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U.S. Bombs

Guided Bomb Unit-10 (GBU-10)Paveway IIThe Guided Bomb Unit-10 (GBU-10) utilizes the 2,000-pound general purpose orpenetrating warhead. The operator illuminates a target with a laser designator and thenthe munition guides to a spot of laser energy reflected from the target. The GBU-10consists of an MK-84 2,000 pound bomb with an added laser guidance package. TheGBU-1OI mates a BLU-109B weapon with a Paveway II laser guidance kit. Thisimproved 2,000-pound bomb is used against targets requiring deeper penetration.The munition was used during Operation Desert Storm, and, according to the Air Force,hit 78 percent of its targets. In Operation Desert Storm, GBU-10/10Is were usedextensively by F-15Es and F-111Fs mainly against bridges, Scuds, C3I (command,control, communications, intelligence) nodes, and bunkers. Of the 2,637 expended,'44over one- third were dropped by F-111Fs, and the rest by F-117s, F-15Es, and Navy andMarine Corps aircraft.There are two generations of GBU-10 LGBs: Paveway I with fixed wings and Paveway IIwith folding wings. Paveway II models have the following improvements: detector opticsand housing made of injec- tion-molded plastic to reduce weight and cost; increaseddetector sensitiv- ity; reduced thermal battery delay after release; increased maximumcanard deflection; laser coding; folding wings for carriage, and increased detector field ofview. (Paveway II's instantaneous field of view is thirty percent greater than that of thePaveway I's field of view).

SpecificationsClass 2000 lb. Paveway I & II Laser Guided Weapons

Mission Air interdiction

Targets Mobile hard, fixed soft, fixed hard

Service Air Force, Navy

Program status Operational

First capability 1976

Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)

Control MAU-157 Series (Paveway l)MAU-169 Series (Paveway II)

Autopilot Bang-Bang Mode

Weight (lbs.) 2562

Length (in.) 172

Diameter (in.) 15/18 (Warhead)28 (Airfoil Group)

Warhead BLU-109 penetratorMK 84; Blast/Fragmentation

Explosive (NEW) 535 lbs. Tritonal [BLU-109]945 lbs. Tritonal [MK 84]

Fuze FMU-81 N/T

Range 8 nautical miles

Circular error probable 9 meters

Quantity Air Force: 10,145Navy: 1,184

Development costAir Force officials state that they could not providedevelopment cost for the munition because they do nothave records covering the development period.

Production cost Air Force: $240.436 millionNavy: $30.902 million

Total acquisition cost Not available

Acquisition unit cost Not available

Production unit cost Air Force: $23,700Navy: $26,100

Platforms A-7, A-10, B-52, F-111, F-117, F-15E, F- 16 , F/A-18C/D, A-6, F-14

Guided Bomb Unit-12 (GBU-12)Paveway IIThe Guided Bomb Unit-12 (GBU-12) utilizes a 500-pound general purpose warhead. Theoperator illuminates a target with a laser designator and then the munition guides to aspot of laser energy reflected from the target.The munition was used during Operation Desert Storm, and, according to the Air Force,hit 88 percent of its targets. During Desert Storm the GBU-12 was dropped by F-lllFs, F-15Es, and A-6s, mostly against fixed armor. It was the F-111F tank-busting weapon ofchoice. Of the 4,493 GBU-12s employed, over half were dropped by the F-lllF.

There are two generations of GBU-12 LGBs: Paveway I with fixed wings and Paveway IIwith folding wings. Paveway II models have the following improvements: detector opticsand housing made of injec- tion-molded plastic to reduce weight and cost; increaseddetector sensitiv- ity; reduced thermal battery delay after release; increased maximumcanard deflection; laser coding; folding wings for carriage, and increased detector field ofview. (Paveway II's instantaneous field of view is thirty percent greater than that of thePaveway I's field of view).

SpecificationsClass 500 lb. Paveway I & II Guided Weapon

Mission Air interdiction

Targets Mobile hard, fixed soft, fixed hard

Service Air Force, Navy

Contractor Texas Instruments

Program status Operational

First capability 1976

Guidance Semi-Active Laser (man-in-the-loop)

Control MAU-157 Series (Paveway l)MAU-169 Series (Paveway II)

Autopilot Bang-Bang Mode

Weight (lbs.) 800

Length (in.) 129

Diameter (in.) 11 (Warhead); 18 (Airfoil Group)

Warhead MK-82 Blast/Fragmentation

Explosive Tritonal, PBXN-109 (192 lbs.)

Fuze FMU-81 Tail

Range 8 nautical miles

Circular error probable 9 meters

Quantity Air Force: 29,654Navy: 2,982

Development costAir Force officials state that they could not providedevelopment cost because they do not have recordscovering the development period.

Production cost Air Force: $563.426 million;Navy: $56.807 million

Total acquisition cost Not available

Acquisition unit cost Not available

Production unit cost Air Force: $19,000;Navy: $19,050

Platforms A-7, A-10, B-52, F-111, F-117, F-15, F- 16, F/A-18C/D, F-14, A-6

Guided Bomb Unit-16 (GBU-16)Paveway IIThe Guided Bomb Unit-12 (GBU-16) utilizes a 1000-pound general purpose warhead.The operator illuminates a target with a laser designator and then the munition guides to aspot of laser energy reflected from the target. The GBU-16 consists of a MK-83 1,000-pound bomb modified with a common Paveway II laser guidance kit. During DesertStorm virtually all 219 GBU-16s were dropped by Navy A-6Es, which had the capabilityto lase the target themselves (self-designation).FA/18 Hornet aircraft flying from USS Enterprise (CVN 65) dropped GBU-16 laserguided bombs during the waves of attacks against Iraq in support of Operation DesertFox in December 1998.

SpecificationsMission Air interdiction

Targets Mobile hard, fixed soft, fixed hard

Service Air Force, Navy

Program status Operational

First capability 1976

Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)

Range 8 nautical miles

Circular error probable 9 meters

Quantity

Development costAir Force officials state that they could not providedevelopment cost because they do not have recordscovering the development period.

Production cost

Total acquisition cost Not available

Acquisition unit cost Not available

Production unit cost

Platforms

A-6A-10F-14F-15F-16F/A-18F-111

Guided Bomb Unit-24 (GBU-24)Paveway IIIThe Guided Bomb Unit-24 (GBU-24) Low Level Laser Guided Bomb [LLLGB] consistsof either a 2,000-pound MK-84 general purpose or BLU-109 penetrator bomb modifiedwith a Paveway III low-level laser-guided bomb kit to add the proportional guidance inplace of the bang-bang type used in the Paveway II. The LLLGB was developed inresponse to Sophisticated enemy air defenses, poor visibility, and to counter limitations inlow ceilings. The weapon is designed for low altitude delivery and with a capability forimproved standoff ranges to reduce exposure. The GBU-24 LLLGB/Paveway III haslow-level, standoff capability of more than 10 nautical miles. Performance envelopes forall modes of delivery are improved because the larger wings of the GBU-24 increasesmaneuverability. Paveway III also has increased seeker sensitivity and a larger field ofregard.The operator illuminates a target with a laser designator and then the munition guides to aspot of laser energy reflected from the target. One way to deliver LGBs from low altitudeis a loft attack. In this maneuver, the aircraft pulls up sharply at a predetermined pointsome miles from the target and the LGB is lofted upward and toward the target.However, if the LGB guidance system detects reflected laser energy from the targetdesignator too soon after release, it tends to pull the LGW down below its requiredtrajectory and the bomb will impact well short of the target.This bomb is not nearly as delivery parameter sensitive as is the Paveway II LGB, nor isit affected by early laser designation. After a proper low altitude delivery, the LLLGBwill maintain level flight while looking for reflected laser energy. If it does not detectreflected laser energy, it will maintain level flight to continue beyond the designatedtarget, overflying friendly positions, to impact long, rather than short of the target.

Unlike the Paveway II LGB, the LLLGB can correct for relatively large deviations fromplanned release parameters in the primary delivery mode (low-altitude level delivery). Italso has a larger delivery envelope for the dive, glide and loft modes than does the earlierLGB. The wide field of view and midcourse guidance modes programmed in the LLLGBallow for a "Point Shoot" delivery capability. This capability allows the pilot to attack thetarget by pointing the aircraft at the target and releasing the weapon after obtainingappropriate sight indications. The primary advantage of this capability is that accuratedive/tracking is not required to solve wind drift problems.

In the Gulf War all of the 1,181 GBU-24s were released by F-111Fs.

In 1996 the Navy conducted tests of the F-14A Tomcat with the GBU-24B/B Hard TargetPenetrator Laser-Guided Bomb at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Md., as part of anair-to-ground development program to support clearance for use of the weapon in thefleet by F-14 Tomcats.

Key accomplishments in 1996 included demonstration of controlled weapon penetrationand detonation depth using the Hard-Target Smart Fuse [HTSF] and successfulintegration of the GBU- 24/ HTSF with F-15E and F/A- 18 aircraft. The Hard-TargetSmart Fuse, developed at the Wright lab, features an accelerometer that can beprogrammed to detonate the bomb at a precisely specified depth significantly enhancingmunition lethality. The Defense Special Weapons Agency (DSWA) CounterproliferationInitiative (CPI) requires development, integration and certification of HTSF with GBU-24 B/B (Navy BLU-109) and GBU-24 D/B (Navy BLU-116) under this effort. Under aseparate effort, CPI will integrate the GBU-24 B/B and GBU-24 D/B configurationHTSFs into the CPI modified Conventional Air Launched Cruise Missile (CALCM) andTactical Land Attack Missile (TLAM) weapons.

The Multi-Segment Hard Target Penetrator (MSHTP) concept has been designed touse the penetration capability of a BLU-113 or BLU-109 linked to the void counting hardtarget smart fuse. This weapon detonates a copper cutter charge upon entering the targetand cuts the rear portion of the bomb off, which then detonates. The rest of the weaponcontinues down to the next level.

BLU-116 Advanced Unitary Penetrator [AUP]GBU-24 C/B (USAF) / GBU-24 D/B (Navy)Air Force Research Laboratory Munitions Directorate engineers have completeddevelopment of a new warhead known as the Advanced Unitary Penetrator, or AUP. Thewarhead was successfully transitioned to the Precision Strike System Program Office atEglin AFB, Fla. for Engineering Manufacturing Development (EMD) and production.The AUP was developed in less than three years at a cost of less than $8M. AFRL's

emphasis on operational suitability as part of AUP weapon design will allow the EMDprogram to be completed in less than half the time of a normal EMD program.

The Advanced Unitary Penetrator [AUP] hard target penetrator features an elongatednarrow diameter case made of a tough nickel-cobalt steel alloy called Air Force 1410.With the official designation of BLU-116, and designated the GBU-24 C/B (USAF) andGBU-24 D/B (Navy), is designed to provide at least twice the penetration capability ofexisting BLU-109 2000-pound bombs. The AUP is being demonstrated with Boeing asprime and Lockheed-Martin as subcontractor. Penetration capability is directlyproportional to the warhead's sectional density--its weight divided by its cross section.The AUP maximizes sectional density by reducing the explosive payload and usingheavy metals in the warhead case. Lower explosive payload will diminish dispersion ofNBC agents to help reduce collateral effects. The AUP will retain the carriage and flightcharacteristics of the BLU-109, and it will be compatible with the GBU-24, GBU-27, andGBU-15/AGM-130 series of precision-guided bombs. Thus, the AUP will be capable ofdelivery from a wider inventory of aircraft, including stealth platforms, than the BLU-113/GBU-28. A proposal to replace the current CALCM warhead with an AUP warheadprovides 2.5 times BLU-109 penetration capability.

The AUP development effort was conducted in support of the CounterproliferationInitiative (CPI) Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD). The programobjective was to develop and demonstrate a weapon that could be rapidly transitioned forAir Force and Navy use against hardened targets associated with the production, storage,and weaponization of chemical or biological agents. Normally, the introduction of a newweapon is a very long, expensive, and tedious process - as long as ten years or more. Theassociated cost may be tens of millions of dollars.

The 1700-pound AUP warhead is tucked inside a lightweight aerodynamic shroud. This"outer skin" gives the AUP the exact physical and aerodynamic characteristics of theBLU-109. The shroud strips away from the internal penetrator when the weapon impactsthe target. Compared to the BLU-109, the AUP has thicker case walls, a tougher casematerial, an improved nose shape, and a smaller explosive charge. The cross-sectionalarea of the AUP penetrator, however, is only half as great as the cross-sectional area ofthe BLU-109. A smaller explosive charge reduces collateral damage potential byreducing blast overpressure that could expel chemical or biological agents from thetarget. A long testing series demonstrated AUP's compatibility with the MunitionsDirectorate-developed Hard Target Smart Fuze (HTSF). The HTSF allows the AUP to bedetonated at the optimal point within a target to inflict maximum damage. That abilitycompensates for the reduction in explosive charge.

Because it's a "twin" to the BLU-109, the AUP can utilize a proven system of hardbacks,guidance units, and tail fin kits. The costs associated with developing new kits iseliminated. The operational users - pilots, weapon handlers and load crews - will gain theimproved war fighting capabilities of the AUP without the costs associated withretraining support personnel or the acquisition of new delivery systems and support

equipment. Battle commanders will also have increased ability to neutralize deeplyburied hardened targets.

GBU-24 E/BGBU-24E/B, an Enhanced Paveway Laser Guided Bomb, is a precision-guided hardenedtarget penetrator used to destroy hardened aircraft hangers and underground bunkers. Itintegrates a Global Positioning System and a ring laser gyro inertial measuring unit(IMU) to the already fielded GBU-24B/B "Paveway III" with the existing laser guidance.A new guidance and control unit has been modified to incorporate GPS electronics, GPSantenna, IMU and software for precision GPS/INS guidance. Testing of this systembegan in late 1999.

SpecificationsMission Close air support, interdiction, offensive counter air,

naval anti- surface warfare

Targets Mobile hard, fixed soft, fixed hard

Service Air Force, Navy

Program status Operational

First capability 1983

Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)

Range Greater than 10 nautical miles

Development costNot available - Air Force officials stated thatdevelopment cost was not available because they do nothave records covering the development period.

Production cost $729.138 million

Total acquisition cost Not available

Acquisition unit cost Not available

Production unit cost $55,600

Quantity 13,114

Platforms

A-6A-10F-14F-15F-16F/A-18F-111

Guided Bomb Unit-27 (GBU-27)The Guided Bomb Unit-27 (GBU-27) is a GBU-24 modified for delivery by the F-117stealth fighter. The operator illuminates a target with a laser designator and then themunition guides to a spot of laser energy reflected from the target. It uses a 2,000-poundpenetrating warhead against hard targets. The GBU-27 was used in Operation DesertStorm. According to the Air Force, the GBU-27 hit 70 percent of its targets.The GBU-27 was designed specifically for use by the F-117's advanced targetacquisition/designator system. The GBU-27 uses a BLU-109 improved performance2,000 pound bomb developed in 1985 under the project name HAVE VOID. The BLU-109 was designed for use against hardened structures and features a high-strength forgedsteel case and a new delayed-action tail fuze. It carries 550 pounds of high explosives andcan penetrate more than six feet of reinforced concrete.

The GBU-27 uses a modified Paveway II guidance control unit which provides "terminaltrajectory shaping" for optimum impact angle against various target structures. Forexample, it will hit an aircraft shelter with a vertical impact, but make a horizontalapproach to a bridge support. A Paveway II tail assembly with folding wings completesthe bomb.

The F-117 can carry two GBU-27s in two weapons bays and is reportedly capable ofhitting a one square meter target from an altitude of 25,000 feet.

SpecificationsMission Close air support, interdiction, offensive counter air,

naval anti- surface warfare

Targets Mobile hard, fixed hard, fixed soft

Service Air Force

Program status Operational

First capability 1987

Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)

Range Greater than 10 nautical miles

Development costNot available - Air Force officials state thatdevelopment cost was not available because they do nothave records covering the development period.

Production cost $176.715 million

Total acquisition cost Not available

Acquisition unit cost Not available

Production unit cost $55,000

Quantity 3,213

Platform F-117

Guided Bomb Unit-28 (GBU-28)BLU-113 PenetratorThe Guided Bomb Unit-28 (GBU-28) is a special weapon developed for penetratinghardened Iraqi command centers located deep underground. The GBU-28 is a 5,000-pound laser-guided conventional munition that uses a 4,400-pound penetrating warhead.The bombs are modified Army artillery tubes, weigh 4,637 pounds, and contain 630pounds of high explosives. They are fitted with GBU-27 LGB kits, 14.5 inches indiameter and almost 19 feet long. The operator illuminates a target with a laser designatorand then the munition guides to a spot of laser energy reflected from the target.The GBU 28 "Bunker Buster" was put together in record time to support targeting of theIraqi hardened command bunker by adapting existing materiel. The GBU-28 was noteven in the early stages of research when Kuwait was invaded. The USAF asked industryfor ideas in the week after combat operations started. Work on the bomb was conductedin research laboratories including the the Air Force Research Laboratory MunitionsDirectorate located at Eglin AFB, Florida and the Watervliet Armory in New York. Thebomb was fabricated starting on 1 February, using surplus 8-inch artillery tubes as bombcasings because of their strength and weight. The official go-ahead for the project wasissued on 14 February, and explosives for the initial units were hand-loaded by laboratorypersonnel into a bomb body that was partially buried upright in the ground. The first twounits were delivered to the USAF on 16 and 17 February, and the first flight to test theguidance software and fin configuration was conducted on 20 February. These tests weresuccessful and the program proceeded with a contract let on 22 February. A sled test on26 February proved that the bomb could penetrate over 20 feet of concrete, while anearlier flight test had demonstrated the bomb's ability to penetrate more than 100 feet ofearth. The first two operational bombs were delivered to the theater on 27 February.The Air Force produced a limited quantity of the GBU-28 during Operation Desert Stormto attack multi-layered, hardened underground targets. Only two of these weapons weredropped in Desert Storm, both by F-111Fs. One weapon hit its precise aimpoint, and theonboard aircraft video recorder displayed an outpouring of smoke from an entrance wayapproximately 6 seconds after impact. After Operation Desert Storm, the Air Forceincorporated some modifications, and further tested the munition. The Fy1997 budgetrequest contained $18.4 million to procure 161 GBU-28 hard target penetrator bombs.

For a visual depiction of how the GBU-28 works view the grapic produced by BobSherman and USA Today on-line.

SpecificationsMission Offensive counter air, close air support, interdiction

Targets Fixed hard

Class 4,000 lb. Penetrator, Blast/Fragmentation

Service Air Force

Contractor Lockheed (BLU-113/B), National Forge (BLU-113A/B),

Program status Production

First capability 1991

Weight (lbs.) 4,414

Length (in.) 153

Diameter (in.) 14.5

Explosive 6471bs. Tritonal

Fuze FMU-143 Series

Stabilizer Air Foil Group (Fins)

Guidance method Laser (man-in-the-loop)

Range Greater than 5 nautical miles

Development cost Development cost is not applicable to this munition.

