us history ch 13.2
TRANSCRIPT
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U.S. HistoryChapter 13: Industrial Growth in the North
Section 2: Changes in Working Life
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Factory Families
•Samuel Slater couldn’t find enough workers
•Used apprentices
•Menial tasksSamuel Slater
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Factory Families
•Hired entire families
•Children worked for low wages
•Tasks simple enough for children
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Factory Families
•Adults earned in one day what children earned in a week
•Rhode Island System—practice of hiring families an dividing factory work into simple tasks
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The Lowell System
• Francis Cabot Lowell: built a water-powered loom that could weave thread and spin cloth on the same mill
• Hired young, unmarried women from local farmsFrancis Cabot Lowell
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The Lowell System
•Noted for clean factories and neat boarding houses
•Women paid $2-$4/week
•4 year stay
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The Lowell System
• Encouraged to pursue outside activities
• 12-14 hour workday
• Highly regimented workday
• Bigger, faster machines
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Workers Organize
•Craftspeople threatened
•Factory worker wages decreased, work conditions worsened
•Immigration, unemployment due to Panic of 1837
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Workers Organize
•Lowell girls replaced by immigrants
•Skilled workers felt threatened
•Trade Unions—organizations created by workers to improve working conditions
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End of Child Labor
Worker Safety
40 Hour Work Week
Increased Pay & Benefits
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Workers Organize
•Strike—employees refuse to work until employers meet their demands
•Courts and police usually supported companies
•Became politically active
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Labor Reform Efforts
•Sarah Bagley—union founder who publicized workers' struggles
• 1844: founded Lowell Female labor Reform Association
• Fought for shorter workday
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Labor Reform Efforts
• 1840: President Martin Van Buren granted 10-hour workday to federal employees
• Bagley wanted this extended to the private sector
• 12-14 hour workdayPresident Martin Van Buren
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Labor Reform Efforts
•Opposed by business owners
•VP of new England Workingmen's’ Association
•Some legal victories
•Loopholes