US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center

Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems April 1975 Approved for Public Release. Distribution Unlimited. TP-38

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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

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6. AUTHOR(S) R.G. Willey

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7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616-4687

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12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at the American Society of Civil Engineers National Conference, New Orleans, LA, 14-18 April 1975. 14. ABSTRACT Several examples applications of water quality models were discussed to provide background into the development of a comprehensive mathematical model capable of evaluating water quality conditions in any river-reservoir system. A need exists for a river-reservoir water quality model which can be continuously updated and maintained with the best available concepts. The "Water Quality for River-Reservoir Systems" (WQRRS) model was developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) to meet these needs. The HEC continuously updated the WQRRS based on the advantages of water quality research work brought to their attention. 15. SUBJECT TERMS model studies, water quality, computer models, aquatic environment, analytical techniques, nutrients, benthos, water chemistry, river systems, reservoirs, suspended solids, ecology 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT U

b. ABSTRACT U

c. THIS PAGE U

17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UU

18. NUMBER OF PAGES 28 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER

Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

April 1975 US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Water Resources Hydrologic Engineering Center 609 Second Street Davis, CA 95616 (530) 756-1104 (530) 756-8250 FAX www.hec.usace.army.mil TP-38

Papers in this series have resulted from technical activities of the Hydrologic Engineering Center. Versions of some of these have been published in technical journals or in conference proceedings. The purpose of this series is to make the information available for use in the Center's training program and for distribution with the Corps of Engineers. The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.

1 / WATER QUALITY EVALUATIOh OF AQUATIC SYSTEMS,

2. . WILLEY~/, ?'ember ASCE

I P-ITRODUCTIO!i

Envi ronmenta: considerat ions have concerned \:later resource planners for

many years. 1.1 the l a s t 10 years, public interest has caused s ignif icant ly

increased e f fo r t towards development of numerical techniques fo r analysis of

water qua1 i ty conditions i n water resource systems. Today, water resource

planners in th i s country and abroad have recognized the need to analyze

existing water quality conditioos a t a project s i t e and evaluate how those

csnditf ons are expected to change as proposed projects are imposed on the

existing environ~ent . This type o f comparison has often been accompl ished

by f i r s t examining observed water quality data ( i . e . , pre-project conditions)

and then using judgment and intui t ion t o evaluate the changes t h a t are

expected to occur under project conditions, In the past, this approach has

general l y provided planners w i t h suff ic ient information For project eval uation,

However, i n more recent years, many planners have encountered opposition to

the subject ivi ty of t he l r evaluation of changes expected t o occur under project

conditions, Also, many planners have experienced the need t o evaluate more

water quality parameters than were evaluated i n past studjes. Many important

water qua1 j ty parameters have s ignif icant interrelationships which defy

I / Presented a t the American Society of C i v i l Engineers Flational Conference, - New Orleans, Louisiana, April 14-18, 1975.

2/ Research Hydraulic Engineer, The l-lydrologic Engineering Center, U.S. Army - Corps of Engineers, Davis , Cal i fsrni2 9561 6,

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TYPICAL STREAM-RESERVOIR SYSTEM

The contractor 's resul t s included a sens i t iv i ty analysis of the model Is

predictive capahi 1 i t y fo r evaluation of the resultant environmental impact

under conditions due to several project alternatives.

Cake Koocanusa Study. Next the Lake Koocanusa (Libby Dam) study [2]

began w i t h the original version of the reservoir ecologic model, b u t major

modifications were made to allow fo r evaluation of the best level for making

reservoir releases when using the specific mu1 t i leve l intake ~ i thdrawal

design planned for Libby Dam. The best level fo r the reservoir release i s

defined as the withdrawal level which comes closest to meeting prespecified

temperature and dissolved oxygen targets , Other modificatrbons made to th i s

model included calculating water density as a function of total dissolved

sol ids and suspended sediment as well as temperature. Capability to estimate

ice cover on the reservoir surface ~lliis required stnce the dam i s located

i n the northern part of Montana. The project impounds a 100-mile long

reservoir w i t h a depth of 360 f ee t a t the dam.

Because the study contract period overlapped the construction period,

some data was obtained in the impoundment and was eventually used t o t e s t

the contractor 's judgment on calibration of the model. The data was also used

fo r the eventual modification of the system coefficients. Input data on the

t r ibutar ies to the reservoir was a s good as can be expected on the average

study . The model was used t o simulate various reservoir intake operational

alternatives and constraints on inflow quality in order t o evaluate the

anticipated water qua1 i t y condition in the reservoir and in the discharge.

Boise River Study. The Boise River near Boise, Idaho was studied [3]

14sing a signif!'cant!y mod-i:f?'ed versfon c f the srjgifial river ec=lt;g:'c model.

Several water qua1 i t y parameters Ce. g. , benthic a1 gae, suspended sediment,

aquatic insects, and toxici ty] not included in the original model were added

for th i s application and the model s t ructure was modified to analyze a

single-pass segmented branching system in contrast t o 1 inking each branch

analyzed through tape or disk interface. This version uses an expl ic i t

f i n i t e difference solution technique,

Results of this modeling ef for t were used to evaluate waste load

allocations for local communities. Other anticf pated uses include studying

the water quality impact on the receiving water when changes i n urban

storm drainage, agricultural return flows, and upstream reservoir releases

are considered.