Production cost $18.2 million

Total cost $18.2 million

Acquisition unit cost $145,600

Production unit cost $145,600

Quantity 125 plus additional production

Platforms F-15E, F-111F

GBU-15The GBU-15 bomb is an unpowered, glide weapon used to destroy high value enemytargets. It is designed to be used with F-15E and F-111F aircraft. The GBU-15 providesthe capability for accurate (automatic or manual) guided delivery of a MK-84 bomb atincreased ranges. The GBU-15's effective standoff range is greater than that of laser-guided munitions, since the GBU-15 does not need to have acquired the target before it isreleased. The weapon is remotely controlled by a datalink system, and the weaponsystems opera- tor locates the target area and the specific aimpoint by observing the videotransmitted from the weapon. The weapon's midcourse flight path can be adjusted eitherautomatically or manually. Weapon video is either electro-optical (TV camera) orinfrared, and generated in the nose of the weapon.

The weapon consists of consisting of various interchangeable guidance, fusing, andcontrol systems designed to meet specific mission requirements, that are attached toeither an MK-84 or BLU-109 penetrating warhead. Each weapon has five components --a forward guidance section, warhead adapter section, control module, airfoil componentsand a weapon data link.

The guidance section is attached to the nose of the weapon and contains either atelevision guidance system for daytime or an imaging infrared system for night orlimited, adverse weather operations. A data link in the tail section sends guidance updatesto the control aircraft that enables the weapon systems operator to guide the bomb byremote control to its target.

An external electrical conduit extends the length of the warhead which attaches theguidance adapter and control unit. The conduit carries electrical signals between theguidance and control sections. The umbilical receptacle passes guidance and control databetween cockpit control systems of the launching aircraft and the weapon prior to launch.

The rear control section consists of four wings are in an "X"-like arrangement withtrailing edge flap control surfaces for flight maneuvering. The control module containsthe autopilot, which collects steering data from the guidance section and converts theinformation into signals that move the wing control surfaces to change the weapon'sflight path.

The GBU-15 may be used in direct or indirect attack. In a direct attack, the pilot selects atarget before launch, locks the weapon guidance system onto it and launches the weapon.The weapon automatically guides itself to the target, enabling the pilot to leave the area.In an indirect attack, the weapon is guided by remote control after launch. The pilotreleases the weapon and, via remote control, searches for the target. Once the target isacquired, the weapon can be locked to the target or manually guided via the date-linksystem. This highly maneuverable weapon has a low-to-medium altitude deliverycapability with high accuracy. It also has a standoff capability.

During Desert Storm, all 71 GBU-15 modular glide bombs used were dropped from F-111F aircraft. Most notably, GBU-15s were the munitions used for destroying the oilmanifolds on the storage tanks to stop oil from spilling into the Gulf. These GBU-15ssealed flaming oil pipeline manifolds sabotaged by Saddam Hussein's troops.

The Air Force Development Test Center, Eglin Air Force Base, Fla., began developingthe GBU-15 in 1974. It was a product improvement of the early guided bombs usedduring the Southeast Asia conflict. Flight testing of the weapon began in 1975. The GBU-15 with television guidance, completed full-scale operational test and evaluation inNovember 1983. In February 1985, initial operational test and evaluation was completedon the imaging infrared guidance seeker.

In December 1987, the program management responsibility for the GBU-15 weaponsystem transferred from the Air Force Systems Command to the Air Force LogisticsCommand. The commands merged to become the Air Force Materiel Command in 1992.

The Inertial Terrain-Aided Guidance (ITAG) system is an adverse weather, precisionguidance system for the GBU-15. It replaces the guidance system for this weapon. ITAGis an inertial navigator who uses updates from a radar altimeter correlated with terrainelevation maps. GPS is used to initialize the inertial navigator prior to weapon release.ITAG, being developed by Sandia National Laboratory, will give Joint ForceCommanders the capability to accurately deliver weapons against NBC targets during awide range of adverse weather conditions. The ITAG kit "straps on" to 2000-pound classconventional bombs to make a precision-guided weapon, and it will make it possible toplan attacks to take advantage of local weather conditions which may be favorable tominimizing the dispersal of released NBC agents. The ITAG uses GPS-initialized inertialnavigation which is augmented by a terrain-reading, all-weather, high-altitude, precisionradar altimeter. The real-time onboard navigation computer correlates radar altimeter datawith previously acquired digitized, three-dimensional synthetic aperture radar terrainmaps stored on board the weapon. Unlike current laser-guided bombs which can only beemployed in clear air-mass conditions, the ITAG will be able to achieve 3-meter circularerror probable (CEP) accuracy in adverse weather.

On 23 April 1999, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force gave direction to provide the GBU-15 air-to-surface weapon with Global Positioning System, or GPS, guidance giving it anall-weather capability. In early May 1999 contracts were signed with Applied SciencesEngineering International of Niceville FL and Raytheon Defense Systems of Tucson AZ.The two contractors’ concepts are different but proven and compatible with the F-15E.The total quick reaction program including these two contracts and all government coststotal $7 million for the first phase of additional GPS guidance to the GBU-15. Anunreleased quantity of the enhanced weapon were delivered to combat units by 01 July1999. During the second phase, the best concepts of both contractors will be adopted.They will then work as a team to upgrade an additional 1,200 to 1,500 GBU-15s, whichis expected to cost approximately $50 million.

SpecificationsPrimary Function: Air-to-surface guided glide bomb.

Mission Offensive counter air, close air support, interdiction,naval anti- surface warfare

Targets Mobile soft, fixed hard, fixed soft

Service Air Force

Contractor: Rockwell International Corp.

Program status Operational

Variant GBU-15 (V)1/B GBU-15 {V}2/B

First capability 1983 1985

Guidance System:

Television ElectroOptical TVvia Mid-course guidanceBeacon Data Link

Imaging Infrared Seekervia Mid-course guidanceBeacon Data Link

Launch Weight: 3640 lbs 3655 lbs

Length: 12 feet, 10.5 inches (3.91 meters)

Diameter: 18 inches (0.45 meters)

Wingspan: 4 feet, 11 inches (1.49 meters)

Range: Greater than 5 nautical miles

Ceiling: 30,000-plus feet (9,091 meters)

Speed: Classified

Warheads: Mk-84 general purpose orBLU-109 penetrating bombs

Explosive 945 Lbs. Tritonal[Mk-84]535 Lbs. Tritonal [BLU-109]

Fuze FMU-124A/B

Development cost $188.3 million

Production cost $586.2 million

Total acquisition cost $774.5 million

Acquisition unit cost $274,354

Production unit cost $195,000 $300,000

Quantity 2,823

Platforms F-15E, F-111

Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)GBU-29, GBU-30, GBU-31, GBU-32

The Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) GBU-31 is a tailkitunder development to meet both USAF and Navy needs, with theAir Force as the lead service. The program will produce a weaponwith high accuracy, all-weather, autonomous, conventionalbombing capability. JDAM will upgrade the existing inventory ofgeneral purpose and penetrator unitary bombs, and a productimprovement may add a terminal seeker to improve accuracy.JDAM can be launched from approximately 15 miles from the

target and each is independently targeted.JDAM is not intended to replace any existing weapon system; rather, it is to provideaccurate delivery of general purpose bombs in adverse weather conditions. The JDAMwill upgrade the existing inventory of Mk-83 1,000- and Mk-84 2,000-pound generalpurpose unitary bombs and the 2,000-pound hard target penetrator bomb by integrating aguidance kit consisting of an inertial navigation system/global positioning systemguidance kit. The 1,000-pound variant of JDAM is designated the GBU-31, and the2,000-pound version of the JDAM is designated the GBU-32. JDAM variants for the Mk-80 250-pound and Mk-81 500-pound bombs are designated GBU-29 and GBU-30,respectively. Hard Target penetrators being changed into low-cost JDAMs included the2,000 pound BLU-109 and 1,000 poundBLU-110.Mission plans are loaded to the host aircraftprior to take off and include releaseenvelope, target coordinates and weaponterminal parameters. The weaponautomatically begins its initialization processduring captive carry when power is appliedby the aircraft. The weapon performs bit, andaligns its INS with the host aircraft’s system.Targeting data is automatically down loadedto the weapon from the host aircraft. When the host aircraft reaches the release pointwithin the Launch Acceptable Region (LAR), the weapon is released. Weaponmaneuverability and range are enhanced by fixed aerodynamic surfaces (mid-bodystrakes) attached to the bomb body.

Once released, the bomb's INS/GPS will take over and guide the bomb to its targetregardless of weather. Guidance is accomplished via the tight coupling of an accurateGlobal Positioning System (GPS) with a 3-axis Inertial Navigation System (INS). TheGuidance Control Unit (GCU) provides accurate guidance in both GPS-aided INS modesof operation (13 meter (m) Circular Error Probable (CEP)) and INS-only modes ofoperation (30 m CEP). INS only is defined as GPS quality hand-off from the aircraft withGPS unavailable to the weapon (e.g. GPS jammed). In the event JDAM is unable to

receive GPS signals after launch for any reason, jamming or otherwise, the INS willprovide rate and acceleration measurements which the weapon software will develop intoa navigation solution. The Guidance Control Unit provides accurate guidance in bothGPS-aided INS modes of operation and INS-only modes of operation. This inherentJDAM capability will counter the threat from near-term technological advances in GPSjamming.

The weapon system allows launch from very low to very high altitude and can belaunched in a dive, toss, loft or in straight and level flight with an on-axis or off-axisdelivery. JDAM also allows multiple target engagements on a single pass delivery.JDAM provides the user with a variety of targeting schemes, such as preplanned andinflight captive carriage retargeting.

JDAM is being developed by Lockheed Martin and Boeing [McDonald Douglas]. InOctober 1995, the Air Force awarded a contract for EMD and for the first 4,635 JDAMkits at an average unit cost of $18,000, less than half the original $40,000 estimate. As aresult of JDAM's pilot program status, low-rate initial production was accelerated ninemonths, to the latter half of FY 1997. On April 30, 1997, the Air Force announced thedecision to initiate low-rate initial production (LRIP) of JDAM, with the first productionlot of 937 JDAM kits. The JDAM Integrated Product Team achieved a phenomenal 53guided JDAM weapon releases in the six months prior to the LRIP decision. JDAMdemonstrated high reliability and outstanding accuracy. Twenty-two of the weaponreleases were accomplished during an early Air Force operational assessment. Over afour-week period operational crews put JDAM through an operationally representativeevaluation, including targets shrouded by clouds and obscured by snow. All 22 weaponssuccessfully performed up to their operational requirements including overall accuracy of10.3 meters, significantly better than the 13 meter requirement. Early operationalcapability JDAMs have been delivered to Whiteman Air Force Base, Mo., and low-rate,initial production JDAM deliveries begin on 02 May 1998. McDonnell DouglasCorporation of Berkeley, MO, was awarded on 02 April 1999, a $50,521,788 face valueincrease to a firm-fixed-price contract to provide for low rate initial production of 2,527Joint Direct Attack Munition kits. The work is expected to be completed by January2001.

On 28 April 2000 McDonnell Douglas Corp., Berkeley, Mo., was awarded a $5,648,796modification to a firm-fixed-price contract to provide for incorporation of Pin-Lock TailActuator System technology into the production effort for 8,163 Joint Direct AttackMunition kits. The Pin-Lock Tail Actuator System provides a more durable and accuratemethod of maneuvering the tail fins of the JDAM than the existing Friction Braketechnology. Expected contract completion date was 31 March 2001.

The JDAM program is nearing the end of its development phase. More than 250 flighttests involved five Air Force and Navy aircraft. JDAM will be carried on virtually all AirForce fighters and bombers, including the B-1, B-2, B-52, F-15E, F-16, F-22, F-117, andF/A-18.

JDAM was certified as operational capable on the B-2 in July 1997. Limited InitialOperational Capability was achieved on the B-52 in December 1998.

The B-1B Lancer conventional mission upgrade program is configuring the B-1B to carryout its role as the primary Air Force long-range heavy bomber for conventional warfare.The 11 Feb 1998 drop from a B-1B was the 122nd guided JDAM launch. The depot atOklahoma City Air Logistics Center will install the modification kits in the initialblock of bombers by January 1999, giving Air Combat Command seven JDAM-capable B-1B bombers 18 months ahead of the initial program schedule.

Potential Upgrades

The JDAM product improvement program may add a terminal seeker for precisionguidance and other system improvements to existing JDAMs to provide the Air Forcewith 3-meter precision and improved anti-jamming capability. The Air Force isevaluating several alternatives and estimates that the seeker could be available foroperations by 2004. The seeker kit could be used by both the 2,000-pound blastfragmentation and penetrator JDAMs.

The Advanced Unitary Penetrator (AUP), a candidate to be integrated with a GBU-31guidance kit, is a 2000 lb. class penetrator warhead intended as an upgrade/replacementfor the BLU-109 warhead in applications requiring increased penetration. The AUP isdesigned to provide increased penetration capability over the BLU-109 warhead whilemaintaining the same overall weight, mass properties, dimensions, and physicalinterfaces associated with the BLU-109 warhead. This concept integrates the AUPwarhead with the GBU-31, the JDAM tail kit for 2,000 lb class warheads. This conceptuses the Hard Target Smart Fuze (HTSF), an accelerometer based electronic fuze whichallows control of the detonation point by layer counting, distance or time. Theaccelerometer senses G loads on the bomb due to deceleration as it penetrates through tothe target. The fuze can distinguish between earth, concrete, rock and air.The boosted penetrator concept is based on achieving maximum penetration withoutsacrificing operational flexibility. Total system weight will be less than 2,250 pounds sothat it can be carried by all AF tactical aircraft and bombers as well as the Navy’s F/A-18.The goal is to achieve greater penetration than the GBU-28 with a near term, affordabledesign. A dense metal warhead will be used with a wraparound rocket motor to allowinternal carriage in the F-117. Advanced explosives will be used to compensate for thereduced charge weight. This concept integrates the boosted penetrator warhead with aJDAM guidance kit with an adverse weather Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).

The Ballasted Penetrator in GBU-32 concept is a 1000 pound dense or ballastedpenetrator integrated with a GBU-32 guidance kit using compressed carriage for internalcarriage in advanced fighters (F-22, JSF) or carriage in cruise missiles (JASSM,CALCM, ACM, ATACMS, Tomahawk.) The warhead would either be designed with adense metal case or contain dense metal ballast for maximum penetration. The warheadwill be filled with an advanced insensitive explosive to compensate for the reduced

charge weight. The warhead will be integrated with the GBU-32, the JDAM tail kit for1,000 lb class warheads.

The Boosted Unitary Penetrator concept is based on achieving maximum penetration in aweapon that will fit internally in the F-22. Total system weight will be less than 1300pounds. A dense metal warhead will be used with a wraparound rocket motor. Use ofnext generation compressed seekers and aero-control designs along with reaction jetcontrol will allow the size to shrink sufficiently to fit inside F-22 and JSF. Advancedexplosives will be used to compensate for the reduced charge weight. This conceptintegrates the boosted penetrator warhead with a JDAM guidance kit with an adverseweather Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR).

The JDAM/BLU-113 concept improves the GBU-28 by enhancing the nose design of theBLU-113 warhead for improved penetration. The warhead nose reshape will improveBLU-113 penetration by more than 25%. The penetration could potentially be furtherimproved by replacing the traditional HE fill with a dense explosive. The design involvesintegrating the improved BLU-113 warhead with a JDAM tail kit.

The Compressed Carriage GBU-32, J1K, enhanced fill concept is a JAST-1000 warheadwith enhanced fill integrated with a GBU-32 guidance kit using compressed carriage forinternal carriage in advanced fighters (F-22, JSF) or carriage in cruise missiles (JASSM,CALCM, ACM, ATACMS, Tomahawk.) The warhead is a combined penetrator andblast/fray warhead. The warhead shape is optimized for penetration and the enhanced filland internal liner provide blast and controlled fragmentation capability. The warhead isshrouded to match the MK-83 mass properties and interfaces. The warhead will beintegrated with the GBU-32, the JDAM tail kit for 1,000 lb class warheads. Use of aero-control designs along with reaction jet control will allow the size to shrink sufficiently tofit inside F-22 and JSF. This concept uses the Hard Target Smart Fuze (HTSF).

The Direct Attack Munitions AffordableSeeker (DAMASK) Fleet AdvancedDemonstration (FAD) accuracy enhancementkit is a seeker of the lowest possible cost thatwill improve JDAM accuracy to three-metercircular error probability (CEP). The three-year FAD began in FY 98 and continuedthrough FY 00. DAMASK includes a verylow-cost sensor mounted to the front of a

JDAM and an off-the-shelf signal processor mounted in the existing JDAM tail kit. Ituses an uncooled imaging-infrared focal plane array (UIIFPA) sensor and low-costoptics, both developed for the consumer automobile market. An off-the-shelf,commercially available signal processor is the final component of the accuracy upgradekit, estimated to cost less than $12.7 thousand per seeker in quantity. During the finalstages of weapon flight, DAMASK's unique guidance system will image the target area,locate a mission-planned aimpoint and update the JDAM target location. The mission-planning image can come from satellite, uninhabited air vehicles or reconnaissance

aircraft. A template is then automatically produced from the mission-planning image andloaded on board the aircraft with the baseline JDAM mission plan. Organic targeting ispossible because the target area can be imaged with onboard synthetic aperture radar(SAR) or forward looking infrared (FLIR) sensors, and the pilot can then select thedesired impact point using a heads-down display.

Specifications

MissionClose air support, interdiction, offensive counterair,suppression of enemy air defense, naval anti-surfacewarfare, amphibious strike

Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft, fixed hard, fixed soft,maritime surface

Variant JDAM JDAM-PIP

Service Air Force and Navy Air Force

Program status Development

First capability 1997 2004

Guidance method GPS/INS (autonomous)GPS/INS mid-coursewith a terminal seeker yetto be selected

Range Greater than 5 nautical miles, up to 15 miles

Circular error probable13 meters usingintegrated GPS/INS unit30 meters using INS only

3 meters

Development cost

$683.9M FY 1995estimate$399.3M FY 1999estimate

Air Force hasprogrammed about $76.5million for developmentthrough 2001

Production cost $4,154.4 million

Total cost $4,650.6 million

Acquisition unit cost $62,846

Average unit cost(40,000 units)

$18,000 current estimate$42,200 initial estimate

Quantity Navy: 12,000Air Force: 62,000

5,000--kits to be added tobasic JDAM

Platforms B-52, B-1, B-2, F-22, F-16, F-15E, F- 117, F-14

B-52, B-1, B-2, F-16, F-15E, F-117

A/B/D, F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F, AV-8B, P-3, S-3

20,000 Pound Direct Strike Hard TargetWeaponThis currently unfunded concept is a 20,000 lb. class precision guided, adverse weather,direct attack bomb employed on the B-52 and B-2 aircraft. It will make use of the GCUdeveloped by the JDAM program which uses GPS aided INS for adverse weatherguidance. Precision accuracy will be attained by using differential GPS (DGPS)technology demonstrated on programs such as Enhanced Differential GPS for GuidanceEnhancement (EDGE) and Miniature Munition Technology Demonstration (MMTD).The weapon will make use of the JDAM interface under development for the B-52 andB-2 aircraft and would be carried internally using new suspension hardware within thebay. The warhead will be a 20,000 lb. penetrator with dense metal ballast. This conceptuses the Hard Target Smart Fuze (HTSF), an accelerometer based electronic fuze whichallows control of the detonation point by layer counting, distance or time. Theaccelerometer senses G loads on the bomb due to deceleration as it penetrates through tothe target. The fuze can distinguish between earth, concrete, rock and air.

