U.S. History Regents Review Packet

Please turn in a completed packet at the end of the cycle- it will count as your Final Exam

Name: _____________________________________________

Topic #1: Colonial Era

Vocabulary: 1. Democracy (Pg 19):

2. Virginia House of Burgesses (Pg 22):

3. Mayflower Compact (Pg 22):

4. Enlightenment (Pg 20):

5. John Locke (Pg 20):

6. Natural Rights (Pg 20):

7. Mercantilism (Pg 24):

8. Salutary Neglect (Pg 23):

9. French and Indian War (Pg 15):

10. Proclamation of 1763 (Pg 23 map):

Questions: 1. What types of products did each section of the country concentrate on producing? (Pg 16-17 chart)

2. Why was the Mayflower Compact significant? (Pg 22)

3. List at least 2 examples of colonial institutions, which established the tradition of self-rule. (Pg

22)

4. What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts? (Pg 24)

5. What is mercantilism? (Pg 21)

6. How did the French and Indian War lead to tensions between the colonists and Great Britain?

(Pg 22-23)

Regents Questions 1. The Mayflower Compact and the Virginia House of Burgesses are examples of (1) equal opportunities for women during the colonial period (2) steps toward representative government (3) economic agreements between the colonists and Native American Indians (4) limitations placed on colonial Americans by the British government 2. The Mayflower Compact, New England town meetings, and the Virginia House of Burgesses are examples of (1) early colonial efforts in self-government (2) colonial protests against British taxation (3) governments imposed by Parliament (4) attempts to limit democracy 3. The Mayflower Compact and the Virginia House of Burgesses are most closely associated with (1) abuses by absolute monarchs (2) establishment of religious toleration (3) steps toward colonial self-government (4) adoption of universal suffrage 4. The Mayflower Compact is considered an important step in the development of American democracy because it (1) established the principle of separation of church and state (2) provided a basis for self-government in the Plymouth Colony (3) defined relations with local Native American Indians (4) outlawed slavery in the Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Jamestown, founded in 1607 • Plymouth colony, founded in 1620 • New Amsterdam, founded in 1625 5. These early colonial settlements were similar in that each was located (1) at the base of a mountain range (2) near the coastline (3) in an arid climate (4) on offshore islands 6. In the 1700s, the triangular trade led directly to the (1) middle colonies’ role as the chief importers of agricultural products (2) rapid industrialization of the southern colonies (3) decline of the New England economy (4) increased importation of enslaved Africans to 7. In its economic relationship with its North American colonies, Great Britain followed the principles of 18th-century mercantilism by (1) outlawing the African slave trade (2) limiting the colonies’ trade with other nations (3) encouraging the development of manufacturing in the colonies (4) establishing laws against business monopolies 8. During the colonial period, the British Parliament used the policy of mercantilism to (1) limit manufacturing in America (2) prevent criticism of royal policies (3) deny representation to the colonists (4) force colonists to worship in the Anglican Church 9. According to the theory of mercantilism, the principal purpose of the thirteen original colonies was to provide Great Britain with (1) naval bases (2) raw materials and markets (3) workers and manufactured goods (4) military recruits

10. The British benefited from their mercantilist relationship with the American colonies primarily by (1) supporting the growth of colonial industries (2) prohibiting colonists from fishing and fur trading (3) taking large amounts of gold and silver from the southern colonies (4) buying raw materials from the colonies and selling them finished products 11. Which economic policy was based on the idea that the American colonies existed primarily to provide economic benefits for Great Britain? (1) mercantilism (2) socialism (3) free trade (4) laissez-faire capitalism 12. During the early to mid-1700s, the British policy of salutary neglect toward the American colonies contributed to (1) a decline in colonial manufacturing (2) the decline of slavery in the northern colonies (3) a decrease in French and Spanish influence in North America (4) the development of independent colonial trade practices 13. Before 1763, the British policy of salutary neglect toward its American colonies was based on the desire of Great Britain to (1) treat all English people, including colonists, on an equal basis (2) benefit from the economic prosperity of the American colonies (3) encourage manufacturing in the American colonies (4) ensure that all mercantile regulations were strictly followed 14. What was the main cause of the French and Indian War (1754–1763)? (1) disputed land claims in the Ohio River valley between the French and the British (2) conflicts between American colonists and the French over control of the Great Plains (3) taxation of American colonists without representation in Parliament (4) violation of trade agreements between European nations and Native American Indians

15. The main reason Great Britain established the Proclamation Line of 1763 was to (1) avoid conflicts between American colonists and Native American Indians (2) make a profit by selling the land west of the Appalachian Mountains (3) prevent American industrial development in the Ohio River valley (4) allow Canada to control the Great Lakes region 16. The colonists’ slogan, “No taxation without representation,” expresses a belief in (1) free trade (2) economic interdependence (3) the supremacy of Parliament (4) the consent of the governed 17. American colonists showed their opposition to the British taxation and trade restrictions of the 1760s primarily by (1) supporting the French against the British (2) boycotting products from Great Britain (3) overthrowing the royal governors in most of the colonies (4) purchasing additional products from Native American Indian tribes

Topic #2: Revolutionary Period Vocabulary:

1. Navigations Acts (Pg 24):

2. Proclamation of 1763 (Pg 23 map):

3. The Sugar Act (Pg 24):

4. Stamp Act (Pg 24):

5. Tea Act (Pg 25):

6. Boston Tea Party (Pg 25):

7. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense (Pg 25):

8. Declaration of Independence (Pg 25-26 chart):

9. John Locke’s Influence on the Declaration of Independence (compare pg 20-21 with 25-26):

10. Natural Rights (Pg 20):

11. Articles of Confederation (Pg 27):

12. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation (Pg 28):

13. Shays’ Rebellion (Pg 29):

Questions:

1. Why did the colonists become angry when Parliament attempted to impose taxes and strictly enforce mercantile restrictions after the French and Indian War?

2. Name some of the ways colonists’ resisted British attempts to impose new taxes on them? (Pg 25)

3. Why was Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense, significant? (Pg 25)

4. What was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence? (Pg 26)

5. Name 2 Enlightenment thinkers who contributed to the American system of government, and name some

of their beliefs. (Pg 20-21)

6. In what way could the government under the Articles of Confederation be considered a success? What did

the Northwest Ordinance do? (Pg 28)

7. Why was the Articles of Confederation considered weak and eventually a failure? (Pg 28)

Regents Questions: 1. Thomas Paine’s publication Common Sense was most influential in persuading American colonists to support (1) additional British taxes on the colonies (2) colonial independence (3) the Whiskey Rebellion (4) continued ties with Great Britain 2. In the pamphlet Common Sense, Thomas Paine urged the American colonists to (1) oppose the French colonization of North America (2) compromise with the British (3) reaffirm their loyalty to King George III (4) declare their independence from Great Britain

3. In the publication Common Sense, Thomas Paine argued that the American colonies should (1) approve the Treaty of Paris (1763) (2) ratify the Constitution of the United States (3) end their political relationship with Great Britain (4) support the policies of King George III 4. In writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson was influenced most by John Locke’s idea of (1) due process of law (2) natural rights (3) the rights of the accused (4) the right to privacy

“...Everything that is right or reasonable pleads for separation. The blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, ’TIS TIME TO PART. . . .” — Thomas Paine, Common Sense 5. In this quotation, Thomas Paine is trying to convince the colonists to (1) accept the Proclamation of 1763 (2) break a treaty with Spain (3) declare their independence from England (4) dissolve their alliance with France 6. The principles of government that Thomas Jefferson included in the Declaration of Independence were most influenced by (1) John Locke’s social contract theory (2) Adam Smith’s ideas of free enterprise (3) Louis XIV’s belief in divine right (4) William Penn’s views on religious toleration 7. According to the Declaration of Independence, the fundamental purpose of government is to (1) protect people’s natural rights (2) equalize opportunities for all citizens (3) provide for the defense of the nation (4) establish a system of free public education 8. In the Declaration of Independence, the argument for freedom from British rule is based primarily on the (1) theory of divine right expressed by James I (2) economic principles set forth by Adam Smith (3) social contract theory of government developed by John Locke (4) belief in a strong central government expressed by Alexander Hamilton 9. John Locke’s theory of natural rights, as reflected in the Declaration of Independence, states that (1) government is the source of all individual rights (2) power should be concentrated in the monarchy (3) power to govern belongs to the people (4) individual liberties are protected by a strong government 10. The Declaration of Independence (1776) has had a major influence on peoples throughout the world because it (1) guarantees universal suffrage (2) establishes a basic set of laws for every nation (3) provides justification for revolting against unjust governments (4) describes the importance of a strong central government

11. Which statement describes a characteristic of the government established by the Articles of Confederation? (1) A Supreme Court had the authority to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. (2) The national government controlled interstate commerce (3) The president maintained exclusive control over foreign policy. (4) A system was created where the states held the most power. 12. The government created by the Articles of Confederation was unsuccessful at solving many major problems because (1) unlimited power was given to the Supreme Court (2) most power remained with the state governments (3) members of Congress were elected according to each state’s population (4) political parties prevented the passage of legislation 13. A major weakness of government under the Articles of Confederation was that (1) the large states received more votes in Congress than the small states did (2) the national government could not enforce its laws (3) too much power was given to the president (4) state governments could not coin money 14. A major criticism of the Articles of Confederation was that too much power had been given to the (1) British monarchy (2) House of Burgesses (3) state governments (4) national government 15. Why did the authors of the Articles of Confederation create a weak central government? (1) They lacked an understanding of state problems. (2) They anticipated the threat of foreign invasion. (3) They relied on advice from royal governors. (4) They feared the kind of rule experienced under the British monarchy. 16. Which idea guided the development of the Articles of Confederation? (1) A strong central government would threaten the rights of the people. (2) All the people should be granted the right to vote. (3) Most power should rest with the judicial branch. (4) Only the central government would have the power to levy taxes.

Topic #3: Constitution [Since the Articles of Confederation didn’t work because of its weakness, a Constitutional Convention

was held to set up a new government]

Vocabulary: 1. Constitution (Pg 29):

2. Federalism (Pg 33):

3. Delegated Powers (Pg 35):

4. Implied Powers (Pg 35):

5. Concurrent Powers (Pg 35):

6. Reserved Powers (Pg 35):

7. Federalists (Pg 32):

8. Anti-Federalists (Pg 32):

9. Ratification (Pg 32):

10. Federalist Papers (Pg 32):

11. Bill of Rights (Pg 32):

12. Amendment Process (Pg 35):

13. Separation of Powers (Pg 33):

14. Checks and Balances (Pg 34):

15. Legislative Branch (Pg 34):

16. Executive Branch (Pg 34):

17. Judicial Branch (Pg 34):

18. Veto (Pg 37):

19. The Great Compromise (Pg 30-31):

20. Virginia Plan (Pg 30):

21. New Jersey Plan (Pg 30):

22. Bicameral Legislature (Pg 30):

23. Three-Fifths Compromise (3/5ths Compromise) (Pg 31):

Questions: 1. What does the phrase “We the people…” indicate about the ultimate source of government’s

power? (Pg 32)

2. Who is often considered the “Father of the Constitution?” Why? (Pg 32)

3. Describe the main difference between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey plans at the Constitutional Convention. (Pg 30)

4. Identify the following constitutional compromises: a. Great Compromise (Pg 30-31)

b. 3/5th Compromise (Pg 31)

5. How did the Anti-Federalists criticize the Constitution? (Pg 32)

6. What was the main purpose of The Federalist Papers? (Pg 32)

7. Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution? (Pg 32)

8. What rights do each of the following amendments protect? (Pg 44) a. 1st:

b. 2nd:

c. 3rd:

d. 4th:

e. 5th & 6th:

f. 7th:

g. 8th:

h. 9th:

i. 10th:

9. How do the three branches of government function? What is the main function of each? (Pg 34)

10. What principles of government are embodied in the Preamble to the Constitution? (Pg 32)

11. How does Federalism help provide for a limited government? (Pg 33)

12. How do the 3 branches of government “check” each others powers? Give an example for each of the 3 branches check on the other branches. (Pg 34 venn diagram)

Regents Questions:1. The Preamble of the United States Constitution states the purposes of government and is based on the belief that (1) the states have ultimate authority (2) members of Congress should be appointed (3) Supreme Court Justices should be elected (4) the people are sovereign 2. To address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, delegates at the Constitutional Convention agreed to (1) eliminate the slave trade (2) increase the powers of the central government (3) decrease the number of states (4) allow states to set tariff rates 3. The framers of the United States Constitution included the concepts of federalism, checks and balances, and separation of powers in the document because they (1) feared a government with unlimited power (2) favored the poor over the rich (3) wanted to increase the powers of the states (4) hoped to expand the democratic process 4. Which statement is an example of the system of federalism? (1) Cabinet members are appointed by the president. (2) Revenue bills must begin in the House of Representatives. (3) The national government coins money, but states cannot. (4) The president can negotiate treaties, but the Senate has the power to ratify them. 5. Federalism is used to define the division of power between the (1) president and the vice president (2) Senate and the House of Representatives (3) national and state levels of government (4) three branches of the federal government 6. Federalism is best defined as a principle of government that (1) divides power between the central government and state governments (2) includes a system of checks and balances (3) allows the states to nullify national laws (4) places the most power in the hands of the legislative branch

7. Which statement most accurately describes federalism? (1) The judicial branch of government has more power than the other two branches. (2) The president and vice president divide executive power. (3) Power is divided between the national government and the states. (4) Power is shared between the two houses of Congress. 8. In 1788 and 1789, a major controversy between the Federalists and the Antifederalists focused on (1) expansion of slavery into the territories (2) the wisdom of creating a two-house legislature (3) division of power among different levels of government (4) the issue of allowing women the right to vote 9. Antifederalist objections to the ratification of the Constitution led to the (1) addition of a Bill of Rights (2) seven-year delay in the ratification of the Constitution (3) rewriting of major parts of the Constitution (4) elimination of states’ rights 10. To address the concerns of many Antifederalists during the debate over ratification of the Constitution, the Federalists agreed that (1) political parties would be formed (2) states would retain control of interstate commerce (3) slavery would be eliminated by an amendment (4) a bill of rights would be added 11. The primary purpose of the Federalist Papers was to (1) justify the American Revolution to the colonists (2) promote the continuation of British rule (3) encourage ratification of the United States Constitution (4) support the election of George Washington as president 12. Antifederalist objections to the ratification of the Constitution led to the (1) addition of a Bill of Rights (2) seven-year delay in the ratification of the Constitution (3) rewriting of major parts of the Constitution (4) elimination of states’ rights

13. The major reason Antifederalists opposed ratification of the Constitution was because they believed (1) amending the Constitution was too easy (2) too much power was given to the states (3) a federal court system would be too weak (4) individual rights were not adequately protected 14. During the debate over the ratification of the Constitution, Antifederalists argued that (1) the new Constitution left too much political power to state governments (2) a strong national government would gain respect from European nations (3) checks and balances were unnecessary in a federal government (4) the new Constitution would threaten the rights of individual citizens 15. In order to win ratification of the United States Constitution, supporters agreed to (1) add a bill of rights (2) admit new states to the Union (3) establish an electoral college (4) give the Senate the power to ratify treaties 16. One similarity between the Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights is that both documents (1) provide for a government with three separate branches (2) discuss colonial grievances against monarchy (3) stress the importance of individual liberty (4) criticize the practice of slavery 17. The adoption of the Bill of Rights (1791) addressed Antifederalist criticism of the new Constitution by (1) providing for an indirect method of electing the president (2) protecting citizens from abuses of power by the national government (3) allowing the national government to coin money (4) establishing a process for impeaching federal officials 18. To provide for change, the authors of the United States Constitution included the amendment process and the (1) commerce clause (2) elastic clause (3) supremacy clause (4) naturalization clause

