorers sent to find an all water route through the west to the Pacific Ocean

• Manifest Destiny• Westward Expansion

Gadsden Purchase

• Parts of New Mexico and Arizona that was purchased to complete the states

• Government needed to finish building the transcontinental railroad

Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo

• Ended the Mexican American War

Eerie Canal

• Transportation route• Helped farmers ship more grain to the eastern

part of the country

Civil War

• North Vs. South• Union vs. Confederacy• North – Abe Lincoln wanted to preserve the

Union• South- Goal was to keep state rights and have

freedom to do what they pleased

Abolitionists

• People who wanted to abolish slavery• White & Black people who wanted to end

slavery• People who was against slavery and helped

slaves anyway that they could

Harriet Tubman

• Abolitionists• Slave• Nicknamed Moses• Underground railroad• Helped slaves escape up north - Canada

John Brown

• Abolitionists• Led slave revolt in Virginia

Nat Turner

• Abolitionists• Slave who led a famous revolt• Helped slaves rebel against their masters

Harriet Beecher Stove

• Wrote “Uncle Toms Cabin”• Novel about how slaves were treated in

America• Book made many people angry about slavery • Made many northerners dislike slavery

Bleeding Kansas

• Conflicts between People who wanted slaves vs people who were against slavery

• Problems between pro and anti slavery

Abraham Lincoln

• President during the Civil War• Goal was to preserve the Union• As soon as he became the president the

southern states seceded (broke away)• Gettysburg Address – Famous speech to keep

the spirits of the soldiers alive

Popular SovereigntyDemocracy

• The source of all power or authority to govern comes from the people

• People decide what they want and what the laws should be

• Settlers had the right to decide if slavery would be legal in their territory

Secession

• Southern states wanted to be free and become their own country

• Break away from the union (United States)

Missouri CompromiseKansas Nebraska Act

• People had to decide between slave and free state

• Issues of slavery in new territories• Issue of representation in congress• New territory bought because of the Louisiana

Purchase had to decide which part was going to have slave and which were going to be free of slaves

Dred Scott Case

• Slave who sued for his freedom• Government could not tell people where to

take their property• Territorial Expansion• Slaves had no rights they were property

Fugitive Slave Laws

• A law that returned runaway slaves to their masters

• Many slaves had to run to Canada because of this law

Emancipation Proclamation

• Presidents Lincoln’s Policy of freeing all the slaves

• Freeing of the slaves

13th Amendment

• Abolished slavery • Illegal in the U.S. to have slaves

14th Amendment

• Gave citizenships to ex slaves• Allowed the National Government to place

more restrictions on the actions of the state governments

15th Amendment

• Voting rights for men • Only men could vote not women

Reconstruction

• Time period after the civil war in the south• Rebuilding of the South• Allowing Southern states to be allowed back

into congress• Removal of federal troops signals the end of

reconstruction

Black CodesJim Crow laws

• Laws that prohibited freed blacks from getting jobs

• Laws that were set up by whites so that blacks could not compete with white people

• Segregation laws in the south

Ku Klux Klan

• White organization that hates blacks and other immigrant groups

• They use intimidation and terror tactics• Nativists- People that hated immigrants

Literacy test Poll tax

• Exams preventing blacks from voting• Collecting money from poor black people so

they couldn’t vote• Tactics used by white people to prevent black

people from getting rights

Sharecroppers

• What ex slaves did in order to earn money on cotton plantations

• Cotton crops were shared between ex slaves and plantation owners for money

Plessy vs Ferguson

• Court cases which legalized segregation in the south

• Separate but equal was ok• A mixed man sat in a Louisiana rail road car

was arrested for sitting in a whites only car• Separation of races

Seneca Falls Convention

• A meeting about the Women’s rights movement

• Dorothy Dix• Declaration of sentiments

19th Amendment

• Right for women to vote

Industrialization

• Urban – Rural• Farm life- Factory Life• Abundance of natural resources coal & iron• Creation of cities• Pollution, Assembly line, • Child labor, Women, unsafe working

conditions

Factories

• Immigrants replaced American born Workers• Eastern Europe• Irish Immigrants• People who had skills were replaced by people

who didn’t • Dirty unsafe, overcrowded, long hours, little

pay, no rights

Capital

• Money• The amount of liquid assets you have• How much money you have that you can

physically get

Capitalist

• A person who has a lot of money invested in businesses

• Someone who begins business ventures • A very rich person

Robber Barons

• A person who has a lot of businesses• Term giving to capitalists who made a lot of

money• A person who uses ruthless business tactics to

eliminate competition• J.P. Morgan• Vanderbilt• Henry Ford

Social Darwinism

• Social theory that only the strong survive• Survival of the fittest• Big Businesses taken over smaller ones