Global Positioning System AidedMunition (GAM)[GBU-36/B & GBU-37/B]]The Global Positioning System Aided Munition (GAM) was developed by the Air Forceand Northrop Grumman Corporation as an interim precision munition for the B-2. GAMis a tail kit that fits on the 2,000-pound Mk84 general purpose bomb [GBU-36/B], or the4,500 lb BLU-113 penetrator [GBU-37/B]. GAM uses GPS guidance to more accuratelyguide to target locations. The munition is to be eventually replaced on the B-2 by theJoint Direct Attack Munition. The GBU-37 was added to the B-2 arsenal in late 1997.This weapon is currently the only all-weather, near-precision "bunker busting " capabilityavailable.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Target System [GATS] is an all weather B-2 targeting system which reduces Target Location Error (TLE) normally associated withtarget coordinates. By exploiting the synergistic effects of the B-2’s GPS navigation andSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) capabilities, which combine the SAR’s excellent rangeand range rate capabilities with accurate GPS Position and velocity information, weprovide the GAM highly accurate target location relative to current B-2 position.

The GATS/GAM system was developed to meet a B-2 Block 20 precision weaponrequirement left unfulfilled by the cancellation of another munition. All GAMs have beendelivered to the 509th Bomb Wing, Whiteman AFB MO and are in operational use.Demonstrated accuracy by Air Combat Command aircrews has been under 20 feet.

SpecificationsMission Close air support, air interdiction, counterair, airborne

strike, suppression of enemy air defense

Targets Mobile hard, mobile soft, fixed hard, fixed soft,maritime surface

Service Air Force

Program status Operational

First capability 1996

Guidance method GPS/INS

Range Greater than 5 nautical miles

Circular error probable 12-18 meters

Quantity 128

Development cost Munition development cost is included withdevelopment of the GPS Aided Targeting System

Production cost $29.6 million

Total acquisition cost $29.6 million

Acquisition unit cost $231,250

Production unit cost $231,250

Platforms B-2

Agent Defeat Warhead (ADW)Operation Desert Storm highlighted the need for pre-emptive strike capability to disablechemical and biological (CB) agent munition production facilities and stockpiles.Currently the United States must resort to conventional warheads as the only means ofcrippling the enemy CB agent capability. Use of explosives to destroy a CB agentproduction or storage bunker could result in the release of large quantities of lethalagents. Such agent releases can produce significant collateral casualities and destroy thelocal environment. In line with the latest national security directives (promoting non-lethal, disabling weapon technology development over current lethal nuclear andconventional weapon systems), new technologies must be investigated which can disableCB agent munition production facilities and stockpiles while minimizing collateralcasualtites.The overall objective of the Agent Defeat Technology Program is to develop anddemonstrate warhead technology capable of destroying, disabling or denying use ofchemical and biological (CB) agent munition production facilities and stockpiles withminimal collateral damage (minimal agent dispersion.) The ADWD program objective isto develop and demonstrate a warhead with a payload specifically tailored for use againstfixed ground targets associated with the development, production, and storage ofchemical (C) agents, biological (B) agents, and CB weapons (CBW).The ADW shall, as a minimum, be effective against one of the following relevant targetcategories: hardened chemical targets, soft chemical targets, hardened biological targets,or soft biological targets. Effectiveness shall be understood to imply both the ability toachieve widespread physical damage within the target, and to limit collateral damageresulting from the unintended release of CB agents. Candidate kill mechanisms forachieving the desired results include, but are not limited to, thermal effects derived fromhigh temperature incendiary (HTI) materials, low blast fragmenting warheads orsubmunitions, neutralizing chemicals, and other mechanisms which may be identifiedduring the ADWD program. The ability of the ADW to deny the enemy access and/or useof the target and/or its contents is considered desirable, but only as a fallout capabilityoccurring in conjunction with wide spread physical damage within the target structure. Ahybrid warhead payload that employs a combination of the referenced kill mechanismsmay be required to achieve program goals. Kill mechanisms that are not consideredappropriate for the ADWD include those employing nuclear fizzle material orradioisotopes.The ADW shall, within acceptable tolerances, be designed to same external dimensionsand closely approximate the mass properties as those for the 2000-lb class BLU-109warhead. The ADW shall be designed for physical and functional compatibility with thefollowing Air Force guidance kits: GBU-24, GBU-27, AGM-130, and GBU-31 (JDAM).The intent is to allow those weapon delivery systems, when equipped with the ADW, tohold a wide variety of CBW targets at risk, thereby minimizing the additional cost andoperational burdens required to realize such a capability. Accordingly, the ADW shallalso be compatible with existing Air Force ground handling, storage, and transportationequipment used to handle the 2000-lb class warhead common to those delivery systems.

The Air Force Research Laboratory, Munitions Directorate, Ordnance Division(AFRL/MNMI) did not receive an acceptable proposal for development of an AgentDefeat Warhead (ADW) Demonstration (ADWD). The closing date for proposals was 29April 1999. The acquisition strategy for this program is under reevaluation.

\Munition Deployed BDA (MDBDA)Sensor

This joint Industry-Air Force demonstration effort isdesigned to show the feasibility and usefulness of amunition deployed video sensor to view weaponimpact and initial target destruction. The concept is toprovide mission planners with the "CNN-like" videoimagery of weapon impact for GPS guided munitionssuch as JDAM and JASSM.Northrop-Grumman Corporation introduced their"Bomb Damage Assessment Concept" in May 96.

Support for the concept was given by the JDAM and JASSM SPO's as well as the AirForce Research Laboratory (formerly Wright Laboratory).The initial concept used a stable aero-vehicle to house a video sensor, transmitter, battery,and antenna. The vehicle consists of a tuncated conical nose to house the camera, acylindrical body four inches in diameter, and a flared afterbody. Wind tunnel testing andcomputational fluid dynamic simulations indicate the vehicle is stable for the entire flightregime. A simulation developed by Dr. Mark Costello of the US Military Academy, avisiting researcher to AFRL, indicates minimal impact on the GBU-10's performance.

The BDA vehicle will be deployed from the munition immediately after release from thehost aircraft. The tether that links the BDA vehicle to the munition is 1000 feet in length.Reel-out time for the vehicle is approximately 12 seconds while the drop time of themunition is 42 seconds. This leaves sufficient time for the BDA vehicle to stabilize. A300 field of view on the video sensor insures that the weapon impact will be captured bythe sensor.The video sensor for this system uses technology leveraged from existing AFRLprograms. The sensor itself is a COTS CCD camera that has been electronically modifiedwith an "autogating" feature. The sensor, since it is tethered to the munition, will betraveling close to Mach 1 when the munition impacts the target. Blurring due to thismotion and blooming of the CCD chip due to intense light levels during detonation areserious concerns which affect the quality of the imagery. The autogating feature of thissensor will compensate for these factors allowing for excellent stop action imagery.The GBU-10 was selected as a test expedient platform to integrate the Northrop-Grumman designed BDA sensor system. For test purposes, ground based receivingstations will be used to collect the video imagery. A captive carry flight test will insureweapon/BDA integrity as well as verify the video telemetry link. Up to two inert warhead

drops will follow the captive carry test to insure proper deployment of the BDA vehicleand establishment of the video downlink. A final live warhead drop would take place toobtain the "golden video" of the munition impact and initial target destruction.Static detonation tests of a MK-84 warhead were conducted at Range C-74 on EglinAFB. The event was observed by four BDA video sensors placed at 1000 feet behind thewarhead. The captured imagery will help baseline sensor performance for the upcomingflight tests. Northrop-Grumman recently completed drop test of the BDA vehicle weaponattachment assembly from a balloon platform 1200 feet in the air. The results of this testgave valuable data on the tether payout dynamics. This data is being incorporated intosimulations of the separation event. Northrop-Grumman also conducted a flight test of anoperating BDA vehicle deployed from an aircraft. The BDA vehicle was reeled out froma wing pylon to 300 feet behind the aircraft. Excellent imagery of the aircraft wereobtained even as the aircraft simulated a ballistic munition drop.Technical difficulties have prevented success of the MDBDA Sensor Program. The flighttest of the MDBDA system in May 1998, over Eglin's Test Range, was not fullysuccessful due to entanglement of the BDA sensor vehicle with the tether. Northropdetermined that the unstable deployment of the BDA caused the tether entanglement andsubsequent breakage. Northrop developed an improved braking mechanism designed todeploy the BDA sensor under greater control. Northrop conducted its own surrogateflight tests of the improved system, but experienced limited success. Although Northropdemonstrated a controlled deployment of the BDA vehicle, the tether continued to breakwhen fully deployed.Northrop requested AAC approve a demonstration of a variant of the MDBDA concept.This alternative concept removes the tether from the system. The BDA camera in thisnew system will be ejected just prior to weapon impact. This scenario allows USAF AirArmament Center at Eglin AFB to assess the feasibility of an alternate weapon-borneBDA concept, as well as capture imagery representative of a tethered BDA sensordeployment. Demonstrations of the new system on an inert and live GBU-10 wereoriginally scheduled for the Fall 1998; however, these tests were postponed due toadverse weather conditions on the scheduled days of the flight tests.A tactical system, which may retain the benefits of the tether, will be much different.

Wind Corrected Munition Dispenser(WCMD)

While low altitude, high speed laydown deliveries are consistent withtactics used against heavily defended target sets such as the robustSoviet/Warsaw Pact threat envisioned in Central Europe, low altitudetactics were not the preferred option during Desert Storm where theUSAF used medium/high altitude weapons employment to providefighter and bomber aircraft a sanctuary against short range surface toair missiles and anti-aircraft artillery fire. The inexpensive tail kitinertially steers the munition from a known release point to precisetarget coordinates while compensating for launch transients, winds

aloft, surface winds and adverse weather.

The Wind Compensated Munitions Dispenser [WCMD "Wick-Mid"] is intended toremedy this current shortfall in Tactical Munition Dispenser munitions, such as the CBU-87 CEM [Combined Effects Munition], CBU-89 GATOR and CBU-97 SFW [SensorFuzed Weapon]. The weapon will use inertial guidance only (no GPS). The WCMDprogram develops a tail kit for these inventory dispenser weapons. These weapons will becapable of delivery from medium to high altitude delivery when equipped with a WCMDkit. The WCMD weapon will correct for wind effects and errors during the weapon'sballistic fall. The WCMD kit will turn these "dumb" bombs into accurate "smart"weapons. Currently, the dispenser is achieving an accuracy of within 30 feet. Both fighterand bomber aircraft will be able to employ WCMD from a wide range of altitudes, inadverse weather, using various tactics such as level, dive, and toss bombing, andbombing on coordinates.

WCMD Limited Initial Operational Capability was achieved on the B-52 inNovember 1998. WCMD-equipped weapons are planned for employment on the B-1, B-52, F-15E, F-16, and F-117 aircraft.

The WCMD is seen as one solution to four deficiencies identified in the StrategicAttack/Air Interdiction Mission Area Plan (MAP): multiple kills per pass, adverseweather capability, Cluster Bomb accuracy (mid-course wind correction), and the abilityto carry/dispense future submunitions and US Army mines. With the addition of aguidance kit and "smart" aircraft stores stations, aircrew members should be able toindependently target weapons and strike multiple targets on a single release/pass. WCMDwill be targetable by on-board aircraft systems and be capable of being targeted on acoordinate reference system. To minimize aircraft heading, velocity, and position errors,all aircraft will have Global Positioning System (GPS) quality heading, velocity, andaltitude data. This will provide aircraft an adverse weather capability for targets withknown positions. GPS is not required on the WCMD. The guidance kit will provideWCMD an adverse weather capability and negate a need for electro-optical guidancesystems which are severely degraded by adverse weather or man-made or battlefield

obscurants such as smoke or dust. The WCMD kit will reduce susceptibility to windinduced errors, not fully compensated for by aircraft avionics, by providing mid-coursewind correction. Finally, the modular design of the SUU-64/65/66 Tactical MunitionDispensers (TMD) allows for future incorporation of wide area anti-armor mines, anti-helicopter mines, and other future smart submunitions.

The Air Force announced 27 January 1997 that Lockheed Martin had won the $21million contract to complete development and begin production of the Wind-CorrectedMunition Dispenser. The Air Force plans to modify 40,000 tactical munitions dispensers.

Department of Defense officials originally predicted the dispenser tail kits would costapproximately $25,000 per unit. However, through the application of a no-nonsenseacquisition strategy adopted by the Eglin WCMD team, the dispenser unit cost is $8,937.

CBU-87/B Combined Effects Munitions(CEM)BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb(CEB)The CBU-87 is a 1,000-pound, Combined Effects Munition (CEM) for attacking softtarget areas with detonating bomblets. The CBU-87 CEM, an all-purpose, air-deliveredcluster weapons system, consists of a SW-65 Tactical Munitions Dispenser (TMD) withan optional FZU-39 proximity sensor. The BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb (CEB),effective against armor, personnel and material, contains a shaped charge, scored steelcasing and zirconium ring for anti-armor, fragmentation and incendiary capability. Thebomblet case is made of scored steel designed to break into approximately 300 preformedingrain fragments for defeating light armor and personnel. A total of 202 of thesebomblets are loaded in each dispenser enabling a single payload attack against a varietyand wide area coverage. The footprint for the CBU-87 is approximatel 200 meters by 400meters. The body of the submunition is cylindrical in shape, approximately 20centimeters long, and has a 6 centimeter diameter. It is bright yellow when new.

During Desert Storm the US Air Force dropped 10,035 CBU-87s. During Allied Forcethe US dropped about 1,100 cluster bombs, and most of these were CBU-87s. The dudrate for a standard cluster was approximately five percent.

SpecificationsContractor Aerojet General / Honeywell

Weight: 950 pounds

Length: 92 inches

Diameter: 15.6 inches

Guidance: None

Control: Spin [6 selections]

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead:202 BLU-97/B Combined Effects Bomb (CEB)anti-personnel / anti-materielshaped-charge fragmentation & incendiary

Fuse:

Integral part of dispenser12 time selectionsFZU-39/B proximity sensor10 height-of-burst selections

Aircraft

6 F-4F-154 F-168 F-1114 A-74 A-1030 B-52

Unit CostList Price $13,941 [$ FY90]

CBU-89 Gator MineThe CBU-89 Gator Mine, a 1,000-pound cluster munition containing antitank andantipersonnel mines, consists of a SUU-64 Tactical Munitions Dispenser with 72 antitankmines, 22 antipersonnel mines, and an optional FZU-39 proximity sensor. Mine armingbegins when the dispenser opens. Mine detonation is initiated by target detection, minedisturbance, low battery voltage, and a self-destruct time-out. The antitank mine is amagnetic sensing submunition effective against tanks and armored vehicles. Theantipersonnel mine has a fragmenting case warhead triggered by trip wires. The US AirForce employed 1,105 CBU-89s during the Gulf War.

The Gator mine system provides a means to emplace minefields on the ground rapidlyusing high-speed tactical aircraft. The minefields are used for area denial, diversion ofmoving ground forces, or to immobilize targets to supplement other direct attackweapons.

Gator consists of two companion systems. The Air Force CBU-89/B is a 1000-poundclass cluster weapon using the SUU-64/B Tactical Munitions Dispenser (TMD). TheTMD is the same general configuration used for the CBU-87/B Combined EffectsMunition. This commonality allows for high-rate, low-cost production of the dispenser.The Navy CBU-78/B is a 500-pound class cluster weapon that uses the Mk7 Rockeyedispenser. Rockeye has been in high-rate production for many years; the Mk7 dispenseris also a low-cost item.Both systems contain a mix of BLU-91 /B antitank (AT) and BLU-92/B antipersonnel(AP) mines -- 72 AT and 22 AP for the CBU-89/B; 45 AT and 15 AP for the CBU-78/B.Commonality of mines for both systems also contributes to high-rate, low-costproduction. The BLU-91 /B AT mine is the heart of the Gator system. Microelectronicsin each mine detect targets, discriminate armored vehicles, and detonate the mine whenthe target reaches the most vulnerable approach point. A Misznay-Schardin explosivecharge defeats the belly armor of most vehicles. The BLU-92/B AP mine serves todiscourage minefield clearing. Upon activation, the AP mine explosion sends high-velocity fragments in a horizontal plane over a wide area.

Both mines have a programmable self-destruct feature which permits the battlefieldcommander to control the timing of a counterattack or defensive maneuver. The self-destruct time is set just prior to aircraft takeoff using a simple selector switch on thedispenser. This feature permits a high degree of tactical flexibility during combatoperations.

The size of the Gator minefield is determined by the opening height of the dispenser.After dispenser opening, the mines are self-dispersed using aerodynamic forces. Themine pattern on the ground is directly proportional to opening altitude, which iscontrolled by either the dispenser electromechanical faze or an optional proximity sensor.

Aerojet Ordnance Company (AOC) is the system integration prime contractor for Gator.All elements of the system are either procured by Aerojet or furnished by the USGovernment. The company is responsible for total system performance, including livetesting. Each month three Gator systems are randomly selected from the production lineand flight tested. Aerojet Ordnance Company warrants system performance for fiveyears, assuring Gator reliability.

