U.S. Department of Energy

Office of Electricity Delivery

and Energy Reliability

Electrical Energy Storage Program

Overview

Alaska Rural Energy Conference

Sept 27, 2011

Dr. Imre Gyuk – Program Manager

Dr. Karen Waldrip– Deputy Program Manager at Sandia National

Laboratories

Stakeholder Workshops

and OE Program Plan

OE Energy Storage Program Plan

Utility Requirements

With EERE-PV

Material Needs

With ARPA-E

Under the Auspices

of the Materials Society

$3.9 $2.9 $2.8 $2.1 $3.5

$13.6

$19.4

$40.0 Request

$57.0 Request

$20.0 House

$-

$10.0

$20.0

$30.0

$40.0

$50.0

$60.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Energy Storage Appropriations by Fiscal Year Dollars in Millions

Energy Storage Testing Program, SNL

Collaborative with Industry, Utilities and States

Testing in simulated PV cycle shows the

carbon enhanced “Ultra Batteries”

maintain capacity significantly better

than conventional VRLA batteries

* Hit temperature limit; current decreased for subsequent cycles

FY11: Begin testing on 12 Altairnano--

utility PSOC & hybrid pulse power

FY12: Issue reports on Ultra Battery &

International battery performance

Ongoing Battery Testing

Carbon Enhanced L/A Batteries - SNL CRADA with East Penn Manufacturing

PbO2 Pb + CSeparator

Schematic representation of a single cell

from a carbon-modified or “Advanced” VRLA battery

Select carbons added to the negative anode material in

lead-acid batteries:

• Increase cycle life >10X under high rate, partial

state-of-charge operation

• Increase capacity after cycling vs. new

• Mechanism of performance enhancement not understood

• If understood, could be applied to other batteries

Carbon Black Acetylene Black Activated Carbon Graphitic Carbon

FY10: Established CRADA

FY11: Received 64 batteries from EPM for testing, 4 carbons for analysis, compare

cycling results with carbon analysis to understand mechanism of improved performance

FY12: Issue detailed report of findings from dissection & analysis of batteries aged

(cycled) at selected intervals, up to failure (~300,000 cycles) and determine mechanism

Redox Couples for Flow Batteries, Sandia

Fundamentally new materials for flow batteries: 1. Multi-functional materials act as both electrolyte and

energy storage medium for high energy density 2. Low cost, inherently safe, and environmentally benign 3. Cost effective scale-up (single-step, pure synthesis)

FY10: 12 MetILs synthesized and tested:

•Flow battery applications require high ionic conductivity, low

viscosity, and electrochemical reversibility of MetILs

•Began to understand molecular structure-properties

relationships

•Key compound made that illuminated structure-properties:

Ce(NH2C2H4OH)8(CF3SO3)3

Iron-containing “MetIL”

Sandia has developed a new class of electroactive metal-

containing ionic liquids (“MetILs”) - Anderson, et al., Dalton Trans. 2010, 8609–8612.

FY11: Investigate effects of over 30 tailored molecular structures on key

performance properties (listed above) by changing:

•Ligand size in cation– controls viscosity and ionic conductivity

•Size of anion– influences electrochemical reversibility

FY12: Test 5 MetILs for ionic conductivity and electrochemical

reversibility; test best candidates in benchtop flow battery prototype

To learn more about MetILs, see

Pratt, et al., Dalton Trans. 2011

Air Breathing N2/O2 Battery - Sandia • Enormous potential impact on stationary and mobile

energy storage in both energy storage density and in economic value

• Concept is to use O2 and N2 as the electrodes in a battery

• Novel because N2 is considered inert

• Our group routinely reacts N2 electrochemically

• Challenging but appears feasible based on preliminary experimental results

Zn/Air has the highest energy density of aqueous battery chemistries because the weight of the cathode is not included in the calculation. The energy density would increase greatly beyond Zn/Air if the anode material were also derived from

the air.