Laissez- Faire

• No regulation of businesses• Government does not get involved in what

companies are doing• Government policy used during

Industrialization

John D. Rockefeller

• Oil Industry- Petroleum• Capitalists• Robber Barron• Industrialists- Monopolists

J.P. Morgan

• Bank entrepreneur• Capitalists,• Entrepreneur• Monopolists• Philanthropists

Henry Ford

• Assembly Line• Mass production of goods being built faster• Automobile• Philanthropists

Philanthropists

• A rich person who donates a lot of money to society

• Someone who donates to different organizations

Trusts & Pools

• Big companies working together to dominate an industry

• Merging companies together to control prices

Monopolies

• One company has total control over an entire industry

• When there is no competition and that company is the only one supplying goods and services

Immigrants

• Came from South Eastern Europe• Irish, Germans, Chinese• Faced discrimination by Americans called

Nativists

Irish

• Discrimination• Settled in New York, most became Police

Officers, Firemen• Potato famine was main reason why they left

Ireland• First Catholic group

Factory Workers

• Immigrants with low skills replaced highly skilled workers

• Dirty, unsafe, working conditions

Child Labor

• Children working in factories• Low pay, long hours, unsafe working

conditions

Initiatives, Referendums, Recalls

• Allow citizens to have a direct role in law making

• Expand voter participation in government• Increase the powers of citizens and states and

local governments

MechanizationAutomation

• Machines doing the work that people use to do

• Increase in production (more goods can be produced)

Progressive Era

• Time period where all the problems of Industrialization were going to be solved

• New regulations and new laws passed to stop corrupt business practices

Federal Reserve System

• Regulate nations money supply• To ensure that there is a certain amount of

money for the nation

Sherman Anti trust Act

• Law to stop big business from growing• Law to regulate corporations• Regulate some aspects of big business

Muckrakers

• Artists, writers, journalists who exposed the evil and corruption of Industrialization

• Upton Sinclair, Jacob Riis

Upton Sinclair

• Wrote “The Jungle” Book about meat industry • Focusing attention on social conditions• Established a system for meat inspection

Jacob Riis

• Wrote “How the other half lives” book about poverty in America

• Social Conditions poor people were facing• Social ills of life in NYC tenements

Labor Unions

• Organizations established to help workers• Helps workers get more rights, better working

conditions and more pay• Government supported big bosses instead of

Labor Unions that was why they weren’t successful

Knights of LaborAmerican Federations of Labors

• Labor organizations• Organizations to help workers get rights,

better pay• Labor Unions

Homestead StrikePullman Strike

• A strike against the steel company• Pennsylvania• Workers stopped working to get better pay

and better working conditions

Strike

• Workers refusing to work until they get what they want

• When people working at a company stop doing work until a company agrees to their demands

Boycott

• Stop buying goods and services from a business

• When people stop going to that business in order to achieve political rights

Granger Movement

• Populist party supported them• Farmers facing hard times• Supported silver not gold• The Great Plains• Started political party to limit the power of the

railroad which controlled how much crops they were producing

Populist Movement

• Farmers supported them • Party that the farmers started during the

Grange movement• Graduated income tax, direct election of U.S.

senators.

Roaring 20’s

• Good times in America (everyone was making money)

• Prosperous times• Flappers

Temperance Movement

• Social movement against alcohol• People were blaming alcohol for all the social

problems caused by Industrialization• Women and religious groups were supporting

this movement• Women wanted equality

18th Amendment

• Banned the sale and distribution of alcohol• A decrease of respect for the law• People did illegal things

Organized Crime

• Mafia – Al Capone• Corruption in Government • Street crime went up

Harlem Renaissance

• Revival and Rebirth of Black culture• Artists, Poets, Musicians leading a new wave

in Harlem• Black people experiencing pride in their

background and encouraging others not to give up

Langston Hues

• Harlem Renaissance writer poet• Pride and hope of African Americans

Open door Policy

• Guarantee access to markets• Force China to trade with U.S.

Yellow Journalism

• U.S. declares war on Spain• Exaggeration of newspapers articles causing

some hate of untrue stories

Big Stick Policy

• U.S. policy on Latin American countries• Protect economic and security interest• Intervention in Latin American affairs

Panama Canal

• Canal that links Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean• Built so ships could save time instead of

having to sail around the whole continent• U.S. could move more freely through the

ocean

Great Depression

• Worst economic period in U.S. history• WWII helped end the Great Depression• F.D.R. – New Deal Policy

Overproduction of Goods

• Factories were producing too many goods • People stopped buying goods because they

already had what they needed• No limit was placed on how much was

produced in America

Banks

• Run on the banks (everyone wanted to take out their money at the same time)