SpecificationsContractor Aerojet General / Honeywell

Weight: 710 pounds

Length: 92 inches

Diameter: 16 inches

Guidance: None

Control: none

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: 72 BLU-91/B anti-tank22 BLU-92/B anti-personnel

Fuse: Integral part of dispenserFZU-39/B proximity sensor

Aircraft

F-154 F-16F/A-184 A-1030 B-52B-1BB-2

LimitationsDelivery Envelope

200 feet to 40,000 feet200 knots to 700 knots airspeed

Unit CostList Price $39,963 [$ FY90]

GATORGENERAL

Longer range than any other available FASCAM system

Emplaced anywhere a tactical aircraft can reach

Delivery Systems:

*Air Force: A-10, F-15E, F-16, B52, B-1B, B-2

*Navy: F-18, AV-8B

Systems:

*Air Force: CBU 89/B: 94 mines (72 AT, 22 AP)

*Navy: CBU 78/B: 60 mines (45AT, 15AP)

Average area covered is 200 x 650 meters

Three selectable SD times: 4 hrs; 48 hrs; 15 days

Not an on-call system, must nominate 72 hrs prior to get on ATO

EMPLOYMENT

Primarily used at long range with intent to disrupt, fix, and block

GATOR is the light force commander’s long range anti-armor weapon

Placement is not precise

Good for placing on a specific concentration of forces

Employed in conjuction with CAS and other deep indirect fired attacks

Limitations:

*Coordination for and acquiring aircraft

*Units in column are poor targets

*Communications (Joint Army-Air Force Operations)

Reference FM 20-32,pages 6-11 to 6-13

EMPLACEMENT

CORPS ASSET (BECAUSE OF AIRCRAFT)

MISSION MUST BE REQUESTED 72 HOURS IN ADVANCE THROUGHNOMINATION AT DIVISION TARGETING BOARD

MAY BE ALLOCATED DOWN TO BATTALION LEVEL

EXTENSIVE COORDINATION BETWEEN G3/S3, ENGINEER, ALO

MINEFIELD ORIENTATION IS CHANGED TO ACHIEVE DESIREDAFFECT

275m SAFETY ZONE AROUND MINEFIELD

MINEFIELD NOT MARKED

Reference FM 20-32,pg 6 - 11 to 6 - 13

Scatterable Mine Employment of a Gator Minefield

CBU-97/CBU-105 Sensor Fuzed WeaponBLU-108/B SubmunitionThe CBU-97 is a 1,000-pound class weapon containing sensor-fused submunitions forattacking armor. The SFW is the centerpiece of the Air Force concept of operations forengaging an adversary's main armored force in the "halt" or "hold" phase of a MajorRegional Contingency, in which the USAF would disrupt and stop an attack, providingtime for other combatant forces to reinforce to the theater.

The primary components of this 1,000 pound class weapon are the SUU-66/B TacticalMunitions Dispenser (TMD), 10 BLU-108/B submunitions, and 40 "hockey puck"shaped skeet infrared sensing projectiles. The weapon is designed to be employed fromUS Air Force tactical aircraft from altitudes between 200 feet Above Ground Level(AGL) to 20,000 feet Mean Sea Level (MSL) at speeds between 250 to 650 knots. EachCBU-97/B can cover an area of about 500 feet by 1,200 feet. Test results indicate thatCBU-97 submunitions have a propensity to cluster and that impact patterns are unevenlydistributed. This is contrary to the uniform distribution assumption employed in the JointMunitions Effectiveness Manual (JMEM). Because of the clustering effect, it appears thatJMEM overestimates damage and more weapons may be required to destroy the targetthen predicted.

The Sensor Fuzed Weapon [SFW] is an unpowered, top attack, wide area, clustermunition, designed to achieve multiple kills per aircraft pass against enemy armor andsupport vehicles. After release, the TMD opens and dispenses the ten submunitions whichare parachute stabilized. Each of the 10 BLU-108/B submunitions contains four armor-penetrating projectiles with infrared sensors to detect armored targets. At a preset altitudesensed by a radar altimeter, a rocket motor fires to spin the submunition and initiate anascent. The submunition then releases its four projectiles, which are lofted over the targetarea. The projectile's sensor detects a vehicle's infrared signature, and an explosivelyformed penetrator fires at the heat source. If no target is detected after a period of time,the projectiles automatically after a preset time interval, causing damage to material andpersonnel.

A Pre-Planned Product Improvement (P3I) Program will take the existing design andmake modifications to the projectile sensor, incorporating a dual mode (active/passiveIR) for better target detection; modify the warhead to enhance soft target lethality; andincrease the system footprint for better target coverage. Projectiles would be dispensed ata greater altitude expanding the area covered to about 600 feet by 1,800 feet. In addition,an insensitive explosive fill will replace the Octol used in the current warhead to satisfyNavy requirements for the BLU-108/B submunition used in one variant of the JointStand-Off Weapon (JSOW).

CBU-105

The SFW is operationally effective when employed at low altitude using level or shallowangle dive deliveries. The weapon is most effective when employed at low altitude fromlevel flight attitudes in a non-countermeasured environment. Due to TMD performancelimitations, the current SFW weapon configuration provides the user a limited range oftactical employment options. Weapon effectiveness decreases as release altitude, diveangle, and/or time of flight increases because of adverse effects of wind conditions,weapon dispersion, and aim point uncertainties on delivery accuracy. This performancedegradation is an inherent characteristic of all inventory TMD weapons. Due to theseTMD accuracy limitations, the USAF Air Combat Command plans to outfit SFW withWind Corrected Munitions Dispenser (WCMD) tail kit. The SFW's delivery envelopewill be expanded to include strategic aircraft and higher altitudes through incorporationof the WCMD. The SFW with WCMD is designated CBU-105.

SpecificationsContractor

Weight: 927 pounds

Length: 92 inches

Diameter: 16 inches

Guidance: None

Control: none

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: SUU-66/B tactical munitions dispenser10 BLU-108/B submunitions [@ 4 projectiles]

Fuse: Integral part of dispenserFZU-39/B proximity sensor

Aircraft 12 F-15E

4 F-1610 A-1030 B-134 B-216 B-52

LimitationsDelivery Envelope

200 feet20,000 feet (above ground level)250 knots650 knots

Unit Cost $360,000 - baseline$260,000 - PEP $39,963 [$ FY90]

Inventory500 in USAF inventory as of 01/01/1998Current USAF objective is 5,000[17,000 originally planned ]

Small Smart BombMiniature Munition CapabilityMiniaturized Munitions TechnologyDemonstration (MMTD)Swing Wing Adapter Kit (SWAK)As of 07 January 1998 ACC approved a new acquisition strategy for the Small BombSystem (SBS) program. This strategy involves integrating the SBS on the F-22, F-22Xand JSF and also includes combining the SBS and the Low Cost Autonomous AttackSystem (LOCAAS) efforts into a single program. This new program has been designatedMiniature Munition Capability and has a planned start date for FY03. Implementationdetails of the new strategy are still being developed.

The Small SmartBomb is a 250 poundweapon that has thesame penetrationcapabilities as a 2000lbBLU-109, but withonly 50 pounds ofexplosive. With theINS/GPS guidance inconjunction withdifferential GPS (usingall 12 channelreceivers, instead ofonly 5) correctionsprovided by GPS SPOAccuracyImprovement Initiative(AII) and improved

Target Location Error (TLE), it can achieve a 5-8m CEP. The submunition, with a smartfuze, has been extensively tested against multi-layered targets by Wright Laboratoryunder the Hard Target Ordnance Program and Miniature Munitions Technology Program.The length to diameter ratio and nose shape are designed to optimize penetration for a50lb charge. This weapon is also a potential payload for standoff carrier vehicles such asTomahawk, JSOW, JASSM, Conventional ICBM, etc.The goal of the predecessor Miniaturized Munitions Technology Demonstration(MMTD) effort was to produce a 250-pound class munition effective against a majorityof hardened targets previously vulnerable only to 2,000-pound class munitions. Usingpersonnel and experience gained from the GBU-28 "Bunker Buster" program and the

Exploitation of Differential Global Positioning System for Guidance Enhancement(EDGE) programs, the MMTD test team completed development testing in 18 months.McDonnell Douglas was awarded a $6 million contract to assist in the design anddevelopment of the MMTD concept. After completing successful warhead (Jan 96) andsystem (Mar 96) CDRs, the warhead already demonstrated the objective of penetrating 6feet of reinforced concrete.

The second phase which integrates terminal seeker and anti-jam GPS technology into thePhase I baseline weapon is planned for FY99-02 under the Miniature Munition Capabilityeffort. Because of the short flight times (about one minute) the GPS receiver must havefast acquisition capability.

The guidance law will be designed to penetrate the target with an obliquity angle of zerodegrees. There is however an obliquity angle tolerance of approximately 20 degrees;anything greater will not ensure case survivability. The angle of attack at impact isconstrained to be zero degrees with a tolerance of one degree. This nulling of the angle ofattack must be achieved at least one missile time constant prior to impact. In addition, themunition is required to penetrate with an impact velocity of at least 1100 ft/sec.Consequently, the guidance law will be designed to optimize terminal velocity subject tothe aforementioned constraints. In order to maximize terminal velocity, the vehicle willfly in a coordinated bank-to-turn mode (as opposed to skid-to-turn). While this doesincrease the complexity of the flight control system, the advantage of increased speed andmaneuverability outweigh the increased complexity. The control variables for theguidance law are angle of attack (or normal acceleration) and bank angle. The autopilotarchitecture will be designed to be robust to disturbances and plant uncertainties. Inaddition, the autopilot is required to track the angle of attack and bank angle commandsfrom the guidance law while stabilizing the vehicle. This will require a robust autopilotmethodology. Many modern design techniques, such as LQR/LQG, LQG/LTR, Mu-synthesis, can provide controllers which achieve the specified design requirements.Implicit in this is the need to gain schedule the designs with altitude, Mach Number,angle of attack or a combination thereof. Analysis of the stability and performancerobustness will be performed to ensure meeting the guidance, navigation and controlrequirements.

Flight testing demonstration for multiple Small Smart Bomb ejection external carriagefrom an F-16 is scheduled for 3Q00, and an internal carriage combined test event with theRoyal Australian Air Force in 1Q01.

The Swing Wing Adapter Kit (SWAK) is added to give the SSB standoff of greaterthan 25 nm from high altitude release. The wing kit is jettisoned at a midcourse way pointif penetration is required so that velocity can be increased after wing release. For softtargets the wing kit continues to extend the glide range until small arms threat altitude isreached. At this point the wings are released. With INS/GPS guidance, coupled with AII,a 6-8 m CEP can be achieved. This wing kit allows the SSB to be directly attached to theaircraft at any 300 lb store station or packaged in the High Leverage Munitions (HLM)for higher density carriage.

The second generation SSB has an advanced warhead which is designed to maximizepenetration capability without sacrificing blast/fragmentation potential. This is achievedby use of liners to control fragmentation and enhanced energetic explosives such as HMXor CL-20.

Light Attack Bomb is a follow-on demonstration for the Small Smart Bomb to expandthe SSB target set by demonstrating maneuver capability against ground mobile targetsusing an existing seeker for guidance.The High Leverage Munitions (HLM) concepts are a class of next generation weaponsdesigned to efficiently package small, highly lethal mini missiles of the future. Theyemploy direct dispense technology being developed under WL/MN Low Cost Dispensing(LODIS) program as a means of high density loadouts for both internal and externalcarriage. This low observable/low drag container is capable of incremental or salvodispensing and has virtual interface capability. Air bags are used to eject the minimissiles. The dispenser serves as a shipping/stores container. Electrical interface to themini missiles is made via a single 1553 bus.

SpecificationsDiameter Six inches

Length Six feet

Weight 250-lb

Warhead steel case for penetration50 lbs of high explosive

Guidance Differential GPS/INS , Autonomous, all weather

Accuracy three meters circular error probable (CEP) for surveyedtarget

Penetration six feet of reinforced concrete

Mk 81The MK 80 series Low Drag General Purpose (LDGP) bombs are used in the majority ofbombing operations where maximum blast and explosive effects are desired. LDGPbombs are designed to be aerodynamically streamlined. Their cases are relatively lightand approximately 45 percent of their complete weight is explosive. General purposebombs may use both nose and tail fuzes and conical or retarded tail fins. Snakeye wasfielded in 1964 and used extensively since; the retarder tail (Mk 14 fins for Mk 81 250-pound) allowed low-level, high-precision attack while avoiding bomb-fragment damageto delivery aircraft and retaining a low-drag delivery option.

SpecificationsWeight: 118 kg

Length: 1.88 m

Diameter: 228 mm

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead:

Fuse:

Aircraft

Mk82 General Purpose BombThe MK-82 is a free-fall, nonguided general purpose [GP] 500-pound bomb. The bomb isusually equipped with the mechanical M904 (nose) and M905 (tail) fuzes or the radar-proximity FMU-113 air-burst fuze. The MK 80 series Low Drag General Purpose(LDGP) bombs are used in the majority of bombing operations where maximum blastand explosive effects are desired. LDGP bombs are designed to be aerodynamicallystreamlined. Their cases are relatively light and approximately 45 percent of theircomplete weight is explosive. General purpose bombs may use both nose and tail fuzesand conical or retarded tail fins.

The MK82 AIR is a 500 pound bomb modified with a BSU-49/B high drag tail assembly.The "ballute" air bag which deploys from the tail provides a high speed, low altitudedelivery capability by quickly slowing the bomb and allowing the aircraft to escape theblast pattern. The tail assembly consists of a low-drag canister unit containing a ballute(combination balloon and parachute), and a release lanyard assembly that opens thecanister releasing the ballute. The ballute assembly is made from high strength lowporosity nylon fabric. When the bomb is released from the aircraft a lanyard unlatches theback cover which opens, releasing part of the nylon bag/retarder. Air turbulence at therear of the bomb acts on that portion of the retarder, pulling the remainder out of thehousing. Ram air inflation is accomplished through four air inlet ports toward the aft endof the ballute. The weapon can be delivered in the low-drag mode (canister remainsclosed after release) or in the high drag mode. The pilot may select either a high drag orlow drag configuration depending on mission requirements.

The MK-80 series was developed in the 1950s in response to the need for bombsproducing less aerodynamic drag. All MK-80 series bombs are similar in construction.MK-80 series bombs are cylindrical in shape and are equipped with conical fins orretarders for external high-speed carriage. They are fitted for both nose and tail fuzes toensure reliability and produce effects of blast, cratering, or fragmentation. During DesertStorm the MK-80 series of bombs were dropped from literally every fixed-wing aircraftthat supported the ground offensive. The bombs were used against a wide variety oftargets, including artillery, trucks, bunkers, Scuds, surface-to-air missile sites, antiaircraftartillery sites, early warning radars, and supply points.Some bombs are thermally protected for use on aircraft carriers. The thermally protectedMK 80 series bomb was developed to increase the cookoff time and decrease the reactionof bombs when engulfed in a fuel fire. The MK 82 and MK 83 series LDGP bombsunderwent a Product Improvement Initiative (PII) which entailed filling the bomb caseswith a less sensitive explosive. When so filled the MK 82 and MK 83 bombs areredesignated BLU-111/B and BLU-110/B, respectively.

SpecificationsClass 500 lb. General Purpose Bomb, Blast/Fragmentation

Guidance Ballistic

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Weight 241 kg / 500 lbs.

Length 2.21 m / 66.15 in.

Diameter 10.75 in.

Warhead 500 lbs.

Explosive 89 kg / 192 lbs Tritonal, Minol II, or H-6

Fuze Variety for nose and tail.

StabilizerMAU-93/B,BSU49/B AIR,MK-15 Snakeye

Contractor Nad Crane

Unit Cost $268.50

Aircraft

A-10AB-1BB-2B-52F-4GF-15A-EF-16A-DF-111D-FF-117A

Mk83 General Purpose BombThe MK-83 is a free-fall, nonguided general purpose [GP] 1,000 pound bomb. The bombcan be fitted either with mechanial nose and tail fuzes or with a proximity fuze. DuringDesert Storm, this bomb was dropped mainly by Marine aircraft conducting close airsupport/battlefield air interdiction (CAS/BAl) missions. The MK 80 series Low DragGeneral Purpose (LDGP) bombs are used in the majority of bombing operations wheremaximum blast and explosive effects are desired. LDGP bombs are designed to beaerodynamically streamlined. Their cases are relatively light and approximately 45percent of their complete weight is explosive. General purpose bombs may use both noseand tail fuzes and conical or retarded tail fins.

The MK83 AIR is a 1,000 pound bomb modified with a BSU-85/B high drag tailassembly. The "ballute" air bag which deploys from the tail provides a high speed, lowaltitude delivery capability by quickly slowing the bomb and allowing the aircraft toescape the blast pattern. The tail assembly consists of a low-drag canister unit containinga ballute (combination balloon and parachute), and a release lanyard assembly that opensthe canister releasing the ballute. The ballute assembly is made from high strength lowporosity nylon fabric. When the bomb is released from the aircraft a lanyard unlatches theback cover which opens, releasing part of the nylon bag/retarder. Air turbulence at therear of the bomb acts on that portion of the retarder, pulling the remainder out of thehousing. Ram air inflation is accomplished through four air inlet ports toward the aft endof the ballute. The weapon can be delivered in the low-drag mode (canister remainsclosed after release) or in the high drag mode. The pilot may select either a high drag orlow drag configuration depending on mission requirements.

The MK-80 series was developed in the 1950s in response to the need for bombsproducing less aerodynamic drag. All MK-80 series bombs are similar in construction.MK-80 series bombs are cylindrical in shape and are equipped with conical fins orretarders for external high-speed carriage. They are fitted for both nose and tail fuzes toensure reliability and produce effects of blast, cratering, or fragmentation.Some bombs are thermally protected for use on aircraft carriers. The thermally protectedMK 80 series bomb was developed to increase the cookoff time and decrease the reactionof bombs when engulfed in a fuel fire. The MK 82 and MK 83 series LDGP bombsunderwent a Product Improvement Initiative (PII) which entailed filling the bomb caseswith a less sensitive explosive. When so filled the MK 82 and MK 83 bombs areredesignated BLU-111/B and BLU-110/B, respectively.

SpecificationsWeight: 447 kg / 1014 pounds

Length: 3.0 m / 119.49 inches

Diameter: 14.06 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: 1000 lbs

Explosive 202 kg / 385 lbs Tritonal, Minol II, or H-6

Fuse:

Aircraft F-14F-18

MK84The MK-84 is a free-fall, nonguided GP 2,000-pound bomb. The MK 80 series Low DragGeneral Purpose (LDGP) bombs are used in the majority of bombing operations wheremaximum blast and explosive effects are desired. LDGP bombs are designed to beaerodynamically streamlined. Their cases are relatively light and approximately 45percent of their complete weight is explosive. General purpose bombs may use both noseand tail fuzes and conical or retarded tail fins. Normal fuzes are the mechanical M904(nose) and the M905 (tail). Most of the over 12,000 MK-84s expended during DesertStorm were dropped by Air Force F-15Es, F-16s and F-111Fs; less than 1,000 of the totalwere dropped by Marine Corps tactical aircraft.