• FY10 accomplishments

• Demonstrated nitrogen oxidation/reduction in molten

salts

• Developed strategy for increasing oxygen and

potentially nitrogen solubility in alternative room

temperature electrolytes

• Performed extensive thermodynamic analysis of

reaction pathways and potential side reactions

• FY11 objectives

• Investigate Ga, Ni, and Fe as reversible N2 electrodes

• Initiate development of catalyzed cathode structure

• FY12: Demonstrate charge/discharge cycling of N2/O2 Provisional Patent Application Submitted

FY10

New Generation Redox Flow Batteries, PNNL Develop new generation aqueous base redox flow batteries that can meet economic and

performance requirements for grid applications via an integrated approach, from science to

technology Developed 3rd gen all V RFB, based on

new complex chemistries (SO42-/Cl-)

• >70% increase in energy capacity

• >80% extension in operating oC (-10~55oC)

• 2 x current density/power (>75% efficiency)

• Limitless cycle life

Discovered Fe/V redox couples

• 80% extension in operating oC (-10~55oC)

• Limitless cycle life

• Improved chemical compatibility, allowing use

inexpensive components

• Avoided gas evolution and improved safety

Demonstrating bench top systems

• Reported by a long list of media, including ScienceDaily, e!Science, Smart Grid News, Smart Grid Today, Materials Toady, …,

• Published in Adv. Energy Mat., Chemical Reviews, Environ. & Energy Sci., Electrochem. Comm., J. Power Sources, etc.

• Five US or Foreign patents filed

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2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Short term Long term

Combined cycle gas turbine

Lev

eli

zed

co

st ($

/kW

h)

Years

Novel cell and stack designs to reduce shunt current and double

current density capability (>80 mA.cm-2)

Optimized balance of plant and system to further

improve round trip efficiency (>75%)

Field demonstration and grid integration to

further optimize RFBs and applications

Mass-production and commercialization

New generation electrolytes of improved energy density and stability

Low cost membrane/separators of improved selectivity and/or conductivity

Optimized electrodes/current collectors of minimized polarization and

resistance

Via collaboration with industries and universities

component

cell

stack

system

Planar Sodium (Na) - Metal Halide Batteries, PNNL Develop novel Na-metal halide batteries that can meet cost and performance targets for

renewable integration and grid applications, via introduction of planar designs and new

minor chemistries and interfaces

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2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Le

ve

lize

d c

ost ($

/kW

h)

Years

Short term Long term

Combined cycle natural gas

turbine

Develop effective sealing, stack components

Proof of concept of planar design

Modify electrode cathode chemistries interfaces

Optimization of interfaces and cell designs to allow operation

~200oC and energy efficiency (system >80%)

Develop and demonstrate KWs prototype system

Scale-up and commercialization

component

cell

stack

system

Leveraging ARPA-E and OE supports: with ARPA-E on

planar design; OE on minor chemistries, interfaces and

future demonstration

Proved concept of planar design

Developed and tested intermediate size cells (64 cm2)

Scaling up to full size and developing prototypes

Collaboration with Eagle Pitcher Inc.

• Reported by NBC News, ScienceDaily, e!Science, EnergyDaily, Smart Grid News, Ceramics, GreenCarCongress, …,

• Published in J. Power Sources, etc.

• Seven US or Foreign patents filed

Traditional

tubular Na –

sulfur cell,

operated >300-

350oC

Newly

developed

planar sodium

metal-halide

cell, operated

<250oC

Planar stack,

operated

<250oC

Low Cost, Long Life Li-ion Batteries for Community

Storage, PNNL

Self-assembling commercial TiO2 (anatase)

and graphene into nanostructured anode

0 200 400 600 800 10000

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Spe

cific

Ca

pa

city (

mA

h/g

)

Cycle Number

Discharge

Charge

• Negative electrode: self-assembled TiO2 (anatase)/graphene

• Positive electrode: LiFePO4/carbon

• 20C: equivalent to 6 minutes /cycle

Develop unique Li-ion batteries that are made from low cost,

high cycle life electrode materials so that can meet, in

particular, the cost and performance requirements for

community energy storage.

Self-assembled nanostructured

TiO2(anatase)-base anode; LiFe(Mn)PO4

cathode; commercial electrolyte

Achieved >2,000 full cycles (100% DOD)

Fabricating and evaluating practical size

batteries

Collaborate with US industries to

commercialize

• Published in Chemical Reviews, Nano Lett., ASC Nano, Chemistry Mat., J. Power Sources, Electrochem. Comm., …

• Eight US or Foreign patents filed

Room Temperature Na-ion Batteries, PNNL Develop Na-ion batteries that are made from low cost, abundant Na (in stead of Li) and

capable of satisfactory operation at room temperature, by discovering Na+ intercalation

materials.