• Bad investment in stock • Lending money to people who couldn’t pay it

back

Stock Market

• Buying stocks on margin• Stock market crashed• Too many sellers not enough buyers

Dust Bowl

• No rain for farmers out west • No crops would grow no rain• Worst period out west for Grangers (farmers)

New Deal

• Government program to help deal with the problems of Great Depression

• Relief, Recovery and Reform• President FDR solution to solving problems of

the Great Depression

Court Packing Plan

• F.D.R. had to replaced the Judges in order to Get his new DEAL program to passThis was against the Constitution

F.D.I.C. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

• Government insures people money in the banks

• If banks closed down your money is still safe• Program to restore confidence in consumers in

dealing with Banks

Social Security

• Government program to help people in time of need

• Program that helps, elderly, disable and people who are retired

• Set up deal with problems of the Great Depression

Court Packing Plan

• Judges F.D.R. placed in the Supreme Court in order to pass New Deal Legislation

• Judges favored New Deal programs• What the new President had to do in order to

get his program to pass through congress

Hooverville

• What central park was called during the Great Depression

• Homeless people living, in parks and other homemade shelters

Richard Nixon

• Watergate Scandal• President who had to resign before he got

impeached• Broke into Government office to look at secret

documents• Presidential powers is not absolute (President

can’t do anything he wants)

WWI

• First World War in History• M.A.N.I.A.C• New technology was introduced (tanks,

airplanes, machine guns, trenches)• Archduke Ferdinand gets assassinated starts

the war

M.A.N.I.A.C

• Militarism• Alliances• Nationalism• Imperialism• Anarchy• Causes

Militarism

• Building of armaments• Guns, military, etc.• Country builds up its military

Alliances

• Country that support you in time of war• People and countries that will aid you in time

of need

Nationalism

• Strong pride in your country• When you are willing to fight and die for your

country

Imperialism

• When a stronger country takes over a weaker country

• Policy of taking over another country civilization

Anarchy

• Complete Chaos• When a government can no longer control it’s

people in society• Corruption and a unstable government

Lend Lease Act

• Policy that gave aid and weapons to countries that were allies

• Lending weapons and other military equipment to countries at war

Neutrality Act

• U.S. did not want to enter a war• Policy to keep U.S. out of war• Policy that would avoid war

Lusitania

• Passenger ship sank by the German• Reason why U.S. enters WWI• Germans continue unrestricted submarine

warfare

Treaty of Versailles

• Meeting that blamed Germans for everything• Germany had to return land and money to

allies• Reason why WWII Begins

League of Nations

• Organization set up to deal with global problems and prevent future wars

• U.S. did not join due to our foreign policy of isolation and neutraility

Rationing

• Program to limit usage during WWII• Limit amount of food and supplies people

were using to satisfy needs• To help conserve resources for war

Wilson’s fourteen Points

• Provided aid to countries in need• Help rebuild European countries destroyed by

war• President Suggesting peace plan to prevent

future wars

GI Bill

• Program to help soldiers go to college after they fought in a war

• Programs for veterans to attend college• Program to encourage people to enlist in the

military so they could go to college

WWII

• Germany attacks Poland starts the war• M.A.N.I.A.C• This war helps U.S. get out of the Great

Depression

Pearl Harbor

• U.S. Navy Base in Hawaii that got bombed by Japan

• Reason why U.S. enters war

Japanese Internment Camps

• Camps that Japanese were taken in America after the bombing of Pearl Harbor

• Civil liberty taken away from Japanese Americans

Korematsui vs. U.S.

• Japanese American who fought not to be placed in the Camps

• Courts decided during time of war rights are limited

• Action was necessary and justified because of the War

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

• Two Japanese cities that got atomic bombed• Atomic bombed dropped on these two cities

Manhattan Project

• Secret Project to create atomic bomb• Scientists got together to build a bomb• Weapon that will be used during WWII

Little Man Big Boy

• Name of the two Atomic bombs dropped in Japan

Nuremberg Trials

• Nazi soldiers sentenced for war crimes• Trials of people who did unjust things during

the war• Individuals held accountable for their actions

during war

D-Day

• All the Allies forces worked together to take over the beach at Normandy

• Turning Point during WWII• Allied troops land in France to take back beach

from the Germans• Largest Amphibians attack in history

Yalta Conference

• Setting up wartime issues of the Allied powers

Women before& after WWII

• Helped build military supplies for soldiers • Lost their jobs to soldiers returning home

United Nations

• World Organization set up to deal with world problems and prevent future wars

• U.S. did join • It replaced the League of Nations

Great Society

• Presidents plan to end poverty and discrimination the U.S.