The MK84 AIR is a 2,000 pound bomb modified with a BSU-50/B high drag tailassembly. The "ballute" air bag which deploys from the tail provides a high speed, lowaltitude delivery capability by quickly slowing the bomb and allowing the aircraft toescape the blast pattern. The tail assembly consists of a low-drag canister unit containinga ballute (combination balloon and parachute), and a release lanyard assembly that opensthe canister releasing the ballute. The ballute assembly is made from high strength lowporosity nylon fabric. When the bomb is released from the aircraft a lanyard unlatches theback cover which opens, releasing part of the nylon bag/retarder. Air turbulence at therear of the bomb acts on that portion of the retarder, pulling the remainder out of thehousing. Ram air inflation is accomplished through four air inlet ports toward the aft endof the ballute. The weapon can be delivered in the low-drag mode (canister remainsclosed after release) or in the high drag mode. The pilot may select either a high drag orlow drag configuration depending on mission requirements.

The MK-80 series was developed in the 1950s in response to the need for bombsproducing less aerodynamic drag. All MK-80 series bombs are similar in construction.MK-80 series bombs are cylindrical in shape and are equipped with conical fins orretarders for external high-speed carriage. They are fitted for both nose and tail fuzes toensure reliability and produce effects of blast, cratering, or fragmentation. During DesertStorm the MK-80 series of bombs were dropped from literally every fixed-wing aircraftthat supported the ground offensive. The bombs were used against a wide variety oftargets, including artillery, trucks, bunkers, Scuds, surface-to-air missile sites, antiaircraftartillery sites, early warning radars, and supply points.

SpecificationsClass 2,000 lb. General Purpose Bomb/Fragmentation

Guidance Ballistic

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Weight 2039 lbs.

Length 129 in.

Diameter 18 in.

Explosive 945 lbs. H-6 or Tritonal

Fuze Variety of mechanical or electrical

Stabilizer BSU-50 AIRMK-84 Conical Fin

Contractor/Manufacturer

Unit Cost $3,100

Aircraft

A-10AB-1BB-52HF-4GF-15A-EF-16A-DF-111D-FF-117A

M117 General Purpose BombThe M117 is a free-fall, unguided, general purpose [GP] 750-pound bomb. Its usual fuzesare the mechanical M904 (nose) and M905 (tail), or the mechanical FMU-54 (tail). TheM117 is employed in several configurations.The basic M117 dates from the Korean War and uses a low-drag tail fin for medium andhigh-altitude deliveries.The M117R (Retarded) uses a special fin assembly providing either high-drag or low-drag release options. For low altitude deliveries, the tail assembly opens four large dragplates which rapidly slow the bomb and allow the aircraft to escape its blast.The M117D (Destructor) is similar to the M117R but uses a magnetic influence fuzewhich enables the bomb to function as a mine. The M117D is released in a high-dragconfiguration for ground implant or shallow water mining. It detonates when an objectpassing near the bomb triggers the fuze.The M117 series was used extensively during the Vietnam War, and B-52G aircraftdropped thousands of tons of M117 and M117R bombs during Operation Desert Storm.The B-52s dropped virtually all of the M117 bombs during Desert Storm.

Mk118 3000lb Demolition Bomb

BLU-82BThe BLU-82B/C-130 weapon system, nicknamed Commando Vault in Vietnam andDaisy Cutter in Afghanistan, is a high altitude delivery of 15,000 pound conventionalbomb, delivered from an MC-130 since it is far too heavy for the bomb racks on anybomber or attack aircraft. Originally designed to create an instant clearing in the jungle, ithas been used in Afghanistan as an anti-personnel weapon and as an intimidation weaponbecause of its very large lethal radius (variously reported as 300-900 feet) combined withflash and sound visible at long distances. It is the largest conventional bomb in existencebut is less than one thousandth the power of the Hiroshima nuclear bomb.

Frequent press reports to the contrary, the Daisy Cutter is not a fuel-air explosive (FAE).It is a conventional explosive incorporating both agent and oxidizer. In contrast, an FAEconsists only of agent and a dispersing mechanism, and takes its oxidizer from theoxygen in the air. FAEs generally run between 500 and 2000 pounds; it would be difficultto make an FAE the size of Daisy Cutter because the correct uniform mixture of agentwith ambient air would be difficult to maintain if the agent were so widely dispersed.Thus, the conventional explosive technique of Daisy Cutter is more reliable than that ofan FAE, particularly if there is significant wind or thermal gradient.

This system depends upon the accurate positioning of the aircraft by either a fixed groundradar or onboard navigation equipment. The ground radar controller, or aircrew navigatoras applicable, is responsible for positioning the aircraft prior to final countdown andrelease. Primary aircrew considerations include accurate ballistic and wind computationsprovided by the navigator, and precision instrument flying with strict adherence tocontroller instructions. The minimum altitude for release due to blast effects of theweapon is 6,000 feet AGL. The BLU-82 was originally designed to clear helicopterlanding zones and artillery emplacements in Vietnam. The warhead contains 12,600pounds of low-cost GSX slurry (ammonium nitrate, aluminum powder, and polystyrene)and is detonated just above ground level by a 38-inch fuze extender, optimized fordestruction and ground level without digging a crater. The weapon produces anoverpressure of 1000 psi [pounds per square inch] near ground zero, tapering off asdistance increases.

Eleven BLU-82s were dropped during Desert Storm, all from Special Operations C-130s.The initial drops were intended to test the ability of the bomb to clear mines; no reliablebomb damage assessment exists on mine clearing effectiveness. Later, bombs weredropped as much for their psychological effect as for their antipersonnel effects. The AirForce dropped several BLU-82s during the campaign to destory the Taliban and al-Qaedaterror networks in Afganistan to attack and demoralize personnel and to destroyunderground- and cave-complexes.

SpecificationsClass 15,000 lb. Blast

Guidance Ballistic

Control:

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Weight (lb.) 15,000

Length (in) 141.6

Diameter (in) 54

Warhead (lbs.) 15,000

Explosive Aluminum Powder (12,600 lbs.)

Fuze M904 (Nose); M905 (Tail)

Unit Cost $27,318

Aircraft MC-130

BLU-107 DurandalThe Durandal anti-runway bomb was developed by the French company MATRA,designed solely for the purpose of destroying runways. Once the parachute-retarded low-level drop bomb attains a nose-down attitude, it fires a rocket booster that penetrates therunway surface, and a delayed explosion buckles a portion of the runway. It can penetrateup to 40 centimeters of concrete, creating a 200 square meter crater causing damage moredifficult to repair than the crater of a general-purpose bomb.

An evaluation of the unique Durandal "runway-buster" motor was performed at the AirForce Rocket Propulsion Laboratory beginning in 1982. The 20th Fighter Wing firsttested the Durandal runway-buster bombs during Exercise Red Flag in January andFebruary 1988. During the 1991 Gulf War the 20th Fighter Wing, flew F-111Es fromTurkey, initially in low level night attacks on airfields, using the Durandal anti-runwayweapon. 20th Wing flight commander Captain George Kelman said "there is nothingbetter at destroying a runway than a Durandal."

SpecificationsWeight: 450 pounds

Length: 8 ft 2 in

Diameter: inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: rocket booster to penetrate runwaysurface

Warhead: 330 lb high-explosive

Fuse:

Aircraft

BLU-109The BLU series bomb bodies use PBNX-109 as explosive filler. The BLU-109A/B usedwith the GBU-24 and GBU-31(V)4/B is a special purpose bomb comprised of steel alloyused for hardened targets. The BLU-109/B (I-2000) is an improved 2,000-pound-classbomb designed as a penetrator without a forward fuze well. Its configuration is relativelyslim, and its skin is much harder than that of the standard MK-84 bomb. The skin is asingle-piece, forged warhead casing of one-inch, high-grade steel. Its usual tail fuze is amechanical-electrical FMU- 143. The 1,925-pound bomb has a 550-pound tritonal high-explosive blast warhead. The BLU-109/B was always mated with a laser guidance kit toform a laser-guided bomb in Desert Storm.

SpecificationsClass 2,000 lb. Penetrator, Blast/Fragmentation

Guidance Ballistic

Control Low Drag Fins/Air Foil Groups

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Weight (lbs.) 1950

Length (in.) 98.54

Diameter (in.) 14.5

Explosive 535 lbs. Tritonal

Fuze FMU-143 Series

Stabilizer Fins and Airfoil Groups (Laser Guided Bombs)

Contractor Lockheed Missiles & Space

Unit Cost $2,126 (Warhead Only)

Aircraft F-117 F-15E F-16A-D F-111D-F

BLU-110Hard Target penetrators being changed into low-cost Joint Direct Attack Munition[JDAM] include the 2,000 pound BLU-109 and 1,000 pound BLU-110 forged steelcasing warheads, which are more accurately toleranced than the Mk.80 series. JDAMconsists of a tail kit that can be attached to ‘dumb’ free-fall gravity bombs that have beenin the Air Force and Navy inventories for decades, turning them into accurate guided‘smart’ bombs. The heart of the tail kit is an Inertial Navigation System/Global PositionSystem, or INS/GPS, guidance system that gives JDAM an all-weather capability andhigh accuracy.

Some are thermally protected for use on aircraft carriers. The thermally protected MK 80series bomb was developed to increase the cookoff time and decrease the reaction ofbombs when engulfed in a fuel fire. The BLU-110A/B and BLU-111A/B thermallyprotected bombs are identical to the MK 83 and MK 84 thermally protected bombs,respectively, with the exception of the explosive filler. The BLU series bomb bodies usePBNX-109 as explosive filler. The MK 82 and MK 83 series LDGP bombs underwent aProduct Improvement Initiative (PII) which entailed filling the bomb cases with a lesssensitive explosive. When so filled the MK 82 and MK 83 bombs are redesignated BLU-111/B and BLU-110/B, respectively.

BLU-111/BThe BLU-111/B penetrator is forged steel casing warheads, which is a more accuratelytoleranced variant of the MK-82, 500-pound general purpose bomb. The Joint StandoffWeapon AGM-154C (Unitary Variant) will use a combination of an Imaging Infrared(IIR) terminal seeker and a two-way data link to achieve point target accuracy throughaimpoint refinement and man-in-the-loop guidance. The AGM-154C will carry the BLU-111/B equipped with the FMU-152 Joint Programmable Fuze (JPF) and is designed toattack point targets.

Some bombs are thermally protected for use on aircraft carriers. The thermally protectedMK 80 series bomb was developed to increase the cookoff time and decrease the reactionof bombs when engulfed in a fuel fire. The BLU-110A/B and BLU-111A/B thermallyprotected bombs are identical to the MK 83 and MK 84 thermally protected bombs,respectively, with the exception of the explosive filler. The BLU series bomb bodies usePBNX-109 as explosive filler. The MK 82 and MK 83 series LDGP bombs underwent aProduct Improvement Initiative (PII) which entailed filling the bomb cases with a lesssensitive explosive. When so filled the MK 82 and MK 83 bombs are redesignated BLU-111/B and BLU-110/B, respectively.

CBU-24/B Cluster Bomb

SpecificationsWeight: 800 lbs.

Length: 93 inches

Diameter: 16 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: 650

Fuse: MK339 BLU26B Anti-material/Anti-personnelbomblets

Aircraft A7(8), F4, (4-8), F11(8), B52 (8)

CBU-52The CBU-52, loaded with 220 antimaterial, antipersonnel bomblets, weighs 785 poundsand can be used with a variety of proximity fuzes or the mechanical MK-339 timed fuze.The submunition is a 3.5-inch spherical bomblet weighing 2.7 pounds with a 0.65-poundhigh-explosive warhead.The CBU-52, -58 and -71 all use SUU-30 dispensers, a metal cylinder dividedlongitudinally. One-half contains a strong back section that provides for forced ejectionand sway-bracing. The two halves lock together. Four cast aluminum fins are attached ata 9~degree angle to the aft end of the dispenser and are canted 1.25 degrees to impartspin-stabilized flight. When released from the aircraft, the arming wire/lanyard initiatesthe fuze arming and delay cycle. At fuze function, the fuze booster ignites and unlocksthe forward end of the dispenser. Ram air action on the dispenser forces the two halvesapart, instantaneously dispensing the payload and allowing the bomblets to spin-arm andself-dispense. A total of 17,831 were expended during the Gulf War.

SpecificationsWeight: 766 pounds

Length: 93 inches

Diameter: 16 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: 220 BLU-61A/B anti-materiel / anti-

personnel submunitions

Fuse: M339, FMU-56, FMU-11, FMU-26,M907

Aircraft

8 A-74-8 F-44 F-168 F-111B-52, A-37, A-10, F-5

Unit Cost: $1,542 (FY90$)

CBU-58The CBU-58 is loaded with 650 bomblets. These bomblets contain 5-gram titaniumpellets, making them incendiary and useful against flammable targets.The CBU-52, -58 and -71 all use SUU-30 dispensers, a metal cylinder dividedlongitudinally. One-half contains a strong back section that provides for forced ejectionand sway-bracing. The two halves lock together. Four cast aluminum fins are attached ata 9~degree angle to the aft end of the dispenser and are canted 1.25 degrees to impartspin-stabilized flight. When released from the aircraft, the arming wire/lanyard initiatesthe fuze arming and delay cycle. At fuze function, the fuze booster ignites and unlocksthe forward end of the dispenser. Ram air action on the dispenser forces the two halvesapart, instantaneously dispensing the payload and allowing the bomblets to spin-arm andself-dispense. A total of 17,831 were expended during the Gulf War.

SpecificationsWeight: 800 pounds

Length: 93 inches

Diameter: 16 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Maximum Velocity: 625 KIAS

Warhead: 650 BLU-63A/B anti-materiel / anti-

personnel bomblet submunitions

Fuse: M339, FMU-56, FMU-11, FMU-26,M907

Aircraft

8 A-74-8 F-44 F-168 F-111B-52, A-37, A-10, F-5

Unit Cost: $2,893 (FY90$)

CBU-59 APAMThe CBU-59 APAM an antipersonnel, antimaterial weapon developed in the 1970s as asuccessor to Rockeye. It uses the same Rockeye dispenser, but has 717 smaller BLU-77bomblets fitted into the case. In addition to its armor-piercing effect, it also hasantipersonnel fragmentation and incendiary features. One hundred and eight-six weredelivered during the Gulf war.

SpecificationsWeight: 750 pounds

Length: 92 inches

Diameter: 13.2 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: 717 BLU-71/B anti-materiel / anti-personnel

Fuse: Submunition: Mark 1 Mod 0 ContactDispenser: Mark 339 Mod 0 Time Fuse

Aircraft

4-8 F-48 F-154 F-166 A-76 A-108 F-111

Limitations:

Maximum Carriage:Mach 1.3 / 700K KCASMinimum Release Altitude:500 Feet AGL or400 Feet AGL with 4G Escape

CBU-71BLU-68/BThe CBU-71 is loaded with 650 BLU-68/B incendiary submunitions which use titaniumpellets as the incendiary agent. The bomblet has two separate kill mechanisms, onefragmentation, the other incendiary. Both incorporate a time delay fuze, which detonatesat random times after impact.The CBU-52, -58 and -71 all use SUU-30 dispensers, a metal cylinder dividedlongitudinally. One-half contains a strong back section that provides for forced ejectionand sway-bracing. The two halves lock together. Four cast aluminum fins are attached ata 9~degree angle to the aft end of the dispenser and are canted 1.25 degrees to impartspin-stabilized flight. When released from the aircraft, the arming wire/lanyard initiatesthe fuze arming and delay cycle. At fuze function, the fuze booster ignites and unlocksthe forward end of the dispenser. Ram air action on the dispenser forces the two halvesapart, instantaneously dispensing the payload and allowing the bomblets to spin-arm andself-dispense. A total of 17,831 were expended during the Gulf War.

CBU-75 SadeyeBLU-26The CBU-75 Sadeye is a cluster bomb unit filled with 1,800 one- pound bomblets such asthe BLU-26. This submunition is a cast steel shell with aerodynamic vanes and 0.7 poundof TNT in which 600 razor-sharp steel shards are imbedded. The BLU-26 can beequipped with fuses to explode upon impact, several yards above ground, or some timeafter landing. It is lethal up to about 40 feet. The CBU-75 has a total lethal area more thandouble that of a standard 2,000-pound bomb, the equivalent of 157 football fields.

CBU-78 GatorThe CBU-78 Gator is a tri-Service weapon featuring anti-vehicle and antipersonnel landmines used adjacent to enemy forces to disrupt or deny use of selected areas. The 500pound CBU-78 contains 45 antitank and 15 antipersonnel mines. These mines can bedetonated by target sensors (magnetic field for antitank and trip line for antipersonnel) orby a disturbance- antidisturbance device. They also have a backup self-destruct time setbefore aircraft launch. During Desert Storm the Navy and the Marine Corps dropped 209CBU-78s.

The Gator mine system provides a means to emplace minefields on the ground rapidlyusing high-speed tactical aircraft. The minefields are used for area denial, diversion ofmoving ground forces, or to immobilize targets to supplement other direct attackweapons.

Gator consists of two companion systems. The Air Force CBU-89/B is a 1000-poundclass cluster weapon using the SUU-64/B Tactical Munitions Dispenser (TMD). TheTMD is the same general configuration used for the CBU-87/B Combined EffectsMunition. This commonality allows for high-rate, low-cost production of the dispenser.The Navy CBU-78/B is a 500-pound class cluster weapon that uses the Mk7 Rockeyedispenser. Rockeye has been in high-rate production for many years; the Mk7 dispenseris also a low-cost item.Both systems contain a mix of BLU-91 /B antitank (AT) and BLU-92/B antipersonnel(AP) mines -- 72 AT and 22 AP for the CBU-89/B; 45 AT and 15 AP for the CBU-78/B.Commonality of mines for both systems also contributes to high-rate, low-costproduction. The BLU-91 /B AT mine is the heart of the Gator system. Microelectronicsin each mine detect targets, discriminate armored vehicles, and detonate the mine whenthe target reaches the most vulnerable approach point. A Misznay-Schardin explosivecharge defeats the belly armor of most vehicles. The BLU-92/B AP mine serves todiscourage minefield clearing. Upon activation, the AP mine explosion sends high-velocity fragments in a horizontal plane over a wide area.

Both mines have a programmable self-destruct feature which permits the battlefieldcommander to control the timing of a counterattack or defensive maneuver. The self-destruct time is set just prior to aircraft takeoff using a simple selector switch on thedispenser. This feature permits a high degree of tactical flexibility during combatoperations.

The size of the Gator minefield is determined by the opening height of the dispenser.After dispenser opening, the mines are self-dispersed using aerodynamic forces. Themine pattern on the ground is directly proportional to opening altitude, which iscontrolled by either the dispenser electromechanical faze or an optional proximity sensor.

Aerojet Ordnance Company (AOC) is the system integration prime contractor for Gator.All elements of the system are either procured by Aerojet or furnished by the US

Government. The company is responsible for total system performance, including livetesting. Each month three Gator systems are randomly selected from the production lineand flight tested. Aerojet Ordnance Company warrants system performance for fiveyears, assuring Gator reliability.

