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1
US Asia
Education at a Glance
2014
Qualification levels in Europe have risen markedly…
…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills
2
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1995
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cos
t pe
r st
udent
Graduate supply
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
1995
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cos
t pe
r st
udent
Graduate supply
United States
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2000
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
United Kingdom
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2001
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2002
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2003
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2004
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2005
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2006
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2007
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2008
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2009
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2010
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2011
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2011
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
Iceland Poland
UK
Australia
New Zealand
Australia Austria
Belgium
Canada
Chile
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Korea
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom United States
A world of change – higher education
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
2011
Expenditure
per
student
at
tert
iary
level (U
SD
)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
US
P
Many more people are expected to graduate from
academically-oriented tertiary education
First-time graduation rates in tertiary-type A education (1995 and 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Icela
nd
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Pola
nd
Austr
alia
Denm
ark
Fin
land
Irela
nd
Ne
the
rla
nds
Ja
pa
n
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Slo
ven
ia
Norw
ay
Port
ug
al
Latv
ia
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Austr
ia
Sw
ede
n
Un
ited
Sta
tes
EU
21 a
vera
ge
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Cana
da
Germ
any
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Spa
in
Turk
ey
Italy
Ch
ile
Hung
ary
Me
xic
o
Tertiary-type A (2012) Tertiary-type A (1995)%
Chart A3.2 - A
Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter
university programmes
Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Austr
alia
Latv
ia
Icela
nd
Pola
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
Norw
ay
Slo
ven
ia
Denm
ark
United
Sta
tes
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Kore
a
United
Kin
gd
om
Fin
land
Neth
erla
nds
Port
ug
al
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Sw
ede
n
Isra
el
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Arg
en
tin
a
Sau
di A
rab
ia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Ire
land
Hung
ary
Germ
any
Austr
ia
Spa
in
Ja
pa
n
Chile
Italy
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Esto
nia
Fra
nce
Turk
ey
Gre
ece
Me
xic
o
Belg
ium
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Ind
one
sia
Chin
a
All students Excluding international students
Chart C3.1
%
Women and men are differently represented
in some fields of education
Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pola
nd
Esto
nia
Icela
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Slo
ven
ia
Bra
zil
Sw
ede
n
Hu
ng
ary
Italy
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Arg
en
tin
a
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
land
No
rwa
y
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Port
ug
al
Ca
na
da
De
nm
ark
Isra
el
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Austr
alia
Spa
in
Ire
land
Neth
erla
nds
Chile
Fra
nce
United
Kin
gd
om
Austr
ia
Belg
ium
Germ
any
Me
xic
o
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
Kore
a
Ja
pa
n
Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields
Chart A.3 - Field
Women are more likely than men to earn a university
degree, but less likely a doctorate
Percentage of graduas teawarded to women by level of educatio()
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Latv
ia
Gre
ece
Icela
nd
Sw
ede
n
Slo
ven
ia
Esto
nia
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Pola
nd
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
land
Norw
ay
Bra
zil
Bra
zil
New
Ze
ala
nd
Arg
en
tin
a
Denm
ark
Cana
da
Hung
ary
Austr
alia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Port
ug
al
Austr
ia
Spa
in
Isra
el
United
Sta
tes
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Irela
nd
Neth
erla
nds
Chile
Fra
nce
Belg
ium
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Me
xic
o
Germ
any
Kore
a
Tu
rke
y
Advanced research qualifications Tertiary-type A first degree
Chart A3_Gender
China has almost caught up with the US in terms of
high-school completion
Upper secondary graduation rates (2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Slo
ven
ia
Icela
nd
Germ
any
Ne
the
rla
nds
Hung
ary
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Irela
nd
Ja
pa
n
Spa
in
Fin
land
De
nm
ark
Kore
a
Norw
ay
Cana
da
Isra
el
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Pola
nd
Chile
Italy
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Cze
ch
Re
pub
lic
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Sw
ede
n
Ch
ina
Gre
ece
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Austr
ia
Turk
ey
Me
xic
o
Total <25 years old ≧25 years old
Chart A2.1
%
In many countries those without an upper secondary
education face an increasing unemployment risk
Unemployment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2005, 2010 and 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Ko
rea
Me
xic
o
Bra
zil
No
rwa
y
Ch
ile
Au
str
alia
Luxe
mbo
urg
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ice
lan
d
Au
str
ia
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
De
nm
ark
Isra
el
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ca
nad
a
Fin
land
Be
lgiu
m
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Italy
Sw
eden
Ge
rman
y
OE
CD
avera
ge
Fra
nce
Slo
ve
nia
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Po
rtu
gal
EU
21
avera
ge
Po
lan
d
Esto
nia
Hu
nga
ry
Latv
ia
Ire
lan
d
Gre
ece
Cze
ch
Rep
ublic
Sp
ain
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
2012 2005 2010
Below upper secondary education
Chart A5.2 - BS
%
Qualification don’t always translate into strong foundation skills
26
Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment
but not in the same way across countries
Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
Ja
pa
n
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Fin
land
Sw
ede
n
Au
str
alia
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
No
rway
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Ave
rag
e
Po
land
Au
str
ia
En
gla
nd
/N. Ir
ela
nd
(U
K)
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Fra
nce
Ge
rma
ny
De
nm
ark
Ire
land
Ko
rea
Ca
na
da
Esto
nia
Sp
ain
Ita
ly
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Below upper secondary education
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education
Chart A1.4
The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are
very different across countries
Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Ja
pa
n
Fin
land
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Sw
ede
n
Au
str
alia
No
rwa
y
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
En
gla
nd
/N. Ir
ela
nd
(U
K)
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Cze
ch
Re
pu
blic
Ave
rag
e
Po
land
Ca
na
da
Au
str
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Ire
land
Fra
nce
Denm
ark
Esto
nia
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Ko
rea
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tio
n
Sp
ain
Ita
ly
Below upper secondary education
Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education%
Chart A1.5
The rising tide has not lifted all boats…
…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down
33
Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated
than their parents
Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cze
ch
Re
pu
blic
Germ
any
Austr
ia
United
Sta
tes
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
No
rwa
y
De
nm
ark
Eng
land
/N.
