us history i final exam review 10 bleeding kansas began when border ruffians raided the anti-slavery...
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US History I Final Exam Review
10“Bleeding Kansas”
began when Border Ruffians raided the anti-slavery town of Lawrence, Kansas.
10Compromise of 1850
legislation that called for concessions by both the North and the South and included a strict new fugitive slave law
10 CSAConfederate States of America- group of seven southern states that seceded from the Union
10 Dred Scott Missouri slave who sued to obtain his freedom
10 Fort Sumter place where Confederate troops opened fire on Union troops
10Free Soil Party
won 10 percent of the vote in the election of 1848
10Fugitive Slave Act
law governing runaway slaves
10
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin that spread anti-slavery sentiment in the North.
10
Harriet Tubman
Maryland-born slave known as “Moses”
10Jefferson Davis chosen as President of the Confederate States of America
10John Brown New York abolitionist who used violence to accomplish his goals
10John Brown
attacked the arsenal at Harpers Ferry in the hope of starting a revolution and ending slavery
10
Kansas-Nebraska Act
bill passed by Congress in 1854 that led to violence
10
Know-Nothings
became the American Party
10
popular sovereignty
policy allowing voters to decide whether to permit or outlaw slavery
10
Republican Party
party formed in 1854 that opposed slavery
10Roger B. Taney Supreme Court Chief Justice who wrote the Dred Scott decision
10
Stephen Douglas
He believed each territory should decide the issue of slavery for itself.
11blockade
preventing merchant vessels with trade goods from entering or leaving ports
11
Robert E. Lee
military leader from Virginia who left the Union army to command the southern army
11
Anaconda Plan
a Union military plan for defeating the South by dividing the Confederacy in two
11
border states
4 states that bordered Southern states, allowed slavery but did not join the Confederacy
11
Stonewall Jackson
Confederate military hero who refused to yield to the Union army at Bull Run
11
George B. McClellan
second leader of the Union army
11
Ulysses S. Grant
successful Union general who eventually became the leader of the Union army
11Shiloh
tragic battle in Tennessee that shocked both North and South by the horrors of the war
11contraband captured war supplies
11Antietam the bloodiest battle in a single day of the Civil War
11
Emancipation Proclamation
freed all enslaved people living in the states of the rebellion
11Militia Act mandated that black soldiers be accepted into the military
11
54th Mass. Reg't.
all black regiment from Massachussetts known for its bravery
11income tax tax based on individual’s earnings to help pay for the war
11bond
a certificate bought from the government that promises to pay back the purchase amount plus interest
11
Homestead Act
made western land available at low cost to those who would farm the land
11conscription drafting men to fight in a war
11Copperhead northern Democrats who opposed the war
11habeas corpus
prevents a person from being held in jail without being charged of a specific crime
11inflation when prices of common items soar
11Clara Barton
gained approval for nursing Civil War soldiers as part of the official military effort and later founded the American Red Cross
11siege
a military tactic in which an army surrounds, bombards, and cuts off all supplies to an enemy position to make the enemy surrender
11Vicksburg southern city on the Mississippi River essential for the Union to control
11Gettysburg
site in Pennsylvania of three-day bloody battle between the Confederacy and the Union
11George Pickett
leader of the South’s bloody assault on the Union-held Cemetery Ridge at Gettysburg
11
Gettysburg Address
speech given by Lincoln to honor the many dead in the battle of Gettysburg and an enduring statement of U.S. values and goals
11total war
Grant’s policy of fighting which involved striking civilian as well as military targets
11
William Tecumseh Sherman
Union general, practiced total war as he marched through and conquered Georgia
11
Thirteenth Amendment
amends the Constitution to outlaw slavery in the United States
11
John Wilkes Booth
assassinated President Lincoln
11Mathew Brady photographer who documented the horrors of war with his pictures of Civil War battles
11
Land Grant College Act
gave money from sale of public lands to states to establish universities that taught agriculture and mechanical arts
12
Radical Republican
a member of Congress who believed Confederates’ slavery and secession were criminal and should be punished
12
Fourteenth Amendment
guarantees equality under the law for all citizens
12Reconstruction
program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair damage to the South caused by the Civil War and restore the southern states to the Union
12
Civil Rights Act of 1866
passed to overturn black codes; vetoed by President Johnson
12 Wade-Davis Bill