SpecificationsWeight: 490 pounds

Length: 85 inches

Diameter: 13 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: 45 BLU-91 + 15 BLU-92

Fuse:

Aircraft

CBU-94 "Blackout Bomb"BLU-114/B "Soft-Bomb"The BLU-114/B is a special-purpose munition for attacking electrical powerinfrastructure. Although very little is known about this highly classified weapon,reportedly it functions by dispensing a number of submunitions which in turn disperselarge numbers of chemically treated carbon graphite filaments which short-circuitelectrical power distribution equipment such as transformers and switching stations. Theweapon is sometimes referred to as a "soft bomb" since its effects are largely confined tothe targetted electrical power facility, with minimal risk of collateral damage.

This previously undisclosed weapon, carried by the F-117A Nighthawk stealth fighter,was used for the first time on 02 May 1999 as part of Operation ALLIED FORCE strikesagainst Serbia. Following these attacks lights went out over 70 per cent of the country.The munition was subsequently used on the night of 07 May 1999 to counter Serbianefforts to restore damage caused by the initial attack.

Similar in concept to the "Kit-2" Tomahawk sea-launched cruise missile warhead used inthe opening days of Operation DESERT STORM, few details of either weapons can beestablished on an unclassified basis. The missiles, packed with bomblets filled with smallspools of carbon-fiber wire, deprived Iraq of 85% of its generating capacity. During theGulf War Iraq responded to the use of this type of munition by disconnecting electricalpower grid circuit breakers. Attacks on Iraqi power facilities shut down their effectiveoperation and eventually collapsed the national power grid. Coalition planners in thetheater initially directed that the switching system be targeted, rather than the generatorhalls. For the first three days, the ATO explicitly contained specific aimpoints for strikesagainst electrical production facilities. Subsequently the specific aimpoints were onlysporadically included. When wing-level planners lacked specific guidance on whichaimpoints to hit at electrical power plants, they sometimes chose to target generator halls,which are among the aimpoints listed in standard targeting manuals.

The BLU-114/B detonates over its target and disperses huge numbers of fine carbonfilaments, each far smaller than the crude wire spools used in the gulf war. The filamentsare only a few hundredths of an inch thick and can float in the air like a dense cloud.When the carbon fiber filaments dispensed from the BLU-114/B submunition contacttransformers and other high voltage equipment, a short circuit occurs and an arc is oftencreated when the current flows through the fiber, which is vaporized. The graphite, whichis a conductor of electric current, is probably coated with other materials to enhance theseeffects. At the spot where the electric field is strongest, a discharge is initiated, andelectrons rapidly form an ionized channel that conducts electricity. At this stage currentcan flow and an arc forms. This causes instantaneous local melting of a certain amount ofthe material at the surface of the two conductors. If the current involved is strong enough,these arcs can cause injury or start a fire. Fires can also be started by overheated

equipment or by conductors that carry too much current. Extremely high-energy arcs cancause an explosion that sends fragmented metal flying in all directions.

Althoughspecificdetails remainclassified, andthe Pentagonhas explicitlydeclined toprovide any

information on this munition, it is probably the case theunit cost of the munition is comparable to that of the JointStandoff Attack Weapon or the CBU-97/CBU-105 SensorFuzed Weapon -- in the range of several hundred thousanddollars. The relative simplicity of the concept and thepotential to utilize components from other munitionsprobably allowed relatively low development costs.The BLU-114/B designation refers to the special purposesubmunition, rather than the entire weapon system. It iscertainly the case that this submunition is carried to thetarget area by some dispenser system, of the sort that

typically delivers other such submunitions.The first use of the BLU-114/B submunition was during Operation Allied Force, when itwas used to attack Serbian power grid transformer and switching yards. Dropped by theF-117, the munition was dispensed using the SUU-66/B Tactical Munitions Dispensernormally associated with the delivery of the terminally guided BLU-108/B submunitionscarried on the CBU-97/CBU-105 Sensor Fuzed Weapon. The unguided used in thesesystems is typically delivered with a circular error probable of a few hundred feet. Othermore precise weapon delivery systems such as the Joint Direct Attack Munition do notappear readily adaptable to existing submunition dispenser systems, though such anapplication would not constitute an overly challenging engineering problem.The AGM-154A Joint Standoff Weapon [JSOW] is intended to provide a low cost,standoff air-to-surface glide weapon with a modular design which allows severaldifferent submunitions, unitary warheads, or non-lethal payloads to be carried. TheJSOW is a launch and leave weapon that employs a tightly coupled Global PositioningSystem (GPS)/Inertial Navigation System (INS), and is capable of day/night and adverseweather operations. The JSOW will be employed on a variety or aircraft, including: F/A-18A/B, C/D, and E/F; AV-8B; F-14A/B and /D; F-16C/D; F-15E; F-117; B-1B; and B-52. JSOW initial introduction to the operational commands was on the Navy/MarineCorps F/A-18 in mid-1998. Certification for carriage on the B-2 was achieved in early1999, and scheduled for the B-52 in 2000. Block E upgrades to the B-1B to integrates theJoint Standoff Weapon for standoff capability are scheduled to by completed in FY2002.The AGM-154C (Unitary Variant) carries the unitary BLU-111/B 500-pound penetratorwarhead. The warhead of the AGM-154A (Baseline JSOW) consists of 145 BLU-97/Bsubmunitions. The warhead for the AGM-154B (Anti-Armor) is six BLU-108/B

submunitions from the Air Force's Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) program. It is possiblethat another more precise BLU-114/B delivery system, either currently or in the future,would consist of a previously undisclosed AGM-154D variant of the JSOW.

Electrical Distribution System OverviewModern power grids are extremely complex andwidespread. Surges in power lines can cause massivenetwork failures and permanent damage tomultimillion-dollar equipment in power generationplants. After electricity is produced at power plants ithas to get to the customers that use the electricity. Asgenerators spin, they produce electricity with a voltageof about 25,000 volts [a volt is a measurement ofelectromotive force in electricity, the electric force that

pushes electrons around a circuit]. The transmission and distribution system deliverselectricity from the generating site (electric power plant) to residential, commercial, andindustrial facilities.

The electricity first goes to a transformerat the power plant that boosts the voltageup to 400,000 volts for distributionthrough extra-high voltage (EHV)transmission lines. When electricity travelslong distances it is better to have it athigher voltages since the electricity can betransferred more efficiently at highvoltages. High voltage transmission linescarry electricity long distances to asubstation. At transmission substations areduction in voltage occurs for distribution

to other points in the system through high voltage (HV) transmission lines. Furthervoltage reductions for commercial and residential customers take place at distributionsubstations, which connect to the primary distribution network.

Utility transmission and distribution systems [T&D] systems link electric generators withend users through a network of power lines and associated components. In the UnitedStates typically the transmission portion of the system is designated as operating at 69kilovolts (kV) and above, while the distribution portion operates between 110 volts and35 kV. A further distinction is often made between primary distribution (voltagesbetween 2.4 and 35 kV) and secondary distribution (110 to 600 volt) systems. Industrialand commercial customers with large power demands often receive service directly fromthe primary distribution system.

Transformers are a crucial link in the electric power distribution system. Utilitytransformers are high-voltage distribution transformers typically used by utilities to stepdown the voltage of electricity going into their customers' buildings. Distributiontransformers are one of the most widely used elements in the electric distribution system.They convert electricity from the high voltage levels in utility transmission systems tovoltages that can safely be used in businesses and homes. Distribution transformers areeither mounted on an overhead pole or on a concrete pad. Most commercial and industrialbuildings require several low-voltage transformers to decrease the voltage of electricityreceived from the utility to the levels used to power lights, computers, and other electric-operated equipment.

Transformers consist of two primary components: a core made of magneticallypermeable material; and a conductor, or winding, typically made of a low resistancematerial such as copper or aluminum. The conductors are wound around a magnetic coreto transform current from one voltage to another. Liquid insulation material or airsurrounds the transformer core and conductors to cool and electrically insulate thetransformer. Many different distribution transformer designs are available to utilities,depending on the loading patterns and needs of the end-user. Transformer engineersmodify transformer design and vary material depending upon the needs of a particularutility (cost of energy, capacity, etc.).

A blackout is a condition where a major portion or all of an electrical network is de-energized with much of the system tied together through closed breakers. Any area whosetie-lines to the high voltage grid cannot support reasonable contingencies is a candidatefor a blackout. System separations are possible at all loading levels and all times in theyear. Changing generation patterns, scheduled transmission outages, and rapid weatherchanges among other reasons can all lead to blackouts. Separations due to dynamicinstability are typically initiated by multiple contingencies such as loss of corridors,several transmission circuits, several generating units, or delayed fault clearing.

The system just prior to a blackout may not be dynamically unstable but in an overloadedcondition. At such loadings, the collapse may come about due to damage to thermallyoverloaded facilities, or circuits contacting underlying facilities or vegetation. When anoverloaded facility trips, other facilities will increase their loadings and may approachtheir thermal capabilities or relay trip settings.Voltage collapse is the process by which voltage instability leads to the loss of voltage ina significant part of the system. This condition results from reactive losses significantly

exceeding the reactive resources available to supply them. Circuits loaded above surgeimpedance loadings and reduced output of shunt capacitors as voltages decline can leadto accelerating voltage drops. Voltage collapse can look like both a steady-state problemwith time to react and a problem where no effective operator intervention is possible. It isvery hard to predict the area that will be affected or electrically isolated from the grid.

Voltage collapse is an event that occurs when an electric system does not have adequatereactive support to maintain voltage stability in which the sustained voltage level iscontrollable and within predetermined limits. Voltage Collapse may result in outage ofsystem elements and may include interruption in service to customers. Apparent Power,the product of the volts and amperes, comprises both real and reactive power, usuallyexpressed in kilovoltamperes (kVA) or megavoltamperes (MVA). Real Power is the rateof producing, transferring, or using electrical energy, usually expressed in kilowatts (kW)or megawatts (MW). Reactive power is the portion of electricity that establishes andsustains the electric and magnetic fields of alternating-current equipment. Reactive powermust be supplied to most types of magnetic equipment, such as motors and transformers.It also must supply the reactive losses on transmission facilities. Reactive power isprovided by generators, synchronous condensers, or electrostatic equipment such ascapacitors and directly influences electric system voltage. It is usually expressed inkilovars (kvar) or megavars (Mvar).

The system restoration sequence and timing will be directly impacted by the varioussizes, types, and state of operation of the system generating units prior to the blackout.After a system has blacked out, the system operators perform a survey of the systemstatus. Circuit breaker positions will not provide a reliable indication of faulted versusnon-faulted equipment. Breakers can be found in the closed position, but the associatedtransmission facility is faulted. If the system blackout is storm-initiated, this condition isquite possible. The storm can continue to damage equipment after the system is de-energized. Also, equipment with neutral connections, such as reactors, transformers, andcapacitors, may be locked out from the neutral overcurrent conditions during systemshutdown. These facilities may be in perfectly serviceable condition. Most relay systemswill remain reliable and secure during restoration, provided there is adequate fault currentavailable to activate the relaying. The most questionable relay reliability issues comefrom reclosing relays.

A power generating unit separated from the may have islanded and continue to generatepower for its station auxiliary load. With no system load on the generators, the stationauxiliary demand will be quite small, and the steam generators output may be difficult tocontrol. Immediate load addition may be required to keep the steam generator fromtripping or having the steam turbine trip out on overspeed. Other units may be able tooperate indefinitely on their auxiliary load.

An electrical utility which experiences an operating capacity emergency seeks to balanceits generation to its load to avoid prolonged outages of service. The emergency reserveinherent in frequency deviation may be used as a temporary source of emergency energy.A utility unable to balance its generation to its load removes sufficient load to permit

correction of the outage. In the event of a capacity deficiency, generation andtransmission facilities are used to the fullest extent practicable to promptly restore normalsystem frequency and voltage. If all other steps prove inadequate to relieve the capacityemergency, the system may take immediate action which includes but is not limited tomanual load shedding. Unilateral adjustment of generation to return frequency to normalmay jeopardize overloaded transmission facilities. Voltage reduction for load relief ismade on the distribution system. Voltage reduction on the subtransmission ortransmission system may effective in reducing load; however, voltage reduction wouldnot be made on the transmission system unless the system has been isolated from otherinterconnected systems. If the overload on a transmission facility or abnormalvoltage/reactive condition persists and equipment is endangered, the affected system orpool may disconnect the affected facility. shutdown. If abnormal levels of frequency orvoltage resulting from an area disturbance make it unsafe to operate the generators ortheir support equipment in parallel with the system, their separation or shutdown wouldbe accomplished in a manner to minimize the time required to re-parallel and restore thesystem to normal.

After a system collapse restoration begins when it can proceed in an orderly and securemanner. Restoration priority is normally given to the station supply of power plants andthe transmission system. Even though restoration is intended to be expeditious, systemoperators seek to avoid premature action to prevent a re-collapse of the system. Customerload is normally restored as generation and transmission equipment becomes available,since load and generation must remain in balance at normal frequency as the system isrestored. When voltage, frequency and phase angle permit, the system operator mayresynchronize the isolated area with the surrounding area. In order to systematicallyrestore loads without overloading the remaining system, opening circuit breakers mayisolate loads in blacked-out areas. Reenergizing oil-filled pipe-type cables must be givenspecial consideration, especially if loss of oil pumps could cause gas pockets to form inpipes or potheads.After determining the extent of the blackout and assessing the status of systemequipment, the switching operations necessary for system reintegration represent asignificant portion of the restoration process. Depending on the specific utility'srequirements, there are two general switching strategies which may be used tosectionalize the transmission system for restoration. The first is the "all open" approachwhere all circuit breakers at affected (blacked out) substations are opened. The secondstrategy is the "controlled operation" where only those breakers necessary to allowsystem restoration to proceed are opened.

MK-20 RockeyeThe MK-20 Rockeye is a free-fall, unguided cluster weapon designed to kill tanks andarmored vehicles. The system consists of a clamshell dispenser, a mechanical MK-339timed fuze, and 247 dual-purpose armor-piercing shaped-charge bomblets. The bombletweighs 1.32 pounds and has a 0.4-pound shaped-charge warhead of high explosives,which produces up to 250,000 psi at the point of impact, allowing penetration ofapproximately 7.5 inches of armor. Rockeye is most efficiently used against area targetsrequiring penetration to kill. Fielded in 1968, the Rockeye dispenser is also used in theGator air-delivered mine system. During Desert Storm US Marines used the weaponextensively, dropping 15,828 of the 27,987 total Rockeyes against armor, artillery, andantipersonnel targets. The remainder were dropped by Air Force (5,345) and Navy(6,814) aircraft.

DAACMAs of 1991 the Air Force planned to use the I-2000 penetrating bomb for attackingrunways rather than develop the new DAACM weapon. With the collapse of the WarsawPact, there were few reinforced runways on the US target list, and the existing Durandalswere regarded as adequate for standard thickness runways, while the I-2000 can penetrateany conceivable runway. Moreover, it is already in the inventory and needs nodevelopment program.

BLU-95 / BLU-96 Fuel/Air Explosive(FAE)Fuel/Air Explosive [FAE II] is an antimaterial/antimine weapon. The Naval WeaponsCenter at China Lake developed the 500-pound (BLU-95) and 2,000-pound (BLU-96)FAE IIs during the 1970s and 1980s as part of its family of FAE weapons (FAE I, SLU-FAE, MAD-FAE, CATFAE). The Surface-Launched Unit, Fuel-Air Explosive (SLU-FAE) was developed for the Marine Corps as a mine- and obstacle-breaching system;development of the Catapult-Launched FAE (CATFAE) system followed the terminationof the SLU-FAE program. Unfortunately the overpressures generated were not highenough to reliably detonate mines and had little effect on wire obstacles.

SpecificationsWeight: 500 pounds

Length:

Diameter:

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead:

Fuse:

Aircraft

BLU-42/BThe BLU-42/B is a scatterable antipersonnel fragmentation mine produced by the UnitedStates. This munition is a scatterable mine delivered by the United States Air Force. Thismine was used extensively in the Vietnam War and has since been exploited and copiedby the former Soviet Union. The mine has six spring-loaded tripwires that are expelledfrom the mine after it makes contact with the ground. The mine also has anantidisturbance feature and a self-destruct feature. The mine is filled with 71 grams ofComposition B explosive. The Russian version of this mine is the POM-1S antipersonnelfragmentation

SpecificationsWeight: 0.499 kg

Length:

Diameter: 60 mm

Guidance:

Control:

Autopilot:

Propulsion:

Main Explosive Weight: 0.071 kg HMX

Fuse: Integral

Aircraft

BLU-43/BThe BLU-43/B is a scatterable blast antipersonnel mine produced by the United Statesand delivered by the Air Force. This mine was used in the Vietnam War and has sincebeen exploited and copied by the former Soviet Union. The mine is nicknamed theDRAGONTOOTH. The system uses a liquid explosive and a hydrostatic fuze. TheRussian version is the PFM-1 and PFM-1S (Butterfly mines).

SpecificationsWeight: pounds

Length: 13 mm

Diameter: 45 mm

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: 0.090 kg

Fuse:

Aircraft

BLU-61/BThe BLU-61/B is a spherical, grenade-like anti-personnel fragmentation bomblet aboutthe size of a tennis ball. The CBU-49 carries 217 submunitions, while the CBU-52 carries254.

CBU-72 / BLU-73/B Fuel/Air Explosive(FAE)The the 550-pound CBU-72 cluster bomb contains three submunitions known as fuel/airexplosive (FAE). The submunitions weigh approximately 100 pounds and contain 75pounds of ethylene oxide with air-burst fuzing set for 30 feet. An aerosol cloudapproximately 60 feet in diameter and 8 feet thick is created and ignited by an embeddeddetonator to produce an explosion. This cluster munition is effective against minefields,armored vehicles, aircraft parked in the open, and bunkers.

During Desert Storm the Marine Corps dropped all 254 CBU-72s, primarily from A-6Es,against mine fields and personnel in trenches. Some secondary explosions were notedwhen it was used as a mine clearer; however, FAE was primarily useful as apsychological weapon. Second-generation FAE weapons were developed from the FAE Itype devices (CBU-55/72) used in Vietnam.

SpecificationsWeight: 500 pounds

Length: 85.6 inches

Diameter: 14 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: 3 BLU-73/B Fuel

Fuse: Mark 339 Mod 0 Mechanical

Aircraft

BLU-80/B BigeyeBigeye was a tri-service, safe-to-handle binary chemical weapon. When employed,Bigeye was designed to delay and disrupt airfields, troops and logistical lifelines byforcing an enemy into a chemical protective posture. The Bigeye metal parts contract wasawarded in June 1988 for the procurement of production-representative operational testunits, trainers and Safe Separation Test Vehicles.