Synthesized single crystalline Na4Mn9O18

nanowires via polymer pyrolysis

Allowed facile Na+ intercalation/deintercalation

77% capacity retention after 1,000 cycles at 0.5C

Searching carbon electrodes

Develop Na+ cells and demonstrate for grid

applications

Cao, et al., Advanced Materials,

June issue, 2011

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 20 40 60 80 100

Cycle number / n

Cap

acit

y / m

Ah

g-1

600

750

900

oC

oC

oC

0.5C

0

40

80

120

0 200 400 600 800 1000Cycle number / n

Ca

pa

cit

y / m

Ah

g-1

600

750

900

oC

oC

oC0.5C

(c)

13

University Proposal Selections

Principal Investigator

University Title of CP Technology

Esther S. Takeuchi University at Buffalo NY

The Architectural Diversity of Metal Oxide Nanostructures: An Opportunity for the Rational Optimization of Group II Cation Based Batteries.

Akali/Akaline Ion

Austen Angell Arizona State

University

Investigation of High Performance Components of Novel Structure for Ambient Temperature High Energy Density Battery Systems

Na/S

Jesse S. Wainright Case Western

Reserve University Iron Based Flow Batteries for Low Cost Grid Level Energy Storage

Flow Battery

Bruce Dunn UCLA Development of Electrode Architectures for High Energy Density Electrochemical Capacitors

Capacitor

14

Utility Scale

Battery Storage

8 – 25 MW

4-8 hrs

3

projects $60M

Frequency

Regulation

20 MW

15 min 1 $24M

Compressed Air

Energy Storage

150-300 MW

2-10 hrs 2 $54M

Distributed Storage

for Grid Support

1 – 3 MW

30min – 8 hrs 5 $25M

Demo of Promising

Technologies ---- 5 $25M

ARRA Storage Demonstration Projects

A ten-fold Increase in Power!

$185 M from DOE leveraging $587 M in industry Costshare !

ARRA - SustainX: Development of Totally Green Isothermal

Compressed Air Energy Storage Using Hydraulic Pumps and Motors

Commercial Cost Targets:

Scale: 1MW Module, 10-20MW System

Power Module: $ 700/kW

Storage Module: $ 300/kWh (Mobile)

Storage Module: $ 50/kWh (Pipes)

System Cost (4hr, Mobile): $475/kWh

→ LCOE= 21.2¢/kWh

System Cost (4hr, Pipes): $225/kWh

→ LCOE= 13.9¢/kWh

Gas Peaker, LCOE = 38¢/kWh

Competitive with Modern Gas Peaker!

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Peaker SustainX Modular SustainX PipelineLe

veliz

ed

Co

sts

-¢

/kW

h

Sensitivity to Fuel Price Forecast

High

Mid

Low

ARRA – Beacon: Flywheel based Frequency Regulation

Commercial Cost Targets:

Scale: System 20MW/5MWh (1MW per Module)

• Life: 20 years Cycle: 30 min

• 100% equivalent Depth of Discharge cycle in 20 years: 150,000

• Regulation energy exchanged in 20 years: 1,500GWh

• Multiple studies show performance of 2X or more vs. conventional generation *

• Clearing Price of Regulation: $35/MW-hr (pay-for-performance may double this)

Performance factor

Cost per exchanged kWh – 20 yrs ¢/kWh

IRR IRR: $17/ton carbon tax

Flywheel 2.5 2.40 26.7% 26.6%

CCGT 1.0 4.91 8.7% 4.9%

Module Cost Installed Cost

Power $8M $400/kW

Energy $16M $3,200/kWh

Bal of Plant $6M

Total Cost $30M

* KEMA , PNNL

6 Wärtsilä 8.3MW NG Generators

50MWFirming EnergyFarm

Capital Cost $78M $50M

Nameplate Capacity 49.8MW 25MW

Firming Capacity 40MWfirming

(10MW min load)

50MWfirming (+/- 25MW)

25% more firming capacity

Firming Cost $1.95/Wfirming $1.00/Wfirming Half the firming cost

Footprint 1 acre ¼ acre 75% smaller footprint

Emissions (based on 35MW

average load)