Lincoln Lake Study. After several minor modif icatians were made, the

original version of the reservoir model was used to study another proposed

impoundment, Lincoln Lake i n Tllinois [4]. Lincoln Lake, only 90 fee t deep,

i s one o f the shallowest impoundments studied w i t h t h i s model, The modifica-

t ions included calculation of density as a function of the total dissolved

solids as we11 a s temperature.

A s ignif icant proportion of th i s study concentrated on sens i t iv i ty

studies. Effects of changing nutrient concentrations in the inflow and depth

of 1 ight penetration in the impoundment were evaluated, because o f the limited

input data available for these variables. Sensi t ivi ty studies also included

evaluation of the impact of the magnitude of peak inflows, use of a flood

control service gate instead of the mu1 t i level intake s t ructure for a l l down-

stream re1 eases, decreased upstream phosphate concentrations due to improved

waste treatment and analysis of the impact of algal photosynthesis and

respirat isn.

The major objective of the contract was to determine probable biological

conditions expected i n Lincoln Lake under several a l ternat ive modes of

operation.

Mississippi River Study. The Mississippi River near St. Louis was

studied 651 using a s ignif icant ly modified version of the orl"gina3 r-iver

ecologic model, The modifications included adding the same water qual i ty

parameters and segmented branching s t ructure used i n the Boise River model b u t

maintaining the implicit solution technique used i n the original model.

Capability was added to allow the user to use natural channel geometry

instead of the trapezoidal channel geometry used on previous studies.

The modified model will be used t o evaluate the impact on water qual i ty

of various future water resource a1 ternatives. One of the primary study

objectives was to evaluate the resultant water qual i ty impact on the receiving

water due to urban storm drainage practices.

After cal i brating the Mississippi Rf ver model , an actual interface was

accomplished between the resul ts of an urban storm model [26] and the r e su l t s

of the r iver ecologic model [5]. This study used a steady-flow modeling

approach and the resul ts show an upper envelope or maximum expected curve

for r iver concentrations of specif ic parameters versus r iver mile.

RECENT ADVANCES

Reservoir Routines. The US Army Corps of Engineerst Waterways Experiment

Station (WES) a t Vicksburg, Mississippi has contributed s ignif icant ly to the

state-of-the-art in reservoir hydrodynamtcs through 1 aboratory flume analysis

and physical (hydraulic) modeling studies. WES research has led t o the

devel opment of an empirical equation to predict the reservoir withdrawal

pattern a s a function of the reservoir water density profile and the physical

conditions of the reservoir and the release s t ructure, This research has

been documented periodical l y as improvements in the technique have been

developed [27, 28, 291.

More recently WES researchers have been developing a comprehensive

understanding of the hydrodynamics of inflow mixing a t a t r ibutary inflow

point. They have also formulated an empirical method of accounting numerically

fo r this internal mixing,

These two areas of research are presently being incorporated into the

Chen-Orlob reservoir ecologic model and wtll soon be available f o r use i n

practical applications of the model.

River Routines. - The original version of the r iver ecologic model was

developed for steady-state flow analysis. The model can account for time-

variant discharge b u t does not have capabil i t y t o hydrological l y or hydraul ical l y

route the streamflow. Water qua1 i t y studies a re often contemplated for

areas where capabili ty for analysis of the hydrodynamics of the actual changes

in streamflow would be extremely beneficial. Examples of conditions tha t

suggest the need for hydrodynamic routing occur below hydropower plants and

i n areas being studied for storm water pollutton.

Recognizing an important use o f the Norton r iver ecologic model for

evaluation of the impact of urban storm runoff on receiving water qual i ty , the

US Army Corps of Engineers ' Hydro1 ogic Engineering Center [HEC) has contracted

t o have dynamic flow routing routines added to the model. The contractor is

developing the program logic to provide the user with options for e i ther

St . Venant equations, kinematic wave, Muskingum, or Modified-Puls methods of

f! cp; rogtfng* Other research i s i f i progress t o dei*fve ~i-it-i-fa t o def i i ie

the conditi'ons under which one of these methods should be selected over the

other methods.

River-Reservoir Systems. The development of f i nal documentation of

the mode1 used on the Trini ty River study was postponed from the time of

completion of the study (August 1973) until a l a t e r date t o allow time fo r

several model modificati'ons to be made, WhTle the study was in progress,

i t was obvious tha t the model i n p u t requirements needed t o be simp1 if ied

to accept as much or as l i t t l e i n p u t data a s is available. This modification

required e i ther a major restructuring of the model or development of a pre-

processor to manipulate and i n some cases generate the required input data.

The l a t t e r method hss the significant advantage of being used as a data editor.