1864 congressional proposal to allow Confederate states to rejoin the Union by demanding a guarantee of black equality; vetoed by Lincoln
12
Fifteenth Amendment
forbids any state to deny the right to vote on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
12impeach
an action Congress takes by charging the President with wrongdoing and putting him on trial to see whether he should be removed from office
12
Freedmen’s Bureau
organization that provided food, clothing, healthcare, and education for black and white refugees in the South
12black code law passed in southern states restricting the freedoms of African Americans
12
Andrew Johnson
Lincoln’s Vice President; became President after Lincoln’s assassination
12
Enforcement Acts
1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen’s right to vote
12segregation separation of the races
12sharecropping
a system in which a landowner determined the crop and provided a worker with a place to live, seeds, tools, and a share of the harvest
12scalawag
a negative term for a southern white man who was invited to join the Republican Party after the war
12tenant farming
a system in which a tenant paid cash rent to the landowner and was free to choose and manage his own crop
12share-tenancy
similar to sharecropping, but the worker decided the crop and bought his own supplies
12integration combination of the races
12carpetbagger
a negative term for a northern white or black man who relocated to the South after the war
12Ku Klux Klan
secret organization founded during Reconstruction whose aim was to terrorize African Americans
12
Rutherford B. Hayes
became President through the contested election of 1876
12Redeemer southern, white Democrat who returned to power after 1870
12
Compromise of 1877
resolved the contested presidential election of 1876 by giving Hayes the presidency in return for withdrawing the remaining federal troops from the South
13entrepreneur people who invest money in a product or enterprise in order to make a profit
13protective tariff taxes that would make imported goods cost more than those made locally
13laissez faire
a policy which allowed businesses to operate under minimal government regulation
13patent
a grant by the federal government giving an inventor the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time
13Thomas Edison
an inventor and creative genius who received more than 1,000 patents for new inventions
13
Bessemer process
a process for purifying iron resulting in strong, but lightweight, steel
13
suspension bridge
bridges in which the roadway is suspended by steel cables
13time zone twenty-four zones around the world, one for each hour of the day
13
mass production
systems that depended on machinery to turn out large numbers of products quickly and inexpensively
13corporation
a form of group ownership in which a number of people share the ownership of a business
13monopoly complete control of a product or service
13cartel
an arrangement in which businesses making the same product agree to limit production to keep prices high
13
John D. Rockefeller
an oil tycoon who made deals with railroads to increase his profits
13
horizontal integration
a system of consolidating many firms in the same business to lower production costs
13trust
a situation in which companies assign their stock to a board of trustees, who combine them into a new organization
13
Andrew Carnegie
a steel tycoon who used vertical integration to increase his power
13
vertical integration
the practice of gaining control of many different businesses that make up all phases of a product’s development
13
Social Darwinism
an application of Charles Darwin’s work which held that wealth was a measure of one’s inherent value and those who had it were the most “fit”
13ICC
the Interstate Commerce Commission, a government body set up to oversee railroad operations
13
Sherman Antitrust Act
a bill passed in 1890 which outlawed any trust that operated “in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states”
13sweatshop small, hot, dark, and dirty workhouses
13company town
communities near workplaces where housing was owned by the business and rented out to employees
13
collective bargaining
negotiating as a group for higher wages or better working conditions
13socialism
an economic and political philosophy that favors public, instead of private, control of property and income
13
Knights of Labor
a labor union that included workers of any trade, skilled or unskilled
13
Terence V. Powderly
the leader of the Knights of Labor beginning in 1881 who encouraged boycotts and negotiations with employers
13
Samuel Gompers
a poor English immigrant who formed the AFL, a skilled workers union, in 1886
13AFL
American Federation of Labor, a loose organization of skilled workers from many unions devoted to specific crafts or trades
13
Haymarket Riot
a labor protest in Chicago in 1886 that ended in dozens of deaths when someone threw a bomb
13
Homestead Strike
an 1892 Pennsylvania steelworkers’ strike that resulted in violence between company police and strikers
13
Eugene V. Debs