19. The first amendment of the Constitution deals primarily with (1) states’ rights (2) property rights (3) rights of the accused (4) rights of self-expression 20. The first amendment guarantee of freedom of speech was added to the United States Constitution primarily because its supporters believed it was essential to (1) discourage criticism of government policies (2) ensure the functioning of democracy (3) limit political debate in Congress (4) encourage more candidates to run for office 21. Which individual’s action was directly protected by the first amendment? (1) Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone in 1876 (2) Theodore Roosevelt’s command of the Rough Riders in 1898 (3) President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s election to a third term in 1940 (4) Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s leading a march on Washington, D.C., in 1963 22. The amendment process was included in the Constitution to (1) allow for change over time (2) expand the powers of the president (3) increase citizen participation in government (4) limit the authority of the United States Supreme Court 23. Which principle of the United States Constitution is intended to ensure that no one branch of government has more power than another branch? (1) checks and balances (2) federalism (3) limited government (4) rule of law 24. The United States Congress can check the executive branch of government by (1) appointing ambassadors (2) overriding vetoes (3) nominating judges (4) declaring laws unconstitutional 25. Which constitutional principle best protects the public from abuse by one branch of government? (1) equality (2) federalism (3) executive privilege (4) checks and balances

“The Congress shall have Power . . . To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested [granted] by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. . . .” 26. This section of the United States Constitution was frequently used during the 20th century to (1) expand federal control of interstate commerce (2) reduce the number of federal courts (3) overturn decisions of the electoral college (4) impeach the president 27. The Supreme Court has the power to (1) control the federal budget (2) vote to end a tie in the Senate (3) approve presidential appointments (4) interpret the Constitution 28. The Great Compromise reached at the Constitutional Convention resulted in the (1) formation of the Supreme Court (2) creation of a bicameral legislature (3) development of a two-party system (4) ban on the importation of enslaved Africans • A bicameral legislature is created in which states have equal representation in the Senate, but representation in the House depends on population. • An enslaved person is counted as three-fifths of one person for purposes of both representation and taxation. 29. These two statements describe (1) grievances included in the Declaration of Independence (2) provisions found in the Articles of Confederation (3) compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention (4) amendments included in the Bill of Rights 30. Delegates at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 agreed to the Three-fifths Compromise to solve a dispute directly related to (1) the power of the presidency (2) representation in Congress (3) a decision by the Supreme Court (4) the addition of a bill of rights

“New Congress to Have Two Houses” “Slaves to Count as Three-Fifths of a Person” “President to be Chosen by Electoral Vote” 31. Which conclusion about the Constitutional Convention is best supported by these headlines? (1) The framers of the Constitution were able to compromise on important issues. (2) States that were small in area would lose power in the new Constitution. (3) States with large populations controlled the outcome of the convention. (4) The president and Congress would have equal power under the new constitution. 32. The Three-fifths Compromise was included in the Constitution to resolve a conflict over the (1) counting of enslaved persons in relation to taxation and representation (2) payment of plantation owners for runaway slaves (3) number of votes needed to approve a treaty in the Senate (4) number of states needed to ratify a proposed amendment 33. During the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the plans for Congress proposed by delegates from New Jersey and Virginia differed mainly over the issue of (1) life terms of office or short terms of office (2) appointed legislators or elected legislators (3) equal state representation or proportionate state representation (4) power to check other branches or power limited to lawmaking 34. Disagreement at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 over the Virginia and New Jersey plans was resolved by a compromise that (1) guaranteed continuation of the slave trade for at least twenty more years (2) limited the power of the federal government to wage war (3) provided for construction of a new national capital in the south (4) created a Congress made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives

Topic #4: Early Republic Vocabulary:

1. Unwritten Constitution (Pg 37):

2. Elastic Clause (Pg 35):

3. Electoral College (Pg 39):

4. Popular Vote (Glossary):

5. Electoral Vote (Glossary):

6. Loose Constructionist (Pg 53-54):

7. Strict Constructionist (Pg 53-54):

8. National Bank (Pg 51):

9. Hamilton vs. Jefferson (Pg 53-55 chart):

10. Washington’s Farewell Address (Pg 52):

11. Neutrality (Pg 52):

12. Marbury vs. Madison (Pg 54):

13. Judicial Review (Glossary):

14. Louisiana Purchase (Pg 53-54):

15. Port of New Orleans (Pg 54):

16. Necessary and Proper Clause (Pg 36):

17. Lewis and Clark Expedition (Pg 76):

18. Monroe Doctrine (Pg 56):

19. Andrew Jackson (Pg 71):

20. Spoils System (Pg 72):

21. Dawes Act (Glossary):

22. Indian Removal Act (Pg 73):

23. Worcester v. Georgia (Pg 73):

24. Trail of Tears (Pg 73):

Questions: 1. What two pieces of advice did George Washington give in his farewell address? (Pg 52) 2. Describe the economic plans proposed by Alexander Hamilton. (Pg 53) 3. Why did the Louisiana Purchase appear to contradict Jefferson’s philosophy of government? (Pg 53-54) 4. Identify the goals of the Lewis and Clark expedition. (Pg 76) 5. How did the Cherokee Indians attempt to defend their rights to their land? Were they successful? Explain why or why not. (Pg 73)

6. What did the Monroe Doctrine say? (Pg 56) 7. How did American politics and government change during the Presidency of Andrew Jackson? To what extent did President Andrew Jackson contribute to the expansion of democracy during his presidency? (Pg 72-73) 8. What is the “spoils system?” (Pg 72)

Regents Questions:1. The unwritten constitution is best defined as the (1) amendments to the United States Constitution (2) powers that the Constitution reserves for the states (3) powers that the Constitution denies to Congress (4) practices of the government that are based on custom and tradition 2. The necessary & proper clause, the amendment process, and the unwritten constitution are evidence that our constitutional system of government provides (1) popular sovereignty (2) equal representation (3) flexibility (4) ratification 3. The development of political parties and of the committee system used in Congress illustrates the application of (1) constitutional amendments (2) federal legislation (3) the unwritten constitution (4) Supreme Court decision 4. Which action is considered part of the unwritten constitution? (1) ratification of a treaty by the Senate (2) formation of the first two political parties (3) creation of a system of federal courts including the Supreme Court (4) presidential veto of a bill passed by Congress

5. Which heading best completes the partial outline below?

(1) Unwritten Constitution (2) Constitutional Amendments (3) Electoral Process (4) Checks and Balances 6. Which action is an example of the unwritten constitution? (1) formation of the first cabinet by President George Washington (2) admission of Vermont and Kentucky as states (3) enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts by President John Adams (4) declaration of war by Congress in 1812 7. A major criticism of the electoral college system has been that (1) party loyalty is weakened after an election (2) electors frequently fail to vote for a candidate (3) members of the electoral college are appointed for life terms (4) a president may be elected without receiving the majority of the popular vote

8. In the 2000 presidential election, which aspect of the electoral college system caused the most controversy? (1) A state can divide its electoral votes among different candidates. (2) States with few electoral votes have no influence on election outcomes. (3) The selection of electors varies among states. (4) The winner of the popular vote might not get the majority of the electoral vote. 9. A major criticism of the electoral college is that it (1) limits the influence of the two-party political system (2) allows a president to be elected without a majority of the popular vote (3) forces each political candidate to campaign in every state (4) makes the federal election process too expensive

10. The cartoon refers to the idea that most candidates for the presidency try to (1) win the majority of popular votes nationwide (2) campaign equally in all states (3) win the electoral vote in certain key states (4) gain the support of first-time voters “Presidential Candidates Skip Campaigning in Low- Population States” “Winner Of Popular Vote Loses Election” 11. These headlines refer to controversial issues most directly related to (1) judicial review (2) the electoral college (3) impeachment (4) checks and balances 12. Thomas Jefferson opposed Alexander Hamilton’s plan to create a national bank primarily because the plan would (1) weaken the nation’s currency (2) increase the national debt (3) promote the interests of farmers (4) depend on a loose interpretation of the Constitution

13. Alexander Hamilton’s proposal to create a national bank and Thomas Jefferson’s proposal to purchase the Louisiana Territory were criticized because both actions would (1) place too much power in the hands of Congress (2) violate protections in the Bill of Rights (3) increase foreign influence in the United States (4) require a loose interpretation of the Constitution 14. On the issue of creating a national bank, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton differed on whether to (1) apply a strict or loose interpretation of the Constitution (2) establish a tariff to raise revenue (3) use deposits to finance a new navy (4) issue loans to farmers 15. A strict interpretation versus a loose interpretation of the Constitution was most evident in the debate over the (1) creation of the Bank of the United States in 1791 (2) decision to declare war on Great Britain in 1812 (3) annexation of Florida in 1821 (4) issuance of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823 16. In his Farewell Address, President George Washington warned against establishing alliances with European countries because he was concerned primarily about (1) restrictions on trade with Latin America (2) French colonization of the Caribbean (3) United States involvement in foreign wars (4) protection of the western frontier “ ’Tis [It is] our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. . . .” — President George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 17. The United States was able to follow this advice from President Washington for several decades primarily because (1) industrial and agricultural self-sufficiency (2) strong support from other Western Hemisphere nations (3) geographic isolation from Europe (4) peaceful relations between the European powers

“...I know too that it is a maxim [rule] with us, and I think it a wise one, not to entangle ourselves with the affairs of Europe. . . .” — Thomas Jefferson, December 21, 1787, Library of Congress 18. Which document most clearly reflects the advice given in this statement? (1) Albany Plan of Union (2) Articles of Confederation (3) Bill of Rights (4) Washington’s Farewell Address ... It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim [principle] no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary and would be unwise to extend them.... — President George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796 19. President Washington was offering this advice because he believed (1) the destiny of the United States was to rule other countries (2) the United States should seek alliances with other nations (3) alliances could draw the United States into wars (4) the United States should break its agreements with France 20. Conflicts between Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians during President George Washington’s first administration led directly to the (1) end of the Era of Good Feelings (2) decision to replace the Articles of Confederation (3) addition of the elastic clause to the Constitution (4) start of the first political parties 21. In the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court increased its power by (1) establishing the practice of judicial review (2) upholding the presidential appointment power (3) expanding the meaning of individual liberties (4) declaring the principle of states’ rights unconstitutional

22. The Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803) was important because it (1) established the principle of judicial review (2) led to the reelection of President Thomas Jefferson (3) showed that the states were stronger than the federal government (4) proved that the legislative branch was the most powerful branch of government 23. What was one outcome of the Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803)? (1) State governments could now determine the constitutionality of federal laws. (2) The principle of judicial review was established. (3) Congress expanded its delegated powers. (4) A method to approve treaties was developed 24. The power of judicial review allows the Supreme Court to (1) repeal amendments to the Constitution (2) determine the constitutionality of a law (3) break tie votes in the electoral college (4) impeach the president and other high-level officials 25. Judicial review gives the United States Supreme Court the power to (1) declare state laws unconstitutional (2) override a congressional veto (3) impeach and remove the president from office (4) approve treaties with foreign nations 26. A major foreign policy success of President Thomas Jefferson’s administration was the (1) purchase of the Louisiana Territory (2) support for the Alien and Sedition Acts (3) victory in the war of 1812 (4) passage of the Embargo Act 27. A loose interpretation of the Constitution was applied when (1) George Washington appointed John Jay to the Supreme Court (2) John Adams signed the Alien and Sedition Acts (3) Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory (4) James Monroe delivered his State of the Union message

28. Acquiring New Orleans as part of the Louisiana Purchase was considered important to the development of the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys because the city (1) provided protection from attacks by the Spanish (2) provided migrant workers for river valley farms (3) served as a port for American agricultural goods (4) served as the cultural center for the nation 29. A geographic and economic motivation for the Louisiana Purchase (1803) was the desire to (1) annex California (2) secure land for the Erie Canal (3) control the port of New Orleans (4) own all of the Great Lakes 30. One reason President Thomas Jefferson supported the Louisiana Purchase was that he wanted to (1) gain full control of the Mississippi River (2) establish a base for controlling the Caribbean (3) maintain control of the slave trade (4) acquire an established manufacturing region 31. A major reason President Thomas Jefferson authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition was to (1) claim California for the United States (2) explore a route to the Pacific Ocean (3) remove British outposts from United States land (4) establish settlements in the Southwest 32. The major purpose of the Monroe Doctrine was to (1) create a military alliance for the defense of North America (2) guarantee democratic governments in Latin America (3) secure new colonies in the Caribbean (4) limit European influence in the Western Hemisphere 33. A major purpose of the Monroe Doctrine was to (1) limit European influence in the Western Hemisphere (2) establish United States colonies in South America (3) form military alliances with Latin American nations (4) avoid involvement in Canadian conflicts

34. A primary goal of the Monroe Doctrine was to (1) prevent European intervention in Latin America (2) create an opportunity for the annexation of Canada (3) protect the site of a canal across Central America (4) help European nations establish new Western Hemisphere colonies 35. As a result of President Andrew Jackson’s policies, Native American Indians were (1) relocated to reservations in Mexico (2) forcibly removed to areas west of the Mississippi River (3) gradually allowed to return to their ancestral lands (4) given United States citizenship 36. President Andrew Jackson used the spoils system to (1) veto bills he disliked (2) enforce Supreme Court decisions (3) move Native American Indians off their traditional lands (4) provide jobs to political party supporters 37. Passage of the Dawes Act of 1887 affected Native American Indians by (1) supporting their cultural traditions (2) attempting to assimilate them into mainstream American culture (3) forcing their removal from areas east of the Mississippi River (4) starting a series of Indian wars on the Great Plains 38. What was a major goal of the Dawes Act (1887)? (1) to provide a tribal legislature to govern all reservations (2) to remove the Cherokees from the southeastern United States (3) to strengthen Native American Indian tribal unity (4) to encourage assimilation of Native American Indians 39. Which Supreme Court decision is most closely associated with the Trail of Tears? (1) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (2) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) (3) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) (4) Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

Topic #5: Antebellum Period/Civil War Antebellum: Term used to describe the United States of America before the outbreak of the Civil War

Vocabulary:

1. Abolitionist Movement (Pg 75):

2. William Lloyd Garrison (Pg 75):

3. Frederick Douglas (Pg 75):

4. Women’s Suffrage Movement (Pg 75):

5. Suffrage (Glossary):

6. Susan B. Anthony (Pg 75):

7. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Pg 75):

8. Declaration of Sentiments (Pg 75):

9. Seneca Falls Convention (Pg 75):

10. Manifest Destiny (Pg 75):

11. Sectionalism (Glossary):

12. The North: Begins to rapidly develop as industrialization grows. Inventions like the steam engine speed up the rate of production and manufacturing (Cold Climate)

13. The South: Becomes more dependant on slave labor – increased demand for cotton = increased demand for slavery (Warmer Climate)

14. Missouri Compromise (Pg 78):

15. Compromise of 1850 (Pg 78):

16. Popular Sovereignty (Pg 78):

17. Fugitive Slave Act (Pg 78):

18. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Pg 78):