The HEC has recently completed development of the pre-processor (data

edi tor-generator] and the final program documen tation. This documentation,

"Water Qua1 i t y for River-Reservoir Systems" (MQRRs) [30], combines a detailed

description of the concepts o f the r iver and reservoir water quality models,

an example appl ication problem including input and output, and the input

description of the data editor-generator which i n turn prepares the i n p u t

data for both water qua1 i t y models.

SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS

Lakeport Lake Study. Late i n 1973 there was a need for a water quality

study on the proposed Lakeport Lake in northern California [GI. Thts

impoundment consisted of two independent inflow t r ibutar ies or branches as

shown i n figure 3. The impoundment will have no s ignif icant mixing pool.

The intake s t ructure is to be located on the north branch near the dam.

Since the water qual i ty i n each branch may be quite d i f fe rent , analysis

required simultaneous solution of the two reservoirs. During the major runoff

Scale in miles

Figure 3

LOCATION OF THE PROPOSED LAKEPORT L A K E

season, the larger inflow i n the smaller (based on volume) northern branch

causes a resultant interflow to the south branch. The interflow causes water

of differfng quality a t each level of the reservoir to mix, The quality of

the mixture a t each level can then generate an unstable density profile causing

a vertical advective circulation near the intake structure in the north branch.

Another interesting aspect of th is study was the need to evaluate the

feas ibi l i ty of us ing either destratification or reaeration equipment. The

model was modified to evaluate the water quality impact of either pumping

water from a specified depth t o the surface to be aerated and returned to i t s

orfginal depth, or releasing a specified rate of a i r bubbles from a low level

diffuser to either increase oxygen concentrations a t the lower levels of the

lake or actually causing overturn of the lake. Accounting for known pumping

costs of either water or a i r , the water qual i t y beneftts can be examined and

compared against the cost incurred.

Optimized rntake Structure Operation, -- An attempt was recently made to

develop guide1 ines for operating a rnul ti level reservoir intake structure [31].

The contractor interfaced the Chen-Orlob reservoir ecologic mode1 [i .e, , the

version used on the Tocks Island study) w i t h a non-linear optimization routine

developed a t the University of Texas [32] and a water qual i t y index cr i ter ia

[MJ1@ developed by the National Sanitation Foundation [33, 34, 3.53.

The modified model evaluates various operation procedures, selected a t

random, i n order t o optimize the reservoir and the discharge water quality

as defined by the VQI. The gate operation was only changed a t one week

3/ WQI i s a single index between zero and one hundred t h a t defines water - qual f ty a s an additive function o f pH, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliforrn, ni trates, phosphates, temperature, t u r b i d f ty, total dissolved sol i d s , and f ive-day b i oc hemica 1 oxygen demand,

intervals , thereby a1 lowing for real i s t i c operation constraints.

The resulting model was tested ustng the data for the proposed Tocks

Island Lake, STnce there was no observed data, the model has yet t o be

verified. Verification should be completed a t an existing reservoir where the

management is willing to operate the project as suggested by the model and

compare the resu l t s of the reservoir and discharge water qual i ty against the

predicted resu l t s from the model,

Research i n Progress. Several addf tional major research e f fo r t s are

presently e i ther i n progress or being considered for the QRRS model. The

most comprehensive research i n progress with the WQRRS model includes a

detailed evaluation of a1 1 chemical-biological interrelationships and major

modification of the biological food web,

Other major research on the WQRRS model under consideration i s the

development of capabil i t y to analyze anaerobic conditions. While the present

model i s basfcally an aerobic model, it has previously been appl ied, with

some minor modifications, to anaerobic reservoirs. These appl ications

def ini te ly demonstrated the need for a more refined analysis when anaerobic

conditions are encountered,

GENERALIZED MODEL

Several versions of the Chen-Orlob reservoir ecologic model and the

Norton r iver ecologic model have been previously discussed. While each version

has s l igh t differences, i n general the models a1 1 use the same concepts t o

describe the reservoir or r iver hydrodynamics and the interrelationships

between the various physical, chemical and biological water quality parameters.

A need ex i s t s for a rl'ver-reservoir water qual i ty model which i s

continuously updated and maintained w i t h the best available concepts. The

i n p u t t o the pre-processor should be mafntained as constant as possible even

when the output from the pre-processor must be modifted to interface w i t h

modified water qual i ty routines. The documentation should be updated

regularly [e.g., every 12 months).

The "Water Quality for Rlver-Reservoir Systems" (WQRRS) mode1 [30] i s an

i n i t i a l attempt by FiEC to meet these needs. The current program package

being distributed includes both the pre-processor and the water qual i ty model

original l y used on the Trini ty River study. This MQRRS model has undergone

extensive developmental work t o update the program a s bet ter techniques have

been advanced,

This genera1 ?zed model includes mast of the same concepts as the model s

used on the Tocks Island Lake [ I ] , Lake Koocanusa &2] and Lincoln Lake [41

studies. The exceptions are basically of two types: (1 ) specific changes

for a particular reservoir intake desrgn, and ( 2 ) changes for calculating

water density as a function of total dissolved sol ids and suspended sediment

as well as temperature. The f f r s t exception cannot be generalized and may

possibly require modifications for each specif ic design. The second exception

i s presently being added t o the WQRRS model by the WES along with the inclusion

of the WES withdrawal distribution and inflow mixing functions. These l a t t e r

modifications will make the reservoir routines of the WQRRS model mom advanced

than the other versions.