leader of the American Railway Union who eventually became a Socialist
13Pullman Strike
a nationwide strike in 1894 of rail workers that halted railroads and mail delivery
14Ellis Island
island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the United States
14
Chinese Exclusion Act
1882 law that prohibited immigration by Chinese laborers
14
Americanization
belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens
14
“new” immigrant
Southern and Eastern European immigrant who arrived in the United States in a great wave between 1880 and 1921
14“melting pot”
society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture
14Angel Island immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in 1911
14steerage
third-class accommodations on a steamship, which were usually overcrowded and dirty
14nativism belief that native-born white Americans are superior to newcomers
14suburb residential area surrounding a city
14
Frederick Law Olmsted
a landscape engineer who designed Central Park in New York City, and parks in other major U.S. cities
14urbanization
expansion of cities accompanied by an increase in the number of people living in them
14mass transit public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people
14skyscraper very tall building built with modern materials like steel
14
rural-to-urban migrant
a person who moves from an agricultural area to a city
14tenement
multistory building divided into apartments to squeeze in as many families as possible
14Elisha Otis developer of a safety elevator that made skyscrapers more practical
14vaudeville
type of show, including dancing, singing, and comedy sketches, that became popular in the late 19th century
14Mark Twain a satirical novelist who wrote about American life in the late 1800s
14
William Randolph Hearst
a competitor of Pulitzer’s who also published sensationalistic newspapers
14Horatio Alger a novelist who wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work
14
conspicuous consumerism
purchasing of goods and services to impress others
14mass culture
similar consumption patterns as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising
14Joseph Pulitzer an immigrant who became a publisher of sensationalistic newspapers
14Gilded Age
term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era which was characterized by a façade of prosperity
15cash crop
crop such as cotton and tobacco that is grown not for its own use but to be sold for cash
15
Farmers’ Alliance
network of farmers’ organizations that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s
15
Civil Rights Act of 1875
law that banned discrimination in public facilities and transportation
15assimilate to adopt the culture and civilization of the dominant group in a society
15Sitting Bull Sioux chief respected as a fighter and spiritual leader
15Chief Joseph
leader of the Nez Percés who surrendered after trying to lead a group of Indian refugees to Canada
15reservation specific area set aside by the federal government for the Indians’ use
15
Battle of the Little Big Horn
1876 battle in which the Sioux defeated U.S. troops led by Colonel George Custer
15
Dawes General Allotment Act
1887 law that divided reservation land into private family plots
15
Sand Creek Massacre
1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of unarmed Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians
15Wounded Knee
1890 confrontation between U.S. cavalry and the Sioux that marked the end of Indian resistance in the Ghost Dance War
15Homestead Act
1862 law in which the government offered farm plots of 160 acres to anyone willing to live on the land for five years, dig a well, and build a road
15
transcontinental railroad
rail link between the eastern and western United States
15vigilante self-appointed law enforcer
15
open-range system
system in which ranchers did not fence in their property, allowing cattle to roam and graze freely
15land grant land given by the federal government for building railroads
15Exodusters
African Americans who migrated from the South to the West after the Civil War
16
Las Gorras Blancas
a group of Mexican Americans who protested their loss of land by targeting the property of large ranch owners
16Jim Crow laws laws that kept blacks and whites segregated
16
Booker T. Washington
famous black leader who encouraged African Americans to build up their economic resources through hard work
16Ida B. Wells
an African American teacher who bought a newspaper and crusaded against the practice of lynching
16literacy test
a test, given at the polls to see if a voter could read, used to disenfranchise black citizens
16
grandfather clause
a law which allowed a person to vote only if his ancestors had voted prior to 1866, also used to disenfranchise black citizens
16poll tax a tax which voters were required to pay to vote
16
W.E.B. Du Bois
a black leader who argued that blacks should demand full and immediate equality
16civil service a system that includes federal jobs in the executive branch
16
Pendleton Civil Service Act
a law passed in 1883 that established a Civil Service Commission, which wrote a civil service exam