Ire
land
(U
K)
Spa
in
Avera
ge
Austr
alia
Ja
pa
n
Sw
ede
n
Esto
nia
Ca
na
da
Ne
the
rla
nds
Pola
nd
Ire
land
Fra
nce
Fla
nde
rs(B
elg
ium
)
Fin
land
Kore
a
Ru
ssia
nF
ede
ratio
n
Downward mobility Upward mobility%
Chart A4.3 - Mob
In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to
be lower in the younger generations
Proportion of upward mobility across age groups
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34
Upw
ard
Mo
bili
ty
Age groups
Average France Germany Italy Spain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK)
Graph Mobility A4
Across OECD countries, about one in two 15-19
year-olds not in education is not working
Percentage of 15-19 year-olds not in education, by labour market status (2012)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Me
xic
o
Turk
ey
Ja
pa
n
Bra
zil
Isra
el
Chile
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Austr
alia
Cana
da
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Norw
ay
Italy
Icela
nd
Un
ited
Sta
tes
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Spa
in
Irela
nd
Austr
ia
Port
ug
al
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Belg
ium
Kore
a
Esto
nia
De
nm
ark
Sw
ede
n
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Fra
nce
Fin
land
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ne
the
rla
nds
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Gre
ece
Hung
ary
Germ
any
Pola
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
NEET, unemployed NEET, inactive Not in education, employed
Chart C5.3
%
Europe is now driving international student mobility…
…the US accommodates a large but declining share of the market.
43
In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in
tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1
Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Worldwide OECD G20 countriesEurope North America Oceania
Million students
25% of EU target
In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia,
Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)
United States¹ 16%
United Kingdom¹ 13%
Germany 6%
France 6% Australia¹,³ 6% Canada² 5%
Russian Federation 4%
Japan 3%
Spain 2%
China 2% Italy 2%
Austria 2% New Zealand 2%
South Africa 2% Switzerland 1% Netherlands 1%
Korea 1% Belgium 1%
Other OECD countries 8%
Other non-OECD countries 17%
Chart C4.2
New players are emerging in the international
education market
Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination
0
5
10
15
20
25
Un
ite
d S
tate
Un
ite
d K
ing
do
m
Ge
rma
ny
Fra
nce
Au
str
alia
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ja
pa
n
Sp
ain
Ch
ina
Ita
ly
Au
str
ia
Ne
w Z
ea
land
So
uth
Afr
ica
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ko
rea
Be
lgiu
m
Oth
er
OE
CD
Oth
er
G0
an
d n
on
-OE
CD
2000
2012
Market share (%)
OECD countries Other G20 and
non-OECD countries
2000
2012
Chart C4.3
International students comprise around 8% of
tertiary enrolments, on average
Student mobility in tertiary education (2012)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Austr
alia
United
Kin
gd
om
Sw
itze
rla
nd
New
Ze
ala
nd
Austr
ia
Belg
ium
Cana
da¹
De
nm
ark
Neth
erla
nds
Sw
ede
n
Ire
land
Icela
nd
Fin
land
Port
ug
al
Hu
ng
ary
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
United
Sta
tes
Ja
pa
n
Spa
in
Esto
nia
Slo
ven
ia
Norw
ay
Pola
nd
Chile
Fra
nce
Czech R
ep
ub
lic
Sou
th A
fric
a¹
Gre
ece
Italy
Sau
di A
rab
ia
Russia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Kore
a
Isra
el
Turk
ey
Chin
a
Bra
zil
Foreign students2
%
International students
OECD average
Chart C4.4
More than half of foreign students in tertiary
education come from Asia
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)
Asia 53%
Europe 23%
Africa 12%
Latin America and the Caribbean 6%
North America 3%
Oceania 1%
Not specified 3%
Chart C4.5
Education remained a priority during the crisis…
49
Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut
public expenditure on educational institutions
Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
New
Ze
ala
nd
De
nm
ark
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Bra
zil
Fin
land
Austr
alia
Ire
land
Ne
the
rla
nds
Ja
pa
n
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Germ
any
Slo
ven
ia
Chile
Cana
da
Port
ug
al
Me
xic
o
Kore
a
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Austr
ia
Spa
in
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Norw
ay
Belg
ium
Fra
nce
Sw
ede
n
Isra
el
Icela
nd
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Russia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Pola
nd
Esto
nia
Italy
Hu
ng
ary
Index of change (2008=100)
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions
Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDP
Chart B2.3 - T
Expenditure per primary, secondary and post-secondary non-
tertiary student increased by at least 10% in most countries
Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011