The WQRRS nrodel presently has a different structural concept than that used

i n the models on the Boise River 131 and Mississippi River 251 studies. The

'UIQRRS package i s presently being modified to include the concepts used i n

these studies wl'th the irnique addition of the hydrodynamic routing techniques

n t A rl ,,I c v ruualy UL3LU332L4.

Tke present QRRS model requires analysis of a9 1 18 water qua1 i ty

parameters even when a particular study may involve fewer parameters. However,

modifications are i n progress t o allow optional "groups of parameters" to be

selected fo r analysis by the user.

The HEC has been distributing the MQRRS model on request and providPng

assfstance t o users trying to understand the models' concepts or required in-

p u t . The program has been tested on Ul4TVF.C 1508, CDC 7600, avld Horreywell 600

equipment.

I t i s n o t intended to ever include i n the WQRRS model , the capabil -i .ty

o f the models used for the Lakeport Lake Study [ 6 ] or the intake s t ructure

operation study [3:]. These models can be obtained from the HEC i f requested

f a r a specif ic application or research study b i ~ t will n o t be distributed i n

g e ~ e r a l .

COMCLUSTON

The rapidly increasing need for comprehensive water quality computer models

has become evident. These modals must be capable of analysis of river basins

including both r iver and reservoir elements. Advantages are apparent for

system models which are compatible between the r iver and reservoir routines

and capable of interfacing r e su l t s from each other.

The WQRRS model or other versions also developed by Dr. Orlob, Dr. Chen,

and Yr. Norton have been used under various geographical, hydrological,

mete~rological and physical conditions. The various appl ications discussed

demonstrate the numerous types of potential uses fo r a generalized water

quality model. The need ex i s t s for s:jch a model t o be readily available, and

consistently and contifiuously maintained.

The ahtl i t y to maintain a state-of-the-art generalized water qua1 iky

model requires (11 communication of recent technical advances t o model users,

I-2) application of the generalized model to various project s i t e s and unique

conditions , and (3) the will ingness t o provide assi stance t o poteqtial users

through individual o r group training,

The HEC continuously updates the WQRRS generalized water quality model

based on the advantages of water qual i ty research work brought t o t he i r

a t ten kion. The documentation fo r the general ized model i s continuously

updated and made avai 1 ab? e on request, Ass i stance tn understanding the

model's concepts and the required i n p u t data is provided individually and

through annual training courses.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wants t o express appreciation to a l l the Sndividtrals who

have kept h im informed about thef r specif ic appl ications i n various regions

of the country. Also special thanks are extended t o Dr. Carl W. Chen of Tztra

Tech, Lafayette, Cal ifornia , who has contributed mahy hours to discussing

advantages and disadvantages o f changes considered or proposed for incorpora-

t ion into the WQRRS model. Finally, recognition i s given fo r the never fa i l ing

encouragement and support provided during the l a s t three years by the author's

supervisors, Messrs. Tony Thomas, Bill Eichert, Ed Story and Vern Hagen. With-

out the assistance of a l l the aforementioned the chance would not ex i s t t o

document the interrelat ionship of past accompl i shments of numerous individuals , the present research ef for t s i n progress, and the future research anticipated.

q l a n n , 3, J. , 6. 7. q r l o b , and G , K, Young, "'Ecol o g i c Slmula"eion, Pocks I s l a n d lake," Final Report to US flymy Corps o f Engineers, PhS 1adelzrhla Df"str.s'r;%, jlater ?estaurces Enqineers , S38-jngfieId9 'firgsjnfa, February 7 933.

Chen, Carl ' A ! . and 6. Y. Orlob, 'Tcologie Study o f Lake Moecanusa Libby 2am," Fina"!epor"p,t O?!S Atmy C G ~ P S of Enginee;.~ , SeaMtle ""-' ~ J I S L ~ -=-" I L L ,

?ate%- Resources Fnqineers , !&!a1 nu"c~reek, Cal f fornf a , Janaaa~~y l 973.

Chen, Carl nl. , and J , T. i.lel%s, "Boise Sjver Water ?ual ity-Ecologfc Y?sd%l f o r fJrban Planning s t u d y , " Tetra Tech, LaFayette, Cal i f o r a l a , Yarch 9974,

$Pant, 0, J , , and G r 7 . Orlob, " E c ~ l o ~ i c a l Studies fo r Lincoln Lake, 31 Iincsis ," Flninal Report $0 16 krny Corps o f Eng.r'neers, Louisapille 7ais%~.jet, Itlater 2esoupces Engineers, Fprf ngf iel d , V i rgf n i a , December 1973.