Civil Rights Movement

• Movement to help African American gain equal rights

• End segregation and get equal opportunities for African Americans in the south

• Marches, Protest, Rallies, Demonstrations• End Jim Crow laws in the South• Have equality for black people

Martin Luther King Jr.

• African American Leader who fought for equal justice

• Passive Resistance• Civil Disobedience• Birmingham• March on Washington• “I have a Dream” speech in Washington

Rosa Parks

• African America woman who refuse to go to the back of the bus

• Symbol of Civil disobedience

Malcom X, Jessie Jackson

• African Leaders fighting for equal justice• Civil Rights leaders• Civil Rights movements

Cold War

• Capitalism vs. Communism• U.S.A vs USSR• Atomic bombs will be used

Capitalism

• A system where people can own businesses• Supply and demand dictates prices not the

government

Communism

• Government takes control over all the business and distributes everything to the people

• Countries that were communist (USSR, Cuba, China, Vietnam)

• Communist Reds

Iron Curtain

• An invisible line that separated East from West Berlin

• Terminology used to describe political conditions that divided Berlin

• Capital vs. Communism

Sputnik

• Soviet Satellite that went up to space• First satellite in space

Berlin Wall

• Wall that divided East from West Berlin• Symbolized oppression• Wall separated Communism from Capitalism

Space Race

• Race to see who would be able to go to space first

• U.S. and USSR competed to see who would go to space first

Marshall Plan

• Aid given to European countries to rebuild after the war

• Economic policies to aid war torn Europe

Containment

• U.S. Policy of stopping communism from spreading

• U.S. did not want communism to spread fought to wars to stop it

• Korea War and Vietnam War• Truman Doctrine , Marshall Plan, NATO

Cuban Missile Crisis

• Russian missiles placed in Cuba and pointed at the U.S.

• Cold War Crises• U.S. stopped all boats from going into Cuba• Almost lead to war with Cuba

Bay of Pigs invasion

• Cuban refugees trained in America sent back to assassinate Fidel Castro

• Embarrassment of U.S. foreign policy • U.S. denies accusation

Brinkmanship

• Policy that U.S. was waiting to go to war at anytime during the Cold War

• Ready to fight at any minutes notice

McCarthyism

• Time when anyone could be called a communist based on what they said or did

• Fear of Communism

Richard Nixon

• President of U.S. who broke into government office

• Watergate Scandal• Resigned before he was impeached

Detente

• Richard Nixon foreign Policy towards the Soviet Union

• Easing of tension during the Cold War

Iraq War

• War to liberate Iraq from Taliban rule• Fighting terrorism• 911 conflict

OPEC

• U.S. dependence on foreign oil is a major problem

• Middle Eastern countries supply oil• 12 countries that control how much oil is

produced and what price it should be sold at

Marbury vs Madison

• Judicial review• Separation of powers• Rights of courts to declare laws

unconstitutional

Dred Scott vs Stanford

• Slave who sued for his freedom• Led to the Civil War• Territorial Expansion• Government has no right to tell people where

they could take their property

Plessy vs Ferguson

• Legalized Segregation in the south• Separate but equal• Government can’t tell business how to

operate as long as they provide adequate facilities for everyone

• Made segregation Legal in the south

Scopes Monkey Trial

• Religion versus evolution• Science against religion• Teaching of evolution in the classroom• Separation of Church and state• Teacher got into trouble for teaching about

evolution in a southern classroom

Miranda vs. Arizona

• Rights of accused• Miranda rights, people need to be told their

rights before they are questioned for a crime• Mexican who got arrested and made to

confess but he was never told of his rights to remain silent

Mapp vs Ohio

• Privacy issue of citizens• Rights of the accused

Police can’t come into your house without a search warrant

• Woman was arrested for possession of pornographic materials in her home

Korematsui vs U.S.

• Japanese who fought against internment camps

• Type of action was necessary during an emergency

• During war time your rights are limited• WWII- Many Japanese citizens in the west

coast were place in camps

New York Times vs. U.S.

• Freedom of Press • First Amendment Right• Newspaper of New York

Schenck vs. U.S.

• Freedom of Speech (Restrict first amendment right)

• Protest against Vietnam WarConstitutional rights are not absolute• Clear and present danger (you can’t yell out

fire and a crowded movie theatre)

Brown vs Board of Education

• Made segregation in schools illegal• Minority Rights• Law that allowed Blacks to be able to go to

school with whites

Roe vs. Wade

• Women’s privacy to get an abortion• Women who got pregnant and wanted to get

an abortion• Women’s rights movement

Gideon vs. Wade

• Rights of accused

Engel vs Vitale

• Freedom of religion• Prayers in school • Separation of church and state

U.S. vs. Nixon

• Watergate scandal• Presidential powers are limited • President who broke into Government office

looking at secret files