Brazil Mexico
Chile Hungary
Slovak Republic Estonia
Poland Czech Republic Israel Portugal Korea
Italy Spain
Iceland Japan Finland France Australia Germany United Kingdom Ireland Canada Denmark Netherlands
Sweden Belgium
United States Austria
Switzerland
Norway
New Zealand
R² = 0.2707
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
12 000
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
17 000
18 000
19 000
20 000
-20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)
OECD average
Primary, secondary, and post-secondary non-tertiary
OECD average
Chart B1.5 - PS
Between 2005 and 2011, expenditure per tertiary
student increased by 10%, on average
Relationship between annual expenditure per student in 2011 and change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011
United States
Switzerland
Denmark Sweden
Norway Finland Netherlands Germany
Japan Ireland
Belgium France Austria
Spain
Israel
United Kingdom
Brazil Italy
Korea Poland Portugal Czech Republic
Hungary Chile
Slovak Republic Mexico Estonia Iceland
Russian Federation
New Zealand
Slovenia
R² = 0.079
5 0006 0007 0008 0009 000
10 00011 00012 00013 00014 00015 00016 00017 00018 00019 00020 00021 00022 00023 00024 00025 00026 00027 000
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Annual expenditure per student (2011, USD)
Change in expenditure per student between 2005 and 2011 (%)
OECD average
Tertiary education
OECD average
Chart B1.5 - T
In 2011, OECD countries spent an average of 1.6% of
their GDP on tertiary education
Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP (2011). From public and private sources, by level of education and
source of funds
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Fin
land
Denm
ark
No
rway
Ca
na
da
Sw
ede
n
Esto
nia
Au
str
ia
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Be
lgiu
m
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Fra
nce
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Arg
en
tin
a
Ire
land
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
Slo
ve
nia
Germ
any
Ice
land
Sp
ain
Po
land
Ne
w Z
ea
land
La
tvia
Po
rtu
ga
l
Hu
ng
ary
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Bra
zil
Isra
el
Me
xic
o
Un
ite
d K
ingd
om
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Colo
mbia
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Ch
ile
Ita
ly
Ko
rea
Au
str
alia
Ja
pa
n
% of GDP
Tertiary education
Public expenditure on education institutions Private expenditure on education institutions
OECD average (total expenditure)
Chart B2.2 - T
Few European countries have sustainable financing for tertiary education
60
The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions
increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011
Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ch
ile
Kore
a
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Ja
pa
n
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Austr
alia
Isra
el
Ca
na
da
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Italy
Me
xic
o
Port
ug
al
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Neth
erla
nds
Pola
nd
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Spa
in
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Esto
nia
Irela
nd
Fra
nce
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Germ
any
Slo
ven
ia
Austr
ia
Sw
ede
n
Belg
ium
Icela
nd
Denm
ark
Fin
land
Norw
ay
% 2011 2008 2000
Chart B3.3 - T
Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to
supporting students, households and other private entities
Public support for tertiary education (2011)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
United K
ingdom
United S
tate
s
Slo
ve
nia
De
nm
ark
Ita
ly
Ch
ile
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Au
str
ia
Ge
rma
ny
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ne
w Z
ea
land
Be
lgiu
m
Latv
ia
Fin
lan
d
Au
str
alia
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ire
land
Hu
ng
ary
Po
land
No
rway
Isra
el
Sw
ede
n
Sp
ain
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ca
na
da
Me
xic
o
Bra
zil
Turk
ey
Ko
rea
Esto
nia
Indo
ne
sia
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
Arg
en
tin
a
Ja
pa
n
Ice
land
% of total public expenditure on tertiary education
Student loans
Transfers and payments to other private entities
Scholarships/ other grants to households
Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary
Chart B5.3
The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over
USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000
Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)
0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
350 000
400 000
450 000
500 000
Turk
ey
De
nm
ark
Sp
ain
Esto
nia
Sw
ede
n
New
Zeala
nd
Gre
ece
Ko
rea
Ja
pa
n
Ca
na
da
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Po
land
No
rway
Isra
el
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
Fra