Ciaen, Carl W, , Shsnk S, Lee and John T. l$fel ls , 38-, , "'Corp~' '.%tt"S" qzlallty Yodel !qodifa'ed f o r 4pp1 %"cation t o the "gississ.r'ppl River Near S t . Louis ," Presenbd a t 8meri can Ssci e t y o f C i v? l Enql neers Annual Conference, k?erpr Qr7eans, April 14-18, 1375.

Chen, Carl $!, , Yihonh S, l,e2 and bftlarc ?!, Lorenzen, "\*!a$er Qua1 i ty S b d y f o r the Pro~ssed Lakeport Lake," Flnal Report t o US Army Carps sf Engineers, Sac~amenta 9 i s t r$c t , Tetra Tecfi , Lafayette, Cal i f o r n i a, August 1 ~ 7 4 ,

"!Jater qua1 f t y 5 t u d y s f the Trinity Fiver," US 9 r ~ y Corps of Enofneers , Fort IJorth D i s trP'ct , l Q73,

l.orenzen, Marc bI, and J , I, !tiel Is, "Snake P-ive~. l$!ater Qualit;.s. Sirnul ation IJf t h A1 tematfve rllaste ?)ischarges ," -in progress for Nata'onal Gomission on [kjater Qua1 i ty,

Baca, P, G , , e t a%, , application o f a 1hlater Qual i ty Simulation Yodel t o 4mericata F-?eservofi.,'" Ftnal graf t Repaart &a Environmental Protection rlrgewcy, Sea"Lle, !*!ashlngton, 19715.

Qloomfield, 2, 4., e t a], , "4qttatic ?lodelinq jn the Eastern Dec$duous Forest Biorne, U,S, International Rislsqical P~soram," tdorkshop P~oceedinqs sf &-?odeling the Eutrophicatl~n Process, !Itah State Ilnivers.s'tu and Envi ronmental Protection Agency, tlovember I Q 7 3 , pp. l 39-7 58,

Di Pora, D. b?, , 9. J, Q'Csnnor and R. V. Thomann, "A Dynamic f4odel of Phytoplankton Ponulatf~ns f n Yatural Waters ," Environmental Enqineering and 5cience Frogram, R4an h a t t ~ n Col l eqe , Rronx , Yew y o r k , June lQi0 ,

fefgner, !<, 0. and Ye 4. Ja!+!orski, "'4athematical kqode7 4091 1 ca t f sns fop LIater qua l i ty Rfa~agemsnt i n t h e ?o%omae Fstrtary," i n International Sympssi urn sn b8atkemati cal Yodel i nq f echmi ques i Q '$later 9esnurces Systems, ASIT, K, Rlsnas led, ) , nttawa, ?Jay 1972, sp. 129-338,

Harper, Y e F , , "9evelopment and g\pnlication sf a b4ultf-~arame%ris vathematical $:ode1 of Vater Ouali t y ," Ph.D, Thesis, VnSversity af Was h i ngtsn , .June l37?,

fi'ydv=oscfence, Inc, , "Lirnnt~lrsqical Systems ,ri,nalysis of Grmt Lakes, Phase I , Demonstration $?ode1 ," qeport t o the Great Lakes hs in Csmiss ian, Yarch 1973,

Lombardo, P. S . a w l D. D. Frann, "P.!atkema%lcal rlsdel of !$later flural j t y i n Rivers and Imooundments ," Hydrocomp, In@. , Palo A l t o , Cali fornia , 3ecember 1939.

>!et+jbeild, J , 9. and 3. A. k ioqet t , "Oxyqen 9epletjesn Yodel f o r Caqiuga Lake," hwwrl o f the Environmental Enqineerinq Division, Arnerican Society sf Civil Engineers, Val, 100, EE4, February 1934, pp, 41-59,

Park, 9. A,, --* e t a1 9 ""Weeneralized 14odel f o r Sjma48at-ing Lake Ecosystems ,'" A prep~?nt accepted f o r pub1 ica t ion i n Sfmulation, 1 974,

Tkomann, R e 4., e t a l e , "'Pilathematical !?ode% i ng OF Eutrophicatton o f Large Lakes ," i n First ennual geport sf the E n v i s o n ~ e n t a l Protection Aqency IFYCt Projects on Lake Ontario, FPA 66013-73-Q21, December 1973,

Chen, Carl L!. and Gerald Y. O ~ l o h , ""Eeologic 5imulation for Aquatfc Envi roraments ," FFf r s t Annual Report t o O f f i c e o f ?-later P.~SOUT"CP~S Fesearcb, *&w%~ Resources Engineers, 'l!alnut Creek, Cal%'fornf a , August 1971, (Final qeport, geeember 1972).

"k!a%henatieal 'lodeling o f Ylatural Systems ," Traininq course manual for Summer I n s t i t u t e i n biate~ Pol?utisn Control sponsored by FP4, preoared by "anbattan ColSege, ?lew Y ~ r k , flew York, %"lay-June 3472.

"Stream and Estuarine #\nalysis ," Traininq course manual For Summer Jnstf tute i n 'later Pol l utfon Control sponsored by EP4, Prepared by "anhattan Col lege, &Iew Vo~gk, P 1 ~ 3 1 9 1 York, Yay-June, 8372,

Chen, Cay1 3 4 * , "'Conceots and IJt i l i ts 'es o f Ecsloqic b d e 1 ," Journal of %ani taw Engineer$ ng nivision, American Societ:\;l sf Civil Fngj neers , \101, 35 , ?la, SA5, 9c tsSt .~ 1370.