19. Bleeding Kansas (Kansas Nebraska Act) (Pg 78):

20. Dred Scott Decisions (Dred Scott v. Sanford) (Pg 79):

21. John Brown’s Raid (Pg 79):

22. Election of 1860 (Election of Abraham Lincoln) (Pg 79):

23. Secede/Secession (Pg 79):

24. Gettysburg Address (Pg 82):

25. Emancipation Proclamation (Pg 82):

Questions: 1. List and explain the three major causes of the Civil War. (The 3 S's)

a. Sectionalism:

b. Slavery:

c. Secession:

2. How did the Missouri Compromise of 1820 attempt to resolve the slavery issue? (Pg 78)

3. Explain how both the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act attempted to decide the issue of slavery’s expansion through “popular sovereignty.” (Pg 78)

4. What did the Fugitive Slave Act do? How did Northerners respond to it? (Pg 78)

5. How did the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin contribute to the coming of the Civil War? (Pg 78)

6. What advantages did each side have at the start of the Civil War?

7. What did the Supreme Court rule in the case Dred Scott v. Sanford? What was the impact of this case? (Pg 79)

8. What was the immediate cause of the secession of South Carolina and the deep South? (Pg 79)

9. What was the original purpose of the Civil War according to Lincoln? (Pg 80)

10. Describe how the Union treated African Americans from the period in which they were considered “contraband” through the Emancipation Proclamation. (Pg 82)

11. Specifically what did the Emancipation Proclamation do? What were some of Lincoln’s motives for issuing it when he did? (Pg 82)

Regents Questions 1. During the 1840s, abolitionists opposed annexation of new western territory because they (1) feared the admission of new slave states (2) wanted to limit the power of the national government (3) were concerned with the legal rights of Native American Indians (4) supported an isolationist foreign policy

2. Which person’s action was most closely associated with the abolitionist movement? (1) William Lloyd Garrison’s publication of The Liberator (2) Booker T. Washington’s commitment to African American education (3) Thurgood Marshall’s legal argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (4) Martin Luther King, Jr.’s leadership of the Birmingham march

3. Abolitionists in the pre–Civil War period were most likely to support the (1) removal of the Cherokee Indians from Georgia (2) passage of the Fugitive Slave Act (3) activities of the Underground Railroad (4) use of popular sovereignty in the territories “Uncle Tom’s Cabin Stirs Controversy” “Kansas Rocked by Bloody Conflict” “John Brown’s Raid Angers South” 4. Which statement about the United States in the 1850s is best supported by these headlines? (1) The nation had grown increasingly divided over the future of slavery. (2) Americans had lost confidence in the plan for Reconstruction. (3) Northern and Southern voters were united in support of popular sovereignty. (4) Support for the abolitionist movement decreased during this period. 5. William Lloyd Garrison, Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe are best known for their efforts to (1) create free public schools (2) begin the temperance movement (3) expand the rights of women (4) oppose the practice of slavery 6. Which leader founded a vocational training institution in the late 1800s to improve economic opportunities for African Americans? (1) George Washington Carver (2) Frederick Douglass (3) W. E. B. Du Bois (4) Booker T. Washington 7. The Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 proclaimed that (1) the abolition of slavery was necessary (2) all men and women are created equal (3) California should be admitted as a free state (4) the sale of alcoholic beverages should be illegal 8. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 is often viewed as the beginning of the (1) temperance movement (2) women’s rights movement (3) antislavery movement (4) Native American Indian movement

9. The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was mainly concerned with (1) ending slavery in all the states (2) reducing consumption of alcoholic beverages (3) improving treatment of the mentally ill (4) expanding women’s rights 10. The Declaration of Sentiments, adopted during the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, is most closely associated with the rights of (1) immigrants (2) enslaved persons (3) Native American Indians (4) women 11. The Declaration of Sentiments, adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, was significant because it (1) promoted the idea of equal rights for women (2) demanded the immediate abolition of slavery (3) called for the prohibition of alcoholic beverages (4) asked government to restrict harmful business practices 12. A goal that was established at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was achieved in 1920 by the (1) creation of a free public education system (2) passage of legislation to end child labor (3) adoption of national woman’s suffrage (4) ratification of an amendment requiring national Prohibition 13. The term Manifest Destiny was first used to support (1) independence from Great Britain (2) westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean (3) efforts to stop secession of Southern states (4) laws restricting labor union activity 14. In which war was Manifest Destiny used to justify United States government actions? (1) Revolutionary War (2) Mexican War (3) Civil War (4) Vietnam War 15. Which term did Americans use in the 1840s to describe the idea that the United States should possess the entire continent? (1) containment (2) globalization (3) Manifest Destiny (4) popular sovereignty 16. The annexation of Texas and the Mexican Cession are best described as efforts by the United States to (1) remove European threats (2) limit the spread of slavery (3) end wars of aggression (4) fulfill Manifest Destiny

17. In the 1840s, the term Manifest Destiny was used by many Americans to justify (1) the extension of slavery into the territories (2) war with Russia over the Oregon territory (3) the acquisition of colonies in Latin America (4) westward expansion into lands claimed by other nations 18. Which action is most closely associated with the term Manifest Destiny? (1) declaring independence from Great Britain (2) deciding to end the War of 1812 (3) acquiring territory from Mexico in 1848 (4) annexing Hawaii and the Philippines 19. In the 1840s, President James K. Polk’s belief in Manifest Destiny led to (1) a war with Mexico (2) an alliance with several South American nations (3) the establishment of new colonies in the Caribbean (4) a ban on the activities of northern abolitionists 20. Prior to 1850, what was a main reason the North developed an economy increasingly based on manufacturing while the South continued to rely on an economy based on agriculture? (1) Protective tariffs applied only to northern seaports. (2) Geographic conditions supported different types of economic activity. (3) Slavery in the North promoted rapid economic growth. (4) Manufacturers failed to make a profit in the South. 21. The Missouri Compromise (1820), the Com- promise of 1850, and the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) were all efforts to (1) end fighting between midwestern farmers and Native American Indians (2) encourage manufacturing in the West (3) increase the number of people who voted in presidential elections (4) settle disputes over the spread of slavery to the western territories 22. Which statement about the Missouri Compromise (1820) is most accurate? (1) Slavery was banned west of the Mississippi River. (2) Unorganized territories would be governed by the United States and Great Britain. (3) The balance between free and slave states was maintained. (4) The 36°30' line formed a new boundary between the United States and Canada.

“Compromise Enables Maine and Missouri to Enter the Union” “California Joins the Union As Part of Compromise of 1850” “Kansas-Nebraska Act Establishes Popular Sovereignty in the Territories” 23. Which issue is most closely associated with these headlines? (1) status of slavery in new states (2) negotiation of the Oregon Treaty (3) expansion of land for reservations (4) influence of political parties on economic development 24. In the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas- Nebraska Act of 1854, popular sovereignty was proposed as a way to (1) allow northern states the power to ban slavery (2) deny southern states the legal right to own slaves (3) allow settlers in new territories to vote on the issue of slavery (4) overturn previous Supreme Court decisions on slavery 25. In the 1850s, why did many runaway slaves go to Canada? (1) They feared being drafted into the Northern army. (2) The Fugitive Slave Act kept them at risk in the United States. (3) More factory jobs were available in Canada. (4) Northern abolitionists refused to help fugitive slaves. 26. Which term refers to the idea that settlers had the right to decide whether slavery would be legal in their territory? (1) nullification (2) sectionalism (3) popular sovereignty (4) southern secession 27. Before the start of the Civil War, many Southern political leaders supported (1) States rights (2) higher tariff rates (3) voting rights for women (4) repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act 28. The Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) was significant because it (1) allowed slavery in California (2) outlawed slavery in the Southern States (3) upheld the actions of the Underground Railroad (4) ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories

29. The Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) helped to increase sectional conflict because the decision (1) denied Congress the power to regulate slavery in the territories (2) allowed for the importation of enslaved persons for ten years (3) prohibited slavery in lands west of the Mississippi River (4) gave full citizenship to all enslaved persons 30. Most Southern political leaders praised the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) because it (1) granted citizenship to all enslaved persons (2) upheld the principle of popular sovereignty (3) supported the right of a state to secede from the Union (4) protected the property rights of slave owners in the territories 31. Which situation was the most immediate result of Abraham Lincoln’s election to the presidency in 1860? (1) Kansas and Nebraska joined the Union as free states. (2) A constitutional amendment was adopted to end slavery. (3) Missouri entered the Union as a slave state. (4) Several Southern States seceded from the Union. 32. As Lincoln stated that his primary goal was to the Civil War began, President Abraham (1) end slavery (2) set new national boundaries (3) increase congressional powers (4) preserve the Union 33. The Civil War affected the northern economy by (1) causing a severe depression (2) increasing unemployment rates (3) decreasing demand for agricultural products (4) stimulating industrialization 34. The North’s rapid economic growth during the Civil War was stimulated by (1) the elimination of taxes on defense industries (2) a reduction in the number of immigrants (3) increased government demand for many products (4) enslaved persons filling industrial jobs

35. The publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, contributed to the start of the Civil War by (1) exposing the dangers of cotton manufacturing (2) intensifying Northern dislike of slavery (3) pressuring the president to support emancipation (4) convincing Congress to ban the importation of slaves 36. What was a major result of the Civil War? (1) The judiciary became the dominant branch of the federal government. (2) Congress passed an amendment to provide for the direct election of senators. (3) The power of the central government was strengthened. (4) States were given the right to secede from the Union. 37. Before the start of the Civil War, many Southern political leaders supported (1) States rights (2) higher tariff rates (3) voting rights for women (4) repeal of the Fugitive Slave Act 38. Which situation was the most immediate result of Abraham Lincoln’s election to the presidency in 1860? (1) Kansas and Nebraska joined the Union as free states. (2) A constitutional amendment was adopted to end slavery. (3) Missouri entered the Union as a slave state. (4) Several Southern States seceded from the Union. 39. Most Southern political leaders praised the Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) because it (1) granted citizenship to all enslaved persons (2) upheld the principle of popular sovereignty (3) supported the right of a state to secede from the Union (4) protected the property rights of slave owners in the territories 40. The institution of slavery was formally abolished in the United States by the (1) Compromise of 1850 (2) Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 (3) creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau in 1865 (4) ratification of the 13th amendment in 1865

Topic #6: Reconstruction Era Vocabulary: 1. 13th Amendment: (Pg 98)

2. 14th Amendment: (Pg 98)

3. 15th Amendment: (Pg 98)

4. Reconstruction: (Pg 97)

5. Andrew Johnson: (Pg 97)

6. Radical Republicans: (Pg 97)

7. Lincoln’s 10% Percent Plan (Pg 97)

8. Freedman’s Bureau: (Pg 100)

9. Black Codes: (Pg 100)

10. Poll Taxes: (Pg 100)

11. Literacy Tests: (Pg 100)

12. Grandfather Clause: (Pg 100)

13. Jim Crow Laws: (Pg 100)

14. Sharecropping: (Pg 104)

15. Segregation (Pg 100)

16. Plessy v. Ferguson: (Pg 101)

17. Ku Klux Klan: (Pg 100)

Questions: 1. What was Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction? What was Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction? (Pg 97) 2. What plan did the Radical Republicans have for Reconstruction in the South? (Pg 97) 3. What is sharecropping? Compare and contrast it to slavery. (Pg 104) 4. Identify the following amendments to the Constitution: (Pg 98)

a. 13th Amendment:

b. 14th Amendment:

c. 15th Amendment:

5. Identify some ways in which African-Americans were prevented from becoming equal members of society: (Pg 100) 6. What are the Black Codes? (Pg 100) 7. Write a brief paragraph explaining the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson. (Pg 101) 8. What brought an end to Reconstruction? (Pg 99)

Regents Questions 1. Constitutional amendments adopted during Reconstruction were intended to (1) provide legal and political rights for African Americans (2) end property and religious qualifications for voting (3) correct problems with the electoral college system (4) limit the number of terms of the president 2. Which action marked the end of Reconstruction in the United States? (1) ratification of the 14th amendment (2) withdrawal of federal troops from the South (3) creation of the Freedmen’s Bureau (4) impeachment of President Andrew Johnson 3. During the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877), the 15th amendment was adopted to grant African Americans (1) educational opportunities (2) economic equality (3) freedom of speech (4) voting rights 4. The Reconstruction plans of President Abraham Lincoln and President Andrew Johnson included a provision for the (1) resumption of full participation in Congress by Southern States (2) long-term military occupation of the Confederacy (3) payment of war reparations by Southern States (4) harsh punishment of former Confederate officials 5. Many Southern States tried to limit the effects of Radical Reconstruction by (1) adopting federal laws mandating segregation (2) enacting Jim Crow laws (3) abolishing the Southern sharecropping system (4) securing passage of new amendments to the United States Constitution 6. Before the former Confederate states could be readmitted to the Union, the congressional plan for Reconstruction required them to (1) ratify the 14th amendment (2) imprison all former Confederate soldiers (3) provide 40 acres of land to all freedmen (4) help rebuild Northern industries

“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. . . .” — 15th Amendment, Section 1, United States Constitution, 1870 7. Which actions did Southern States take to keep African Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed in this amendment? (1) suspending habeas corpus and denying women the right to vote (2) collecting poll taxes and requiring literacy tests (3) establishing religious and property-holding requirements for voting (4) passing Black Codes and establishing segregated schools 8. After the Civil War, Southern state legislatures attempted to restrict the rights of formerly enslaved persons by (1) passing Black Codes (2) ratifying the 15th amendment (3) supporting the goals of the Radical Republicans (4) enacting legislation to strengthen the Freedmen’s Bureau 9. Many Southern States tried to limit the effects of Radical Reconstruction by (1) adopting federal laws mandating segregation (2) enacting Jim Crow laws (3) abolishing the Southern sharecropping system (4) securing passage of new amendments to the United States Constitution 10. A primary reason for the passage of the 14th amendment in 1868 was to (1) prohibit the secession of states (2) uphold the legality of the Black Codes (3) continue the presidential plan for Reconstruction (4) guarantee citizenship rights to the newly freed slaves “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” 11. This statement is part of the (1) Missouri Compromise (2) Kansas-Nebraska Act (3) Dred Scott decision (4) 13th amendment to the Constitution

12. What was a common purpose of the three amendments added to the United States Constitution between 1865 and 1870? (1) extending suffrage to Southern women (2) reforming the sharecropping system (3) granting rights to African Americans (4) protecting rights of Southerners accused of treason 13. In the ten years following the Civil War, a large numbers of former slaves earned a living by becoming (1) conductors on the Underground Railroad (2) workers in Northern factories (3) sharecroppers on Southern farms (4) gold miners in California 14. After the Civil War, the sharecropping system emerged in the South primarily as a way to (1) diversify agricultural production (2) provide a labor supply to plantation owners (3) give forty acres of land to freedmen (4) guarantee economic equality for African Americans 15. After the Civil War, white Southern landowners used sharecropping to (1) set up schools to educate formerly enslaved persons (2) encourage freedmen to migrate north (3) maintain a cheap labor supply (4) sell their plantations to formerly enslaved persons