Noise 112g NOx/MWh, 402g CO/MWh

400g VOC/MWh, 5.6kg CO2/MWh

silent

zero emissions

Annual Savings: 34 tons Nox, 123 tons CO

123 tons VOC, 1,722 tons CO2

Fuel 6c/kWh Nat. Gas (~$18M/yr) Off-peak wind

Siting Fixed location Transportable Operational flexibility

Time to deploy 4 years 8-12 months

ARRA- Primus Power: Flow Battery for Wind Firming

SBIR Projects

FY11 Phase II (jointly with BES): Cost Effective, Highly Selective Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries

Company Project Title

Amsen Technologies, LLC Low-Cost, High-Performance Hybrid Membranes for Redox

Flow Batteries

EIC Laboratories, Inc. Low Cost and Highly Selective Composite Membrane for

Redox Flow Batteries

Lynntech, Inc. Highly Selective Proton-Conducting Composite Membranes

for Redox Flow Batteries

FY11 Phase II: Innovative Compressed Air Energy Storage

Company Project Title Brayton Energy, LLC Modular Undersea Compressed Air Energy Storage

(UCAES) System

FY11 Phase I

Novel Membrane and Electrolyte Development for Redox Flow Batteries Company Project Title

Lynntech Acid-Base Blend Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries

Tiax LLC Flow Battery Membrane

FY11 Phase I Flywheel Energy Storage

Company Project Title

Beacon Power Development of a High-power Motor/Generator for the

ARPA-E Hub-Less Flywheel

Calnetix Shaft-less, Hub-less High Strength Steel Flywheel

FY11 Phase I SBIR Projects

20

Grid Storage Analysis Projects

• What are the grid needs which can be cost effectively addressed by energy storage solutions

• Where are R&D dollars most effectively directed to advance storage state-of-the-art to meet performance/cost targets

• What are the important metrics to identify the value of storage for different grid applications

• What are the best practices and lessons-learned from storage demonstrations and what are R&D needs

Key questions:

FY10 Outcomes:

PNNL Report “EES for Power Systems Applications: A Regional

Assessment for the Northwest Power Pool”

SNL Report “Energy Storage for the Electricity Grid: Benefits and Market Potential Assessment Guide”

FY11 Plan: Commence a national technical & economic assessment of energy

storage as part of a holistic T&D portfolio that includes: cost/benefit analysis of

centralized vs. distributed storage; and market & policy analysis (SNL and PNNL)

FY12 Plan: Issue reports on Market Barriers to Adoption, Analysis of cost-performance

targets for energy storage, and detailed model for grid-storage(PNNL) and

Assessments of storage to meet ancillary services needs (SNL)

21

Sandia’s Energy Storage Test Pad Commissioned April, 2011

• Evaluate large scale ~ 100KW - 1MW electrical energy storage (EES) systems:

– Test for reliability, efficiency, operability at the system level

– Insure compliance with various standards i.e., IEEE 1547

– Test EES systems for performance to the various storage applications

• Test leading edge technology in a safe, controlled lab environment

22

Energy Storage Test Pad at DETL (Distributed Energy Test Laboratory)

• Enable vendors of large scale battery systems (≤1MW AC) and

electrical utilities to obtain a non-biased performance evaluation – UL/NRTL certification or label not required

• Utility connected EES tests can be performed in a controlled environment

• islanded tests can be performed utilizing DETL’s microgrid. • Test EES performance to various power and energy

applications – time shift, load following, regulation, power quality/reliability

• Use of sub-cycle metering for transient analysis • Develop improved energy storage models using gathered

field measured data • Enhanced control algorithms

23

DETL / ESTP Aerial View

DETL

ESTP

24

Thank You

I’m very sorry I couldn’t be there

in person.

Note: EESAT/Peer Review Oct 16-21

San Diego, CA

Karen Waldrip, knwaldr@sandia.gov

http://www.sandia.gov/ess

25

Thank You Frank!

I’m very sorry I couldn’t be there

in person.

Note: EESAT/Peer Review Oct 16-21

San Diego, CA

Questions?

Karen Waldrip

knwaldr@sandia.gov,

http://www.sandia.gov/ess

26

Thank You Frank!

I’m very sorry I couldn’t be there

in person.

Note: EESAT/Peer Review Oct 16-21

San Diego, CA

Questions?

Karen Waldrip

knwaldr@sandia.gov,

http://www.sandia.gov/ess