SpecificationsPrime Contractor: The Marquardt Company

Weight: 595 pounds

Length: 7 feet, 6 inches

Diameter: 13.25 inches

Wing Span: 1 foot, 5.25 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead: VX Agent Weight: 180 pounds

Fuse:

Aircraft

MC-1 750-lb GB

MK77 750lb NapalmMK78 500lb NapalmMK79 1000lb NapalmA fire bomb is a thin skinned container of fuel gel designed for use against dug-in troops,supply installations, wooden structures, and land convoys. The MK 77 500-pound firebomb is the only fire bomb now in service. Fire bombs rupture on impact and spreadburning fuel gel on surrounding objects. MK 13 Mod 0 igniters are used to ignite the fuelgel mixture upon impact.The MK-77 is a napalm canister munition. The MK77 familiy is an evolution of theincendiary bombs M-47 and M-74, used during the conflict in Korea and the war inVietnam. Napalm is an incendiary mixture of benzene, gasoline and polystyrene. TheMarine Corps dropped all of the approximately 500 MK-77s used in the Gulf War. Theywere delivered primarily by the AV-8 Harriers from relatively low altitudes. MK-77swere used to ignite the Iraqis oil-filled fire trenches, which were part of barriersconstructed in southern Kuwait.

The containers of napalm bomber are very light and fabricated of aluminum, with acapacity for about 75 gallons of combustible gel. They lack stabilizing fins, andconsequently acquire a tumbling motion on being dropped that contributes to thescattering of the combustible gel over a wide area.

While the MK-77 is the only incendiary munition currently in active inventory, a varietyof other incendiary devices were produced, including the M-47 Napalm bomb, the M-74incendiary bomb, and white phosphorous and munitions manufacturing. Production ofthese devices continued during the Korean conflict, though various demilitarization anddecontamination programs were initiated in the late 1950s. Munitions destroyed includedM-47 Napalm-filled bombs and incendiary cluster bombs.

Napalm is a mixture of benzene (21%), gasoline (33%), and polystyrene (46%). Benzeneis a normal component of gasoline (about 2%). The gasoline used in napalm is the sameleaded or unleaded gas that is used in automobiles.Gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbons, which burn in an engine. It is a clear liquid, madefrom crude oil that burns and explodes easily. It naturally contains some benzene (whichmakes gas smell the way it does). Gasoline is lighter than, and floats on, water, but it willnot mix with water. It dissolves grease and oil but will not dissolve polystyrene by itself,more benzene must be added to it. If gasoline is inhaled or swallowed, it can bedangerous or fatal. Breathing it results in an intense burning sensation in the throat andlungs, resulting in bronchitis and, eventually, pneumonia and possibly death. Swallowinggasoline results in inebriation (drunkenness), vomiting, dizziness, fever, drowsiness,confusion, and cyanosis (blue color).Benzene is a light, colorless, aromatic liquid made from a variety of raw materials,mostly crude oil and coal. In many ways it is similar to gasoline, of which it is a part. The

major uses of benzene are in making plastics and other chemicals, not fuel, although itcould be used as one. If benzene is breathed or swallowed, it causes throat irritation, restlessens, excitement, depression, and, finally, convulsions, which can lead to death. Along exposure to benzene vapors (months or years) leads to bone marrow depression andin rare cases, leukemia.Polystyrene is the white, tough plastic that is used to make cups, plates, and othertableware and food containers. In the pure state it is slightly heavier than water. Itdissolves easily in acetone and benzene, but not in gasoline. It is not poisonous; ifswallowed it passes unchanged through the digestive tract. But it is possible to choke onit. Heated polystyrene softens at about 185 F. At higher temperatures it turns back intostyrene, the chemical from which it was made. Styrene has been tested as toxic to rats. Inair, polystyrene melts and burns with a yellow, sooty flame. Styrene itself has a sharp,unpleasant smell that is easy to recognize.Beginning in 1973 the Department of the Navy (DoN) began placing Vietnam era napalmcanisters in storage at the Weapons Support Facility, Fallbrook Detachment. TheDetachment is located approximately 60 miles north of San Diego, CA. By 1978 all suchcanisters had been consolidated and placed at the Detachment for storage andmaintenance. The stockpile consists of approximately 34,123 individually crated napalmcanisters. The canisters are not fused nor do they contain ignition devices. Over time,some of the aluminum canisters have degraded which has resulted in leaks. On-goingmaintenance of the stockpile includes the identification and repair of leaking canisters,grounds maintenance, and air monitoring.The Department of the Navy (DoN) is undertaking a Comprehensive EnvironmentalResponse, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) removal action to remove anddispose of the napalm stockpile at the Fallbrook Detachment. The removal action is beingtaken to remove the potential for release of harmful levels of pollutants to the air whichmay result as the aluminum napalm canisters continue to degrade over time. Removal anddisposal activities began in the Spring of 1998 and will take approximately two years tocomplete. The removal process involves On-site Demilitarization & Separation: napalmcanisters will be decrated, punched, drained and shredded to result in three waste streams,wood, napalm, and aluminum; Containerization and Manifesting: napalm will becontainerized in 6000 gallon tankers, aluminum in 55 gallon drums, and wood in 40 cubicyard steel boxes. All applicable state and federal manifesting procedures will befollowed; Transportation: will be conducted in accordance with US Dept ofTransportation regulations and will occur by truck from the Fallbrook Detachment to aMarine Corps Base Camp Pendleton railhead and then by rail to treatment facilities, andfinally; Treatment and Disposal: treatment of the napalm and aluminum wastes will occurat GNI, a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subtitle C permitted facilitylocated in Deer Park, Texas. GNI will blend the napalm into alternative fuel for use as asubstitute fuel at various cement manufacturing facilities. Treatment of the aluminum willoccur by solvent cleaning. The clean aluminum will then be sent to a commercial smelterfor recycling. Disposal of the wood will occur at a Resource Conservation and RecoveryAct (RCRA) Subtitle D permitted co-generation facility located in Tulsa, Oklahoma,where it will be burned to produce electricity and steam.

MK53 325-lb Depth Bomb

MK-25 MineMine Mk 25 is an aircraft-laid bottom mine which was designed and used extensivelyduring the course of World War II. Employing a magnetic induction influence firingmechanism, the Mk 25 is a 2000-pound mine containing an explosive charge of 1200pounds of HBX-1. Although newly designed flight gear for use with high-speed aircrafthas updated the planting capability of Mk 25 mines, they will gradually be phased out ofthe system and replaced by more modern mines.

SpecificationsWeight: 1935-2000 pounds

Length: 87-7/32-93 inches

Diameter: 22-7/16 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead:

Fuse:

Aircraft

MK 36 DST Destructor MineDestructor Mines are general purpose low-drag bombs converted to mines. They can bedeployed by air, either at sea as bottom mines or on land as land mines. With the MK 75Modification Kit installed, a MK 82 bomb (500 pounds) becomes a MK 36 DST.

The conflict in Southeast Asia saw the introduction of a different kind of mine called aDestructor (DST). Destructors Mk 36, Mk 40, and Mk 41 are aircraft-laid bottom mineswhich use General Purpose (GP) Low-Drag Bombs Mk 82, Mk 83, and Mk 84,respectively as the mine case and explosive charge. The bombs are converted to mineswith the installation of a kit of modular components that comprise a mine-type arming,detector, and firing system. The kit contains an arming device, an explosive booster, amagnetic-influence firing mechanism and associated hardware. The arming device andbooster install in the bomb's nose cavity and the firing-mechanism (with battery) installsin the bomb¹s tail cavity. The same kit of components and method of assembly are usedfor each one of the destructors, but the kits are available in a number of configurations,each with a different circuitry to meet a variety of operational requirements. It should benoted, however, that since the bomb cases are small, medium, and large, they requiredifferent flight gear. DST¹s became the first mines to be used on both land and sea. Whendropped on land, they bury themselves in the ground on impact, ready to be actuated bymilitary equipment, motor vehicles and personnel. When dropped in rivers, canals,channels, and harbors, they lie on the bottom ready to be actuated by a variety of vesselsincluding war ships, freighters, coastal ships, and small craft.

MK 40 DST Destructor MineDestructor Mines are general purpose low-drag bombs converted to mines. They can bedeployed by air, either at sea as bottom mines or on land as land mines. With the MK 75Modification Kit installed, a MK 83 bomb (1,000 pounds) becomes a MK 40 DST. TheMK-40 is a destructor-type modified bomb, similar to the MK-64. However, the MK-40is capable of being used as both a land and sea-type mine. Variations include the MK-36and MK-41.

The conflict in Southeast Asia saw the introduction of a different kind of mine called aDestructor (DST). Destructors Mk 36, Mk 40, and Mk 41 are aircraft-laid bottom mineswhich use General Purpose (GP) Low-Drag Bombs Mk 82, Mk 83, and Mk 84,respectively as the mine case and explosive charge. The bombs are converted to mineswith the installation of a kit of modular components that comprise a mine-type arming,detector, and firing system. The kit contains an arming device, an explosive booster, amagnetic-influence firing mechanism and associated hardware. The arming device andbooster install in the bomb's nose cavity and the firing-mechanism (with battery) installsin the bomb¹s tail cavity. The same kit of components and method of assembly are usedfor each one of the destructors, but the kits are available in a number of configurations,each with a different circuitry to meet a variety of operational requirements. It should benoted, however, that since the bomb cases are small, medium, and large, they requiredifferent flight gear. DST¹s became the first mines to be used on both land and sea. Whendropped on land, they bury themselves in the ground on impact, ready to be actuated bymilitary equipment, motor vehicles and personnel. When dropped in rivers, canals,channels, and harbors, they lie on the bottom ready to be actuated by a variety of vesselsincluding war ships, freighters, coastal ships, and small craft.

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/dumb/mk-40-dst1.jpg

MK 41 DST Destructor MineDestructor Mines are general purpose low-drag bombs converted to mines. They can bedeployed by air, either at sea as bottom mines or on land as land mines. With the MK 75Modification Kit installed, a MK 84 bomb (2,000 pounds) becomes a MK 41 DST.

The conflict in Southeast Asia saw the introduction of a different kind of mine called aDestructor (DST). Destructors Mk 36, Mk 40, and Mk 41 are aircraft-laid bottom mineswhich use General Purpose (GP) Low-Drag Bombs Mk 82, Mk 83, and Mk 84,respectively as the mine case and explosive charge. The bombs are converted to mineswith the installation of a kit of modular components that comprise a mine-type arming,detector, and firing system. The kit contains an arming device, an explosive booster, amagnetic-influence firing mechanism and associated hardware. The arming device andbooster install in the bomb's nose cavity and the firing-mechanism (with battery) installsin the bomb¹s tail cavity. The same kit of components and method of assembly are usedfor each one of the destructors, but the kits are available in a number of configurations,each with a different circuitry to meet a variety of operational requirements. It should benoted, however, that since the bomb cases are small, medium, and large, they requiredifferent flight gear. DST¹s became the first mines to be used on both land and sea. Whendropped on land, they bury themselves in the ground on impact, ready to be actuated bymilitary equipment, motor vehicles and personnel. When dropped in rivers, canals,channels, and harbors, they lie on the bottom ready to be actuated by a variety of vesselsincluding war ships, freighters, coastal ships, and small craft.

MK 52The Mine Mk 50 series includes the MK 52, a 1000-pound aircraft-laid bottom minecontaining an explosive charge of 625 pounds of HBX-1. The MK 52 is an influencemine specifically designed to actuate on submarine signatures, although it is also equallyeffective against most surface ship signatures.In addition to using identical mine cases, all mods of the Mk 52 have removableinstrument racks, a feature which makes it possible to assemble wire, test, and store"ready" firing-component assemblies remote from the explosive-loaded mine case andfrom other explosives. Moreover, cables are color-coded and molded, and firingcomponents are color-coded and modular. This not only makes assembly virtuallyfoolproof but, through such ready interchangeability, it also means that each Mk 52 minecan be assembled to any of several mods, providing any desired combination of influencetype actuation. These modular components are the same ones that are used in the Mk 55mines.Mod 1

employs an acoustic firing mechanism.Mod 2

employs a magnetic firing mechanism, efficient over a wide range of plantingdepths.

Mod 3employs a combination of pressure and magnetic firing mechanisms.

Mod 4(not used).

Mod 5employs acoustic and magnetic firing mechanisms.

Mod 6combines all three influence type firing mechanisms: acoustic, pressure, andmagnetic, making it difficult to sweep.

Mod 11employs either magnetic or magnetic-seismic firing mechanism.

Mod 12employs magnetic firing mechanism.

Mod 13employs pressure, magnetic firing mechanism.

MK 55The Mine Mk 50 series includes the MK 55, a 2000-pound aircraft-laid bottom minecontaining an explosive charge of 1290 pounds of HBX-1. The MK 55 is an influencemine specifically designed to actuate on submarine signatures, although it is also equallyeffective against most surface ship signatures. The MK 55 is almost identical to the MK52, with difference being its weight (2,000 pounds), its larger explosive charge, the caseis larger and the flight gear is different. Otherwise there are no variations: instrumentracks, color-coded molded cables, and color-coded modular components are all identicaland interchangeable with the MK 52's.Mod 1

employs an acoustic firing mechanism.Mod 2

employs a magnetic firing mechanism, efficient over a wide range of plantingdepths.

Mod 3employs a combination of pressure and magnetic firing mechanisms.

Mod 4(not used).

Mod 5employs acoustic and magnetic firing mechanisms.

Mod 6combines all three influence type firing mechanisms: acoustic, pressure, andmagnetic, making it difficult to sweep.

Mod 7The Mod 7, which is unique to the Mk 55 Mine, is similar to the Mod 2 exceptthat it uses an improved dual channel magnetic firing mechanism, making it moredifficult to sweep.

Specifications

Weight:

(Mod1) 2178 pounds

(Mod2) 2259 pounds

(Mod3) 2268 pounds

(Mod5) 2264 pounds

(Mod6) 2273 pounds

(Mod7) 2259 pounds

(Mod11) 2016 pounds

(Mod12) 2264 pounds

(Mod13) 2273 pounds

Length: 89-7/8 inches

Diameter: 23-3/8 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead:

Fuse:

Aircraft

MK 56 / MK 57The MK56 ASW mine (the oldest still in use) was developed in 1966. The Mine Mk 50series includes the Mine MK 56, a 2000-pound aircraft-laid moored mine containing anexplosive charge of 360 lbs. of HBX-3, designed specifically for effectiveness againsthigh-speed and deep-operating submarines. The MK 57 is similar to the MK 56 in itsmission, however, it is a submarine laid moored mine.

The Mk 56 has a magnetic firing mechanism that uses a total-field magnetometer as itsdetector. Total-field magnetometers are three dimensional target sensors that respond tochanges in the earth's magnetic field as caused by the presence of a ship. Consisting of anonmagnetic stainless-steel case and a cast-steel anchor, the Mk 56 is equipped withflight gear for launching from aircraft. When laid, the mine sinks to the bottom wherecase and anchor separation take place. Should the mine become embedded in bottomsediment before case/anchor separation and mooring take place, a slow burningpropellant in the anchor is ignited which frees the mine from any mud it may be buriedin. As the case rises, a hydrostat, which clamps to an 18-foot loose bight in the mooringcable, senses the preset mooring depth and falls free to release the loose bight, thuspermitting the tension on the cable to relax and cause a pawling mechanism in the anchorto lock and stop further cable payout. Should the mooring mechanism allow the mine torise to a depth which is too shallow, the case will scuttle. This feature reduces thepossibility of compromise and eliminates a navigational hazard. Scuttling will also occuron sterilization or if the mooring cable breaks.

SpecificationsWeight: 2000 pounds (909 kilograms)

Length: MK56 114.3 inches (290 centimeters)MK57 121.1 inches (307 centimeters)

Diameter: MK56 22.4 inches (57 centimeters )MK57: 21 inches (53 centimeters)

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Depth Range Up to 1000 feet (305 meters)

Warhead:

MK56: 360 pounds (164 kilograms)HBX-3MK57: 340 pounds (155 kilograms)HBX-3

Fuse:

Detection System: Total field magnetic exploder

Delivery MK56 Aircraft laidMK57 Submarine laid

Date Deployed 1966

MK 60 Encapsulated Torpedo (CAPTOR)The Mk 60 CAPTOR is the US Navy's only deep water mine. TheMK-60 CAPTOR, one of the Navy's primary anti submarineweapons, is actually a deepwater moored torpedo launcher. MineMk 60 is a sophisticated anti-submarine warfare (ASW) mooredmine which is designed to detect and classify submarines andrelease a modified Torpedo Mk 46 to acquire and attacksubmerged targets only. This deep water mine is designed to belaid by aircraft or submarine, and is anchored to the ocean floor.The mine utilizes an influence firing device and is able to classify

passing submarines. Its acoustic detection system is designed to seek hostile submarines,ignoring surface craft and friendly submarine acoustic signatures. The weapon liesdormant until a target is detected, at which time the torpedo swims out of its capsule toattack and destroy its target. As in other mines, the Mk 60 incorporates an arming-delay.The MK-60 can be deployed by air, submarine, or surface ship.This weapon was developed by the Mine Division of the Naval Ordnance Laboratory,which is now located at the Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division, CoastalSystems Station, Panama City, Florida. Because it can be converted to have someoperational capability in littoral waters, a modification to CAPTOR is being consideredas one of the options for the Littoral Sea Mine (LSM) program.

SpecificationsPrimary Function Air and ship-launched lightweight torpedo

Contractor Alliant Techsystems

Power Plant Two-speed, reciprocating external combustion;Mono-propellant (Otto fuel II) fueled

Length102.36 in. tube launch configuration (from ship) 145inches (368 centimeters) - Aircraft / Ship laid132 inches (335 centimeters) Submarine laid

Diameter12.75 inches21 inches (53 centimeters) Aircraft / Ship laid21 inches (53 centimeters) Submarine laid

Weight517.65 lbs (warshot configuration)2370 pounds (1077 kilograms) Air / Ship laid2056 pounds (935 kilograms) Submarine laid

Range 8,000 yards

Depth Greater than 1,200 ft (365.76 meters)Officially: "Up to 3000 feet (914 meters)"

Speed Greater than 28 knots (32.2 mph, 51.52 kph)

Detection System Reliable acoustic path (RAP) sound propagation

Guidance SystemHoming mode - Active or passive/active acoustichomingLaunch/search mode - Snake or circle search

Warhead 98 lbs. of PBXN-103 high explosive (bulk charge)

Date Deployed 1979

Mk-62 Quick Strike MineFeaturing a fast response-to-readiness capability, theMk 62 mine is one of a new generation of weaponsclosely related to the DESTRUCTOR family ofmines. Using the same variable influence-typetarget-detector systems, the Mk 62 is aircraft-laidbottom mines for use against submarines and surfacetargets. The Mk 62 is a conversions of GeneralPurpose Bomb Bodies Mk 82, which is a 500 poundweapon. All mines have the capability of making

arming-delay, sterilization, self-destruct, and other operational settings.The newest QUICKSTRIKE mines are programmable and modular, allowing them to beupdated to keep abreast of emerging threat targets. Ongoing QUICKSTRIKE workincludes the development of new Target Detecting Devices (TDDs) and target processingalgorithms. TDDs control the actuation of explosives in underwater mines. Designexpertise centers around the three major areas of TDD development: (1) target influencesensors, (2) sensor signal processing and target logic, and (3) timing and control logic.These major areas include those functions necessary to control the weapon, such astrajectory, arming, and end-of-life functions. A representative sample of state-of-the-arttarget influence sensor technologies currently under development includes: (1) advancedsignal processing techniques applied to sensor outputs to determine if a valid target ispresent, or if the detected influence signal(s) is being generated by a countermeasuredevice; and (2) state-of-the-art, low power, microprocessor and gate array technologiesemployed for timing and control functions.