Lsmbarda, Pio S., "Cri t ica l 9eview o f Currently Available Yater Qua1 i t L y PloQels ," Hydroeomp, Pa l s Alto, Cal i fornia , July 1973,

'laterl:!ayn Experfment Sta t ion, personal comunicatlon, tJater Qua1 i t y and Eesl sq-r'c "ode1 tnq, 'aIESYS, Ptovemher 4, 1974,

Kiaq, I n P, , ""4Rq"ver Rasin F F C O ~ O ~ $ C f.9odei ," Final R e p ~ r t t o ! ! S krwy Corps of Fngineers , Hydroloqlc EnaivaeerP nq Center, !.rater Resoes~ces Engfneers , \ti8alnrat Ct-eek, Cal i f o r n i a , .qugerst 1973$

Rsesner, L, A, , e t a1 , , '"4 ?+ode% F O P Eva1 raatinq Sunoff-qua1 f t y -in f?etronol f tan ??aster PI annj nq, " Ames5 can Ssc4e"k;y s f Ci vP P Engineers U ~ b a n Iafater %sources qesearch Program, %ecRn?cal Yemorandurtl Ms, 23, R p r j l 1974,

n oha an, J. P. and ,:, t. G P ~ c P ~ , J r . , "~4echanics 09" F101,-! from St ra t i f ied 9eservoirs 9n %he Interest o f j+!ater ?ua l f ty ," !IS Army Engineers falatertjays rxperimeat Station Technfcal Report H-69-lr), c$t~ly IQ69,

Bohan, J , P, and J, t. Gloriod, "Simultaneous, '?ulLiple-Level seaease from StratifPed Reservoirs , ' V S Army Enga'neers Mate~hfiays Experiment Statfon Tec~snica l qepor"iH-72-3, Deeemher 1972,

Bshan, J , p , and J. !., Grace, J r , , "Selec t~ve Il!fthdraldal f rom !?an-";lade Lakes," i!S Army Engineers ralat9indays Experjment Ftat'B'on Technical 9enart H-73-4, !larch 7 W 3 ,

"Water qualSty for 9Sver-Reservoir Systems," Computer Program Doeumenta- t i on, !jS Army Corps o f Enginee~s , Hydro1 ogic Ew~ineeri ng Center, Dav is , Cal ifornfa, J u l y 1974,

Xaplan, E. and 9, E, Eda'nqer, "'Reservoir flptlmfzation for ra!a&e~ qualf ty Control ," Unl versi t y o f Penns~tl van fa , I 974,

Staha , 9 , L, , "Documentation for Program COWET, A Constrained Op%fm?eat-e'on Code," Hrlnlvevsi ty s f Texas, Ailstfn, 'hexas Appj I 9973"

Brawn, 9. M, , e t a%. , "A Water Qua1 i t y Index - Do Iqfe Dare?," Water and Sewaqe War-970,

Brown, 3, V, , e t a1 , , '% '4ater quality Index - Crashjnq the Psycho'baaga'ca'% Barrier,'' Indicators o f Environmental nuaj j t y , Plenum Press, New York, 1972.

Erown, W , ?%., e t a]., 'V\/?lidatlng the l.!ater Ouali.$ Index," 'merlcan Society o f Gjv i 1 Faqjneers hlatlsnal Water Resources Enni neerinq Yeet i nq , Washinqtan, ?'l,C,, January 3373,

Technical Paper Series TP-1 Use of Interrelated Records to Simulate Streamflow TP-2 Optimization Techniques for Hydrologic

Engineering TP-3 Methods of Determination of Safe Yield and

Compensation Water from Storage Reservoirs TP-4 Functional Evaluation of a Water Resources System TP-5 Streamflow Synthesis for Ungaged Rivers TP-6 Simulation of Daily Streamflow TP-7 Pilot Study for Storage Requirements for Low Flow

Augmentation TP-8 Worth of Streamflow Data for Project Design - A

Pilot Study TP-9 Economic Evaluation of Reservoir System

Accomplishments TP-10 Hydrologic Simulation in Water-Yield Analysis TP-11 Survey of Programs for Water Surface Profiles TP-12 Hypothetical Flood Computation for a Stream

System TP-13 Maximum Utilization of Scarce Data in Hydrologic

Design TP-14 Techniques for Evaluating Long-Tem Reservoir

Yields TP-15 Hydrostatistics - Principles of Application TP-16 A Hydrologic Water Resource System Modeling

Techniques TP-17 Hydrologic Engineering Techniques for Regional

Water Resources Planning TP-18 Estimating Monthly Streamflows Within a Region TP-19 Suspended Sediment Discharge in Streams TP-20 Computer Determination of Flow Through Bridges TP-21 An Approach to Reservoir Temperature Analysis TP-22 A Finite Difference Methods of Analyzing Liquid