16. Literacy tests and poll taxes were often used to (1) enforce constitutional amendments added after the Civil War (2) limit voter participation by African Americans (3) promote equal educational opportunities for minority persons (4) provide job training for freedmen 17. The most direct effect of poll taxes and literacy tests on African Americans was to (1) prevent them from voting (2) limit their access to public facilities (3) block their educational opportunities (4) deny them economic advancements 18. In the late 1800s, southern state governments used literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses to (1) ensure that only educated individuals voted (2) require African Americans to attend school (3) prevent African Americans from voting (4) integrate public facilities 19. Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses were adopted in Southern States primarily to (1) enforce the terms of the 15th amendment (2) keep African Americans from exercising their right to vote (3) stop criminals and immigrants from voting (4) eliminate bribery and corruption at polling places 20. Literacy tests and grandfather clauses were enacted in the South after the Reconstruction Era primarily to (1) increase the number of women voters (2) limit the number of African American voters (3) guarantee that voters could read and write (4) ensure that formerly enslaved persons met property requirements

Topic #7: Industrialization/Immigration

Vocabulary:

1. Industrial Revolution (Glossary)

2. Transcontinental Railroad (Pg 103)

3. Corporations: (Pg 104)

4. Monopolies (Trusts): (Pg 104)

5. Andrew Carnegie: (Pg 105-106)

6. John D. Rockefeller: (Pg 106)

7. J.P. Morgan: (Pg 106)

8. Henry Ford: (Pg 106)

9. Assembly Line: (Pg 106)

10. Laissez-Faire (Free Enterprise) (Pg 106)

11. Robber Baron: (Pg 107)

12. Social Darwinism: (Pg 106)

13. Sherman Anti-Trust Act: (Pg 108)

14. Labor Union (Pg 108)

15. Collective Bargaining: (Pg 108)

16. Knights of Labor: (Pg 108)

17. American Federation of Labor: (Pg 109)

18. Samuel Gompers (Pg 109)

19. Haymarket Riot: (Pg 109)

20. Homestead Strike: (Pg 109)

21. Pullman Strike: (Pg 110)

22. Urbanization: (Pg 112)

23. New Immigrants: (Pg 115)

24. Nativism: (Pg 116)

25. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (Pg 117 chart)

26. Gentlemen’s Agreement (Pg 117 chart)

Questions: 1. What factors contributed to the growth of industry in the U.S. in the late 1800s? (Pg 103) 2. What is the difference between a Captain of Industry and a Robber Baron? Give one example of

each. (Pg 107) 3. Describe how a capitalist (i.e. free market, free enterprise, or laissez-faire market) economy

functions? (Pg 106)

4. What are corporations? What are the benefits of this type of business organization? (Pg 104) 5. What was the original purpose of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? (Pg 108)

6. What is “collective bargaining?” Why did workers use this strategy? (Pg 109) 7. What tools could workers use to pressure their bosses into giving into their demands? (Pg 109) 8. Compare and contrast the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor, and the Industrial

Workers of the World. (Pg 108-109) 9. What was the “Haymarket Riot?” (Pg 109) 10. Name three major labor strikes that occurred in the late 1800s (Pg 109-110)

Regents Questions 1. What major trend related to population occurred during the industrialization boom of the late 1800s? (1) Immigration decreased. (2) Suburbanization decreased. (3) Urbanization increased. (4) Migration to rural areas increased. 2. Which group’s numbers increased the most as a result of the Industrial Revolution? (1) skilled craftsmen (2) landed aristocracy (3) urban middle class (4) owners of small farms 3. During the 19th century, the completion of the Erie Canal and the transcontinental railroads contributed to the industrial growth of the United States by (1) making the movement of goods easier and cheaper (2) protecting the US from low-priced foreign imports (3) encouraging subsistence farming (4) connecting the United States to markets in Mexico and Canada

4. During the late 1800s, the principles of Social Darwinism were used to justify (1) support for unlimited immigration (2) desegregation of public facilities (3) the use of strikes by organized labor (4) the accumulation of great wealth by industrialists 5. Which factor contributed the most to urbanization in the late 1800s? (1) assimilation (2) industrialization (3) imperialism (4) nullification 6. During the early 1800s, which factor contributed the most to the start of the Industrial Revolution in the United States? (1) a restriction on European immigration (2) the end of the slave labor system (3) an abundance of natural resources (4) the availability of electricity 7. In the late 1800s, rapid industrial development resulted in (1) a decrease in tariff rates (2) a decrease in population growth (3) an increase in the rate of urbanization (4) an increase in the price of farm products

8. In the second half of the 1800s, the federal government encouraged the building of transcontinental railroads by (1) giving land to the railroad companies (2) purchasing large amounts of railroad stock (3) forcing convicts to work as laborers (4) taking control of the railroad trust 9. Passage of the Homestead Act and of legislation supporting the construction of transcontinental railroads demonstrated the federal government’s commitment to (1) limits on big business (2) settlement of western territories (3) conservation of natural resources (4) equality for all immigrants 10. During the late 1800s, major improvements to a nationwide system of trade were made with the (1) construction of a network of canals (2) use of steamboats on rivers (3) completion of transcontinental railroads (4) construction of toll roads 11. The influence of nativism during the 1920s is best illustrated by the (1) increase in the popularity of the automobile (2) emergence of the flappers (3) expansion of trusts and monopolies (4) growth of the Ku Klux Klan 12. The theory of Social Darwinism was often used to justify the (1) creation of the Ku Klux Klan (2) formation of business monopolies (3) use of strikes by labor unions (4) passage of antitrust laws 13. Samuel Gompers, Eugene V. Debs, and John L. Lewis all influenced the American economy by (1) supporting free trade between nations (2) encouraging the use of monopolies (3) advocating laissez-faire capitalism (4) working to build unions and improve pay 14. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, where did most of the immigrants to the United States settle? (1) urban centers of the Northeast (2) plantations of the New South (3) mining areas of the Far West (4) farming regions of the Great Plains

15. What major trend related to population occurred during the industrialization boom of the late 1800s? (1) Immigration decreased. (2) Suburbanization decreased. (3) Urbanization increased. (4) Migration to rural areas increased. 16. Which factor contributed the most to urbanization in the late 1800s? (1) assimilation (2) industrialization (3) imperialism (4) nullification 17. In the late 1800s, which factor directly contributed to the growth of the steel industry? (1) government regulation of the industry (2) employee ownership of the industry (3) new production techniques that increased efficiency (4) court decisions that allowed collective bargaining 18. Why did the United States follow a policy of open immigration during much of the 1800s? (1) Many United States citizens wanted to live abroad. (2) The United States had a shortage of labor. (3) Prosperous conditions in Europe resulted in fewer immigrants coming to the United States. (4) Immigrants provided United States industry with investment capital. 19. The “new immigrants” to the United States between 1890 and 1915 came primarily from (1) southern and eastern Europe (2) East Asia (3) northern and western Europe (4) Latin America 20. The Sherman Antitrust Act and the Clayton Antitrust Act were passed in an effort to (1) promote the formation of new trusts (2) maintain competition in business (3) increase business investment (4) limit the activities of foreign corporations 21. Both the Interstate Commerce Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act were (1) inspired by the effectiveness of earlier state laws (2) designed to protect business from foreign competition (3) declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the late 1800s (4) passed by the federal government to regulate big business

22. In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Congress intended to (1) prevent large corporations from eliminating their competition (2) distinguish good trusts from bad trusts (3) regulate rates charged by railroads (4) force large trusts to bargain with labor unions 23. The term robber baron was used to criticize the (1) tactics of big-business leaders (2) corruption of government officials (3) dishonesty of carpetbaggers (4) unskilled labor of illegal immigrants 24. Business leaders John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbilt were referred to as robber barons primarily because they (1) bought titles of nobility from foreign governments (2) were ruthless in dealing with competitors (3) stole money from state and local governments (4) gained all of their wealth by illegal means 25. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the term robber baron best defined a person who (1) controlled large tracts of western lands (2) used ruthless business tactics (3) stole from the rich to give to the poor (4) encouraged the conservation of raw materials 26. In the late 1800s, the term robber baron was used to describe some owners of big businesses primarily because they (1) favored free trade (2) eliminated competition using ruthless methods (3) opposed the formation of corporations (4) provided workers with high wages

27. A major purpose of both the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and the Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan (1907) was to (1) limit immigration of certain ethnic groups (2) enrich America’s cultural diversity (3) treat all Asian and European immigrants equally (4) relocate Asians displaced by war 28. Most nativists of the late 1800s would most likely have supported the (1) creation of settlement houses to aid new immigrants (2) passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act (3) continuation of the contract labor system (4) assimilation of Native American Indians into mainstream culture 29. One way in which the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and the Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) are similar is that they (1) reflected nativist attitudes in the United States (2) encouraged a policy of popular sovereignty (3) led to an increase in Asian immigration (4) eased requirements for citizenship 30. In the late 1800s, the Homestead steel strike and the Pullman railcar strike were unsuccessful because (1) the government supported business owners (2) most workers refused to take part in the strike (3) the Supreme Court ruled both strikes were illegal (4) factory owners hired children to replace the strikers 31. During the late 1800s, presidents and governors most often used military force during labor- management conflicts as a way to (1) support industrialists and end strikes (2) make employers sign collective bargaining agreements (3) protect workers from the private armies of employers (4) replace striking factory workers with soldiers

Topic #8: Progressive Movement

Vocabulary: 1. Progressive Era (Pg 137)

2. Muckraker: (Pg 139)

3. Jacob Riis (Pg 140)

4. How the Other Half Lives (Pg 140)

5. Upton Sinclair (Pg 140)

6. The Jungle (Pg 140)

7. Pure Food & Drug Act (Pg 144)

8. Meat Inspection Act (Pg 144)

9. Voter initiative (Pg 143)

10. Referendum (Pg 143)

11. Recall election (Pg 143-144)

12. NAACP (Pg 142)

13. Booker T. Washington (Pg 142)

14. W.E.B. DuBois (Pg 142)

15. Women’s Suffrage Movement (Pg 141)

16. Suffrage (Pg 141)

17. 19th Amendment (Pg 141-142)

18. Square Deal: (Pg 144)

Questions: 1. Name several characteristics that defined the Progressive Era? (Pg 137) 2. What legislation did Congress pass after the publication of Upton Sinclair’s book, The Jungle? (Pg 145) 3. Name three political reforms that many states implemented during the Progressive Era. (Pg 145) 4. What types of policies did President Theodore Roosevelt support? (Pg 144) 5. Identify four muckrakers and their works. (Pg 140)

Regents Questions:1. Which reform idea was a common goal of the Populists and the Progressives? (1) restoration of the nation’s cities (2) expansion of opportunities for immigrants (3) improvement in the status of African Americans (4) greater control of government by the people 2. During the Progressive Era, muckrakers published articles and novels primarily to (1) advance their own political careers (2) make Americans aware of problems in society (3) help the federal government become more efficient (4) provide entertainment for readers

3. A goal of the Progressive movement was to (1) reduce the government’s involvement in social issues (2) correct the problems caused by industrialization (3) promote laissez-faire policies (4) promote settlement of land west of the Mississippi River 4. During the Progressive Era, many state and local governments adopted initiative, referendum, and recall procedures that (1) eliminated the need for the electoral college (2) created political action committees (PACs) (3) gave voters a more direct voice in government (4) strengthened the role of the president’s cabinet

5. Progressive Era reforms such as the initiative, referendum, and recall attempted to (1) increase the power of citizens in state and local government (2) reestablish the system of checks and balances (3) provide low-interest loans to farmers (4) expand voting rights to Native Americans 6. During the Progressive Era, public demands for direct consumer protection resulted in passage of the (1) Pure Food and Drug Act (2) Fair Labor Standards Act (3) Underwood Tariff (4) income tax amendment 7. Progressive Era reformers sought to expand voter participation in government by adopting (1) the initiative and referendum (2) tougher literacy tests (3) additional poll taxes (4) a civil service system 8. During the early 1900s, the term muckrakers was used to describe (1) pacifists who demonstrated against war (2) writers who exposed the evils in American society (3) newspaper columnists who reported on celebrities (4) politicians who criticized Progressive Era presidents 9. Progressive Era authors such as Jacob Riis and Upton Sinclair are best known for (1) focusing attention on social conditions (2) fighting for the civil rights of African Americans (3) promoting the interests of the American farmer (4) supporting the goal of woman’s suffrage 10. Jane Addams and Jacob Riis were most notable for their efforts to (1) treat the wounded in World War I (2) stop the spread of diseases in Latin America (3) legalize birth control for women (4) aid the urban poor 11. In his book, How the Other Half Lives, muckraker Jacob Riis exposed the (1) ruthlessness of the Standard Oil Company (2) social ills of life in New York City’s tenements (3) unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry (4) abuses of the railroad industry

12. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair and Unsafe at Any Speed by Ralph Nader were both intended to (1) publicize the growing violence in American society (2) suggest that a poor person could get rich (3) encourage immigration reform (4) make the public aware of the poor quality of certain products

13. One idea that both Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois supported is that (1) African Americans should have increased civil rights (2) vocational training was the best approach to education (3) immigration was responsible for racial segregation (4) Jim Crow laws were needed to help African Americans 14. What was a major reason most western states granted women suffrage prior to the adoption of the 19th amendment? (1) Western states had more college-educated women than the eastern states. (2) Women outnumbered men in states west of the Mississippi River. (3) A majority of western states had legislatures controlled by women. (4) The important roles played by frontier women promoted equality. 15. The Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 proclaimed that (1) the abolition of slavery was necessary (2) all men and women are created equal (3) California should be admitted as a free state (4) the sale of alcoholic beverages should be illegal “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. . . .” — 19th Amendment, United States Constitution

16. Which group of women worked for the passage of this amendment? (1) Harriet Tubman, Jane Addams, and Dorothea Dix (2) Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (3) Madeline Albright, Geraldine Ferraro, and Sandra Day O’Connor (4) Clara Barton, Amelia Earhart, and Eleanor Roosevelt

Topic #9: Imperialism/World War I Imperialism Vocabulary: 1. Imperialism (Glossary)

2. Bick Stick Policy (Pg 158):

3. Roosevelt Corollary (Pg 157):

4. Dollar Diplomacy (Pg 158):

5. Open Door Policy (Pg 152):

6. Spanish American War (Pg 153-154):

7. Yellow Journalism (Pg 154):

8. U.S.S. Maine (Pg 154):

9. Treaty of Paris (Pg 154):

American Territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, Alaska, Hawaii, Panama, Samoa, Midway Islands, and Virgin Islands

World War I Vocabulary: 1. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: (Pg 159)

2. Militarism: (Pg 159)

3. Imperialism: (Pg 159)

4. Nationalism (Pg 159)

5. Alliances (Pg 159)

6. Allied Powers (Pg 159)

7. Central Powers: (Pg 159)

8. U-boat: (Pg 161)

9. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare (Pg 161)

10. Sinking of the Lusitania: (Pg 161)

11. Zimmermann note: (Pg 162)

12. Paris Peace Conference: (Pg 167)

13. Treaty of Versailles (Pg 165)

14. Reparations: (Pg 165)

15. Woodrow Wilson: (Pg 165)

16. Fourteen Points: (Pg 165)

17. League of Nations: (Pg 165-166)

18. Schenck v. United States: (Pg 164)

19. Civil Liberties: (Glossary)

20. Clear and Present Danger: (Pg 164)

Questions: 1. What were the reactions in the United States to the outbreak of the war in Europe? (Pg 160)

2. Why did the United States declare war on Germany and finally get involved in WWI in 1919? (Pg

161-162)

3. What was the American reaction to the League of Nations? Why? (Pg 165-166)

4. Why do some Historians say that the outcome [Treaty of Versailles] of WWI led to the start of WWII?

(Pg 165-167)