SpecificationsWeight: 576 pounds

Length: 89 inches

Diameter: 15.1 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead:

Fuse:

Aircraft

Mk-63 Quick Strike MineFeaturing a fast response-to-readiness capability, theMk 63 mine is one of a new generation of weaponsclosely related to the DESTRUCTOR family ofmines. Using the same variable influence-typetarget-detector systems, the Mk 63 is aircraft-laidbottom mines for use against submarines and surfacetargets. The Mk 63 is a conversions of GeneralPurpose Bomb Bodies Mk 83, which is a 1,000pound weapon. All mines have the capability of

making arming-delay, sterilization, self-destruct, and other operational settings.The newest QUICKSTRIKE mines are programmable and modular, allowing them to beupdated to keep abreast of emerging threat targets. Ongoing QUICKSTRIKE workincludes the development of new Target Detecting Devices (TDDs) and target processingalgorithms. TDDs control the actuation of explosives in underwater mines. Designexpertise centers around the three major areas of TDD development: (1) target influencesensors, (2) sensor signal processing and target logic, and (3) timing and control logic.These major areas include those functions necessary to control the weapon, such astrajectory, arming, and end-of-life functions. A representative sample of state-of-the-arttarget influence sensor technologies currently under development includes: (1) advancedsignal processing techniques applied to sensor outputs to determine if a valid target ispresent, or if the detected influence signal(s) is being generated by a countermeasuredevice; and (2) state-of-the-art, low power, microprocessor and gate array technologiesemployed for timing and control functions.

SpecificationsWeight: 1061 pounds

Length: 113 inches

Diameter: 22.9 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead:

Fuse:

Aircraft

MK-64 Destructor MineThe MK-64 is a 2,000-pound modified bomb, known as a "destructor" and inventedduring the Vietnam War. Aircraft-laid and utilizing various influence-type firingmechanisms, the MK-64 is a bottom mine for use against submarines and surface targets.Length: 11'3". Width: 2' 1". Variations include the MK-62, MK-63 and MK-65.

SpecificationsWeight: 2000 pounds

Length: 145 inches

Diameter: 25.3 inches

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Warhead:

Fuse:

Aircraft

Mk-65 Quick Strike MineFeaturing a fast response-to-readiness capability, the Mk 65 mineis one of a new generation of weapons closely related to theDESTRUCTOR family of mines. Using the same variableinfluence-type target-detector systems, the Mk 65 is aircraft-laidbottom mines for use against submarines and surface targets. Mk65 is a 2000-pound weapon, employing a destinctively different,new concept, thin-walled, mine-type case, as opposed to thethick-walled bomb-type case of the Mk 64. Older Quickstrikeversions (MK62, MK63, and MK64) were converted streamlined

bombs of the 500 lb, 1000 lb, and 2000 lb sizes. Other differences in the Mk 65 include aspecial arming device, a nose fairing, and a tail section adaptable to parachute option. Allmines have the capability of making arming-delay, sterilization, self-destruct, and otheroperational settings.The newest QUICKSTRIKE mines are programmable and modular, allowing them to beupdated to keep abreast of emerging threat targets. Ongoing QUICKSTRIKE workincludes the development of new Target Detecting Devices (TDDs) and target processingalgorithms. TDDs control the actuation of explosives in underwater mines. Designexpertise centers around the three major areas of TDD development: (1) target influencesensors, (2) sensor signal processing and target logic, and (3) timing and control logic.These major areas include those functions necessary to control the weapon, such astrajectory, arming, and end-of-life functions. A representative sample of state-of-the-arttarget influence sensor technologies currently under development includes: (1) advancedsignal processing techniques applied to sensor outputs to determine if a valid target ispresent, or if the detected influence signal(s) is being generated by a countermeasuredevice; and (2) state-of-the-art, low power, microprocessor and gate array technologiesemployed for timing and control functions.

SpecificationsWeight: 2390 pounds (1086 kilograms)

Length: 128 inches (325 centimeters)

Diameter: 29 inches (across the fins) (74centimeters)

Guidance: None

Control: None

Autopilot: None

Propulsion: None

Depth Range Up to 600 feet (183 meters)

Warhead: Various loads

Fuse:

Detection System:Magnetic/seismic/pressure targetdetection devices (TDDs) are used onvarious models

Delivery Aircraft

Date Deployed 1983

LUU-1 FlareAir-deployed LUU-1 flares are used to illuminate targets, providing a target area groundreference. The LUU-1 flare burns for 30 minutes on the ground providing a coloredflame. The LUU-1 flare enhances a pilot's ability to see targets while using Night VisionGoggles. With the introduction of A-10 Warthog Night Vision capability, such flares arenot used as frequently as in the past as they provide too much light for the very sensitivegoggles. Flares burn at uneven rates and therefore fluctuate in brightness.

LUU-2 FlareAir-deployed LUU-2 high-intensity illumination flare are used to illuminate targets. TheLUU-2B Flare has a light output rating of 1.8 x 10(6) candlepower and at 1,000 feetaltitude illuminates a circle on the ground of 500 meters at 5 lux. The LUU-2 is housed ina pod or canister and is deployed by ejection. The mechanism has a timer on it thatdeploys the parachute and ignites the flare candle. The flare candle burns magnesiumwhich burns at high temperature emitting an intense bright white light. The consumptionof the aluminum cylinder that contains the flare "candle" may add some orange to thelight. The LUU-2 flare enhances a pilot's ability to see targets while using Night VisionGoggles. With the introduction of A-10 Warthog Night Vision capability, such flares arenot used as frequently as in the past as they provide too much light for the very sensitivegoggles. Flares burn at uneven rates and therefore fluctuate in brightness.The LUU-2 has a burn time of approximately 5 minutes while suspended from aparachute. The pyrotechnic candle consumes the flare housing, reducing flare weightwhich in turn slows the rate of fall during the last 2 minutes of burn time. At candleburnout an explosive bolt is fired, releasing one parachute support cable which causes theparachute to collapse. While unburned flares falling from high altitude could bedangerous, burned flares are much less dangerous since they are designed to burn upduring the fall (even the aluminum casing is burned).

The LUU-2B/B flare is the latest in a series of illuminating flares introduced by Thiokolfor nighttime target illumination and rescue missions. Designated as a multi service flareby United States military forces, the LUU-2B/B incorporates improvements andmodifications that further enhance its performance and reliability. The LUU-2B/B hasbeen selected by over 30 foreign countries for aircraft-deployed illumination.

The LUU-2B/B flare is compatible with all standard flare launching systems used onhelicopter, cargo, and fighter aircraft. It can be deployed from LAU-74 cargo aircraftlaunchers, aircraft wing-mounted racks, and the SUU-25, 42, and 44 series launchers. Itcan also be hand launched from aircraft. Developed to meet stringent U.S. militaryrequirements for operational safety and reliability, the LUU-2B/B uses advanced designand materials concepts derived from aerospace technology. The LUU-2B/B is acceptedby the Navy for use on carrier-based aircraft.

SpecificationsWeight: 30 lb (13.6 kg)

Length: 36 in. (91.4 cm)

Diameter: 4.87 in. (12.4 cm)

Light Output: 1,800,000 candlepower, 1,600,000 candlepower

Burn Time: 240 sec/300 sec

Descent Rate: 8.3 ft/sec (2.5 m/sec)

User: U.S. Navy/Air Force/International

Ground Illumination Pattern

5 lux 0.46 foot-candle2 lux 0.186 foot-candle1 lux 0.093 foot-candle

LUU-4/B flareThe LUU-4/B flare, in use by the US armed forces, is an aircraft-deployed search andrescue flare. The flare is simple to deploy and meets stringent operational safety andreliability requirements. The flare can be deployed from any type of aircraft or helicopter.A static line initiates parachute deployment and parachute deployment causes flareignition.

SpecificationsWeight: 20 lb (9.1 kg)

Length: 25.5 in. (64.8 cm)

Diameter: 4.87 in. (12.4 cm)

Light Output: 1,600,000 candlepower

Burn Time: 180 sec

Descent Rate: 10 ft/sec (3 m/sec)

User: U.S. Air Force/International

LUU-19 FlareThe LUU-19 is the IR-spectrum variant of the LUU-2 paraflare currently deployed by F-14’s from ITER’s. The LUU-19 has the same physical dimensions as LUU-2, andprovides IR illumination of the target area for NVG-capable attack aircraft. The LUU-19flare is the latest in a series of infrared flares introduced by Thiokol for covert targetillumination and rescue missions. Designated as a multi service flare by United Statesmilitary forces, the LUU-19 incorporates improvements and modifications that furtherenhance its performance and reliability.

The LUU-19 flare is compatible with all standard flare launching systems used onhelicopter, cargo, and fighter aircraft. It can be deployed from LAU-74 cargo aircraftlaunchers, aircraft wing-mounted racks, and the SUU-25, 42, and 44 series launchers. Itcan also be hand launched from aircraft. A key feature of the LUU-19 is the wavelengthof illumination. The LUU-19 has been developed to illuminate in the near infrared regionof the spectrum. This enhances dramatically the capability of the military's night visiondevices used for covert night operations while eliminating the bright illumination thatradiates from other flares.

Specifications

Weight: 33lb (14.9 kg)

Length: 25.5 in. (64.8 cm)

Diameter: 4.87 in. (12.4 cm)

Infrared Output: 1200 watts/Steradian

Burn Time: 420 sec/7 min

Descent Rate: 9ft/sec (2.74 m/sec)

User: U.S. Air Force/International

Ground Illumination Pattern

Near Infrared Illumination of LUU-19 at5,000 Feet AGL

IlluminationEnergy

(Watts/sq.meter)

Initial FlareIntensity

(Watts/Steradian)

Diameter ofGround

Illumination(Meter)

2.33x10 (-4) 1200 2554.8

BDU-33Practice ordnance includes 25-pound BDU-33 bombs having a spotting charge thatreleases a cloud of smoke on impact. The BDU-33 is used to simulate the MK 82 in lowdrag configuration. The munitions to be loaded onto aircraft are brought to the flightlineon a trailer. The BDU-33 bombs are lifted out of a metal cage on a trailer and are lockedin place underneath the aircraft. The BDU-33 bombs are lifted out of a cage on the trailerand carried to the aircraft 20 feet away. BDU-33 munitions are loaded onto TERs (TripleEjector Racks) and SUUs (Suspension Units). The BDU-33 is pushed against a springloaded catch and locked into place. The unloading of the BDU-33 from the aircraftinvolves loosening the bolts and releasing the spring. The BDU-33 is carried back to thetrailer.

BDU-38 Practice Bomb [nuclear]

BDU-45 Practice BombThe BDU-45 is a 500 lb. Navy practice bomb. On 26 November 1996 IntercontinentalManufacturing Co., Garland, Texas, was awarded a $14,627,530 firm fixed price contractfor 8,387 BDU-45 and 13,318 BDU-50 500-pound bomb bodies. Work was completed by31 December 1997. On 30 September 1997 Intercontinental Mfg. Co. was awarded a$14,559,980 modification to a $29,187,511 firm-fixed-price contract for the purchase ofBDU-45 and BDU-50 bomb bodies. Work was completed by 31 December 1998. On 27September 27 1999 DATRON Inc., Intercontinental Manufacturing Division, Garland,Texas, was awarded a $15,746,748 modification to firm-fixed-price contract DAAA09-98-C-0026, for the purchase of 3,300 bomb bodies (MK84-6), 1,575 bomb bodies(MK84-4), and 3,125 bomb bodies (BDU-56), a portion of which were for the country ofCanada. Work was expected to be completed by June 30, 2001. On the same day,Intercontinental Manufacturing Division was also awarded a $19,189,995 modification tofirm-fixed-price contract DAAA09-98-C-0074, for 513 bomb bodies (MK82), 8,425bomb bodies (MK83), and 7,640 bomb bodies (BDU-45), a portion of which are for thecountry of France. Work was expected to be completed by Feb. 28, 2002. The US ArmyArmament, Munitions & Chemical Command, Rock Island, Ill., is the contractingactivity.

BDU-48Practice ordnance includes 10-pound BDU 48 High Drag light practice bombs having aspotting charge that releases a cloud of smoke on impact.

BDU-50Practice ordnance includes the BDU-50, a 500 lb. Air Force practice bomb. The BDU-50bombs have a spotting charge that releases a cloud of smoke on impact. The Mk-82/BDU-50 500-pound and the BDU-56 [the inert version of the MK-84 2,000-poundbomb] are also used on some targets. These inert “heavyweight” bombs are droppedeither with a parachute for “High Drag”, or “Slick”, which has no drag device. In eithercase, their weight creates enough “splash” or dirt spray, to be easily spotted without usingan explosive charge. A new technique for the demilitarization and recycling of BDU-50inert practice bombs involves using a contractor owned and operated plasma saw,eliminating the need for explosive venting.

Delivery of a BDU-50 High Drag Bomb from a low altitude, low dive angle results in thebomb impacting at or near the target and has very little or no ricochet, due to theaerodynamic effect of the high drag retard device. However, when the high drag systemfails to deploy, the weapon takes on the characteristics of a low drag weapon and has asignificantly increased slant range to impact (up to 4000 ft longer under certainconditions). This can be thought of as a range error (the aircraft was in the wrong place inthe sky) for the delivery of a low drag weapon. Not only does it impact long of the target,but also it now has a lower impact angle and a higher impact velocity, which can result ina significant down range ricochet impact.

On 13 January 1999 Intercontinental Manufacturing Co., Garland, Texas, was awarded a$6,581,967 modification to a firm-fixed-price contract for 23,299 BDU-50 500-poundbomb bodies. Work will be performed in Garland, Texas, and was expected to becompleted by Nov. 30, 2000. Contract funds will not expire at the end of the currentfiscal year. This is a sole source contract initiated on Nov. 13, 1998. The contractingactivity is the U.S. Army Armament, Munitions & Chemical Command, Rock Island, Ill.(DAAA09-98-C-0074).The munitions to be loaded onto aircraft are brought to the flightline on a trailer. Ajammer raises the BDU-50 bomb and it is locked into place by tightening some bolts. TheBDU-50 is unloaded by loosening the bolts and using a missile loading device referencedas the MJ-1 or "jammer" to lift the bomb away from the aircraft. During the loading ofone trailer holding 42 bombs, bombs are removed from the bunkers on seven bombpallets (42 bombs) by forklift truck. The metal tie-down straps are cut and removed. Thetop pallet is removed. Plastic nose plugs are removed. Three bombs at a time are pickedup by the forklift truck and are placed on the end of the 40-foot trailer. The bombs aremanually rolled on wooden rails to the front of the trailer. Bombs weigh 465 pounds (lb)without fins. It takes seven pounds of force to roll a bomb on the rail. Fins are manuallyunloaded from fin boxes, attached to the back end of each bomb, and tightened in placeusing a pneumatic impact gun. Fins weigh 56 lb each. Metal nose plugs are attached andtightened using a wrench. The bombs are "locked down" using chains. The bombbuilding crew size is five. The employees informally rotate tasks.

BDU-56The Mk-82/BDU-50 500-pound and the BDU-56 [the inert version of the MK-84 2,000-pound bomb] are also used on some targets. These inert “heavyweight” bombs aredropped either with a parachute for “High Drag”, or “Slick”, which has no drag device. Ineither case, their weight creates enough “splash” or dirt spray, to be easily spottedwithout using an explosive charge.On 26 November 1996 Intercontinental Manufacturing Co., Garland, Texas, was awardeda $14,627,530 firm fixed price contract for 8,387 BDU-45 and 13,318 BDU-50 500-pound bomb bodies. Work was completed by 31 December 1997. On 30 September 1997Intercontinental Mfg. Co. was awarded a $14,559,980 modification to a $29,187,511firm-fixed-price contract for the purchase of BDU-45 and BDU-50 bomb bodies. Workwas completed by 31 December 1998. On 27 September 27 1999 DATRON Inc.,Intercontinental Manufacturing Division, Garland, Texas, was awarded a $15,746,748modification to firm-fixed-price contract DAAA09-98-C-0026, for the purchase of 3,300bomb bodies (MK84-6), 1,575 bomb bodies (MK84-4), and 3,125 bomb bodies (BDU-56), a portion of which were for the country of Canada. Work was expected to becompleted by June 30, 2001. On the same day, Intercontinental Manufacturing Divisionwas also awarded a $19,189,995 modification to firm-fixed-price contract DAAA09-98-C-0074, for 513 bomb bodies (MK82), 8,425 bomb bodies (MK83), and 7,640 bombbodies (BDU-45), a portion of which are for the country of France. Work was expected tobe completed by Feb. 28, 2002. The US Army Armament, Munitions & ChemicalCommand, Rock Island, Ill., is the contracting activity.

Laser Guided Training Round (LGTR)The Laser Guided Training Round (LGTR) provides a low cost training device permittingaircrews to realistically practice the employment of Paveway II Guided Bomb Units. TheLGTR duplicates the release envelope, terminal guidance, and closely matches the timeof flight characteristics of the GBU-16/B (MK 83 Paveway LGB). The LGTR iscomprised of two sections (Guidance Control Section and Payload Section). TheGuidance Control Section consists of the seeker, the signal processor, control system, andpower supply. The Payload Section consists of the ring airfoil at the trailing edge whichalso houses the signal cartridges (MK 4 Mods or CXU-3A/B2) and the ejector assembly.The LGTR II is identical to the LGTR, except that it duplicates the release envelope,terminal guidance, and closely matches the time of flight characteristics of the GBU-24B/B.

Mk 76 Practice BombThe Mk 76 is a 11.3 kilogram practice bomb used for training purposes as a low-costlow-risk alternative to live munitions.

Mk 106 Practice BombThe Mk 106 is a 2.27 kilogram practice bomb used for training purposes as a low-costlow-risk alternative to live munitions. The MK-106 is used to simulate the MK 82 in highdrag configuration.