Flow in Variably Saturated Porous Media TP-23 Uses of Simulation in River Basin Planning TP-24 Hydroelectric Power Analysis in Reservoir Systems TP-25 Status of Water Resource System Analysis TP-26 System Relationships for Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-27 System Analysis of the Panama Canal Water

Supply TP-28 Digital Simulation of an Existing Water Resources

System TP-29 Computer Application in Continuing Education TP-30 Drought Severity and Water Supply Dependability TP-31 Development of System Operation Rules for an

Existing System by Simulation TP-32 Alternative Approaches to Water Resources System

Simulation TP-33 System Simulation of Integrated Use of

Hydroelectric and Thermal Power Generation TP-34 Optimizing flood Control Allocation for a

Multipurpose Reservoir TP-35 Computer Models for Rainfall-Runoff and River

Hydraulic Analysis TP-36 Evaluation of Drought Effects at Lake Atitlan TP-37 Downstream Effects of the Levee Overtopping at

Wilkes-Barre, PA, During Tropical Storm Agnes TP-38 Water Quality Evaluation of Aquatic Systems

TP-39 A Method for Analyzing Effects of Dam Failures in Design Studies

TP-40 Storm Drainage and Urban Region Flood Control Planning

TP-41 HEC-5C, A Simulation Model for System Formulation and Evaluation

TP-42 Optimal Sizing of Urban Flood Control Systems TP-43 Hydrologic and Economic Simulation of Flood

Control Aspects of Water Resources Systems TP-44 Sizing Flood Control Reservoir Systems by System

Analysis TP-45 Techniques for Real-Time Operation of Flood

Control Reservoirs in the Merrimack River Basin TP-46 Spatial Data Analysis of Nonstructural Measures TP-47 Comprehensive Flood Plain Studies Using Spatial

Data Management Techniques TP-48 Direct Runoff Hydrograph Parameters Versus

Urbanization TP-49 Experience of HEC in Disseminating Information

on Hydrological Models TP-50 Effects of Dam Removal: An Approach to

Sedimentation TP-51 Design of Flood Control Improvements by Systems

Analysis: A Case Study TP-52 Potential Use of Digital Computer Ground Water

Models TP-53 Development of Generalized Free Surface Flow

Models Using Finite Element Techniques TP-54 Adjustment of Peak Discharge Rates for

Urbanization TP-55 The Development and Servicing of Spatial Data

Management Techniques in the Corps of Engineers TP-56 Experiences of the Hydrologic Engineering Center

in Maintaining Widely Used Hydrologic and Water Resource Computer Models

TP-57 Flood Damage Assessments Using Spatial Data Management Techniques

TP-58 A Model for Evaluating Runoff-Quality in Metropolitan Master Planning

TP-59 Testing of Several Runoff Models on an Urban Watershed

TP-60 Operational Simulation of a Reservoir System with Pumped Storage

TP-61 Technical Factors in Small Hydropower Planning TP-62 Flood Hydrograph and Peak Flow Frequency

Analysis TP-63 HEC Contribution to Reservoir System Operation TP-64 Determining Peak-Discharge Frequencies in an

Urbanizing Watershed: A Case Study TP-65 Feasibility Analysis in Small Hydropower Planning TP-66 Reservoir Storage Determination by Computer

Simulation of Flood Control and Conservation Systems

TP-67 Hydrologic Land Use Classification Using LANDSAT

TP-68 Interactive Nonstructural Flood-Control Planning TP-69 Critical Water Surface by Minimum Specific

Energy Using the Parabolic Method

TP-70 Corps of Engineers Experience with Automatic Calibration of a Precipitation-Runoff Model

TP-71 Determination of Land Use from Satellite Imagery for Input to Hydrologic Models

TP-72 Application of the Finite Element Method to Vertically Stratified Hydrodynamic Flow and Water Quality

TP-73 Flood Mitigation Planning Using HEC-SAM TP-74 Hydrographs by Single Linear Reservoir Model TP-75 HEC Activities in Reservoir Analysis TP-76 Institutional Support of Water Resource Models TP-77 Investigation of Soil Conservation Service Urban

Hydrology Techniques TP-78 Potential for Increasing the Output of Existing

Hydroelectric Plants TP-79 Potential Energy and Capacity Gains from Flood

Control Storage Reallocation at Existing U.S. Hydropower Reservoirs

TP-80 Use of Non-Sequential Techniques in the Analysis of Power Potential at Storage Projects

TP-81 Data Management Systems of Water Resources Planning

TP-82 The New HEC-1 Flood Hydrograph Package TP-83 River and Reservoir Systems Water Quality

Modeling Capability TP-84 Generalized Real-Time Flood Control System

Model TP-85 Operation Policy Analysis: Sam Rayburn

Reservoir TP-86 Training the Practitioner: The Hydrologic

Engineering Center Program TP-87 Documentation Needs for Water Resources Models TP-88 Reservoir System Regulation for Water Quality

Control TP-89 A Software System to Aid in Making Real-Time

Water Control Decisions TP-90 Calibration, Verification and Application of a Two-