5. Under what circumstances can our civil liberties be limited or suspended? (Pg 164)

Regents Questions: 1. Which United States policy is most closely associated with the annexation of Hawaii and the Philippines? (1) neutrality (2) isolationism (3) imperialism (4) international cooperation 2. In the 1890s, the main goal of those who supported United States imperialism was to (1) bring self-government to areas under United States control (2) obtain overseas markets and naval bases (3) defend against attacks by enemy nations (4) spread democracy to Africa and Latin America 3. A goal of President Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy and President William Howard Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy policy toward Latin America was to (1) join Western Hemisphere nations in a military alliance (2) protect American economic and political interests (3) encourage foreign nations to establish colonies (4) raise Latin America’s standard of living

4. President Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy was used by the United States to (1) police the Western Hemisphere (2) expand its colonial empire in Africa (3) isolate itself from European conflicts (4) settle a dispute between Russia and Japan 5. President Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick policy is most closely associated with (1) friendly relations with China after the Boxer Rebellion (2) conservation of natural resources (3) court actions to support business monopolies (4) intervention in Latin American affairs 6. President Theodore Roosevelt’s Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine primarily affected Latin America by (1) guaranteeing human rights throughout the Western Hemisphere (2) supporting independence movements in many countries (3) encouraging immigration to the United States (4) increasing United States intervention in the region

7. The Open Door policy of 1899 was originally adopted so that the United States could (1) restrict Chinese immigration (2) stop Japan from colonizing China (3) gain equal trading rights in China (4) encourage the development of democracy in China 8. The main reason the United States implemented the Open Door policy in China was to (1) promote immigration (2) expand democratic reforms (3) encourage religious freedom (4) guarantee access to markets 9. By proclaiming the Open Door policy in 1899, the United States was attempting to (1) keep Japan from attacking and colonizing China (2) increase trade between Russia and the United States (3) ensure equal trading opportunities in China (4) prevent European countries from colonizing the Western Hemisphere 10. The United States promoted its economic interest in China by (1) intervening in the Sino-Japanese War (2) passing the Chinese Exclusion Act (3) encouraging the Boxer Rebellion (4) adopting the Open Door policy 11. As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States saw the need to build the Panama Canal because (1) new colonies had been acquired in Africa (2) Spanish opposition to the canal had ended (3) the United States navy could then move more quickly between oceans (4) United States railroads could not transport enough manufactured goods

12. The headlines in this newspaper are an example of (1) yellow journalism (2) investigative reporting (3) muckraking literature (4) government censorship 13. News organizations were engaging in yellow journalism before the Spanish-American War when (1) publishers tried to prevent the war (2) articles about Cuba were fair and balanced (3) editors exaggerated events to build support for war (4) writers ignored the situation in Cuba 14. Yellow journalists created support for the Spanish-American War by writing articles about the (1) political popularity of William Jennings Bryan (2) efforts of the United States to control Mexico (3) destruction of United States sugar plantations by Hawaiians (4) sinking of the United States battleship Maine in Havana Harbor 15. Which factor is most closely associated with the decision of the United States to declare war on Spain in 1898? (1) isolationist policy (2) labor union pressure (3) yellow journalism (4) unrestricted submarine warfare 16. Yellow journalism contributed to the start of the Spanish-American War (1898) by (1) portraying William McKinley as a pro-war president (2) inciting public outrage over conditions in Cuba (3) showing the need to acquire colonies in the Pacific (4) demanding the repeal of the Gentlemen’s Agreement

17. Which headline related to the Spanish-American War is an example of yellow journalism? (1) “President McKinley Asks Congress for War Declaration Against Spain” (2) “United States Mobilizes for War with Spain” (3) “United States Demands Response to Spanish Actions” (4) “Spanish Troops Slaughter Innocent Cuban Citizens” 18. Between the 1890s and the start of World War I, the United States expanded its access to overseas markets and raw materials through the policy of (1) containment (2) imperialism (3) isolationism (4) neutrality 19. Following World War I, the United States Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles primarily because the treaty (1) failed to include most of President Wilson’s Fourteen Points (2) did not punish Germany for starting the war (3) contained provisions that might lead the United States into foreign conflicts (4) made no provision for reduction of military weapons

20. A major reason the United States entered World War I was to (1) gain additional colonial possessions (2) react to the bombing of Pearl Harbor (3) safeguard freedom of the seas for United States ships (4) honor prewar commitments to its military allies 21. At the beginning of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson followed a traditional United States foreign policy by (1) refusing to permit trade with either side in the conflict (2) sending troops to aid Great Britain (3) declaring American neutrality (4) requesting an immediate declaration of war against the aggressors 22. President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points were proposed during World War I primarily to (1) define postwar objectives for the United States (2) outline military strategies for the United States (3) convince other democratic nations to join the United Nations (4) strengthen the United States policy of isolationism

23. Which action was a result of the other three? (1) Germany’s policy of unrestricted submarine warfare (2) United States entry into World War I (3) interception of the Zimmermann Note (4) United States loans to Allied nations 24. One goal for a lasting peace that President Woodrow Wilson included in his Fourteen Points was (1) establishing a League of Nations (2) maintaining a permanent military force in Europe (3) returning the United States to a policy of isolationism (4) blaming Germany for causing World War I 25. During his reelection campaign in 1916, President Woodrow Wilson used the slogan, “He kept us out of war.” In April of 1917, Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany. What helped bring about this change? (1) Bolshevik forces increased their strength in Germany and Italy. (2) Britain was invaded by nations of the Central Powers. (3) Russia signed a treaty of alliance with the Central Powers. (4) Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. 26. Prior to entering World War I, the United States protested Germany’s use of submarine warfare primarily because it (1) violated the Monroe Doctrine (2) discouraged immigration to the United States (3) posed a direct threat to American cities (4) violated the principle of freedom of the seas

We intend to begin on the first of February unrestricted submarine warfare. We shall endeavor in spite of this to keep the United States of America neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The settlement in detail is left to you.... — Telegram of January 19, 1917 27. This telegram was part of an effort to (1) form an alliance between Germany and the United States (2) convince several western states to secede from the United States (3) bring Mexico into World War I on the side of Great Britain and France (4) enlist Mexican support for Germany if the United States declared war 28. The “clear and present danger” doctrine stated by the Supreme Court in the case of Schenck v. United States (1919) had an important impact on the Bill of Rights because it (1) limited the powers of the president (2) placed limits on freedom of speech (3) clarified standards for a fair trial (4) expanded the rights of persons accused of crimes

29. The clear-and-present danger doctrine established in Schenck v. United States (1919) permits the government to (1) declare war on any nation that attacks the United States (2) limit speech that threatens the security of the nation (3) break up monopolies that limit business competition (4) outlaw organizations that threaten the civil rights of others 30. The Supreme Court decision in Schenck v. United States (1919) stated that (1) immigrants have limited rights (2) freedom of speech is not absolute (3) rights of the accused may not be limited (4) women should be granted suffrage 31. In Schenck v. United States (1919), the Supreme Court upheld the right of government to protect national security during wartime by (1) nationalizing important industries that supported the war effort (2) limiting speech that presented a clear and present danger to the nation (3) suspending the writ of habeas corpus for illegal aliens (4) expelling enemy aliens who had favored the Central Powers 32. Which argument was used by the Supreme Court in reaching its “clear and present danger” ruling in Schenck v. United States (1919)? (1) The military is under civilian control. (2) Powers are separated between the federal and state governments. (3) Constitutional rights are not absolute. (4) The Constitution provides for equal protection under the laws

Topic #10: 1920s/The Great Depression

1920s Vocabulary:  1. Harlem Renaissance: (Pg 185)

2. Great Migration (Pg 180)

3. Langston Hughes: (Pg 185)

4. Duke Ellington: (Pg 185)

5. Temperance Movement: (Glossary)

6. Prohibition: (Pg 188)

8. 18th Amendment: (Pg 188)

9. 21st Amendment: (Pg 188)

10. Fundamentalism: (Pg 188)

11. Scopes Monkey Trial (Pg 188)

12. Red Scare: (Pg 187)

13. Sacco & Vanzetti: (Pg 187)

14. Nativism: (Glossary/Packet #8)

Great Depression Vocabulary:  15. Stock (Glossary)

16. Buying Stocks on Margin: (Pg 190)

17. Stock Market Crash 1929: (Pg 190)

19. President Herbert Hoover: (Pg 193)

20. Hooverville: (Pg 194)

21. Shantytown: (Glossary)

22. Bonus Army: (Pg 194)

23. Dust Bowl: (Pg 195)

24. President Franklin D. Roosevelt: (Pg 196)

25. The New Deal: (Pg 198)

26. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): (Pg 199)

27. Securities Exchange Commission (SEC): (Pg 199)

28. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA): (Pg 199)

29. Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC): (Pg 199)

30. Social Security Act: (Pg 200)

31. National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act): (Pg 200)

32. “Courtpacking:” (Pg 204)

Questions 1. What did the Sacco and Vanzetti trial, the Quota Acts, and the reemergence of the Ku Klux Klan show about American attitudes toward immigrants in the 1920s? (Pg 187) 2. What was the Red Scare? How did government officials respond to the threat of communism? (Pg 187) 3. What factors were responsible for the economic boom of the 1920s? (Pg 190-191)

4. Explain why the Scopes Trial reflected the influence of religious fundamentalism. (Pg 188)

5. What factors encouraged the passage of the 18th amendment? (Pg 188)

6. Why did the Stock Market crash in 1929? (Pg 190)

7. How did Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt differ in their handling of the Great Depression? (Pg 193 vs. 196) 8. How did the New Deal attempt to bring about Relief, Recovery, and Reform? (Pg 198-200)

9. How did FDR attempt to get around the Supreme Court? (Pg 208) 10. What impact did the New Deal have on the United States? (Pg 206)

Regents Questions:1. Improved mass-production techniques affected the American economy of the 1920s by (1) reducing prices of consumer goods (2) lowering the quality of most products (3) causing higher unemployment (4) decreasing the quantity of manufactured products 2. The migration of African Americans to the North during and following World War I was mainly a result of the (1) success of military desegregation (2) efforts of the civil rights movement (3) availability of new factory jobs (4) impact of affirmative action programs 3. What was a primary reason for the great migration of African Americans to the north during World War I? (1) Job opportunities were available in northern factories. (2) Jim Crow laws in the South had been repealed. (3) Voting rights laws had been passed in northern states. (4) The federal government had guaranteed an end to discrimination. 4. In the early 20th century, what was the primary cause of the migration of African Americans out of the South? (1) supply of new housing in the suburbs (2) opportunities for jobs in northern factories (3) availability of cheap land on the frontier (4) absence of racial discrimination in northern states 5. The main reason for the increased migration of African Americans out of the rural South during and following World War I was the (1) availability of cheap farmland in the West (2) opportunity for factory jobs in the North (3) chance to escape racial segregation by joining the military (4) elimination of the Ku Klux Klan in the northern states 6. Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington are noted for their contributions to the cultural movement of the 1920s known as the (1) Gospel of Wealth (2) Lost Generation (3) Harlem Renaissance (4) Gilded Age

7. The contributions of Langston Hughes and Duke Ellington illustrate the importance of the Harlem Renaissance to (1) economic growth (2) educational reform (3) the creative arts (4) political leadership 8. During the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, African American authors and artists used literature and art to (1) end segregation of public facilities (2) promote affirmative action programs (3) celebrate the richness of their heritage (4) urge voters to elect more African Americans to political office 9. One goal of many Harlem Renaissance writers was to (1) increase pride in African American culture (2) support existing racial barriers (3) cut off connections with mainstream American values (4) encourage African Americans to create their own political party 10. The Harlem Renaissance was important to American society because it (1) highlighted the cultural achievements of African Americans (2) isolated African Americans from mainstream society (3) provided new political opportunities for African Americans (4) brought an end to racial segregation in the North 12. Which movement’s primary goal was the ratification of a constitutional amendment authorizing Prohibition? (1) abolitionist (3) temperance (2) Populist (4) settlement house 13. During the 1920s, controversies concerning the Scopes trial, national Prohibition, and the behavior of “flappers” were all signs of disagreement over (1) the return to normalcy (2) traditional values and changing lifestyles (3) causes of the Great Depression (4) the benefits of new technology 14. The failure of national Prohibition led to a public awareness that (1) crime rates decline when the sale of alcoholic beverages is banned (2) economic prosperity encourages social conformity (3) unpopular laws are difficult to enforce (4) geographic conditions affect law enforcement

“Public Ignores Prohibition Restrictions” “Evolution and Creation Debated in Scopes Trial” “Women Bring Change to the Industrial Workforce” 15. What do headlines such as these from the 1920s illustrate? (1) conflict between traditional and modern values (2) trend toward mass consumption of consumer goods (3) hostility of certain groups toward ethnic minorities (4) debate over the role of government in the economy 16. The national policy of Prohibition ended when the states (1) strengthened food and drug laws (2) legalized alcohol for medical purposes (3) ratified the 21st amendment (4) banned interstate shipment of alcoholic beverages 17. What was a main result of national Prohibition during the 1920s? (1) Respect for the law decreased. (2) Woman’s suffrage was restricted. (3) Racial prejudice increased. (4) Religious tolerance grew. 18. Which movement’s primary goal was the ratification of a constitutional amendment authorizing Prohibition? (1) abolitionist (3) temperance (2) Populist (4) settlement house 19. National Prohibition, as authorized by the 18th amendment, stated that (1) Americans must be 18 years old to purchase alcoholic beverages (2) only imported alcoholic beverages would be sold (3) alcoholic beverages could be sold only in government-run stores (4) the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages was banned 20.The repeal of national Prohibition in 1933 showed that (1) alcohol consumption was not acceptable socially (2) the government should lower the drinking age (3) crime rates had fallen to record low levels (4) unpopular laws are difficult to enforce 21. During the 1920s, controversies concerning the Scopes trial, national Prohibition, and the behavior of “flappers” were all signs of disagreement over (1) the return to normalcy (2) traditional values and changing lifestyles (3) causes of the Great Depression (4) the benefits of new technology

22. Which event of the 1920s symbolized a conflict over cultural values? (1) election of Herbert Hoover (2) transatlantic flight of Charles Lindbergh (3) Scopes trial (4) stock market crash 23. The Scopes Trial of 1925 is an example of (1) the effects of assimilation on American culture (2) a clash between scientific ideas and religious beliefs (3) an increase in violence in American society (4) government intervention in racial conflicts 24. The Scopes trial of 1925 illustrated the (1) desire for new voting rights laws (2) need for better private schools (3) conflict between Protestant fundamentalism and science (4) effects of the Red Scare on the legal system 25. The Scopes trial of the 1920s dealt with a conflict between (1) communism and capitalism (2) Protestants and Catholics (3) science and religion (4) labor and management 26. National attention was drawn to the Scopes trial of 1925 because the case (1) represented a conflict between science and religion (2) reversed a previous Supreme Court decision on free speech (3) upheld the right of veterans to protest in Washington, D. C. (4) revealed the extent of prejudice against immigrants 27. Which characteristic of the 1920s is illustrated by the trial of Sacco and Vanzetti? (1) hostility toward woman’s suffrage (2) support for segregation (3) opposition to separation of church and state (4) intolerance toward immigrants 28. The convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti in the 1920s most closely reflected the (1) increase in nativist attitudes (2) federal government’s war on crime (3) corruption of political machines (4) rise in labor unrest