16gold standard using gold as the basis of the nation’s currency
16spoils system
a system in which politicians awarded government jobs to loyal party workers with little regard for their qualifications
16Populist Party
a political party formed on a platform of silver coinage, government ownership of railroads, and fighting the corrupt elite
16
William McKinley
the Republican candidate for president in 1896
16
Oliver H. Kelley
a Minnesota farmer and businessman who organized the Grange
16
William Jennings Bryan
the Democratic nominee for president in 1896
16Grange
an organization of farmers to learn about new farming methods and called for regulation railroad and grain elevator rates
17Jane Addams leader in the settlement house movement
17muckrakers socially conscious journalists and writers who dramatized the need for reform
17Progressivism
movement that believed honest and efficient government could bring about social justice
17initiative gave citizens the power to propose laws
17recall gave voters the power to remove legislators before their term is up
17Jacob Riis
muckraking photographer and author of How The Other Half Lives, exposed the condition of the urban poor
17Social Gospel belief that following Christian principles could bring about social justice
17
settlement house
community center that provided services for the urban poor
17
Lincoln Steffens
muckraking author of Shame of the Cities, exposed corruption in urban government
17direct primary
allowed voters to select candidates rather than having them selected by party leaders
17referendum allowed citizens to reject or accept laws passed by their legislature
17Alice Paul social activist, led women to picket at the White House
17Ida B. Wells helped to found the National Association of Colored Women
17
temperance movement
campaign to end the production, sale, and use of alcohol
17
Florence Kelley
founded the National Consumer’s League known as the NCL
17
National Consumer’s League (NCL)
labeled and publicized “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions”
17
Nineteenth Amendment
1919, granted women the right to vote
17Margaret Sanger opened the first birth control clinic
17NAWSA National American Woman Suffrage Association
17suffrage the right to vote
17
Carrie Chapman Catt
president of the NAWSA, campaigned to pass women’s suffrage at both the state and national levels
17NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, viewed full legal rights as the only solution to racial discrimination
17mutualistas
Mexican American groups that provided loans, legal assistance, and disability insurance for members
17
Booker T. Washington
favored a gradualist approach for blacks to earn rights through economic progress and employment in the skilled trades
17Urban League
organization to assist working class African Americans with relief, jobs, clothing, and schools
17
Anti-Defamation League
organization to defend Jews and others from false statements, and verbal or physical attacks
17
Americanization
effort to replace immigrant customs with white, Protestant, middle-class practices and values
17
W.E.B. Du Bois
demanded immediate and full rights for blacks as guaranteed by the Constitution
17
Niagara Movement
opposed Washington’s approach; favored education in history, literature, and philosophy, not just in the trades
17John Muir
California naturalist who advocated for the creation of Yosemite National Park
17
Progressive Party
Roosevelt’s party in the 1912 election
17Square Deal
Roosevelt’s program to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor
17
Pure Food and Drug Act
gave the federal government responsibility for insuring food and medicine are safe
17
Theodore Roosevelt
energetic Progressive who became the youngest president in 1901
17
New Nationalism
Roosevelt’s 1912 plan to restore the government’s trust-busting power
17Hepburn Act
gave the Interstate Commerce Committee power to limit railroad company prices
17
Meat Inspection Act
gave federal agents power to inspect and monitor the meatpacking industry
17
National Reclamation Act
gave the federal government power to decide where and how water would be distributed in arid western states
17Gifford Pinchot forestry official who proposed managing the forests for later public use
17
Federal Trade Commission
group appointed by the President to monitor business practices that might lead to a monopoly
17
Sixteenth Amendment
gave Congress the power to impose an income tax
17
Woodrow Wilson
Progressive Democrat elected President in 1912
17
Federal Reserve Act
placed the national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board
17
Clayton Antitrust Act
strengthened anti-trust laws by spelling out specific practices in which businesses could not engage
17New Freedom Wilson’s program to place strict government controls on corporations
• Wilmot proviso-outlaw slavery in land taken from Mexico• Secede – to break away from Union• Abraham Lincoln – Republican politician from Illinois,
opposed Kansas – Nebraska Act