nce
Au
str
alia
Fin
land
OE
CD
avera
ge
Po
rtu
ga
l
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Au
str
ia
Un
ite
d K
ingd
om
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ita
ly
Be
lgiu
m
Slo
ve
nia
Ge
rma
ny
Un
ite
d S
tate
s
Hu
ng
ary
Ire
land
Equ
iva
len
t U
SD
Private net returns Public net returns
Chart A7.1
Good progress in raising early childhood participation
93
Several EU countries have surpassed 2020 targets
Some 70% of 3-year-olds are enrolled in early
childhood education
Enrolment rates at age 3 in early childhood education (2005 and 2012)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Be
lgiu
m
Fra
nce
De
nm
ark
Ice
lan
d
Sp
ain
No
rwa
y
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ed
en
Italy
Ge
rman
y
Esto
nia
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Isra
el
Ko
rea
Slo
ve
nia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Latv
ia
EU
21
avera
ge
Po
rtu
gal
Jap
an
Hu
nga
ry
Luxe
mbo
urg
OE
CD
avera
ge
Ru
ssia
n F
ede
ratio
n
Au
str
ia
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Cze
ch
Rep
ublic
Po
lan
d
Fin
land
Ch
ile
Ire
lan
d
Me
xic
o
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Arg
en
tin
a
Bra
zil
Au
str
alia
Co
lom
bia
Ind
on
esia
Turk
ey
Sw
itzerland
2012 2005 %
Chart C2.1
The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level
of resources devoted to pre-primary education
Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation
based on full-time equivalents
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Isra
el
Ind
one
sia
Me
xic
o
Chile
Fra
nce
Turk
ey
United
Kin
gd
om
Bra
zil
Pola
nd
Belg
ium
Port
ug
al
Kore
a
Ne
the
rla
nds
Ja
pa
n
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Austr
ia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Spa
in
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Germ
any
United
Sta
tes
Italy
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Hung
ary
Fin
land
Slo
ven
ia
Esto
nia
New
Ze
ala
nd
Sw
ede
n
Icela
nd
Student to teaching staff ratio
Chart C2.4
Countries spend their money differently on schools…
…and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes.
96
The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across
countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time
Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USD
-3 800
-2 800
-1 800
- 800
200
1 200
2 200
3 200
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Germ
any
Austr
ia
Spa
in
Port
ug
al
Austr
alia
Norw
ay
Cana
da
Fra
nce
Ire
land
Ne
the
rla
nds
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Kore
a
Italy
Fin
land
Eng
land
Slo
ven
ia
Isra
el
Pola
nd
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Turk
ey
Hung
ary
Chile
Slo
va
k R
epu
blic
Esto
nia
USD
Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size
difference with OECD average
Chart B7.4
Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours
of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education
Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014)
0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
Australia 10Colombia1 9
Spain 10United States 9
Israel 9Netherlands7 9
Chile 8Mexico 9Ireland 9France 9
Canada 9Luxembourg 9
Denmark 10England 9Norway 10Iceland 10Portugal 9
OECD average 9Italy 8
Japan 9EU21 average 9
Germany 9Greece 9
Belgium (Fr.) 8Czech Republic 9Slovak Republic 9
Sweden 9Belgium (Fl.) 8
Estonia 9Austria 8Korea 9
Finland 9Slovenia 9
Turkey 8Poland 9China1 9Latvia 9
Hungary 8
Primary education Lower secondary educationDuration of primary and lower
secondary education, in years
Chart D1.1
Total number of compulsory instruction hours
Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers
higher than those of comparably educated workers
Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutions
0
0.5
1
1.5
Kore
a
Spa
in
Luxe
mb
ou
rg
Port
ug
al
Turk
ey
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
Cana
da
Fin
land
Germ
any
Eng
land
Austr
alia
Gre
ece
Denm
ark
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Belg
ium
(F
l.)
Fra
nce
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Isra
el
Esto
nia
Pola
nd
Scotla
nd
Sw
ede
n
Belg
ium
(F
r.)
Neth
erla
nds
Irela
nd
Slo
ven
ia
Chile
Norw
ay
United
Sta
tes
Italy
Austr
ia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Hung
ary
Slo
vak R
epu
blic
Ratio
Chart D3.1
Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first
time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education
OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training.
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education
Chart Box D.3.2
Equivalent USD converted
using PPPs
107
107 Thank you
Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014
– The publication
– The methodologies
– The complete database
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: SchleicherEDU
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