29. The Red Scare, the growth of the Ku Klux Klan, and the murder convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti were influenced by (1) the rise of organized crime (2) the passage of immigration quota acts (3) a distrust of foreigners (4) an effort to stop fascism 30. Which situation helped cause the stock market crash of 1929? (1) excessive speculation and buying on margin (2) unwillingness of people to invest in new industries (3) increased government spending (4) too much government regulation of business 32. What was one cause of the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression that followed? (1) Costs associated with World War I had bankrupted the economy. (2) Speculators had purchased shares of stock on margin with borrowed funds. (3) Federal tax cuts had caused high inflation. (4) Low farm production had weakened banks. 32. Which economic factor contributed most directly to the start of the Great Depression? (1) low worker productivity (2) high income taxes (3) decreasing tariff rates (4) buying stocks on margin 33. Which statement about the stock market crash of 1929 is most accurate? (1) It was the single cause of the Great Depression. (2) It was caused by the effects of the Great Depression. (3) It continued long after the Great Depression ended. (4) It helped lead to the Great Depression. 34. Which event led to the start of the Great Depression? (1) Red Scare (1919–1920) (2) election of President Herbert Hoover (1928) (3) stock market crash (1929) (4) passage of the Emergency Banking Act (1933) 35. In the 1930s, shantytowns, often called “Hoovervilles,” sprang up across the United States because of President Herbert Hoover’s (1) support for federal programs to provide jobs for the unemployed (2) refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless (3) efforts to help the residents return to their farms (4) emergency relief program to provide food to the poor

36. The march of the “Bonus Army” and referring to shantytowns as “Hoovervilles” in the early 1930s illustrate (1) growing discontent with Republican efforts to deal with the Great Depression (2) state projects that created jobs for the unemployed (3) federal attempts to restore confidence in the American economy (4) the president’s success in solving social problems 37. President Herbert Hoover’s response to the Great Depression was often criticized because it (1) wasted money on new social programs (2) caused widespread rioting and looting in major cities (3) raised taxes on businesses and the wealthy (4) failed to provide direct relief for the neediest persons 38. What were two basic causes of the Dust Bowl during the early 1930s? (1) strip mining and toxic waste dumping (2) overfarming and severe drought (3) clear-cutting of forests and construction of railroads (4) overpopulation and urban sprawl 39. The term Dust Bowl is most closely associated with which historical circumstance? (1) a major drought that occurred during the 1930s (2) logging practices in the Pacific Northwest in the 1950s (3) an increase in pollution during the 1960s (4) the migration to the Sun Belt in the 1970s 40. Which geographic area is most closely associated with the Dust Bowl of the 1930s? (1) Great Lakes basin (2) Mississippi River valley (3) Appalachian Mountains (4) Great Plains 41. Which conditions are most characteristic of an economic depression? (1) high unemployment and overproduction (2) large business investments and low taxes (3) too much money in circulation and high stock prices (4) high employment and increased real estate investments 42. The New Deal tried to solve many problems of the Great Depression by (1) providing federal aid to many sectors of the economy (2) reducing taxes on big business to stimulate job creation (3) lowering federal spending to maintain a balanced budget (4) decreasing foreign competition by raising tariffs

43. Which statement best illustrates a basic idea of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal? (1) Communism provides the only real solution to economic problems. (2) Unemployed workers should rely on the states rather than on the federal government for help. (3) The United States reached its economic peak in the 1920s and is now a declining industrial power. (4) The economy sometimes needs public money to encourage business activity. 44. A lasting effect of the New Deal has been a belief that government should (1) own the principal means of producing goods and services (2) allow natural market forces to determine economic conditions (3) maintain a balanced federal budget during hard economic times (4) assume responsibility for the well-being of its citizens 45. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), established during the New Deal, were important because they (1) increased the supply of money in the economy (2) guaranteed loans to failing businesses and banks (3) attempted to restore public confidence in financial institutions (4) provided grants to unemployed workers

46. The New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt changed the United States economy by (1) restoring the principle of a balanced budget (2) expanding the trustbusting practices of Progressive Era presidents (3) encouraging greater production of agricultural goods (4) increasing government involvement with both business and labor 47. Critics of the New Deal claimed that the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Social Security System threatened the United States economy by (1) applying socialist principles (2) imposing unfair working hours (3) decreasing government spending (4) eroding antitrust laws 48. During the Great Depression, one way New Deal programs tried to stimulate economic recovery was by (1) raising tariff rates (2) increasing interest rates (3) creating public works jobs (4) lowering the minimum wage 49. A major reason that President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed adding Justices to the Supreme Court in 1937 was to (1) make the Court processes more democratic (2) end corruption and favoritism in handling cases (3) influence Court decisions related to New Deal programs (4) ensure the appointment of members of minority groups 50. Which action by President Franklin D. Roosevelt challenged the principle of checks and balances? (1) frequently vetoing New Deal legislation (2) trying to increase the number of justices on the Supreme Court (3) taking over the Senate’s treaty ratification power (4) desegregating defense industries

Topic #11: World War II Vocabulary:  

1. Neutrality Acts (Pg 218)

2. Lend-Lease Act (Pg 222)

3. Pearl Harbor Attack (Pg 222)

4. Japanese Internment Camps (Pg 228)

5. Korematsu v. United States (Pg 229)

6. Yalta Conference (Pg 228)

7. Rationing (Pg 227)

8. Manhattan Project (Pg 225)

9. Atomic Bomb (Pg 225)

10. Truman’s Fair Deal (Pg 230)

11. United Nations (Pg 232-233)

Questions: 1. What moves did the U.S. government make toward isolationism in the years following World War I?

(Pg 219) 2. How did the following actions aide the Allies before the U.S. entered WWII?

a. The Lend-Lease Act: (Pg 222)

b. Cash and Carry: (Pg 220)

3. Why did the United States eventually enter World War II? (Pg 222) 4. Why did the federal government decide to relocate many Japanese-Americans to internment camps?

(Pg 228-229) 5. Explain the majority opinion in the Supreme Court case Korematsu v. United States. (Pg 229)

6. What social changes did World War II bring to the following groups:

a. Women: (Pg 227) b. African-Americans: (Pg 228)

7. What reasons did President Truman give for dropping atomic bombs on Japan? (Pg 225)

Regents Questions 1. In the 1930s, Congress attempted to avoid the situations that led to United States involvement in World War I by (1) enacting a peacetime draft law (2) passing a series of neutrality acts (3) authorizing the deportation of American Communist Party members (4) relocating Japanese Americans to internment camps 2. Prior to the start of World War II, Great Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement when they (1) rejected an alliance with the Soviet Union (2) allowed Germany to expand its territory (3) signed the agreements at the Yalta Conference (4) opposed United States efforts to rearm

3. Which action is an example of international appeasement? (1) Congress authorizing the Manhattan Project (2) Japan attacking Pearl A Harbor (3) Germany signing a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union (4) Great Britain and France agreeing to Hitler’s demand for part of Czechoslovakia 4. In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to the start of World War II in Europe by (1) asking Congress to enter the war (2) urging continued appeasement of aggressor nations (3) attempting to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the hostilities (4) selling military supplies to the Allied nations

5. The Neutrality Acts passed by Congress in the mid-1930s were efforts to (1) avoid mistakes that led the country into World War I (2) create jobs for the unemployed in the military defense industry (3) support the League of Nations efforts to stop wars in Africa and Asia (4) help the democratic nations of Europe against Hitler and Mussolini 6. Which action by the United States best represents United States foreign policy in the 1930s? (1) passing the Neutrality Acts (2) creating the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (3) deciding to create the United Nations (4) joining the Allied powers 7. The Neutrality Acts of 1935–1937 were primarily designed to (1) avoid policies that had led to United States involvement in World War I (2) halt the spread of communism in the Western Hemisphere (3) promote United States membership in the League of Nations (4) stop Japan from attacking United States territories in the Far East 8. The Neutrality Acts of 1935 and 1937 were intended to (1) enforce the policies of the League of Nations (2) stimulate economic growth in the United States (3) avoid the policies that drew the nation into World War I (4) support the use of peacekeeping troops in Europe 9. The Neutrality Acts of the 1930s reflect the efforts of Congress to (1) reject the terms of the Kellogg-Briand Pact (2) avoid foreign policy mistakes that led the country into World War I (3) form military alliances with other democratic nations (4) strengthen the American military against European dictators

10. Which statement most accurately describes the foreign policy change made by the United States between the start of World War II (1939) and the attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)? (1) The traditional isolationism of the United States was strengthened. (2) The nation shifted from neutrality to military support for the Allies. (3) War was declared on Germany but not on Japan. (4) Financial aid was offered to both the Allied and Axis powers. 11. One way in which the Pearl Harbor attack of December 7, 1941, and the attacks of September 11, 2001, are similar is that both led to (1) increasing isolation (2) the creation of a military draft (3) the impeachment of the president (4) major changes in United States foreign policy A. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. B. Germany invades Poland. C. MacArthur dictates a democratic constitution to Japan. D. Allies invade Europe on D-Day. 12. Which sequence of these events related to World War II is in the correct chronological order? (1) D→B→A→C (2) B→A→D→C (3) C→A→B→D (4) A→B→C→D 13. During World War II, Japanese Americans were sent to internment centers primarily because they (1) were considered illegal aliens (2) had been convicted of spying for Japan (3) refused to enlist in the United States military (4) were thought to be threats to national security 14. President Abraham Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus and President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s executive order forcing Japanese Americans into internment camps both demonstrate that (1) constitutional rights can be limited during war (2) Congress can pass laws limiting the power of a strong president (3) immigrants are protected by the same constitutional rights as United States citizens (4) presidential actions must be submitted to the Supreme Court for approval

15. Which factor contributed to the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II? (1) labor shortage during the war (2) influence of racial prejudice (3) increase of terrorist activities on the West Coast (4) fear of loss of jobs to Japanese workers 16. The decision of the Supreme Court in Korematsu v. United States (1944) upheld the power of the president during wartime to (1) ban terrorists from entering the country (2) limit a group’s civil liberties (3) stop mistreatment of resident legal aliens (4) deport persons who work for enemy nations 17. Which wartime policy toward Japanese Americans was upheld by the Supreme Court in its 1944 ruling in Korematsu v. United States? (1) deportation to Japan (2) mandatory military service (3) denial of voting rights (4) confinement in internment camps 18. In Korematsu v. United States (1944), the Supreme Court said that the removal of Japanese Americans from their homes was constitutional because (1) most Japanese Americans were not United States citizens (2) many Japanese Americans refused to serve in the United States Armed Forces (3) this type of action was necessary during a national emergency (4) there was strong evidence of significant Japanese sabotage on the West Coast 19. In both Schenck v. United States (1919) and Korematsu v. United States (1944), the Supreme Court ruled that during wartime (1) civil liberties may be limited (2) women can fight in combat (3) drafting of noncitizens is permitted (4) sale of alcohol is illegal 20. What was a primary goal of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin when they met at the Yalta Conference in 1945? (1) setting up postwar aid for Great Britain (2) sharing the development of atomic weapons (3) protecting the colonial empires of the warring nations (4) settling major wartime issues of the Allied powers

21. During World War II, the federal government used rationing to (1) hold down prices of military weapons (2) increase educational benefits for veterans (3) increase imports of scarce products (4) provide more resources for the military 22. A main purpose of government-ordered rationing during World War II was to (1) increase foreign trade (2) limit the growth of industry (3) conserve raw materials for the war effort (4) encourage women to enter the workforce 23. Shortly after entering World War II, the United States began the Manhattan Project to (1) work on the development of an atomic bomb (2) increase economic production to meet demands (3) defend New York City against a nuclear attack (4) recruit men for the military services 24. During World War II, the Manhattan Project was the name of the plan to (1) open a second front in Europe (2) capture Pacific islands held by the Japanese (3) develop the atomic bomb (4) liberate German concentration camps 25. The major reason for President Harry Truman’s decision to use atomic bombs against Japan was the (1) potential loss of American lives from invading Japan (2) need to defeat Japan before defeating Germany (3) plan to bring democratic government to Japan after the war (4) failure of the island-hopping campaign against Japan 26. One reason the Nuremberg trials following World War II were held was to (1) bring Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo to justice (2) force Japan to pay for the attack on Pearl Harbor (3) make German leaders accountable for the Holocaust (4) punish the German government for bombing England 27. In which pair of events is the second event a response to the first? (1) Truman Doctrine → D-Day Invasion (2) Manhattan Project → Lend-Lease Act (3) Holocaust → Nuremberg War Crimes trials (4) Germany’s invasion of Poland → Munich Conference

28. The war crimes trials in Nuremberg and Tokyo following World War II established the concept that (1) nations could be made to pay for wartime damages (2) pardons should be granted to all accused war criminals (3) those convicted should be given shorter sentences than ordinary criminals (4) individuals could be held accountable for their actions in a war 29. The Nuremberg War Crimes trials of 1945–1949 established the international precedent that (1) the United States should avoid commitments with foreign nations (2) military leaders cannot be held responsible for wartime actions (3) individuals may be tried for crimes against humanity (4) soldiers must obey an order even if it conflicts with basic humanitarian values 30. The principal goal of the United Nations has been to (1) develop military alliances around the world (2) encourage expansion of international trade (3) promote peaceful solutions to world problems (4) regulate the use of atomic energy

31. The main foreign policy objective of the Marshall Plan (1948–1952) was to (1) stop communist aggression in Korea (2) fight poverty in Latin America (3) rebuild the economies of European nations (4) provide jobs for unemployed Americans 32. The Marshall Plan (1948–1952) was a United States effort to assist the nations of Europe by (1) forming a strong military alliance (2) providing economic aid (3) sending United States troops to trouble spots (4) continuing Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union 33. A major purpose of the GI Bill was to provide World War II veterans with (1) educational opportunities after the war (2) protection against racial discrimination (3) civilian jobs in the military (4) increased Social Security payments 34. What was a major result of the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill)? (1) Millions of veterans received a college education. (2) Women kept their factory jobs after World War II. (3) Jobs were created by the Manhattan Project. (4) Veterans were exempted from gasoline rationing.