Dimensional Flow Model TP-91 HEC Software Development and Support TP-92 Hydrologic Engineering Center Planning Models TP-93 Flood Routing Through a Flat, Complex Flood

Plain Using a One-Dimensional Unsteady Flow Computer Program

TP-94 Dredged-Material Disposal Management Model TP-95 Infiltration and Soil Moisture Redistribution in

HEC-1 TP-96 The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience in

Nonstructural Planning TP-97 Prediction of the Effects of a Flood Control Project

on a Meandering Stream TP-98 Evolution in Computer Programs Causes Evolution

in Training Needs: The Hydrologic Engineering Center Experience

TP-99 Reservoir System Analysis for Water Quality TP-100 Probable Maximum Flood Estimation - Eastern

United States TP-101 Use of Computer Program HEC-5 for Water Supply

Analysis TP-102 Role of Calibration in the Application of HEC-6 TP-103 Engineering and Economic Considerations in

Formulating TP-104 Modeling Water Resources Systems for Water

Quality

TP-105 Use of a Two-Dimensional Flow Model to Quantify Aquatic Habitat

TP-106 Flood-Runoff Forecasting with HEC-1F TP-107 Dredged-Material Disposal System Capacity

Expansion TP-108 Role of Small Computers in Two-Dimensional

Flow Modeling TP-109 One-Dimensional Model for Mud Flows TP-110 Subdivision Froude Number TP-111 HEC-5Q: System Water Quality Modeling TP-112 New Developments in HEC Programs for Flood

Control TP-113 Modeling and Managing Water Resource Systems

for Water Quality TP-114 Accuracy of Computer Water Surface Profiles -

Executive Summary TP-115 Application of Spatial-Data Management

Techniques in Corps Planning TP-116 The HEC's Activities in Watershed Modeling TP-117 HEC-1 and HEC-2 Applications on the

Microcomputer TP-118 Real-Time Snow Simulation Model for the

Monongahela River Basin TP-119 Multi-Purpose, Multi-Reservoir Simulation on a PC TP-120 Technology Transfer of Corps' Hydrologic Models TP-121 Development, Calibration and Application of

Runoff Forecasting Models for the Allegheny River Basin

TP-122 The Estimation of Rainfall for Flood Forecasting Using Radar and Rain Gage Data

TP-123 Developing and Managing a Comprehensive Reservoir Analysis Model

TP-124 Review of U.S. Army corps of Engineering Involvement With Alluvial Fan Flooding Problems

TP-125 An Integrated Software Package for Flood Damage Analysis

TP-126 The Value and Depreciation of Existing Facilities: The Case of Reservoirs

TP-127 Floodplain-Management Plan Enumeration TP-128 Two-Dimensional Floodplain Modeling TP-129 Status and New Capabilities of Computer Program

HEC-6: "Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs"

TP-130 Estimating Sediment Delivery and Yield on Alluvial Fans

TP-131 Hydrologic Aspects of Flood Warning - Preparedness Programs

TP-132 Twenty-five Years of Developing, Distributing, and Supporting Hydrologic Engineering Computer Programs

TP-133 Predicting Deposition Patterns in Small Basins TP-134 Annual Extreme Lake Elevations by Total

Probability Theorem TP-135 A Muskingum-Cunge Channel Flow Routing

Method for Drainage Networks TP-136 Prescriptive Reservoir System Analysis Model -

Missouri River System Application TP-137 A Generalized Simulation Model for Reservoir

System Analysis TP-138 The HEC NexGen Software Development Project TP-139 Issues for Applications Developers TP-140 HEC-2 Water Surface Profiles Program TP-141 HEC Models for Urban Hydrologic Analysis

TP-142 Systems Analysis Applications at the Hydrologic Engineering Center

TP-143 Runoff Prediction Uncertainty for Ungauged Agricultural Watersheds

TP-144 Review of GIS Applications in Hydrologic Modeling

TP-145 Application of Rainfall-Runoff Simulation for Flood Forecasting

TP-146 Application of the HEC Prescriptive Reservoir Model in the Columbia River Systems

TP-147 HEC River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) TP-148 HEC-6: Reservoir Sediment Control Applications TP-149 The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS):

Design and Development Issues TP-150 The HEC Hydrologic Modeling System TP-151 Bridge Hydraulic Analysis with HEC-RAS TP-152 Use of Land Surface Erosion Techniques with

Stream Channel Sediment Models

TP-153 Risk-Based Analysis for Corps Flood Project Studies - A Status Report

TP-154 Modeling Water-Resource Systems for Water Quality Management

TP-155 Runoff simulation Using Radar Rainfall Data TP-156 Status of HEC Next Generation Software

Development TP-157 Unsteady Flow Model for Forecasting Missouri and

Mississippi Rivers TP-158 Corps Water Management System (CWMS) TP-159 Some History and Hydrology of the Panama Canal TP-160 Application of Risk-Based Analysis to Planning

Reservoir and Levee Flood Damage Reduction Systems

TP-161 Corps Water Management System - Capabilities and Implementation Status