Topic #12: Cold War Vocabulary:

1. Cold War (Glossary)

2. Soviet Union (Glossary)

3. Democracy (Glossary)

4. Communism (Glossary)

5. Iron Curtain (Pg 234)

6. NATO (Pg 235)

7. Warsaw Pact (Pg 235)

8. Berlin Wall (Pg 235)

9. Containment (Pg 233)

10. Truman Doctrine (Pg 234)

11. Domino Theory (Pg 253)

12. Marshall Plan (Pg 234)

13. Berlin Airlift (Pg 235)

14. Korean War (Pg 236)

15. Vietnam War (Pg 277)

16. Sputnik (Pg 253)

17. Arms Race (Pg 253)

18. Suburbanization (Pg 256)

19. G.I. Bill (Pg 230)

20. Baby Boom (Pg 230)

21. The Space Program (Pg 273)

22. Peace Corps (Pg 273)

23. Bay of Pigs (Pg 274)

24. Cuban Missile Crisis (Pg 274)

25. McCarthyism (Pg 239)

26. Fall of the Berlin Wall (Pg 295)

Questions: 1. What was the Cold War? What factors contributed to its beginning? (Pg 233) 2. Why did the United States adopt the policy of “containment” after World War II? (Pg 233) 3. Explain how the following actions were examples of containment:

a. The Truman Doctrine: (Pg 234)

b. The Berlin Airlift: (Pg 235)

c. The Marshall Plan: (Pg 234) d. The Formation of NATO: (Pg 235)

4. Why did the U.S. get involved in the Korean War? What was the result of the war? (Pg 236)

5. How did the following events illustrate the Red Scare of the 1950s? a. The Trial of the Rosenbergs: (Pg 239)

b. HUAC: (Pg 238)

c. “McCarthyism”: (Pg 239) 6. What did the G.I. Bill do? (Pg 230) 7. What factors promoted suburbanization in the postwar period? (Pg 256) 8. What was the purpose of the Peace Corps and the Alliance for Progress? (Pg 273) 9. What was the “Bay of Pigs Invasion?” (Pg 274) 10. Describe the agreement that brought an end to the Cuban Missile Crisis? (Pg 275)

Regents Questions 1. What was a primary goal of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin when they met at the Yalta Conference in 1945? (1) setting up postwar aid for Great Britain (2) sharing the development of atomic weapons (3) protecting the colonial empires of the warring nations (4) settling major wartime issues of the Allied powers 2. The primary reason for the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949 was to (1) maintain peace in the Middle East (2) block the German Nazi threat in Europe (3) protect Western Europe from the Soviet Union (4) increase United States influence in Asia 3. The Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) were all part of the foreign policy of (1) isolationism (2) de ́tente (3) colonialism (4) containment

4. The United States committed to a Cold War policy of mutual defense when it (1) aided the Nationalists in China (2) established the Eisenhower Doctrine (3) joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (4) rejected United Nations efforts to halt the development of atomic weapons 5. The primary goal of the United States foreign policy of containment was to (1) return to noninvolvement in world affairs (2) stop communist influence from spreading (3) gain territories in Africa and Latin America (4) overthrow existing dictatorships 6. Which foreign policy decision by President Harry Truman is an example of the policy of containment? (1) relieving General MacArthur of his Korean command (2) recognizing the new nation of Israel (3) supporting the trials of war criminals in Germany and Japan (4) providing military aid to Greece and Turkey

7. In the Truman Doctrine, President Harry Truman pledged to (1) support Greece in its fight against communist aggression (2) fight hunger in Africa and Asia (3) strengthen the United States nuclear arsenal (4) reject a policy of containment 8. Which development is most closely associated with the belief in the domino theory? (1) military involvement in Vietnam (2) construction of the Berlin Wall (3) signing of the nuclear test ban treaty (4) end of the Korean War 9. Which event marked the beginning of the space race with the Soviet Union? (1) U-2 spy plane incident (2) launch of Sputnik (3) Berlin airlift (4) creation of the space shuttle program 10. What was one outcome of the Cuban missile crisis in 1962? (1) Cuba became a communist nation. (2) The United States seized military control of Cuba. (3) The Soviet Union withdrew its nuclear missiles from Cuba. (4) Fidel Castro met with President John F. Kennedy. 11. The 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion and the 1962 missile crisis are conflicts directly related to United States relations with which two nations? (1) the Dominican Republic and Haiti (2) Cuba and the Soviet Union (3) China and Japan (4) North Korea and South Korea 12. The Cuban missile crisis was effectively ended when the (1) Soviet Union agreed to withdraw weapons from Cuba (2) Bay of Pigs invasion removed Fidel Castro from power (3) Cuban authorities signed new trade agreements with the United States (4) United States announced the formation of the Alliance for Progress

13. The main purpose of the War Powers Act of 1973 was to (1) expand the power of Congress to declare war (2) limit the president’s ability to send troops into combat abroad (3) allow people to vote on the issue of United States commitments overseas (4) end the Vietnam War on favorable terms 14. The war in Vietnam led Congress to pass the War Powers Act of 1973 in order to (1) affirm United States support for the United Nations (2) strengthen the policy of de ́tente (3) increase United States participation in international peacekeeping operations (4) assert the role of Congress in the commitment of troops overseas 15. United States involvement in the Vietnam War was based in part on a desire to (1) prevent renewed Japanese expansionism in the Pacific (2) assure access to an adequate supply of oil from the Middle East (3) contain communism in Southeast Asia (4) protect American business interests in China 16. What was a major outcome of the Korean War (1950–1953)? (1) Korea continued to be a divided nation. (2) North Korea became an ally of the United States. (3) South Korea became a communist nation. (4) Control of Korea was turned over to the United Nations. 17. The major reason the United States became involved in the Korean War was the (1) threat of communism spreading throughout Asia (2) need to prevent war between China and the Soviet Union (3) demand by the United States for Korean natural resources (4) desire to limit Japanese expansion 18. McCarthyism in the early 1950s resulted from (1) new commitments to civil rights for African Americans (2) opposition to the Marshall Plan (3) charges that Communists had infiltrated the United States government (4) increased public support for labor unions

19. Which factor is most closely associated with McCarthyism? (1) buildup of Soviet missiles in Cuba (2) fear of communist influence in the United States (3) rise of the Communist Party in China (4) creation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union 20. McCarthyism in the 1950s is most closely associated with (1) claims that communists had infiltrated the federal government (2) efforts to prevent pro-communist governments in Latin America (3) formation of the Warsaw Pact (4) passage of the Interstate Highway Act

21. Which event is most closely associated with the end of the Cold War? (1) passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (2) establishment of a policy of de ́tente with the Soviet Union (3) invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union (4) fall of the Berlin Wall 22. The beginning of the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe is most closely associated with the (1) fall of the Berlin Wall (2) admission of Warsaw Pact nations to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (3) intervention of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in Yugoslavia (4) formation of the European Union

Topic #13: Civil Rights Movement Vocabulary

1. Civil Rights Movement (Pg 260)

2. Segregation (Glossary)

3. Discrimination (Glossary)

4. Plessy. v. Ferguson (Glossary/Packet #6)

5. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (Pg 260)

6. 14th Amendment (Glossary/Packet #6)

7. President Eisenhower (Pg 256)

8. Little Rock, Arkansas (Pg 259)

9. Martin Luther King Jr. (Pg 260)

10. Civil Rights Act 1964 (Pg 264)

11. Voting Rights Act 1954 (Pg 266)

12. Malcom X (Pg 266)

13. Affirmative Action Programs (Pg 268)

Questions: 1. Why is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas considered a landmark

historical case? (Pg 259)

2. Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1964 considered groundbreaking? (Pg 265)

3. Why did Eisenhower send Federal Troops to Little Rock, Arkansas (Pg 259)

4. How did affirmative action change the lives of African Americans? (Pg 268)

Regents Questions: 1. In 1954, the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka advanced the civil rights movement by (1) guaranteeing equal voting rights to African Americans (2) banning racial segregation in hotels and restaurants (3) declaring that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th amendment (4) upholding the principle of separate but equal public facilities 2. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) had a major impact on the lives of African Americans because it ruled that (1) segregation was illegal in educational institutions (2) voting was a right guaranteed by the Constitution (3) separate but equal public facilities were legal (4) military occupation of the South was unconstitutional 3. What was the decision of the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)? (1) Black Codes were unconstitutional. (2) The citizenship principle established in Dred Scott v. Sanford was repealed. (3) The 15th amendment failed to guarantee the right to vote to all males. (4) Racial segregation did not violate the equal protection provision of the 14th amendment. 4. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) upheld a state law that had (1) banned the hiring of Chinese workers (2) established racial segregation practices (3) outlawed the use of prison inmate labor (4) forced Native American Indians to relocate to reservations 5. During the 1950s, the main goal of the civil rights movement was to (1) create separate African American economic and social institutions (2) eliminate legal segregation from American life

(3) establish affirmative action programs to compensate for past wrongs (4) form a new nation for African Americans 6. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was intended to end (1) loyalty oaths for federal employees (2) affirmative action programs in education (3) unfair treatment of the elderly (4) discrimination based on race or sex 7. A major way in which the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) are similar is that both laws (1) were intended to lift Americans out of poverty (2) failed to pass constitutional review by the Supreme Court (3) gave a minority group the right to vote after years of protest (4) provided equal protection to groups that had experienced discrimination 8. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) had a major impact on the lives of African Americans because it ruled that (1) segregation was illegal in educational institutions (2) voting was a right guaranteed by the Constitution (3) separate but equal public facilities were legal (4) military occupation of the South was unconstitutional 9. Which pair of Supreme Court cases demonstrates that the Supreme Court can change an earlier decision? (1) Schenck v. United States and United States v. Nixon (2) Korematsu v. United States and Miranda v. Arizona (3) Gideon v. Wainwright and Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (4) Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

10. One similarity between the laws being challenged in the United States Supreme Court cases of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and Korematsu v. United States is that (1) specific groups of people were being targeted based on race or ethnicity (2) state laws were declared unconstitutional (3) immigrants were relocated to prison camps (4) federal laws segregating public transportation were upheld 11. In 1957, President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, to (1) protect civil rights marchers (2) help African Americans register to vote (3) enforce a Supreme Court decision to desegregate public schools (4) end race riots resulting from a bus boycott “. . . I was disappointed not to see what is inside Central High School. I don’t understand why the governor [of Arkansas] sent grown-up soldiers to keep us out. I don’t know if I should go back. But Grandma is right, if I don’t go back, they will think they have won. They will think they can use soldiers to frighten us, and we’ll always have to obey them. They’ll always be in charge if I don’t go back to Central and make the integration happen. . . .” — Melba Beals, Warriors Don’t Cry, an African American student, 1957 12. President Dwight D. Eisenhower reacted to the situation described in this passage by (1) forcing the governor of Arkansas to resign (2) allowing the people of Arkansas to resolve the problem (3) asking the Supreme Court to speed up racial integration (4) sending federal troops to enforce integration 13. When President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957, he was fulfilling his presidential role as (1) chief executive (2) chief diplomat (3) head of state (4) head of his political party 14. The president acted as commander in chief in response to which event of the civil rights movement? (1) refusal of the governor of Arkansas to obey a federal court order to integrate public schools (2) desegregation of the city bus system in Montgomery, Alabama (3) arrest of Martin Luther King Jr. during protests in Birmingham, Alabama (4) assassination of Medgar Evers in Mississippi

15. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 to (1) supervise local elections (2) enforce school integration (3) end a bus boycott (4) break up a steel strike 16. Which action did President Dwight D. Eisenhower take to enforce this Supreme Court decision? (1) ordering the closing of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (2) sending US troops to enforce school integration (3) proposing legislation in support of segregation (4) transferring white students to a new public school . . . But the great glory of American democracy is the right to protest for right. My friends, don’t let anybody make us feel that we [are] to be compared in our actions with the Ku Klux Klan or with the White Citizens Council. There will be no crosses burned at any bus stops in Montgomery. There will be no white persons pulled out of their homes and taken out on some distant road and lynched for not cooperating. There will be nobody amid, among us who will stand up and defy the Constitution of this nation. We only assemble here because of our desire to see right exist. . . . — Martin Luther King, Jr., December 1955 17. Which statement most accurately summarizes the main idea of these quotations? (1) Revolution is inevitable in a democratic society. (2) Government consistently protects the freedom and dignity of all its citizens. (3) Violence is the most effective form of protest. (4) Civil disobedience is sometimes necessary to bring about change. 18. Which event was a result of the other three? (1) sit-ins at whites-only lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina (2) Martin Luther King Jr.’s March on Washington, DC (3) signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (4) bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama 19. During the 1950s and 1960s, which civil rights leader advocated black separatism? (1) Medgar Evers (2) James Meredith (3) Rosa Parks (4) Malcolm X 20. The program that promotes preference in hiring for African Americans and other minorities to correct past injustices is known as (1) Title IX (2) open admissions (3) affirmative action (4) Head Start

Topic #14: Modern Presidents (Post Kennedy)

Vocabulary President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)

1. Great Society (Pg 273)

2. Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) (Pg 273)

3. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (Pg 278)

President Richard Nixon (1969-1974)

1. Détente (Pg 284)

2. Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) (Pg 285)

3. Visit to People’s Republic of China [A New Policy Toward China] (Pg 284)

4. Watergate Scandal (Pg 287-288)

President Gerald Ford (1974-1977) Took over for Nixon when he resigned- Ford was the first President to hold office who was not elected to the Presidency of Vice Presidency President Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)

1. Camp David Accords (1978) (Pg 290) President Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)

1. Supply-Side Economics (Pg 291)

2. Iran Contra Affair (Pg 293) President George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)

1. Persian Gulf War (Pg 296)

President Bill Clinton (1993-2001) 1. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (Pg 298)

2. Impeachment (Pg 297)

Similar to Carter: Tried to bring peace to the Middle East Similar to Andrew Johnson: Both were impeached, but not convicted President George W. Bush (2001-2009)

1. 2000 Election (Pg 298)

2. 9/11/01 (Pg 300)

3. War on Terror (Pg 300)

4. Bush Tax Cuts (Pg 298)

President Barack Obama (2009-Present)

1. Affordable Health Care Act (Pg 304) First African American President Osama Bin Laden was found and killed during 1st term in office

Questions 1. Name three programs that emerged as part of Johnson’s Great Society? (Pg 273) 2. How did the Great Society affect the strength and size of the federal government? (Pg 273) 3. What other government action made it difficult for the federal government to find enough money to fund the “Great Society?” (Pg 273) 4. Describe the following aspects of Nixon’s foreign policy: a. Détente: (Pg 284)

b. SALT Negotiations: (Pg 285)

c. Relations with China: (Pg 284) 5. How was President Nixon involved in the Watergate affair? (Pg 288) 6. Name one foreign policy accomplishment and one foreign policy failure of the Carter Administration. (Pg 290) 7. Describe Ronald Reagan’s economic policies. (Pg 291) 8. What was the Iran-Contra Affair about? (Pg 293) 9. What did the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) do? (Pg 298) 10. Why was President Clinton impeached? (Pg 297) 11. Why was the election of 2000 unique? (Pg 298)

Regents Questions1. A major goal of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society was to (1) provide government aid to business (2) end poverty in the United States (3) conserve natural resources (4) stop emigration from Latin America 2. Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson supported domestic policies that (1) favored only one region of the nation (2) attempted to increase the wealth of the rich (3) led to tax cuts for all Americans (4) provided direct help to those in need

3. One goal of President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society was to (1) improve the quality of life for the poor (2) privatize many government programs (3) send additional troops to Vietnam (4) reduce the number of nuclear weapons 4. What was a major reason President Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to run for reelection in 1968? (1) He was ineligible to hold a third term as president. (2) He was threatened with impeachment for government scandals. (3) His Vietnam War policies had reduced his popularity with voters. (4) Most Americans were unhappy with his failure to establish social reforms

5. The term Great Society was used by President Lyndon B. Johnson to describe his efforts to (1) lower taxes for all Americans (2) win the race for outer space (3) end poverty and discrimination in the United States (4) improve the nation’s armed forces 6. One way in which President John F. Kennedy’s Peace Corps and President Lyndon Johnson’s Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) are similar is that both programs attempted to (1) increase domestic security (2) support United States troops fighting overseas (3) improve the quality of people’s lives (4) provide aid to immigrants coming to the United States ... For the war against poverty will not be won here in Washington. It must be won in the field, in every private home, in every public office, from the courthouse to the White House.... — President Lyndon B. Johnson, State of the Union Address, January 8, 1964 7. This statement expresses President Lyndon B. Johnson’s view that the (1) federal government is solely responsible for the war on poverty (2) court system must be held accountable for poverty (3) problem of poverty is easily solved (4) entire country must help fight poverty 8. President Richard Nixon’s policy of de ́tente is best characterized by his (1) decision to dismantle the nuclear weapons arsenal of the United States (2) attempt to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union (3) order to bomb Cambodia (4) support for membership in the United Nations for communist countries 9. The policy of de ́tente was used by President Richard Nixon in an effort to (1) decrease tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States (2) improve relations with Latin America (3) promote democratic government in China (4) create stronger ties with Western Europe

10. The Supreme Court decisions in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) and United States v. Nixon (1974) reinforced the principle that the president of the United States (1) has unlimited use of the veto power (2) is protected from unfair media criticism (3) may not be convicted of a crime (4) is not above the law 11. President Richard Nixon’s visit to the People’s Republic of China in 1972 was significant because it (1) convinced the Chinese to abandon communism (2) brought about the unification of Taiwan and Communist China (3) reduced tensions between the United States and Communist China (4) decreased US dependence on Chinese exports 12. What was the primary reason Richard Nixon resigned his presidency? (1) He was convicted of several serious crimes. (2) He was facing impeachment by the House of Representatives. (3) His reelection was declared invalid by the Supreme Court. (4) His actions in Cambodia and Laos were exposed in the Pentagon Papers. 13. President Richard Nixon’s decision to resign from the presidency in 1974 was based primarily on (1) developments in the Watergate investigation (2) backlash from his policies toward China and the Soviet Union (3) protests against his secret military actions during the Vietnam War (4) accusations of trading arms for hostages 14. Which statement best describes an impact of the Watergate scandal on American society? (1) The modern environmental movement began. (2) Public trust in government declined. (3) Voter turnout in elections increased. (4) An economic recession ended. 15. A major effect of the Watergate scandal of the 1970s was that it (1) led to the Arab oil embargo (2) reduced people’s trust in government (3) resulted in term limits for elected officials (4) increased presidential power

16. The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), signed by President Richard Nixon with the Soviet Union, was an effort to advance the foreign policy of (1) de ́tente (2) imperialism (3) brinkmanship (4) globalization 17. In the Camp David Accords (1978), President Jimmy Carter succeeded in (1) returning the Panama Canal Zone to Panama (2) suspending grain sales to the Soviet Union and China (3) providing a foundation for a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel (4) freeing hostages being held in Iran 18. Which action was a major foreign policy achievement of President Jimmy Carter? (1) settling the Suez crisis (2) withdrawing the United States from the Vietnam War (3) establishing improved relations with Iran (4) mediating the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel 19. A major policy of President Ronald Reagan’s administration was to (1) reduce defense spending (2) lower federal income tax rates (3) end desegregation of public facilities (4) promote regulation of small businesses 20. President Ronald Reagan’s supply-side economic policy was successful in (1) increasing government spending on social programs (2) lowering tax rates on personal and business income (3) reducing defense spending (4) enforcing stricter environmental regulations 21. President Ronald Reagan asked Congress to lower tax rates on businesses and wealthy individuals in order to (1) encourage new economic investment (2) increase exports to Asia

(3) impose limits on the money supply (4) preserve funds for social welfare programs 22. In 1991, one of the reasons President George H. W. Bush committed United States troops to the Persian Gulf War was to (1) maintain the flow of trade through the Suez Canal (2) fulfill military obligations as a member of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) (3) contain the spread of communism in the Middle East (4) assure the flow of Middle East oil to the United States and its allies 23. The Camp David Accords and the Persian Gulf War both show the desire of the United States to (1) create stability in the Middle East (2) expand trade with Asian nations (3) maintain friendly relations with Europe (4) provide economic stability in Latin America 24. Which statement about the impeachment trials of both President Andrew Johnson and President Bill Clinton is most accurate? (1) The House of Representatives failed to vote for articles of impeachment. (2) Only President Johnson was convicted and removed from office. (3) Only President Clinton was convicted and removed from office. (4) The Senate failed to convict either president. 25. One similarity shared by President Andrew Johnson and President Bill Clinton is that both (1) served only one term as president (2) were impeached but not convicted (3) had no vice president (4) came to office after the death of a president 26. One similarity between President Jimmy Carter and President Bill Clinton is that both leaders (1) attempted to bring peace to the Middle East (2) supported the federal takeover of public education (3) testified under oath at United States Senate hearings (4) proposed treaties to limit trade with Latin America

Topic #15: Supreme Court Cases

CASES Quick Summary Outcome/Historical

Significance CONSTITUTIONAL

CONCEPTS/Enduring Issues

Marbury v. Madison(1803)*

Appointment of midnight justices by John Adams rejected by Jefferson. Supreme Court must decide constitutionality of Judiciary Act.

John Marshall declares Judiciary Act unconstitutional The Supreme Court has the right of Judicial Review.

Judicial Review/Separation of powers

Gibbons v. Odgen(1824)*

Ogden receives exclusive right from New York to use Steamboat to navigate in New York and to N.J. Gibbons gets right from Congress.

John Marshall declares that Congress has the exclusive authority to regulate Interstate Commerce, especially when it involves a"stream of commerce."

Interstate Commerce Clause (Art. I, Sect.8) vs States Rights

Judicial Review/Federalism

Gideon v Wainwright (1963)*

Gideon was accused of a felony by Florida and did not have attorney representation because he could not afford one.

Based on his "pauper" appeal to the Supreme Court, it decided that regardless of the crime, Gideon had the right to an attorney.

Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments vs 10th Amendment

Bill of Rights/Due Process/ Right to an attorney

Mapp v Ohio (1961)

Dolleree Mapp was accused of harboring a dangerous criminal. The police searched her house without a warrant and found other illegal material, which they used to prosecute Mapp.

The Supreme Court established the exclusionary rule. States were not allowed to introduce illegally obtained evidence in a trial.

Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments vs Tenth Amendment

Bill of Rights/Search and Seizure/Reserved Police Power of the States

Miranda v Arizona (1966)*

Ernesto Miranda was arrested, interrogated and confessed to rape without the police informing him of his right to remain silent or have an attorney after his arrest.

One of the most important cases decided by the Supreme Court, it directed police to give "Miranda Warnings" immediately after a person is arrested.

Fifth, Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment vs Tenth Amendment

Bill of Rights/Due Process/Right against self-incrimination/Right to an attorney vs Police Power

New Jersey v TLO (1985)

TLO was accused of smoking in the bathroom. The principal searches her pocketbook without her permission and discovers cigarettes as well as other illegal substances.

Court rules that schools can search students with reasonable cause. This case lessens the Tinker doctrine and gives school officials greater latitude in disciplining students

Tenth Amendment reserved power of education vs Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments

Bill of Rights/Due Process/Search and Seizure vs police and education reserved power of the school.

Roe v Wade (1963)*

A Texas woman has an abortion violating Texas state law. Abortion at the time is legal in some states and illegal in others.

A constitutional right to an abortion is established, though the court laid down a trimester criteria in determining whether states can impose restrictions

Fourth amendment right to privacy, ninth amendment rights not listed in the Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment vs the Tenth Amendment health reserved power of the states.

The rights of women/contemporary social issues

 

Dred Scott v Sanford (1857)*

Dred Scott was a slave who was brought into free Territory as defined by the Missouri Compromise.

The Supreme Court declared that slaves were property and as such were not protected by the Constitution. It also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

Article III citizenship rights vs Fifth Amendment property rights.

Civil War causes/ Federalism/Equality/Rights of Ethnic Groups

Plessy v Ferguson (1896)*

The state of Louisiana enacted a law that required separate railway cars for blacks and whites. In 1892, Homer Adolph Plessy--who was seven-eighths Caucasian--took a seat in a "whites only" car of a Louisiana train. He refused to move to the car reserved for blacks and was arrested

The Supreme Court ruled that the "separate but equal" provision of the Louisiana law was constitutional. The case established this principle of segregation until it was overturned in 1954.

Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause vs Louisiana's Tenth Amendment Reserved power right to legislate.

Equality/ Federalism/Jim Crow/

Brown v Board of Education Topeka Kansas (1954)*

Linda Brown denied enrollment in an all white school near her home challenges the separate but equal policy of the Topeka school district.

In one of the most celebrated cases, the court struck down separate but equal and ordered integration in the nation's schools with "all deliberate speed."

Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause vs School's Tenth Amendment Reserve Power of education

Civil Rights/rights of ethnic minorities

Scopes Monkey Trial (1925)*

One of the first media trials of the century, John Scopes was convicted of violating a Tennessee law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Eloquently argued by defense attorney Clarence Darrow and prosecuting attorney and former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan, the state court ruled that Scopes broke the law.

First Amendment establishment clause vs State's Tenth Amendment reserved power of education.

Evolution vs Creationism, Roaring Twenties

Worcester v Georgia (1838)

Worcester, a minister did not get a license from Georgia to do missionary work with the Cherokee nation residing in Georgia.

The court ruled that only the United States had the authority to make treaties and regulations with Native Americans. The decision opened the door for Jackson to enforce the Indian Removal Act.

Article I treaty power of Congress vs Tenth Amendment police Reserved Power of Georgia.

Native Americans/Manifest Destiny/Rights of Ethnic Group/Power of National Government

Schenk v U.S. (1919)*

Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment.

The Court ruled that by obstructing the process in which people would be recruited or register for the armed forces, Debs did violate the act. The "clear and present danger" doctrine was established by this case.

First Amendment, free speech and assembly for Debs vs Congress' Article I ability to wage war.

World War I/Clear and Present Danger/National Power

Korematsu v U.S. (1944)*

During World War II, Presidential Executive Order 9066 gave the military authority to exclude citizens of Japanese ancestry from areas deemed critical to national defense Korematsu remained in California and violated Civilian Exclusion Order

The Supreme Court ruled that the President had the right to issue the Executive order as Commander-in-Chief. In 1988 Congress passed a law giving $20,000 to all ancestors of Japanese-Americans who were put in these camps.

Fourteenth Amendment equal protection clause, vs Article II power of the president.

Civil Liberties/Rights of ethnic minorities/World War II/Power of President in Foreign Affairs

Questions: 1. According to the case Schenck v. United States, are our constitutional rights absolute? Explain your answer. 2. Did Korematsu have to go to the Japenese internment camps? Why or why not? 3. What did the case Brown v. Board of Education do to schools, particularly in the South? How does it compare to previous Supreme Court decisions [Plessy v. Ferguson]? 4. What are Miranda rights? 5. Did Roe v. Wade allow Jane Roe to get an abortion? Explain. 6. Can a school legally search a student if he is suspected of carryin cocaine? Explain.

Regents Questions1. In the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court increased its power by (1) establishing the practice of judicial review (2) upholding the presidential appointment power (3) expanding the meaning of individual liberties (4) declaring the principle of states’ rights unconstitutional 3. What was one outcome of the Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison (1803)? (1) State governments could now determine the constitutionality of federal laws. (2) The principle of judicial review was established. (3) Congress expanded its delegated powers. (4) A method to approve treaties was developed. 3. The Supreme Court decisions in Gibbons v. Ogden and Northern Securities Co. v. United States were based on the federal government’s power to (1) issue patents (2) control the stock market (3) regulate interstate commerce (4) encourage technological development 4. The decision in Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) and the decision in Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad v. Illinois (1886) addressed the issue of (1) congressional privileges (2) regulation of interstate commerce (3) state taxation of federal property (4) contract rights 5. The Supreme Court decisions in Mapp v. Ohio, Gideon v. Wainright, and Miranda v. Arizona all expanded (1) integration of public facilities (2) rights of the accused (3) presidential powers (4) equality in the workplace 6. The Supreme Court decisions in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966) have been criticized because these rulings (1) expanded the rights of the accused (2) granted more powers to federal judges (3) lengthened prison sentences for the guilty (4) reinstated the use of capital punishment

7. In the Supreme Court cases New Jersey v. T.L.O. and Tinker v. Des Moines School District, the Court ruled that (1) individual student rights are more important than a safe school environment (2) students can be expelled from school without a hearing (3) civil liberties can be both protected and limited in schools (4) the Bill of Rights does not apply to minors 8. The Supreme Court decisions in New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985) and Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995) show that (1) a student’s right to privacy is limited under certain conditions (2) prayer in public schools must be limited (3) racially segregated schools are unconstitutional (4) a student has no guaranteed rights while in school 9. The Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade (1973) was based on the constitutional principle of (1) protection of property rights (2) freedom of speech (3) right to privacy (4) freedom of religion 10. The Supreme Court rulings in Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania, et al. v. Casey (1992) are similar in that both cases dealt with a woman’s right to (1) privacy (2) medical insurance (3) equal pay for equal work (4) participate in school sports 11. The Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) was significant because it (1) allowed slavery in California (2) outlawed slavery in the Southern States (3) upheld the actions of the Underground Railroad (4) ruled that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories

12. The Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) helped to increase sectional conflict because the decision (1) denied Congress the power to regulate slavery in the territories (2) allowed for the importation of enslaved persons for ten years (3) prohibited slavery in lands west of the Mississippi River (4) gave full citizenship to all enslaved persons 13. Which constitutional principle was tested in the cases of Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka? (1) separation of powers (2) popular sovereignty (3) equal protection of the law (4) separation of church and state 14. The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) had a major impact on the lives of African Americans because it ruled that (1) segregation was illegal in educational institutions (2) voting was a right guaranteed by the Constitution (3) separate but equal public facilities were legal (4) military occupation of the South was unconstitutional 15. In 1954, the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka advanced the civil rights movement by (1) guaranteeing equal voting rights to African Americans (2) banning racial segregation in hotels and restaurants (3) declaring that racial segregation in public schools violated the 14th amendment (4) upholding the principle of separate but equal public facilities 16. The Scopes Trial of 1925 is an example of (1) the effects of assimilation on American culture (2) a clash between scientific ideas and religious beliefs (3) an increase in violence in American society (4) government intervention in racial conflicts 17. The Scopes trial of 1925 illustrated the (1) desire for new voting rights laws (2) need for better private schools (3) conflict between Protestant fundamentalism and science (4) effects of the Red Scare on the legal system

18. Which Supreme Court decision is most closely associated with the Trail of Tears? (1) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) (2) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) (3) Worcester v. Georgia (1832) (4) Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) 19. The “clear and present danger” doctrine stated by the Supreme Court in the case of Schenck v. United States (1919) had an important impact on the Bill of Rights because it (1) limited the powers of the president (2) placed limits on freedom of speech (3) clarified standards for a fair trial (4) expanded the rights of persons accused of crimes 20. The clear-and-present danger doctrine established in Schenck v. United States (1919) permits the government to (1) declare war on any nation that attacks the United States (2) limit speech that threatens the security of the nation (3) break up monopolies that limit business competition (4) outlaw organizations that threaten the civil rights of others 21. In both Schenck v. United States (1919) and Korematsu v. United States (1944), the Supreme Court ruled that during wartime (1) civil liberties may be limited (2) women can fight in combat (3) drafting of noncitizens is permitted (4) sale of alcohol is illegal 22. The decision of the Supreme Court in Korematsu v. United States (1944) upheld the power of the president during wartime to (1) ban terrorists from entering the country (2) limit a group’s civil liberties (3) stop mistreatment of resident legal aliens (4) deport persons who work for enemy nations 23. In Korematsu v. United States (1944), the Supreme Court said that the removal of Japanese Americans from their homes was constitutional because (1) most Japanese Americans were not United States citizens (2) many Japanese Americans refused to serve in the United States Armed Forces (3) this type of action was necessary during a national emergency (4) there was strong evidence of significant Japanese sabotage on the West Coast

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Final Exam Grade: __________________